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  • 1
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    In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Grotzinger, J P -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calvin, W -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crisp, J A -- Farrand, W H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Rieder, R -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1709-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Life ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Sulfates ; Sulfur ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Initial results from the Mini-TES experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Spirit has studied the mineralogy and thermophysical properties at Gusev crater. Undisturbed soil spectra show evidence for minor carbonates and bound water. Rocks are olivinerich basalts with varying degrees of dust and other coatings. Dark-toned soils observed on disturbed surfaces may be derived from rocks and have derived mineralogy (+/-5 to 10%) of 45% pyroxene (20% Ca-rich pyroxene and 25% pigeonite), 40% sodic to intermediate plagioclase, and 15% olivine (forsterite 45% +/-5 to 10). Two spectrally distinct coatings are observed on rocks, a possible indicator of the interaction of water, rock, and airfall dust. Diurnal temperature data indicate particle sizes from 40 to 80 microm in hollows to approximately 0.5 to 3 mm in soils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christensen, P R -- Ruff, S W -- Fergason, R L -- Knudson, A T -- Anwar, S -- Arvidson, R E -- Bandfield, J L -- Blaney, D L -- Budney, C -- Calvin, W M -- Glotch, T D -- Golombek, M P -- Gorelick, N -- Graff, T G -- Hamilton, V E -- Hayes, A -- Johnson, J R -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Mehall, G L -- Mehall, L K -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Rogers, A D -- Smith, M D -- Squyres, S W -- Wolff, M J -- Wyatt, M B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):837-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. phil.christensen@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbonates ; Geologic Sediments ; Interferometry ; Iron Compounds ; Magnesium Compounds ; *Mars ; *Minerals ; Oxides ; Silicates ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain 〈/=25% megacrysts. Chemical analyses of rocks by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer are consistent with picritic basalts, containing normative olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, and accessory FeTi oxides. Mossbauer, Pancam, and Mini-TES spectra confirm the presence of olivine, magnetite, and probably pyroxene. These basalts extend the known range of rock compositions composing the martian crust.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McSween, H Y -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Blaney, D -- Cabrol, N A -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crisp, J A -- Crumpler, L S -- Des Marais, D J -- Farmer, J D -- Gellert, R -- Ghosh, A -- Gorevan, S -- Graff, T -- Grant, J -- Haskin, L A -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B L -- Klingelhoefer, G -- Knudson, A T -- McLennan, S -- Milam, K A -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Rieder, R -- Ruff, S W -- De Souza, P A Jr -- Squyres, S W -- Wanke, H -- Wang, A -- Wyatt, M B -- Yen, A -- Zipfel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):842-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1410, USA. mcsween@utk.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron Compounds ; Magnesium Compounds ; *Mars ; *Minerals ; Oxides ; *Silicates ; Spectroscopy, Mossbauer ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Panoramic Camera images at Gusev crater reveal a rock-strewn surface interspersed with high- to moderate-albedo fine-grained deposits occurring in part as drifts or in small circular swales or hollows. Optically thick coatings of fine-grained ferric iron-rich dust dominate most bright soil and rock surfaces. Spectra of some darker rock surfaces and rock regions exposed by brushing or grinding show near-infrared spectral signatures consistent with the presence of mafic silicates such as pyroxene or olivine. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission, and astronomical observations captured solar transits by the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as a view of Earth from the martian surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Blaney, D -- Cabrol, N -- Calvin, W -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Wolff, M J -- Wang, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):800-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron Compounds ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Solar System ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. Astronomical observations captured solar transits by Phobos and Deimos and time-lapse observations of sunsets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Calvin, W -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J M -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Weitz, C M -- Wolff, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1703-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; *Mars ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Soils of Eagle crater and Meridiani Planum at the Opportunity Rover landing site (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The soils at the Opportunity site are fine-grained basaltic sands mixed with dust and sulfate-rich outcrop debris. Hematite is concentrated in spherules eroded from the strata. Ongoing saltation exhumes the spherules and their fragments, concentrating them at the surface. Spherules emerge from soils coated, perhaps from subsurface cementation, by salts. Two types of vesicular clasts may represent basaltic sand sources. Eolian ripples, armored by well-sorted hematite-rich grains, pervade Meridiani Planum. The thickness of the soil on the plain is estimated to be about a meter. The flatness and thin cover suggest that the plain may represent the original sedimentary surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soderblom, L A -- Anderson, R C -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Economou, T -- Ehlmann, B L -- Farrand, W H -- Fike, D -- Gellert, R -- Glotch, T D -- Golombek, M P -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J P -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Jerolmack, D J -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- Learner, Z A -- Li, R -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Rodionov, D -- Schroder, C -- Seelos, F P 4th -- Soderblom, J M -- Squyres, S W -- Sullivan, R -- Watters, W A -- Weitz, C M -- Wyatt, M B -- Yen, A -- Zipfel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1723-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. lsoderblom@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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