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  • 1
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    Comment on "The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming" (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-23
    Description: In a compelling study, Hicks Pries et al . (Reports, 31 March 2017, p. 1420) showed that 4°C warming enhanced soil CO 2 production in the 1-meter soil profile, with all soil depths displaying similar temperature sensitivity (Q 10 ). We argue that some caveats can be identified in their experimental approach and analysis, and that these critically undermine their conclusions and hence their claim that the strength of feedback between the whole-soil carbon and climate has been underestimated in terrestrial models.
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Derepression of ethylene-stabilized transcription factors (EIN3/EIL1) mediates jasmonate and ethylene signaling synergy in Arabidopsis [Plant Biology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-27
    Description: Jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET) are two major plant hormones that synergistically regulate plant development and tolerance to necrotrophic fungi. Both JA and ET induce the expression of several pathogenesis-related genes, while blocking either signaling pathway abolishes the induction of these genes by JA and ET alone or in combination. However, the molecular basis of JA/ET coaction and signaling interdependency is largely unknown. Here, we report that two Arabidopsis ET-stabilized transcription factors (EIN3 and EIL1) integrate ET and JA signaling in the regulation of gene expression, root development, and necrotrophic pathogen defense. Further studies reveal that JA enhances the transcriptional activity of EIN3/EIL1 by removal of JA-Zim domain (JAZ) proteins, which physically interact with and repress EIN3/EIL1. In addition, we find that JAZ proteins recruit an RPD3-type histone deacetylase (HDA6) as a corepressor that modulates histone acetylation, represses EIN3/EIL1-dependent transcription, and inhibits JA signaling. Our studies identify EIN3/EIL1 as a key integration node whose activation requires both JA and ET signaling, and illustrate transcriptional derepression as a common mechanism to integrate diverse signaling pathways in the regulation of plant development and defense.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Circadian transcriptome of Neurospora [Cell Biology] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Description: Neurospora crassa has been for decades a principal model for filamentous fungal genetics and physiology as well as for understanding the mechanism of circadian clocks. Eukaryotic fungal and animal clocks comprise transcription-translation–based feedback loops that control rhythmic transcription of a substantial fraction of these transcriptomes, yielding the changes in protein...
    Keywords: Inaugural Articles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Chitin-induced dimerization activates a plant immune receptor (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-02
    Description: Pattern recognition receptors confer plant resistance to pathogen infection by recognizing the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The cell surface receptor chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 of Arabidopsis (AtCERK1) directly binds chitin through its lysine motif (LysM)-containing ectodomain (AtCERK1-ECD) to activate immune responses. The crystal structure that we solved of an AtCERK1-ECD complexed with a chitin pentamer reveals that their interaction is primarily mediated by a LysM and three chitin residues. By acting as a bivalent ligand, a chitin octamer induces AtCERK1-ECD dimerization that is inhibited by shorter chitin oligomers. A mutation attenuating chitin-induced AtCERK1-ECD dimerization or formation of nonproductive AtCERK1 dimer by overexpression of AtCERK1-ECD compromises AtCERK1-mediated signaling in plant cells. Together, our data support the notion that chitin-induced AtCERK1 dimerization is critical for its activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Tingting -- Liu, Zixu -- Song, Chuanjun -- Hu, Yunfei -- Han, Zhifu -- She, Ji -- Fan, Fangfang -- Wang, Jiawei -- Jin, Changwen -- Chang, Junbiao -- Zhou, Jian-Min -- Chai, Jijie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 1;336(6085):1160-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1218867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Program in Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22654057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylglucosamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/immunology/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Chitin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Structural basis for flg22-induced activation of the Arabidopsis FLS2-BAK1 immune complex (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis is through recognition of its highly conserved N-terminal epitope (flg22) by flagellin-sensitive 2 (FLS2). Flg22 binding induces FLS2 heteromerization with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1) and their reciprocal activation followed by plant immunity. Here, we report the crystal structure of FLS2 and BAK1 ectodomains complexed with flg22 at 3.06 angstroms. A conserved and a nonconserved site from the inner surface of the FLS2 solenoid recognize the C- and N-terminal segment of flg22, respectively, without oligomerization or conformational changes in the FLS2 ectodomain. Besides directly interacting with FLS2, BAK1 acts as a co-receptor by recognizing the C terminus of the FLS2-bound flg22. Our data reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying FLS2-BAK1 complex recognition of flg22 and provide insight into the immune receptor complex activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Yadong -- Li, Lei -- Macho, Alberto P -- Han, Zhifu -- Hu, Zehan -- Zipfel, Cyril -- Zhou, Jian-Min -- Chai, Jijie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 1;342(6158):624-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1243825. Epub 2013 Oct 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24114786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigen-Antibody Complex/*chemistry ; Arabidopsis/*immunology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Flagellin/*chemistry ; Protein Kinases/*chemistry ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    A Xanthomonas uridine 5'-monophosphate transferase inhibits plant immune kinases (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-17
    Description: Plant innate immunity is activated on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) at the cell surface, or of pathogen effector proteins inside the plant cell. Together, PAMP-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity constitute powerful defences against various phytopathogens. Pathogenic bacteria inject a variety of effector proteins into the host cell to assist infection or propagation. A number of effector proteins have been shown to inhibit plant immunity, but the biochemical basis remains unknown for the vast majority of these effectors. Here we show that the Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris type III effector AvrAC enhances virulence and inhibits plant immunity by specifically targeting Arabidopsis BIK1 and RIPK, two receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases known to mediate immune signalling. AvrAC is a uridylyl transferase that adds uridine 5'-monophosphate to and conceals conserved phosphorylation sites in the activation loop of BIK1 and RIPK, reducing their kinase activity and consequently inhibiting downstream signalling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feng, Feng -- Yang, Fan -- Rong, Wei -- Wu, Xiaogang -- Zhang, Jie -- Chen, She -- He, Chaozu -- Zhou, Jian-Min -- England -- Nature. 2012 Apr 15;485(7396):114-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10962.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22504181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*enzymology/*immunology/microbiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Brassica/immunology/microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Plant Diseases/immunology/microbiology ; *Plant Immunity/immunology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Virulence ; Xanthomonas campestris/*enzymology/immunology/pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    The phosphothreonine lyase activity of a bacterial type III effector family (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-17
    Description: Pathogenic bacteria use the type III secretion system to deliver effector proteins into host cells to modulate the host signaling pathways. In this study, the Shigella type III effector OspF was shown to inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) [extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38]. OspF irreversibly removed phosphate groups from the phosphothreonine but not from the phosphotyrosine residue in the activation loop of MAPKs. Mass spectrometry revealed a mass loss of 98 daltons in p-Erk2, due to the abstraction of the alpha proton concomitant with cleavage of the C-OP bond in the phosphothreonine residue. This unexpected enzymatic activity, termed phosphothreonine lyase, appeared specific for MAPKs and was shared by other OspF family members.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Hongtao -- Xu, Hao -- Zhou, Yan -- Zhang, Jie -- Long, Chengzu -- Li, Shuqin -- Chen, She -- Zhou, Jian-Min -- Shao, Feng -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 16;315(5814):1000-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17303758" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Shigella flexneri/*metabolism/physiology ; Tyrosine/metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    $p\text{−}n$ Junction Rectifying Characteristics of Purely $n$-Type GaN-Based Structures (2017)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: Author(s): P. Zuo, Y. Jiang, Z. G. Ma, L. Wang, B. Zhao, Y. F. Li, G. Yue, H. Y. Wu, H. J. Yan, H. Q. Jia, W. X. Wang, J. M. Zhou, Q. Sun, W. M. Liu, An-Chun Ji, and H. Chen In semiconductor physics, conventional p − n junctions are bipolar, featuring of both p - and n -type carriers ( i . e . holes and electrons). In this study, p − n junction rectification is achieved with u n i p o l a r , purely n -type (Al,In)GaN structures. This is significant, as the direct-gap group- I I I nitrides offer the most viable approach to high-frequency, high-power electronics, yet progress has been thwarted by the high resistivity of p -type GaN, which is totally absent from the authors’ device. Furthermore, their approach can be used for other strongly polarized semiconductors, such as ZnO. [Phys. Rev. Applied 8, 024005] Published Wed Aug 09, 2017
    Electronic ISSN: 2331-7019
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 9
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    Estimation of supraglacial debris thickness using a novel target decomposition on L-band polarimetric SAR images in the Tianshan Mountains (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Debris is widely distributed in the ablation zones of mountain glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains. Supraglacial debris can accelerate or hamper glacier ablation, depending on its thickness. Thus, it plays an important role in the mass balance of debris-covered glaciers. This paper proposes a novel method to estimate supraglacial debris thickness using L-band polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). A new model-based target decomposition is used to extract the surface scattering, double bounce, and volume scattering components. The surface scatter model uses the extended Bragg scatter, which considers the depolarization effect for rough surfaces. The volume scatter model uses elliptical scatterers, which approximate the shape of the solids in the debris. The volume scattering power is related to the dielectric properties of the debris, the radar wavelength, the incidence angle and the elliptical scatter shape. Once the target decomposition is performed, the debris thickness can be inverted from the volume scattering power and other known parameters. Through comparison with a large number of field measurements, the inversion is shown to be reasonable, and the accuracy is validated to be ±0.12 m. Based on the inversion map in the study area, the debris thickness of the Koxkar glacier and its neighboring glaciers are presented and analyzed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature buffer layer for growth of a low-dislocation-density SiGe layer on Si by molecular-beam epitaxy (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 1167-1169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method using a low-temperature Si (LT-Si) buffer layer is developed to grow a SiGe epilayer with low density of dislocations on a Si substrate by molecular-beam epitaxy. In this method, a LT-Si layer is used to release the stress of the SiGe layer. The samples have been investigated by x-ray double-crystal diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the LT-Si is effective to release the stress and suppress threading dislocations. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360899
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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