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  • Animals  (24)
  • History, Ancient  (7)
  • Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics
  • ddc:330
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (31)
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  • 1
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    Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-22
    Description: Investigation of the human antibody response to influenza virus infection has been largely limited to serology, with relatively little analysis at the molecular level. The 1918 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic was the most severe of the modern era. Recent work has recovered the gene sequences of this unusual strain, so that the 1918 pandemic virus could be reconstituted to display its unique virulence phenotypes. However, little is known about adaptive immunity to this virus. We took advantage of the 1918 virus sequencing and the resultant production of recombinant 1918 haemagglutinin (HA) protein antigen to characterize at the clonal level neutralizing antibodies induced by natural exposure of survivors to the 1918 pandemic virus. Here we show that of the 32 individuals tested that were born in or before 1915, each showed seroreactivity with the 1918 virus, nearly 90 years after the pandemic. Seven of the eight donor samples tested had circulating B cells that secreted antibodies that bound the 1918 HA. We isolated B cells from subjects and generated five monoclonal antibodies that showed potent neutralizing activity against 1918 virus from three separate donors. These antibodies also cross-reacted with the genetically similar HA of a 1930 swine H1N1 influenza strain, but did not cross-react with HAs of more contemporary human influenza viruses. The antibody genes had an unusually high degree of somatic mutation. The antibodies bound to the 1918 HA protein with high affinity, had exceptional virus-neutralizing potency and protected mice from lethal infection. Isolation of viruses that escaped inhibition suggested that the antibodies recognize classical antigenic sites on the HA surface. Thus, these studies demonstrate that survivors of the 1918 influenza pandemic possess highly functional, virus-neutralizing antibodies to this uniquely virulent virus, and that humans can sustain circulating B memory cells to viruses for many decades after exposure-well into the tenth decade of life.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848880/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848880/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Xiaocong -- Tsibane, Tshidi -- McGraw, Patricia A -- House, Frances S -- Keefer, Christopher J -- Hicar, Mark D -- Tumpey, Terrence M -- Pappas, Claudia -- Perrone, Lucy A -- Martinez, Osvaldo -- Stevens, James -- Wilson, Ian A -- Aguilar, Patricia V -- Altschuler, Eric L -- Basler, Christopher F -- Crowe, James E Jr -- AI057158/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI42266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA55896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI058113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048677/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048677-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI057229/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI62623/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057157/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI057157-019002/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 AI57158/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):532-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07231. Epub 2008 Aug 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18716625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics/immunology/isolation & purification ; Antibodies, Viral/genetics/*immunology/*isolation & purification ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Cross Reactions/immunology ; *Disease Outbreaks/history ; Dogs ; Female ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics/*immunology/physiology ; Influenza, Human/*immunology/virology ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests ; *Survival
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-11
    Description: Terrestrial vegetation, especially tropical rain forest, releases vast quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere, which are removed by oxidation reactions and deposition of reaction products. The oxidation is mainly initiated by hydroxyl radicals (OH), primarily formed through the photodissociation of ozone. Previously it was thought that, in unpolluted air, biogenic VOCs deplete OH and reduce the atmospheric oxidation capacity. Conversely, in polluted air VOC oxidation leads to noxious oxidant build-up by the catalytic action of nitrogen oxides (NO(x) = NO + NO2). Here we report aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases performed over the pristine Amazon forest. Our data reveal unexpectedly high OH concentrations. We propose that natural VOC oxidation, notably of isoprene, recycles OH efficiently in low-NO(x) air through reactions of organic peroxy radicals. Computations with an atmospheric chemistry model and the results of laboratory experiments suggest that an OH recycling efficiency of 40-80 per cent in isoprene oxidation may be able to explain the high OH levels we observed in the field. Although further laboratory studies are necessary to explore the chemical mechanism responsible for OH recycling in more detail, our results demonstrate that the biosphere maintains a remarkable balance with the atmospheric environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lelieveld, J -- Butler, T M -- Crowley, J N -- Dillon, T J -- Fischer, H -- Ganzeveld, L -- Harder, H -- Lawrence, M G -- Martinez, M -- Taraborrelli, D -- Williams, J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 10;452(7188):737-40. doi: 10.1038/nature06870.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 27 Becherweg, 55128 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401407" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Butadienes/metabolism ; French Guiana ; Guyana ; Hemiterpenes/metabolism ; Hydroxyl Radical/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ozone/analysis ; Pentanes/metabolism ; Suriname ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Identification of a dendritic cell receptor that couples sensing of necrosis to immunity (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-02-17
    Description: Injury or impaired clearance of apoptotic cells leads to the pathological accumulation of necrotic corpses, which induce an inflammatory response that initiates tissue repair. In addition, antigens present in necrotic cells can sometimes provoke a specific immune response and it has been argued that necrosis could explain adaptive immunity in seemingly infection-free situations, such as after allograft transplantation or in spontaneous and therapy-induced tumour rejection. In the mouse, the CD8alpha+ subset of dendritic cells phagocytoses dead cell remnants and cross-primes CD8+ T cells against cell-associated antigens. Here we show that CD8alpha+ dendritic cells use CLEC9A (also known as DNGR-1), a recently-characterized C-type lectin, to recognize a preformed signal that is exposed on necrotic cells. Loss or blockade of CLEC9A does not impair the uptake of necrotic cell material by CD8+ dendritic cells, but specifically reduces cross-presentation of dead-cell-associated antigens in vitro and decreases the immunogenicity of necrotic cells in vivo. The function of CLEC9A requires a key tyrosine residue in its intracellular tail that allows the recruitment and activation of the tyrosine kinase SYK, which is also essential for cross-presentation of dead-cell-associated antigens. Thus, CLEC9A functions as a SYK-coupled C-type lectin receptor to mediate sensing of necrosis by the principal dendritic-cell subset involved in regulating cross-priming to cell-associated antigens.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2671489/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2671489/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sancho, David -- Joffre, Olivier P -- Keller, Anna M -- Rogers, Neil C -- Martinez, Dolores -- Hernanz-Falcon, Patricia -- Rosewell, Ian -- Reis e Sousa, Caetano -- A3598/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 16;458(7240):899-903. doi: 10.1038/nature07750.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunobiology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19219027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD8/metabolism ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cross-Priming/immunology ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Lectins, C-Type/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Mice ; Necrosis/*immunology/*metabolism ; Phagocytosis ; Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Mitogen/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Reversed flow of Atlantic deep water during the Last Glacial Maximum (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-05
    Description: The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) of the Atlantic Ocean is considered to be one of the most important components of the climate system. This is because its warm surface currents, such as the Gulf Stream, redistribute huge amounts of energy from tropical to high latitudes and influence regional weather and climate patterns, whereas its lower limb ventilates the deep ocean and affects the storage of carbon in the abyss, away from the atmosphere. Despite its significance for future climate, the operation of the MOC under contrasting climates of the past remains controversial. Nutrient-based proxies and recent model simulations indicate that during the Last Glacial Maximum the convective activity in the North Atlantic Ocean was much weaker than at present. In contrast, rate-sensitive radiogenic (231)Pa/(230)Th isotope ratios from the North Atlantic have been interpreted to indicate only minor changes in MOC strength. Here we show that the basin-scale abyssal circulation of the Atlantic Ocean was probably reversed during the Last Glacial Maximum and was dominated by northward water flow from the Southern Ocean. These conclusions are based on new high-resolution data from the South Atlantic Ocean that establish the basin-scale north to south gradient in (231)Pa/(230)Th, and thus the direction of the deep ocean circulation. Our findings are consistent with nutrient-based proxies and argue that further analysis of (231)Pa/(230)Th outside the North Atlantic basin will enhance our understanding of past ocean circulation, provided that spatial gradients are carefully considered. This broader perspective suggests that the modern pattern of the Atlantic MOC-with a prominent southerly flow of deep waters originating in the North Atlantic-arose only during the Holocene epoch.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Negre, Cesar -- Zahn, Rainer -- Thomas, Alexander L -- Masque, Pere -- Henderson, Gideon M -- Martinez-Mendez, Gema -- Hall, Ian R -- Mas, Jose L -- England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 4;468(7320):84-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09508.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. cesar@negre.us〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21048764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon/analysis ; *Cold Climate ; Foraminifera/metabolism ; History, Ancient ; *Ice Cover ; Seawater/*analysis ; Temperature ; *Water Movements
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The dynamic genome of Hydra (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-17
    Description: The freshwater cnidarian Hydra was first described in 1702 and has been the object of study for 300 years. Experimental studies of Hydra between 1736 and 1744 culminated in the discovery of asexual reproduction of an animal by budding, the first description of regeneration in an animal, and successful transplantation of tissue between animals. Today, Hydra is an important model for studies of axial patterning, stem cell biology and regeneration. Here we report the genome of Hydra magnipapillata and compare it to the genomes of the anthozoan Nematostella vectensis and other animals. The Hydra genome has been shaped by bursts of transposable element expansion, horizontal gene transfer, trans-splicing, and simplification of gene structure and gene content that parallel simplification of the Hydra life cycle. We also report the sequence of the genome of a novel bacterium stably associated with H. magnipapillata. Comparisons of the Hydra genome to the genomes of other animals shed light on the evolution of epithelia, contractile tissues, developmentally regulated transcription factors, the Spemann-Mangold organizer, pluripotency genes and the neuromuscular junction.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479502/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479502/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapman, Jarrod A -- Kirkness, Ewen F -- Simakov, Oleg -- Hampson, Steven E -- Mitros, Therese -- Weinmaier, Thomas -- Rattei, Thomas -- Balasubramanian, Prakash G -- Borman, Jon -- Busam, Dana -- Disbennett, Kathryn -- Pfannkoch, Cynthia -- Sumin, Nadezhda -- Sutton, Granger G -- Viswanathan, Lakshmi Devi -- Walenz, Brian -- Goodstein, David M -- Hellsten, Uffe -- Kawashima, Takeshi -- Prochnik, Simon E -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Shu, Shengquiang -- Blumberg, Bruce -- Dana, Catherine E -- Gee, Lydia -- Kibler, Dennis F -- Law, Lee -- Lindgens, Dirk -- Martinez, Daniel E -- Peng, Jisong -- Wigge, Philip A -- Bertulat, Bianca -- Guder, Corina -- Nakamura, Yukio -- Ozbek, Suat -- Watanabe, Hiroshi -- Khalturin, Konstantin -- Hemmrich, Georg -- Franke, Andre -- Augustin, Rene -- Fraune, Sebastian -- Hayakawa, Eisuke -- Hayakawa, Shiho -- Hirose, Mamiko -- Hwang, Jung Shan -- Ikeo, Kazuho -- Nishimiya-Fujisawa, Chiemi -- Ogura, Atshushi -- Takahashi, Toshio -- Steinmetz, Patrick R H -- Zhang, Xiaoming -- Aufschnaiter, Roland -- Eder, Marie-Kristin -- Gorny, Anne-Kathrin -- Salvenmoser, Willi -- Heimberg, Alysha M -- Wheeler, Benjamin M -- Peterson, Kevin J -- Bottger, Angelika -- Tischler, Patrick -- Wolf, Alexander -- Gojobori, Takashi -- Remington, Karin A -- Strausberg, Robert L -- Venter, J Craig -- Technau, Ulrich -- Hobmayer, Bert -- Bosch, Thomas C G -- Holstein, Thomas W -- Fujisawa, Toshitaka -- Bode, Hans R -- David, Charles N -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- Steele, Robert E -- P 21108/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- R24 RR015088/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):592-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08830. Epub 2010 Mar 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/genetics ; Comamonadaceae/genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal/genetics ; Genome/*genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Hydra/*genetics/microbiology/ultrastructure ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuromuscular Junction/ultrastructure
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  • 6
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    Chemical genetics of Plasmodium falciparum (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-21
    Description: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is a disease that is responsible for 880,000 deaths per year worldwide. Vaccine development has proved difficult and resistance has emerged for most antimalarial drugs. To discover new antimalarial chemotypes, we have used a phenotypic forward chemical genetic approach to assay 309,474 chemicals. Here we disclose structures and biological activity of the entire library-many of which showed potent in vitro activity against drug-resistant P. falciparum strains-and detailed profiling of 172 representative candidates. A reverse chemical genetic study identified 19 new inhibitors of 4 validated drug targets and 15 novel binders among 61 malarial proteins. Phylochemogenetic profiling in several organisms revealed similarities between Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cell lines and dissimilarities between P. falciparum and related protozoans. One exemplar compound displayed efficacy in a murine model. Our findings provide the scientific community with new starting points for malaria drug discovery.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874979/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874979/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guiguemde, W Armand -- Shelat, Anang A -- Bouck, David -- Duffy, Sandra -- Crowther, Gregory J -- Davis, Paul H -- Smithson, David C -- Connelly, Michele -- Clark, Julie -- Zhu, Fangyi -- Jimenez-Diaz, Maria B -- Martinez, Maria S -- Wilson, Emily B -- Tripathi, Abhai K -- Gut, Jiri -- Sharlow, Elizabeth R -- Bathurst, Ian -- El Mazouni, Farah -- Fowble, Joseph W -- Forquer, Isaac -- McGinley, Paula L -- Castro, Steve -- Angulo-Barturen, Inigo -- Ferrer, Santiago -- Rosenthal, Philip J -- Derisi, Joseph L -- Sullivan, David J -- Lazo, John S -- Roos, David S -- Riscoe, Michael K -- Phillips, Margaret A -- Rathod, Pradipsinh K -- Van Voorhis, Wesley C -- Avery, Vicky M -- Guy, R Kiplin -- AI045774/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI053680/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI067921/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI075517/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI075594/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI080625/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI082617/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI28724/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI35707/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI53862/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI772682/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA78039/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI077268/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI077268-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI035707/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI035707-140007/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA078039-10/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR001614/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR001614-246970/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI045774/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI045774-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI028724/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI028724-17/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R56 AI082617/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R56 AI082617-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI053862/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI053862-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI075594-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000005/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 20;465(7296):311-5. doi: 10.1038/nature09099.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20485428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimalarials/*analysis/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; *Drug Discovery ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Resistance/drug effects ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Erythrocytes/drug effects/parasitology ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy/parasitology ; Mice ; Phenotype ; Phylogeny ; Plasmodium falciparum/*drug effects/*genetics/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry/pharmacology
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  • 7
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    Plio-Pleistocene climate sensitivity evaluated using high-resolution CO2 records (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-06
    Description: Theory and climate modelling suggest that the sensitivity of Earth's climate to changes in radiative forcing could depend on the background climate. However, palaeoclimate data have thus far been insufficient to provide a conclusive test of this prediction. Here we present atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) reconstructions based on multi-site boron-isotope records from the late Pliocene epoch (3.3 to 2.3 million years ago). We find that Earth's climate sensitivity to CO2-based radiative forcing (Earth system sensitivity) was half as strong during the warm Pliocene as during the cold late Pleistocene epoch (0.8 to 0.01 million years ago). We attribute this difference to the radiative impacts of continental ice-volume changes (the ice-albedo feedback) during the late Pleistocene, because equilibrium climate sensitivity is identical for the two intervals when we account for such impacts using sea-level reconstructions. We conclude that, on a global scale, no unexpected climate feedbacks operated during the warm Pliocene, and that predictions of equilibrium climate sensitivity (excluding long-term ice-albedo feedbacks) for our Pliocene-like future (with CO2 levels up to maximum Pliocene levels of 450 parts per million) are well described by the currently accepted range of an increase of 1.5 K to 4.5 K per doubling of CO2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martinez-Boti, M A -- Foster, G L -- Chalk, T B -- Rohling, E J -- Sexton, P F -- Lunt, D J -- Pancost, R D -- Badger, M P S -- Schmidt, D N -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 5;518(7537):49-54. doi: 10.1038/nature14145.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK. ; 1] Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK [2] Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK. ; 1] School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK [2] The Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UJ, UK. ; 1] The Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UJ, UK [2] Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK. ; 1] The Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UJ, UK [2] School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25652996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Boron/analysis/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Climate ; *Feedback ; Foraminifera/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Boron isotope evidence for oceanic carbon dioxide leakage during the last deglaciation (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-13
    Description: Atmospheric CO2 fluctuations over glacial-interglacial cycles remain a major challenge to our understanding of the carbon cycle and the climate system. Leading hypotheses put forward to explain glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2 variations invoke changes in deep-ocean carbon storage, probably modulated by processes in the Southern Ocean, where much of the deep ocean is ventilated. A central aspect of such models is that, during deglaciations, an isolated glacial deep-ocean carbon reservoir is reconnected with the atmosphere, driving the atmospheric CO2 rise observed in ice-core records. However, direct documentation of changes in surface ocean carbon content and the associated transfer of carbon to the atmosphere during deglaciations has been hindered by the lack of proxy reconstructions that unambiguously reflect the oceanic carbonate system. Radiocarbon activity tracks changes in ocean ventilation, but not in ocean carbon content, whereas proxies that record increased deglacial upwelling do not constrain the proportion of upwelled carbon that is degassed relative to that which is taken up by the biological pump. Here we apply the boron isotope pH proxy in planktic foraminifera to two sediment cores from the sub-Antarctic Atlantic and the eastern equatorial Pacific as a more direct tracer of oceanic CO2 outgassing. We show that surface waters at both locations, which partly derive from deep water upwelled in the Southern Ocean, became a significant source of carbon to the atmosphere during the last deglaciation, when the concentration of atmospheric CO2 was increasing. This oceanic CO2 outgassing supports the view that the ventilation of a deep-ocean carbon reservoir in the Southern Ocean had a key role in the deglacial CO2 rise, although our results allow for the possibility that processes operating in other regions may also have been important for the glacial-interglacial ocean-atmosphere exchange of carbon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martinez-Boti, M A -- Marino, G -- Foster, G L -- Ziveri, P -- Henehan, M J -- Rae, J W B -- Mortyn, P G -- Vance, D -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 12;518(7538):219-22. doi: 10.1038/nature14155.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. ; 1] Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain [2] Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; 1] Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain [2] Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08010, Spain [3] Earth and Climate Cluster, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; 1] Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK [2] Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA. ; 1] Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA [2] Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK. ; 1] Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain [2] Department of Geography, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, 08193, Spain. ; Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, NW D81.4, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Boron/*analysis/*chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; Climate ; Foraminifera ; Freezing ; History, Ancient ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ice Cover/*chemistry ; Isotopes ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Description: Localized ecological systems are known to shift abruptly and irreversibly from one state to another when they are forced across critical thresholds. Here we review evidence that the global ecosystem as a whole can react in the same way and is approaching a planetary-scale critical transition as a result of human influence. The plausibility of a planetary-scale 'tipping point' highlights the need to improve biological forecasting by detecting early warning signs of critical transitions on global as well as local scales, and by detecting feedbacks that promote such transitions. It is also necessary to address root causes of how humans are forcing biological changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnosky, Anthony D -- Hadly, Elizabeth A -- Bascompte, Jordi -- Berlow, Eric L -- Brown, James H -- Fortelius, Mikael -- Getz, Wayne M -- Harte, John -- Hastings, Alan -- Marquet, Pablo A -- Martinez, Neo D -- Mooers, Arne -- Roopnarine, Peter -- Vermeij, Geerat -- Williams, John W -- Gillespie, Rosemary -- Kitzes, Justin -- Marshall, Charles -- Matzke, Nicholas -- Mindell, David P -- Revilla, Eloy -- Smith, Adam B -- R01 GM069801/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jun 6;486(7401):52-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11018.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. barnosky@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data ; *Earth (Planet) ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forecasting ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Metastatic growth in distant organs is the major cause of cancer mortality. The development of metastasis is a multistage process with several rate-limiting steps. Although dissemination of tumour cells seems to be an early and frequent event, the successful initiation of metastatic growth, a process termed 'metastatic colonization', is inefficient for many cancer types and is accomplished only by a minority of cancer cells that reach distant sites. Prevalent target sites are characteristic of many tumour entities, suggesting that inadequate support by distant tissues contributes to the inefficiency of the metastatic process. Here we show that a small population of cancer stem cells is critical for metastatic colonization, that is, the initial expansion of cancer cells at the secondary site, and that stromal niche signals are crucial to this expansion process. We find that periostin (POSTN), a component of the extracellular matrix, is expressed by fibroblasts in the normal tissue and in the stroma of the primary tumour. Infiltrating tumour cells need to induce stromal POSTN expression in the secondary target organ (in this case lung) to initiate colonization. POSTN is required to allow cancer stem cell maintenance, and blocking its function prevents metastasis. POSTN recruits Wnt ligands and thereby increases Wnt signalling in cancer stem cells. We suggest that the education of stromal cells by infiltrating tumour cells is an important step in metastatic colonization and that preventing de novo niche formation may be a novel strategy for the treatment of metastatic disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malanchi, Ilaria -- Santamaria-Martinez, Albert -- Susanto, Evelyn -- Peng, Hong -- Lehr, Hans-Anton -- Delaloye, Jean-Francois -- Huelsken, Joerg -- England -- Nature. 2011 Dec 7;481(7379):85-9. doi: 10.1038/nature10694.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research and National Center of Competence in Research Molecular Oncology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Lung Neoplasms/secondary ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Metastasis/*pathology ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism/*pathology ; Stem Cell Niche/*physiology ; Stromal Cells/metabolism ; Wnt Signaling Pathway
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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