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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-04-22
    Description: Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host-microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3728647/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3728647/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arumugam, Manimozhiyan -- Raes, Jeroen -- Pelletier, Eric -- Le Paslier, Denis -- Yamada, Takuji -- Mende, Daniel R -- Fernandes, Gabriel R -- Tap, Julien -- Bruls, Thomas -- Batto, Jean-Michel -- Bertalan, Marcelo -- Borruel, Natalia -- Casellas, Francesc -- Fernandez, Leyden -- Gautier, Laurent -- Hansen, Torben -- Hattori, Masahira -- Hayashi, Tetsuya -- Kleerebezem, Michiel -- Kurokawa, Ken -- Leclerc, Marion -- Levenez, Florence -- Manichanh, Chaysavanh -- Nielsen, H Bjorn -- Nielsen, Trine -- Pons, Nicolas -- Poulain, Julie -- Qin, Junjie -- Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas -- Tims, Sebastian -- Torrents, David -- Ugarte, Edgardo -- Zoetendal, Erwin G -- Wang, Jun -- Guarner, Francisco -- Pedersen, Oluf -- de Vos, Willem M -- Brunak, Soren -- Dore, Joel -- MetaHIT Consortium -- Antolin, Maria -- Artiguenave, Francois -- Blottiere, Herve M -- Almeida, Mathieu -- Brechot, Christian -- Cara, Carlos -- Chervaux, Christian -- Cultrone, Antonella -- Delorme, Christine -- Denariaz, Gerard -- Dervyn, Rozenn -- Foerstner, Konrad U -- Friss, Carsten -- van de Guchte, Maarten -- Guedon, Eric -- Haimet, Florence -- Huber, Wolfgang -- van Hylckama-Vlieg, Johan -- Jamet, Alexandre -- Juste, Catherine -- Kaci, Ghalia -- Knol, Jan -- Lakhdari, Omar -- Layec, Severine -- Le Roux, Karine -- Maguin, Emmanuelle -- Merieux, Alexandre -- Melo Minardi, Raquel -- M'rini, Christine -- Muller, Jean -- Oozeer, Raish -- Parkhill, Julian -- Renault, Pierre -- Rescigno, Maria -- Sanchez, Nicolas -- Sunagawa, Shinichi -- Torrejon, Antonio -- Turner, Keith -- Vandemeulebrouck, Gaetana -- Varela, Encarna -- Winogradsky, Yohanan -- Zeller, Georg -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Ehrlich, S Dusko -- Bork, Peer -- 076964/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 082372/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 May 12;473(7346):174-80. doi: 10.1038/nature09944. Epub 2011 Apr 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Biodiversity ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Europe ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Male ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-10-02
    Description: Assessment and characterization of gut microbiota has become a major research area in human disease, including type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent endocrine disease worldwide. To carry out analysis on gut microbial content in patients with type 2 diabetes, we developed a protocol for a metagenome-wide association study (MGWAS) and undertook a two-stage MGWAS based on deep shotgun sequencing of the gut microbial DNA from 345 Chinese individuals. We identified and validated approximately 60,000 type-2-diabetes-associated markers and established the concept of a metagenomic linkage group, enabling taxonomic species-level analyses. MGWAS analysis showed that patients with type 2 diabetes were characterized by a moderate degree of gut microbial dysbiosis, a decrease in the abundance of some universal butyrate-producing bacteria and an increase in various opportunistic pathogens, as well as an enrichment of other microbial functions conferring sulphate reduction and oxidative stress resistance. An analysis of 23 additional individuals demonstrated that these gut microbial markers might be useful for classifying type 2 diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qin, Junjie -- Li, Yingrui -- Cai, Zhiming -- Li, Shenghui -- Zhu, Jianfeng -- Zhang, Fan -- Liang, Suisha -- Zhang, Wenwei -- Guan, Yuanlin -- Shen, Dongqian -- Peng, Yangqing -- Zhang, Dongya -- Jie, Zhuye -- Wu, Wenxian -- Qin, Youwen -- Xue, Wenbin -- Li, Junhua -- Han, Lingchuan -- Lu, Donghui -- Wu, Peixian -- Dai, Yali -- Sun, Xiaojuan -- Li, Zesong -- Tang, Aifa -- Zhong, Shilong -- Li, Xiaoping -- Chen, Weineng -- Xu, Ran -- Wang, Mingbang -- Feng, Qiang -- Gong, Meihua -- Yu, Jing -- Zhang, Yanyan -- Zhang, Ming -- Hansen, Torben -- Sanchez, Gaston -- Raes, Jeroen -- Falony, Gwen -- Okuda, Shujiro -- Almeida, Mathieu -- LeChatelier, Emmanuelle -- Renault, Pierre -- Pons, Nicolas -- Batto, Jean-Michel -- Zhang, Zhaoxi -- Chen, Hua -- Yang, Ruifu -- Zheng, Weimou -- Li, Songgang -- Yang, Huanming -- Wang, Jian -- Ehrlich, S Dusko -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Pedersen, Oluf -- Kristiansen, Karsten -- Wang, Jun -- England -- Nature. 2012 Oct 4;490(7418):55-60. doi: 10.1038/nature11450. Epub 2012 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Butyrates/metabolism ; China/ethnology ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type ; 2/classification/complications/*microbiology/physiopathology ; Feces/microbiology ; Genetic Linkage/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; Genome-Wide Association Study/*methods ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Opportunistic Infections/complications/microbiology ; Reference Standards ; Sulfates/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-08-30
    Description: Complex gene-environment interactions are considered important in the development of obesity. The composition of the gut microbiota can determine the efficacy of energy harvest from food and changes in dietary composition have been associated with changes in the composition of gut microbial populations. The capacity to explore microbiota composition was markedly improved by the development of metagenomic approaches, which have already allowed production of the first human gut microbial gene catalogue and stratifying individuals by their gut genomic profile into different enterotypes, but the analyses were carried out mainly in non-intervention settings. To investigate the temporal relationships between food intake, gut microbiota and metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes, we conducted diet-induced weight-loss and weight-stabilization interventions in a study sample of 38 obese and 11 overweight individuals. Here we report that individuals with reduced microbial gene richness (40%) present more pronounced dys-metabolism and low-grade inflammation, as observed concomitantly in the accompanying paper. Dietary intervention improves low gene richness and clinical phenotypes, but seems to be less efficient for inflammation variables in individuals with lower gene richness. Low gene richness may therefore have predictive potential for the efficacy of intervention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cotillard, Aurelie -- Kennedy, Sean P -- Kong, Ling Chun -- Prifti, Edi -- Pons, Nicolas -- Le Chatelier, Emmanuelle -- Almeida, Mathieu -- Quinquis, Benoit -- Levenez, Florence -- Galleron, Nathalie -- Gougis, Sophie -- Rizkalla, Salwa -- Batto, Jean-Michel -- Renault, Pierre -- ANR MicroObes consortium -- Dore, Joel -- Zucker, Jean-Daniel -- Clement, Karine -- Ehrlich, Stanislav Dusko -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 29;500(7464):585-8. doi: 10.1038/nature12480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U872, Nutriomique, Equipe 7, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Basal Metabolism ; Body Weight/drug effects ; *Diet ; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted ; Dietary Fiber/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Dietary Proteins/pharmacology ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Fruit ; Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects/*microbiology ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Humans ; Inflammation/microbiology ; Male ; Metagenome/drug effects/*genetics ; Obesity/diet therapy/microbiology ; Overweight/diet therapy/microbiology ; Vegetables ; Weight Loss/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2010-03-06
    Description: To understand the impact of gut microbes on human health and well-being it is crucial to assess their genetic potential. Here we describe the Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, assembly and characterization of 3.3 million non-redundant microbial genes, derived from 576.7 gigabases of sequence, from faecal samples of 124 European individuals. The gene set, approximately 150 times larger than the human gene complement, contains an overwhelming majority of the prevalent (more frequent) microbial genes of the cohort and probably includes a large proportion of the prevalent human intestinal microbial genes. The genes are largely shared among individuals of the cohort. Over 99% of the genes are bacterial, indicating that the entire cohort harbours between 1,000 and 1,150 prevalent bacterial species and each individual at least 160 such species, which are also largely shared. We define and describe the minimal gut metagenome and the minimal gut bacterial genome in terms of functions present in all individuals and most bacteria, respectively.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3779803/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3779803/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qin, Junjie -- Li, Ruiqiang -- Raes, Jeroen -- Arumugam, Manimozhiyan -- Burgdorf, Kristoffer Solvsten -- Manichanh, Chaysavanh -- Nielsen, Trine -- Pons, Nicolas -- Levenez, Florence -- Yamada, Takuji -- Mende, Daniel R -- Li, Junhua -- Xu, Junming -- Li, Shaochuan -- Li, Dongfang -- Cao, Jianjun -- Wang, Bo -- Liang, Huiqing -- Zheng, Huisong -- Xie, Yinlong -- Tap, Julien -- Lepage, Patricia -- Bertalan, Marcelo -- Batto, Jean-Michel -- Hansen, Torben -- Le Paslier, Denis -- Linneberg, Allan -- Nielsen, H Bjorn -- Pelletier, Eric -- Renault, Pierre -- Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas -- Turner, Keith -- Zhu, Hongmei -- Yu, Chang -- Li, Shengting -- Jian, Min -- Zhou, Yan -- Li, Yingrui -- Zhang, Xiuqing -- Li, Songgang -- Qin, Nan -- Yang, Huanming -- Wang, Jian -- Brunak, Soren -- Dore, Joel -- Guarner, Francisco -- Kristiansen, Karsten -- Pedersen, Oluf -- Parkhill, Julian -- Weissenbach, Jean -- MetaHIT Consortium -- Bork, Peer -- Ehrlich, S Dusko -- Wang, Jun -- 085775/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):59-65. doi: 10.1038/nature08821.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Cohort Studies ; Contig Mapping ; Denmark ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Genes, Essential/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genomics ; Health ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Obesity/genetics ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Overweight/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spain
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2013-08-30
    Description: We are facing a global metabolic health crisis provoked by an obesity epidemic. Here we report the human gut microbial composition in a population sample of 123 non-obese and 169 obese Danish individuals. We find two groups of individuals that differ by the number of gut microbial genes and thus gut bacterial richness. They contain known and previously unknown bacterial species at different proportions; individuals with a low bacterial richness (23% of the population) are characterized by more marked overall adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia and a more pronounced inflammatory phenotype when compared with high bacterial richness individuals. The obese individuals among the lower bacterial richness group also gain more weight over time. Only a few bacterial species are sufficient to distinguish between individuals with high and low bacterial richness, and even between lean and obese participants. Our classifications based on variation in the gut microbiome identify subsets of individuals in the general white adult population who may be at increased risk of progressing to adiposity-associated co-morbidities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Le Chatelier, Emmanuelle -- Nielsen, Trine -- Qin, Junjie -- Prifti, Edi -- Hildebrand, Falk -- Falony, Gwen -- Almeida, Mathieu -- Arumugam, Manimozhiyan -- Batto, Jean-Michel -- Kennedy, Sean -- Leonard, Pierre -- Li, Junhua -- Burgdorf, Kristoffer -- Grarup, Niels -- Jorgensen, Torben -- Brandslund, Ivan -- Nielsen, Henrik Bjorn -- Juncker, Agnieszka S -- Bertalan, Marcelo -- Levenez, Florence -- Pons, Nicolas -- Rasmussen, Simon -- Sunagawa, Shinichi -- Tap, Julien -- Tims, Sebastian -- Zoetendal, Erwin G -- Brunak, Soren -- Clement, Karine -- Dore, Joel -- Kleerebezem, Michiel -- Kristiansen, Karsten -- Renault, Pierre -- Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas -- de Vos, Willem M -- Zucker, Jean-Daniel -- Raes, Jeroen -- Hansen, Torben -- MetaHIT consortium -- Bork, Peer -- Wang, Jun -- Ehrlich, S Dusko -- Pedersen, Oluf -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 29;500(7464):541-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12506.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, US1367 Metagenopolis, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23985870" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adiposity ; Adult ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Biomarkers/*metabolism ; Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Diet ; Dyslipidemias/microbiology ; Energy Metabolism ; Europe/ethnology ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Humans ; Inflammation/microbiology ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; *Metagenome/genetics ; Obesity/metabolism/microbiology ; Overweight/metabolism/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Thinness/microbiology ; Weight Gain ; Weight Loss
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-08-01
    Description: Liver cirrhosis occurs as a consequence of many chronic liver diseases that are prevalent worldwide. Here we characterize the gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis by comparing 98 patients and 83 healthy control individuals. We build a reference gene set for the cohort containing 2.69 million genes, 36.1% of which are novel. Quantitative metagenomics reveals 75,245 genes that differ in abundance between the patients and healthy individuals (false discovery rate 〈 0.0001) and can be grouped into 66 clusters representing cognate bacterial species; 28 are enriched in patients and 38 in control individuals. Most (54%) of the patient-enriched, taxonomically assigned species are of buccal origin, suggesting an invasion of the gut from the mouth in liver cirrhosis. Biomarkers specific to liver cirrhosis at gene and function levels are revealed by a comparison with those for type 2 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. On the basis of only 15 biomarkers, a highly accurate patient discrimination index is created and validated on an independent cohort. Thus microbiota-targeted biomarkers may be a powerful tool for diagnosis of different diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qin, Nan -- Yang, Fengling -- Li, Ang -- Prifti, Edi -- Chen, Yanfei -- Shao, Li -- Guo, Jing -- Le Chatelier, Emmanuelle -- Yao, Jian -- Wu, Lingjiao -- Zhou, Jiawei -- Ni, Shujun -- Liu, Lin -- Pons, Nicolas -- Batto, Jean Michel -- Kennedy, Sean P -- Leonard, Pierre -- Yuan, Chunhui -- Ding, Wenchao -- Chen, Yuanting -- Hu, Xinjun -- Zheng, Beiwen -- Qian, Guirong -- Xu, Wei -- Ehrlich, S Dusko -- Zheng, Shusen -- Li, Lanjuan -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 4;513(7516):59-64. doi: 10.1038/nature13568. Epub 2014 Jul 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China [3]. ; 1] State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China [2]. ; 1] Metagenopolis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France [2]. ; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China. ; Metagenopolis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France. ; 1] State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China. ; 1] Metagenopolis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France [2] King's College London, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute Central Office, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK. ; 1] Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China [2] Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310003 Hangzhou, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079328" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Case-Control Studies ; Chronic Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Health ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology ; Liver Cirrhosis/*diagnosis/*microbiology ; *Metagenomics ; Microbiota/*genetics/*physiology ; Mouth/microbiology ; Phylogeny ; Reproducibility of Results
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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