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  • 1
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    The South Asian monsoon--pollution pump and purifier (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-20
    Description: Air pollution is growing fastest in monsoon-affected South Asia. During the dry winter monsoon, the fumes disperse toward the Indian Ocean, creating a vast pollution haze, but their fate during the wet summer monsoon has been unclear. We performed atmospheric chemistry measurements by aircraft in the Oxidation Mechanism Observations campaign, sampling the summer monsoon outflow in the upper troposphere between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. The measurements, supported by model calculations, show that the monsoon sustains a remarkably efficient cleansing mechanism by which contaminants are rapidly oxidized and deposited to Earth’s surface. However, some pollutants are lofted above the monsoon clouds and chemically processed in a reactive reservoir before being redistributed globally, including to the stratosphere.
    Keywords: Geochemistry, Geophysics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Urban seismic experiments investigate Seattle fault and basin (2000)
    In:  Eos, Trans., Am. Geophys. Un., Leipzig, 3-4, vol. 81, no. 46, pp. 545, 551 & 552, pp. L06305, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Seismology ; Sea seismics ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Teleseismic events ; profiles ; Site amplification ; Strong motions ; Brink
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Der Qualitätsfaktor Q des Erdmantels in zwei verschiedenen Tiefenbereichen unterhalb des Eurasischen Kontinents (1982)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Univ.
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Hamburg, Inst. f. Geophys., Univ., vol. 10, no. GL-TR-89-0261, pp. 143, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: earth mantle ; Absorption ; Attenuation ; Quality factor ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Gene coexpression in human mTECs [Immunology] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: Promiscuous expression of numerous tissue-restricted self-antigens (TRAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is essential to safeguard self-tolerance. A distinct feature of promiscuous gene expression is its mosaic pattern (i.e., at a given time, each self-antigen is expressed only in 1–3% of mTECs). How this mosaic pattern is generated at...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Airborne soil organic particles generated by precipitation (2016)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-02
    Description: Nature Geoscience 9, 433 (2016). doi:10.1038/ngeo2705 Authors: Bingbing Wang, Tristan H. Harder, Stephen T. Kelly, Dominique S. Piens, Swarup China, Libor Kovarik, Marco Keiluweit, Bruce W. Arey, Mary K. Gilles & Alexander Laskin Airborne organic particles play a critical role in Earth’s climate, public health, air quality, and hydrological and carbon cycles. However, sources and formation mechanisms for semi-solid and solid organic particles are poorly understood and typically neglected in atmospheric models. Laboratory evidence suggests that fine particles can be formed from impaction of mineral surfaces by droplets. Here, we use chemical imaging of particles collected following rain events in the Southern Great Plains, Oklahoma, USA and after experimental irrigation to show that raindrop impaction of soils generates solid organic particles. We find that after rain events, sub-micrometre solid particles, with a chemical composition consistent with soil organic matter, contributed up to 60% of atmospheric particles. Our irrigation experiments indicate that intensive water impaction is sufficient to cause ejection of airborne soil organic particles from the soil surface. Chemical imaging and micro-spectroscopy analysis of particle physico-chemical properties suggest that these particles may have important impacts on cloud formation and efficiently absorb solar radiation. We suggest that raindrop-induced formation of solid organic particles from soils may be a widespread phenomenon in ecosystems such as agricultural systems and grasslands where soils are exposed to strong, episodic precipitation events.
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    Constraints on Appalachian Orogenesis and Continental Rifting in the Southeastern US from Wide‐Angle Seismic Data (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The Southeastern United States is an ideal location to understand the interactions between mountain‐building, rifting, and magmatism. Line 2 of the SUwannee suture and GeorgiA Rift basin (SUGAR) refraction seismic experiment in eastern Georgia extends 420 km from the Inner Piedmont to the Georgia coast. We model crustal and upper mantle VP and upper crustal VS. The most dramatic model transition occurs at the Higgins‐Zietz magnetic boundary, north of which we observe higher upper crustal VP, VS, and lower VP/VS. These observations support the interpretation of the Higgins‐Zietz boundary as the Alleghanian suture. North of this boundary, we observe a low velocity zone less than 2 km thick at ~5 km depth, consistent with a layer of sheared metasedimentary rocks that forms the Appalachian detachment. To the southeast, we interpret syn‐rift sediments and decreasing crustal thickness to represent crustal thinning associated with the South Georgia Rift Basin and subsequent continental breakup. The correspondence of the northern limit of thinning with the interpreted suture location suggests that the orogenic suture zone and/or the Gondwanan crust to the south of the suture helped localize subsequent extension. Lower crustal VP and VP/VS preclude volumetrically significant mafic magmatic addition during rifting or associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. Structures formed during orogenesis and/or extension appear to influence seismicity in Georgia today; earthquakes localize along a steeply dipping zone that coincides with the northern edge of the South Georgia Basin and the change in upper crustal velocities at the Higgins‐Zietz boundary.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9313
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9356
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Imaging basin structure with teleseismic virtual source reflection profiles (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-19
    Description: We demonstrate a case of using teleseisms recorded on single-channel high-frequency geophones to image upper crustal structure around the Bighorn Mountains of north-central Wyoming, USA. Our approach produces images that are analogous to those from a low frequency version of conventional active source seismic reflection profiles except that wave fields from distant earthquakes are used as sources. After the source wavelet is removed from the seismograms, a distinct phase, PpPdp, is evident in the resultant record. After depth conversion, we show that this phase correlates well with the top of the Madison Formation under the Powder River and Bighorn Basins that flank the Bighorn Mountains. In addition, we combine the phases PpPdp from single-channel geophone recordings and Ps from three-component recordings to constrain the average Vp/Vs ratio for the sedimentary strata.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    HOx budgets during HOxComp: A case study of HOx chemistry under NOx-limited conditions (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-10
    Description: Recent studies have shown that measured OH under NOx-limited, high-isoprene conditions are many times higher than modeled OH. In this study, a detailed analysis of the HOx radical budgets under low-NOx, rural conditions was performed employing a box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.2). The model results were compared with HOx radical measurements performed during the international HOxComp campaign carried out in Jülich, Germany, during summer 2005. Two different air masses influenced the measurement site denoted as high-NOx (NO, 1–3 ppbv) and low-NOx (NO, 〈 1 ppbv) periods. Both modeled OH and HO2 diurnal profiles lay within the measurement range of all HOx measurement techniques, with correlation slopes between measured and modeled OH and HO2 around unity. Recently discovered interference in HO2 measurements caused by RO2 cross sensitivity was found to cause a 30% increase in measured HO2 during daytime on average. After correction of the measured HO2 data, the model HO2 is still in good agreement with the observations at high NOx but overpredicts HO2 by a factor of 1.3 to 1.8 at low NOx. In addition, for two different set of measurements, a missing OH source of 3.6 ± 1.6 and 4.9 ± 2.2 ppb h−1 was estimated from the experimental OH budget during the low-NOx period using the corrected HO2 data. The measured diurnal profile of the HO2/OH ratio, calculated using the corrected HO2, is well reproduced by the MCM at high NOx but is significantly overestimated at low NOx. Thus, the cycling between OH and HO2 is better described by the model at high NOx than at low NOx. Therefore, similar comprehensive field measurements accompanied by model studies are urgently needed to investigate HOx recycling under low-NOx conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-11
    Description: Terrestrial vegetation, especially tropical rain forest, releases vast quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere, which are removed by oxidation reactions and deposition of reaction products. The oxidation is mainly initiated by hydroxyl radicals (OH), primarily formed through the photodissociation of ozone. Previously it was thought that, in unpolluted air, biogenic VOCs deplete OH and reduce the atmospheric oxidation capacity. Conversely, in polluted air VOC oxidation leads to noxious oxidant build-up by the catalytic action of nitrogen oxides (NO(x) = NO + NO2). Here we report aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases performed over the pristine Amazon forest. Our data reveal unexpectedly high OH concentrations. We propose that natural VOC oxidation, notably of isoprene, recycles OH efficiently in low-NO(x) air through reactions of organic peroxy radicals. Computations with an atmospheric chemistry model and the results of laboratory experiments suggest that an OH recycling efficiency of 40-80 per cent in isoprene oxidation may be able to explain the high OH levels we observed in the field. Although further laboratory studies are necessary to explore the chemical mechanism responsible for OH recycling in more detail, our results demonstrate that the biosphere maintains a remarkable balance with the atmospheric environment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lelieveld, J -- Butler, T M -- Crowley, J N -- Dillon, T J -- Fischer, H -- Ganzeveld, L -- Harder, H -- Lawrence, M G -- Martinez, M -- Taraborrelli, D -- Williams, J -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 10;452(7188):737-40. doi: 10.1038/nature06870.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 27 Becherweg, 55128 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401407" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Butadienes/metabolism ; French Guiana ; Guyana ; Hemiterpenes/metabolism ; Hydroxyl Radical/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Ozone/analysis ; Pentanes/metabolism ; Suriname ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Missing OH reactivity in a forest: evidence for unknown reactive biogenic VOCs (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: Forest emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), such as isoprene and other terpenes, play a role in the production of tropospheric ozone and aerosols. In a northern Michigan forest, the direct measurement of total OH reactivity, which is the inverse of the OH lifetime, was significantly greater than expected. The difference between measured and expected OH reactivity, called the missing OH reactivity, increased with temperature, as did emission rates for terpenes and other BVOCs. These measurements are consistent with the hypothesis that unknown reactive BVOCs, perhaps terpenes, provide the missing OH reactivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Di Carlo, Piero -- Brune, William H -- Martinez, Monica -- Harder, Hartwig -- Lesher, Robert -- Ren, Xinrong -- Thornberry, Troy -- Carroll, Mary Anne -- Young, Valerie -- Shepson, Paul B -- Riemer, Daniel -- Apel, Eric -- Campbell, Colleen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):722-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. piero.dicarlo@aquila.infn.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Atmosphere ; Butadienes/analysis ; Hemiterpenes/analysis ; Hydroxyl Radical/analysis/*chemistry ; Michigan ; Organic Chemicals/analysis/*chemistry ; Ozone/analysis/chemistry ; Pentanes/analysis ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Terpenes ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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