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  • 1
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    Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: Increasing quantities of atmospheric anthropogenic fixed nitrogen entering the open ocean could account for up to about a third of the ocean's external (nonrecycled) nitrogen supply and up to approximately 3% of the annual new marine biological production, approximately 0.3 petagram of carbon per year. This input could account for the production of up to approximately 1.6 teragrams of nitrous oxide (N2O) per year. Although approximately 10% of the ocean's drawdown of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide may result from this atmospheric nitrogen fertilization, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing, up to about two-thirds of this amount may be offset by the increase in N2O emissions. The effects of increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition are expected to continue to grow in the future.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duce, R A -- LaRoche, J -- Altieri, K -- Arrigo, K R -- Baker, A R -- Capone, D G -- Cornell, S -- Dentener, F -- Galloway, J -- Ganeshram, R S -- Geider, R J -- Jickells, T -- Kuypers, M M -- Langlois, R -- Liss, P S -- Liu, S M -- Middelburg, J J -- Moore, C M -- Nickovic, S -- Oschlies, A -- Pedersen, T -- Prospero, J -- Schlitzer, R -- Seitzinger, S -- Sorensen, L L -- Uematsu, M -- Ulloa, O -- Voss, M -- Ward, B -- Zamora, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):893-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1150369.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; *Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Oceans and Seas ; *Reactive Nitrogen Species/metabolism ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-01
    Description: In 2002, world leaders committed, through the Convention on Biological Diversity, to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. We compiled 31 indicators to report on progress toward this target. Most indicators of the state of biodiversity (covering species' population trends, extinction risk, habitat extent and condition, and community composition) showed declines, with no significant recent reductions in rate, whereas indicators of pressures on biodiversity (including resource consumption, invasive alien species, nitrogen pollution, overexploitation, and climate change impacts) showed increases. Despite some local successes and increasing responses (including extent and biodiversity coverage of protected areas, sustainable forest management, policy responses to invasive alien species, and biodiversity-related aid), the rate of biodiversity loss does not appear to be slowing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butchart, Stuart H M -- Walpole, Matt -- Collen, Ben -- van Strien, Arco -- Scharlemann, Jorn P W -- Almond, Rosamunde E A -- Baillie, Jonathan E M -- Bomhard, Bastian -- Brown, Claire -- Bruno, John -- Carpenter, Kent E -- Carr, Genevieve M -- Chanson, Janice -- Chenery, Anna M -- Csirke, Jorge -- Davidson, Nick C -- Dentener, Frank -- Foster, Matt -- Galli, Alessandro -- Galloway, James N -- Genovesi, Piero -- Gregory, Richard D -- Hockings, Marc -- Kapos, Valerie -- Lamarque, Jean-Francois -- Leverington, Fiona -- Loh, Jonathan -- McGeoch, Melodie A -- McRae, Louise -- Minasyan, Anahit -- Hernandez Morcillo, Monica -- Oldfield, Thomasina E E -- Pauly, Daniel -- Quader, Suhel -- Revenga, Carmen -- Sauer, John R -- Skolnik, Benjamin -- Spear, Dian -- Stanwell-Smith, Damon -- Stuart, Simon N -- Symes, Andy -- Tierney, Megan -- Tyrrell, Tristan D -- Vie, Jean-Christophe -- Watson, Reg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 28;328(5982):1164-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1187512. Epub 2010 Apr 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. stuart.butchart@birdlife.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; *Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Internationality ; Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; Trees ; Vertebrates
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Wheat yield loss attributable to heat waves, drought and water excess at the global, national and subnational scales (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-06
    Description: Heat waves and drought are often considered the most damaging climatic stressors for wheat. In this study, we characterize and attribute the effects of these climate extremes on wheat yield anomalies (at global and national scales) from 1980 to 2010. Using a combination of up-to-date heat wave and drought indexes (the latter capturing both excessively dry and wet conditions), we have developed a composite indicator that is able to capture the spatio-temporal characteristics of the underlying physical processes in the different agro-climatic regions of the world. At the global level, our diagnostic explains a significant portion (more than 40%) of the inter-annual production variability. By quantifying the contribution of national yield anomalies to global fluctuations, we have found that just two concurrent yield anomalies affecting the larger producers of the world could be responsible for more than half of the global annual fluctuations. The relative importance of heat stress ...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 4
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    Understanding and reproducing regional diversity of climate impacts on wheat yields: current approaches, challenges and data driven limitations (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-13
    Description: Description unavailable
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of the air/sea exchange of ammonia for the North Atlantic Basin (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 35 (1996), S. 275-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As gas phase atmospheric ammonia reacts with acidic aerosol particles it affects the chemical, physical, and optical properties of the particles. A knowledge of the source strengths of NH3 is useful in determining the effect of NH3 on aerosol properties on a regional basis. Here, an attempt is made to determine the direction and magnitude of the air/sea flux of ammonia for the North Atlantic Basin from both measured and modeled seawater and atmospheric ammonia concentrations. Previously reported measured seawater concentrations range from less than 30 to 4600 nM with the highest concentrations reported for the Caribbean Sea, the North Sea, and the Belgium coast. Measured atmospheric ammonia concentrations range from 2 to 500 nmol m−3 with the largest values occurring over the Sargasso Sea, the Caribbean Sea, and the North Sea. For comparison to the measurements, seawater ammonia concentrations were calculated by the Hamburg Model of the Ocean Carbon Cycle (HAMOCC3). HAMOCC3 open ocean values agree well with the limited number of reported measured concentrations. Calculated coastal values are lower than those measured, however, due to the coarse resolution of the model. Atmospheric ammonia concentrations were calculated by the Acid Deposition Model of the Meteorological Synthesizing Center (MSC-W) and by the global 3-dimensional model Moguntia. The two models predict similar annually averaged values but are about an order of magnitude lower than the measured concentrations. Over the North Sea and the NE Atlantic, the direction and magnitude of the air/sea ammonia flux calculated from MSC-W and Moguntia agree within the uncertainty of the calculations. Flux estimates derived from measured data are larger in both the positive and negative direction than the model derived values. The discrepancies between the measured and modeled concentrations and fluxes may be a result of sampling artifacts, inadequate chemistry and transport schemes in the models, or the difficulty in comparing point measurements to time-averaged model values. Sensitivity tests were performed which indicate that, over the range of values expected for the North Atlantic, the accuracy of the calculated flux depends strongly on seawater and atmospheric ammonia concentrations. Clearly, simultaneous and accurate measurements of seawater and atmospheric ammonia concentrations are needed to reduce the uncertainty of the flux calculations, validate the model results, and characterize the role of oceanic ammonia emissions in aerosol processing and nitrogen cycling for the North Atlantic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02179831
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of the North Atlantic Ocean and its watershed (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 35 (1996), S. 3-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Anthropogenic food and energy production extensively mobilize reactive nitrogen (N) in the watershed of the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO). There is wide spread N distribution by both hydrologic and atmospheric processes within the watershed of the NAO, resulting in reactive N accumulation in terrestrial systems. Net denitrification in most estuaries and continental shelves exceeds the amount of N supplied to the shelves by rivers and requires a supply of nitrate from the open ocean. Thus riverine N is only transported to the open ocean in a few areas with the flow from a few major rivers (e.g., Amazon). Atmospheric N deposition to the open ocean has increased and may increase the productivity of the surface ocean. In addition, as a consequence of increased Fe deposition to the open ocean (due in part to anthropogenic processes), the rate of biological N-fixation may have increased resulting in N accumulation in the ocean. Phosphorus (P) is also mobilized by anthropogenic processes (primarily food production). Relative to N, more of the P is transported across the shelf to the open ocean from both estuaries and major rivers. There are several consequences of the increased availability of N and P that are unique to each element. However, the control on primary productivity in both coastal and open ocean ecosystems is dependent on a complex and poorly understood interaction between N and P mobilization and availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02179823
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Basin (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 35 (1996), S. 27-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: dust ; deposition ; iron ; models ; NHx ; NOy ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric chemical models are used to estimate the deposition rate of various inorganic oxides of nitrogen (NOy), reduced nitrogen species (NHx) and mineral dust to the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO). The estimated deposition of NOy to the NAO (excluding the coastal ocean) and the Caribbean is 360 × 109 Moles-N m−2 yr−1 (5.0 Tg N); this is equivalent to about 13% of the estimated global emission rate (natural and anthropogenic) and a quarter of the emission rate from sources in North America and Europe. In the case of NHx, 258 Moles-N m−2 yr−1 (3.6 Tg N) are deposited to the NAO and the Caribbean; this is about 6% of the global continental emissions. There is relatively little data on the deposition rate of organic nitrogen species; nonetheless, this evidence suggests that concentrations and deposition rates are comparable to those for inorganic nitrogen. Because of anthropogenic emissions, the present-day deposition rate of NOy to the NAO is about five times greater than pre-industrial times largely due to emissions from energy production and biomass burning. The present-day emissions of NHx from continental anthropogenic sources are about four-to-five times greater than natural sources, mostly due to the impact of emissions from animal wastes associated with food production. Indeed, present-day emissions of NHx from animal waste are estimated to be about 10 times greater than the pre-human era. The deposition rate of mineral dust to the NAO is about 170 Tg yr−1; deposited with the dust (assuming average crustal abundances) is about 6 Tg yr−1 of Fe and 0.2 Tg yr−1 of P. Dust deposition in the NAO is almost completely attributable to transport from North African sources; a substantial fraction of the dust over the NAO is probably mobilized as a consequence of land use practices in arid regions and, consequently, it should be regarded as a pollutant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02179824
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  • 8
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    Abstracts of the 6th FECS Conference 1998 Lectures (1998)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Assessment of excess nitrate development in the subtropical North Atlantic (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0304-4203
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7581
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    A re-evaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the ocean (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-22
    Description: We report a new synthesis of best estimates of the inputs of fixed nitrogen to the world ocean via atmospheric deposition, and compare this to fluvial inputs and di-nitrogen fixation. We evaluate the scale of human perturbation of these fluxes. Fluvial inputs dominate inputs to the continental shelf, and we estimate about 75% of this fluvial nitrogen escapes from the shelf to the open ocean. Biological di-nitrogen fixation is the main external source of nitrogen to the open ocean, i.e. beyond the continental shelf. Atmospheric deposition is the primary mechanism by which land based nitrogen inputs, and hence human perturbations of the nitrogen cycle, reach the open ocean. We estimate that anthropogenic inputs are currently leading to an increase in overall ocean carbon sequestration of ~0.4% (equivalent to an uptake of 0.15 Pg C yr -1 and less than the Duce et al., 2008 estimate). The resulting reduction in climate change forcing from this ocean CO 2 uptake is offset to a small extent by an increase in ocean N 2 O emissions. We identify four important feedbacks in the ocean atmosphere nitrogen system that need to be better quantified to improve our understanding of the perturbation of ocean biogeochemistry by atmospheric nitrogen inputs. These feedbacks are recycling of (1) ammonia and (2) organic nitrogen from the ocean to the atmosphere and back, (3) the suppression of nitrogen fixation by increased nitrogen concentrations in surface waters from atmospheric deposition, and (4) increased loss of nitrogen from the ocean by denitrification due to increased productivity stimulated by atmospheric inputs.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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