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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Oecologia 168 (2012): 819-828, doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2133-7.
    Description: Global climate change is expected to affect terrestrial ecosystems in a variety of ways. Some of the more well-studied effects include the biogeochemical feedbacks to the climate system that can either increase or decrease the atmospheric load of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Less well-studied are the effects of climate change on the linkages between soil and plant processes. Here, we report the effects of soil warming on these linkages observed in a large field manipulation of a deciduous forest in southern New England, USA, where soil was continuously warmed 5°C above ambient for 7 years. Over this period, we have observed significant changes to the nitrogen cycle that have the potential to affect tree species composition in the long term. Since the start of the experiment, we have documented a 45% average annual increase in net nitrogen mineralization and a three-fold increase in nitrification such that in years 5 through 7, 25% of the nitrogen mineralized is then nitrified. The warming-induced increase of available nitrogen resulted in increases in the foliar nitrogen content and the relative growth rate of trees in the warmed area. Acer rubrum (red maple) trees have responded the most after 7 years of warming, with the greatest increases in both foliar nitrogen content and relative growth rates. Our study suggests that considering species-specific responses to increases in nitrogen availability and changes in nitrogen form is important in predicting future forest composition and feedbacks to the climate system.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Institute for Climate Change Research (DOE-DE-FCO2-06-ER64157), DOE BER (DE-SC0005421) and the Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research program (NSF-DEB-0620443).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/msword
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 20 (1970), S. 62-69 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Growth and development of algae from spores has been observed in the laboratory (Menai Bridge) and under field conditions at Ravenspoint (West coast of Anglesey). Attempts were made to culture all main components of the sub-littoral flora. Spore material was obtained from spores allowed to settle onto plastic slides in the laboratory sea water system and from spores settled on slides stationed in the field. 2. Attention was given to the summer annual species and, in particular, to those members of the Nemalionales (Rhodophyceae) which have incompletely known life histories. In these plants, the tetrasporic phase during which reduction division normally takes place, has so far been undetected in the field. The plants are represented by the cystocarpic phase of the life cycle only. 3. The fate of the carpospores of these species were of particular interest. The spores of the annual species were cultivated under a number of regimes of irradiation and temperature. Sporelings from laboratory culture were transferred to the field in November, 2 months after settlement. Both in laboratory and field, the form of development of the cultures were similar until May of the following year. Then the field cultures developed structures which may represent the tetrasporangia of the alternate phase. These structures failed to develop in the laboratory cultures after 3 years. 4. The results of these experiments illustrate that care must be taken in interpreting results of laboratory cultures of algae, in particular in regard to their life histories.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Der Aspekt der sublitoralen Algenvegetation vor der Küste von Ravenspoint (Westküste von Anglesey) wird entscheidend von der mechanischen Wellenwirkung, der Trübung des Wassers und der Sedimentierung geprägt. Auf den durch die Winterstürme stark verlagerten und abgescheuerten Steinen in 4 m Tiefe dicht unter der Küste kann sich erst ab April-Mai eine üppige Vegetation annueller Arten entwickeln. In 9 m Tiefe überstehen nur derbere Formen wieChondrus oderFurcellaria die winterliche Sedimentablagerung. Hier stellen sich in den Somermonaten außer den auch in 4 m vorkommenden Arten einjährige Rotalgen wieNaccaria, Halarachnion, Scinaia undHelminthora ein. Zur Klärung ihrer Ökologie und Lebensgeschichte wurden Steine ins Laboratorium verbracht und der sich entwickelnde Aufwuchs untersucht, außerdem Kulturen dieser Arten auf Objektträgern im Laboratorium und am natürlichen Standort verglichen. Besonderes Interesse verdienen Vertreter der Nemalionales (Rhodophyceae), in deren Lebenszyklus bisher nur die karposporentragende Phase bekannt ist. Zwei Monate alte Kulturen vonNaccaria wurden im November aus dem Laboratorium an ihren natürlichen Standort gebracht. Nach gleichartiger Entwicklung bis zum Mai des folgenden Jahres bildeten sie Strukturen, die vielleicht der tetrasporentragenden Phase entsprechen. Solche Stadien wurden während der dreijährigen Kultur im Laboratorium nicht beobachtet. Daher ist eine kritische Beurteilung der an Laboratoriumskulturen erhaltenen Ergebnisse angezeigt, besonders bei der Untersuchung des Lebenszyklus von Algen. Die Zellenanordnung junger Corallinaceen-Krusten zeigte charakteristische Unterschiede, die vielleicht als taxonomische Kriterien verwertbar sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 21 (1977), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure thermal and metabolic responses of six marathon runners and six long-distance ocean swimmers during a standard cold tolerance test, and to compare the results. The two groups of lean endurance athletes lived in Hawaii and were matched on the basis of age, height, weight, and skinfold thickness. Maximal oxygen uptake, however, was significantly higher in the runners (66.5 versus 58.8 ml/(kg·min) for the swimmers). There were no significant differences in maximal tissue insulation or the derived nonfat insulation, although the runners tended to have higher values. Our findings suggest a possible hypothermic insulative adaptation in the runners and, therefore, indirectly support a recent hypothesis that marathon training may potentiate cross-adaptation to cold. Reasons for a relatively high nonfat insulation in the runners (0.098 (°C.m2)/W) are unknown, but seem related to a vascular mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Retention indices ; Alkylarylketones ; n-Alkanes ; n-Alkylbenzenes ; Polystyrene-divinylbenzene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The application of alkylarylketones and n-alkanes as retention index scale standards in supercritical fluid chromatography has been examined using a packed polystyrene-divinylbenzene column. The two scales gave comparable results but the alkylarylketone scale gave comparable results but the alkylarylketone scale was considered to have a wider application as it could also be used when modifiers were added to the mobile phase. The changes in the retention indices of a number of aromatic test compounds were used to compare the selectivity of the separation under different temperature and pressure conditions and in the presence of modifiers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 37 (1993), S. 224-225 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 35 (1993), S. 459-462 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 112-113 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 31 (1991), S. 208-210 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 97-97 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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