ALBERT

Description: Avian influenza A viruses rarely infect humans; however, when human infection and subsequent human-to-human transmission occurs, worldwide outbreaks (pandemics) can result. The recent sporadic infections of humans in China with a previously unrecognized avian influenza A virus of the H7N9 subtype (A(H7N9)) have caused concern owing to the appreciable case fatality rate associated with these infections (more than 25%), potential instances of human-to-human transmission, and the lack of pre-existing immunity among humans to viruses of this subtype. Here we characterize two early human A(H7N9) isolates, A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) and A/Shanghai/1/2013 (H7N9); hereafter referred to as Anhui/1 and Shanghai/1, respectively. In mice, Anhui/1 and Shanghai/1 were more pathogenic than a control avian H7N9 virus (A/duck/Gunma/466/2011 (H7N9); Dk/GM466) and a representative pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus (A/California/4/2009 (H1N1pdm09); CA04). Anhui/1, Shanghai/1 and Dk/GM466 replicated well in the nasal turbinates of ferrets. In nonhuman primates, Anhui/1 and Dk/GM466 replicated efficiently in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, whereas the replicative ability of conventional human influenza viruses is typically restricted to the upper respiratory tract of infected primates. By contrast, Anhui/1 did not replicate well in miniature pigs after intranasal inoculation. Critically, Anhui/1 transmitted through respiratory droplets in one of three pairs of ferrets. Glycan arrays showed that Anhui/1, Shanghai/1 and A/Hangzhou/1/2013 (H7N9) (a third human A(H7N9) virus tested in this assay) bind to human virus-type receptors, a property that may be critical for virus transmissibility in ferrets. Anhui/1 was found to be less sensitive in mice to neuraminidase inhibitors than a pandemic H1N1 2009 virus, although both viruses were equally susceptible to an experimental antiviral polymerase inhibitor. The robust replicative ability in mice, ferrets and nonhuman primates and the limited transmissibility in ferrets of Anhui/1 suggest that A(H7N9) viruses have pandemic potential.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891892/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891892/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Tokiko -- Kiso, Maki -- Fukuyama, Satoshi -- Nakajima, Noriko -- Imai, Masaki -- Yamada, Shinya -- Murakami, Shin -- Yamayoshi, Seiya -- Iwatsuki-Horimoto, Kiyoko -- Sakoda, Yoshihiro -- Takashita, Emi -- McBride, Ryan -- Noda, Takeshi -- Hatta, Masato -- Imai, Hirotaka -- Zhao, Dongming -- Kishida, Noriko -- Shirakura, Masayuki -- de Vries, Robert P -- Shichinohe, Shintaro -- Okamatsu, Masatoshi -- Tamura, Tomokazu -- Tomita, Yuriko -- Fujimoto, Naomi -- Goto, Kazue -- Katsura, Hiroaki -- Kawakami, Eiryo -- Ishikawa, Izumi -- Watanabe, Shinji -- Ito, Mutsumi -- Sakai-Tagawa, Yuko -- Sugita, Yukihiko -- Uraki, Ryuta -- Yamaji, Reina -- Eisfeld, Amie J -- Zhong, Gongxun -- Fan, Shufang -- Ping, Jihui -- Maher, Eileen A -- Hanson, Anthony -- Uchida, Yuko -- Saito, Takehiko -- Ozawa, Makoto -- Neumann, Gabriele -- Kida, Hiroshi -- Odagiri, Takato -- Paulson, James C -- Hasegawa, Hideki -- Tashiro, Masato -- Kawaoka, Yoshihiro -- AI058113/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI099274/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- T32 AI078985/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 26;501(7468):551-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12392. Epub 2013 Jul 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Infectious and inflammatory diseases have repeatedly shown strong genetic associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); however, the basis for these associations remains elusive. To define host genetic effects on the outcome of a chronic viral infection, we performed genome-wide association analysis in a multiethnic cohort of HIV-1 controllers and progressors, and we analyzed the effects of individual amino acids within the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. We identified 〉300 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MHC and none elsewhere. Specific amino acids in the HLA-B peptide binding groove, as well as an independent HLA-C effect, explain the SNP associations and reconcile both protective and risk HLA alleles. These results implicate the nature of the HLA-viral peptide interaction as the major factor modulating durable control of HIV infection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235490/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235490/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉International HIV Controllers Study -- Pereyra, Florencia -- Jia, Xiaoming -- McLaren, Paul J -- Telenti, Amalio -- de Bakker, Paul I W -- Walker, Bruce D -- Ripke, Stephan -- Brumme, Chanson J -- Pulit, Sara L -- Carrington, Mary -- Kadie, Carl M -- Carlson, Jonathan M -- Heckerman, David -- Graham, Robert R -- Plenge, Robert M -- Deeks, Steven G -- Gianniny, Lauren -- Crawford, Gabriel -- Sullivan, Jordan -- Gonzalez, Elena -- Davies, Leela -- Camargo, Amy -- Moore, Jamie M -- Beattie, Nicole -- Gupta, Supriya -- Crenshaw, Andrew -- Burtt, Noel P -- Guiducci, Candace -- Gupta, Namrata -- Gao, Xiaojiang -- Qi, Ying -- Yuki, Yuko -- Piechocka-Trocha, Alicja -- Cutrell, Emily -- Rosenberg, Rachel -- Moss, Kristin L -- Lemay, Paul -- O'Leary, Jessica -- Schaefer, Todd -- Verma, Pranshu -- Toth, Ildiko -- Block, Brian -- Baker, Brett -- Rothchild, Alissa -- Lian, Jeffrey -- Proudfoot, Jacqueline -- Alvino, Donna Marie L -- Vine, Seanna -- Addo, Marylyn M -- Allen, Todd M -- Altfeld, Marcus -- Henn, Matthew R -- Le Gall, Sylvie -- Streeck, Hendrik -- Haas, David W -- Kuritzkes, Daniel R -- Robbins, Gregory K -- Shafer, Robert W -- Gulick, Roy M -- Shikuma, Cecilia M -- Haubrich, Richard -- Riddler, Sharon -- Sax, Paul E -- Daar, Eric S -- Ribaudo, Heather J -- Agan, Brian -- Agarwal, Shanu -- Ahern, Richard L -- Allen, Brady L -- Altidor, Sherly -- Altschuler, Eric L -- Ambardar, Sujata -- Anastos, Kathryn -- Anderson, Ben -- Anderson, Val -- Andrady, Ushan -- Antoniskis, Diana -- Bangsberg, David -- Barbaro, Daniel -- Barrie, William -- Bartczak, J -- Barton, Simon -- Basden, Patricia -- Basgoz, Nesli -- Bazner, Suzane -- Bellos, Nicholaos C -- Benson, Anne M -- Berger, Judith -- Bernard, Nicole F -- Bernard, Annette M -- Birch, Christopher -- Bodner, Stanley J -- Bolan, Robert K -- Boudreaux, Emilie T -- Bradley, Meg -- Braun, James F -- Brndjar, Jon E -- Brown, Stephen J -- Brown, Katherine -- Brown, Sheldon T -- Burack, Jedidiah -- Bush, Larry M -- Cafaro, Virginia -- Campbell, Omobolaji -- Campbell, John -- Carlson, Robert H -- Carmichael, J Kevin -- Casey, Kathleen K -- Cavacuiti, Chris -- Celestin, Gregory -- Chambers, Steven T -- Chez, Nancy -- Chirch, Lisa M -- Cimoch, Paul J -- Cohen, Daniel -- Cohn, Lillian E -- Conway, Brian -- Cooper, David A -- Cornelson, Brian -- Cox, David T -- Cristofano, Michael V -- Cuchural, George Jr -- Czartoski, Julie L -- Dahman, Joseph M -- Daly, Jennifer S -- Davis, Benjamin T -- Davis, Kristine -- Davod, Sheila M -- DeJesus, Edwin -- Dietz, Craig A -- Dunham, Eleanor -- Dunn, Michael E -- Ellerin, Todd B -- Eron, Joseph J -- Fangman, John J W -- Farel, Claire E -- Ferlazzo, Helen -- Fidler, Sarah -- Fleenor-Ford, Anita -- Frankel, Renee -- Freedberg, Kenneth A -- French, Neel K -- Fuchs, Jonathan D -- Fuller, Jon D -- Gaberman, Jonna -- Gallant, Joel E -- Gandhi, Rajesh T -- Garcia, Efrain -- Garmon, Donald -- Gathe, Joseph C Jr -- Gaultier, Cyril R -- Gebre, Wondwoosen -- Gilman, Frank D -- Gilson, Ian -- Goepfert, Paul A -- Gottlieb, Michael S -- Goulston, Claudia -- Groger, Richard K -- Gurley, T Douglas -- Haber, Stuart -- Hardwicke, Robin -- Hardy, W David -- Harrigan, P Richard -- Hawkins, Trevor N -- Heath, Sonya -- Hecht, Frederick M -- Henry, W Keith -- Hladek, Melissa -- Hoffman, Robert P -- Horton, James M -- Hsu, Ricky K -- Huhn, Gregory D -- Hunt, Peter -- Hupert, Mark J -- Illeman, Mark L -- Jaeger, Hans -- Jellinger, Robert M -- John, Mina -- Johnson, Jennifer A -- Johnson, Kristin L -- Johnson, Heather -- Johnson, Kay -- Joly, Jennifer -- Jordan, Wilbert C -- Kauffman, Carol A -- Khanlou, Homayoon -- Killian, Robert K -- Kim, Arthur Y -- Kim, David D -- Kinder, Clifford A -- Kirchner, Jeffrey T -- Kogelman, Laura -- Kojic, Erna Milunka -- Korthuis, P Todd -- Kurisu, Wayne -- Kwon, Douglas S -- LaMar, Melissa -- Lampiris, Harry -- Lanzafame, Massimiliano -- Lederman, Michael M -- Lee, David M -- Lee, Jean M L -- Lee, Marah J -- Lee, Edward T Y -- Lemoine, Janice -- Levy, Jay A -- Llibre, Josep M -- Liguori, Michael A -- Little, Susan J -- Liu, Anne Y -- Lopez, Alvaro J -- Loutfy, Mono R -- Loy, Dawn -- Mohammed, Debbie Y -- Man, Alan -- Mansour, Michael K -- Marconi, Vincent C -- Markowitz, Martin -- Marques, Rui -- Martin, Jeffrey N -- Martin, Harold L Jr -- Mayer, Kenneth Hugh -- McElrath, M Juliana -- McGhee, Theresa A -- McGovern, Barbara H -- McGowan, Katherine -- McIntyre, Dawn -- Mcleod, Gavin X -- Menezes, Prema -- Mesa, Greg -- Metroka, Craig E -- Meyer-Olson, Dirk -- Miller, Andy O -- Montgomery, Kate -- Mounzer, Karam C -- Nagami, Ellen H -- Nagin, Iris -- Nahass, Ronald G -- Nelson, Margret O -- Nielsen, Craig -- Norene, David L -- O'Connor, David H -- Ojikutu, Bisola O -- Okulicz, Jason -- Oladehin, Olakunle O -- Oldfield, Edward C 3rd -- Olender, Susan A -- Ostrowski, Mario -- Owen, William F Jr -- Pae, Eunice -- Parsonnet, Jeffrey -- Pavlatos, Andrew M -- Perlmutter, Aaron M -- Pierce, Michael N -- Pincus, Jonathan M -- Pisani, Leandro -- Price, Lawrence Jay -- Proia, Laurie -- Prokesch, Richard C -- Pujet, Heather Calderon -- Ramgopal, Moti -- Rathod, Almas -- Rausch, Michael -- Ravishankar, J -- Rhame, Frank S -- Richards, Constance Shamuyarira -- Richman, Douglas D -- Rodes, Berta -- Rodriguez, Milagros -- Rose, Richard C 3rd -- Rosenberg, Eric S -- Rosenthal, Daniel -- Ross, Polly E -- Rubin, David S -- Rumbaugh, Elease -- Saenz, Luis -- Salvaggio, Michelle R -- Sanchez, William C -- Sanjana, Veeraf M -- Santiago, Steven -- Schmidt, Wolfgang -- Schuitemaker, Hanneke -- Sestak, Philip M -- Shalit, Peter -- Shay, William -- Shirvani, Vivian N -- Silebi, Vanessa I -- Sizemore, James M Jr -- Skolnik, Paul R -- Sokol-Anderson, Marcia -- Sosman, James M -- Stabile, Paul -- Stapleton, Jack T -- Starrett, Sheree -- Stein, Francine -- Stellbrink, Hans-Jurgen -- Sterman, F Lisa -- Stone, Valerie E -- Stone, David R -- Tambussi, Giuseppe -- Taplitz, Randy A -- Tedaldi, Ellen M -- Theisen, William -- Torres, Richard -- Tosiello, Lorraine -- Tremblay, Cecile -- Tribble, Marc A -- Trinh, Phuong D -- Tsao, Alice -- Ueda, Peggy -- Vaccaro, Anthony -- Valadas, Emilia -- Vanig, Thanes J -- Vecino, Isabel -- Vega, Vilma M -- Veikley, Wenoah -- Wade, Barbara H -- Walworth, Charles -- Wanidworanun, Chingchai -- Ward, Douglas J -- Warner, Daniel A -- Weber, Robert D -- Webster, Duncan -- Weis, Steve -- Wheeler, David A -- White, David J -- Wilkins, Ed -- Winston, Alan -- Wlodaver, Clifford G -- van't Wout, Angelique -- Wright, David P -- Yang, Otto O -- Yurdin, David L -- Zabukovic, Brandon W -- Zachary, Kimon C -- Zeeman, Beth -- Zhao, Meng -- AI030914/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI068636/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069415/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069419/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069423/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069424/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069428/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069432/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069434/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069450/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069465/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069471/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069472/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069474/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069484/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069495/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069501/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069502/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069511/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069513/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069532/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069556/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI077505/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI087145/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI25859/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 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AI069434-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069434-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069450/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069450-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069450-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069452-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069452-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069465/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069465-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069465-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069467/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069467-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069467-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069471/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069471-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069471-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069472/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069472-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069472-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069474/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069474-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069474-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069477-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069477-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069484/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069484-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069484-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069495/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069495-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069495-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069501/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069501-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069501-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069502/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069502-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069502-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069511/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069511-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069511-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069513-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069513-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069532/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069532-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069532-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069556-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI069556-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH085520/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH085520-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024131/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024131-06/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024131-07/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024975/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024975-04/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024975-05/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068634/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068634-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068634-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068636-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068636-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI069477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1551-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1195271. Epub 2010 Nov 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051598" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Variable regions 1 and 2 (V1/V2) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gp120 envelope glycoprotein are critical for viral evasion of antibody neutralization, and are themselves protected by extraordinary sequence diversity and N-linked glycosylation. Human antibodies such as PG9 nonetheless engage V1/V2 and neutralize 80% of HIV-1 isolates. Here we report the structure of V1/V2 in complex with PG9. V1/V2 forms a four-stranded beta-sheet domain, in which sequence diversity and glycosylation are largely segregated to strand-connecting loops. PG9 recognition involves electrostatic, sequence-independent and glycan interactions: the latter account for over half the interactive surface but are of sufficiently weak affinity to avoid autoreactivity. The structures of V1/V2-directed antibodies CH04 and PGT145 indicate that they share a common mode of glycan penetration by extended anionic loops. In addition to structurally defining V1/V2, the results thus identify a paradigm of antibody recognition for highly glycosylated antigens, which-with PG9-involves a site of vulnerability comprising just two glycans and a strand.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3406929/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3406929/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLellan, Jason S -- Pancera, Marie -- Carrico, Chris -- Gorman, Jason -- Julien, Jean-Philippe -- Khayat, Reza -- Louder, Robert -- Pejchal, Robert -- Sastry, Mallika -- Dai, Kaifan -- O'Dell, Sijy -- Patel, Nikita -- Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Syed -- Yang, Yongping -- Zhang, Baoshan -- Zhou, Tongqing -- Zhu, Jiang -- Boyington, Jeffrey C -- Chuang, Gwo-Yu -- Diwanji, Devan -- Georgiev, Ivelin -- Kwon, Young Do -- Lee, Doyung -- Louder, Mark K -- Moquin, Stephanie -- Schmidt, Stephen D -- Yang, Zhi-Yong -- Bonsignori, Mattia -- Crump, John A -- Kapiga, Saidi H -- Sam, Noel E -- Haynes, Barton F -- Burton, Dennis R -- Koff, Wayne C -- Walker, Laura M -- Phogat, Sanjay -- Wyatt, Richard -- Orwenyo, Jared -- Wang, Lai-Xi -- Arthos, James -- Bewley, Carole A -- Mascola, John R -- Nabel, Gary J -- Schief, William R -- Ward, Andrew B -- Wilson, Ian A -- Kwong, Peter D -- R01 AI033292/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI084817/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR017573/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Nov 23;480(7377):336-43. doi: 10.1038/nature10696.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protein Vif has a central role in the neutralization of host innate defences by hijacking cellular proteasomal degradation pathways to subvert the antiviral activity of host restriction factors; however, the underlying mechanism by which Vif achieves this remains unclear. Here we report a crystal structure of the Vif-CBF-beta-CUL5-ELOB-ELOC complex. The structure reveals that Vif, by means of two domains, organizes formation of the pentameric complex by interacting with CBF-beta, CUL5 and ELOC. The larger domain (alpha/beta domain) of Vif binds to the same side of CBF-beta as RUNX1, indicating that Vif and RUNX1 are exclusive for CBF-beta binding. Interactions of the smaller domain (alpha-domain) of Vif with ELOC and CUL5 are cooperative and mimic those of SOCS2 with the latter two proteins. A unique zinc-finger motif of Vif, which is located between the two Vif domains, makes no contacts with the other proteins but stabilizes the conformation of the alpha-domain, which may be important for Vif-CUL5 interaction. Together, our data reveal the structural basis for Vif hijacking of the CBF-beta and CUL5 E3 ligase complex, laying a foundation for rational design of novel anti-HIV drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, Yingying -- Dong, Liyong -- Qiu, Xiaolin -- Wang, Yishu -- Zhang, Bailing -- Liu, Hongnan -- Yu, You -- Zang, Yi -- Yang, Maojun -- Huang, Zhiwei -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 9;505(7482):229-33. doi: 10.1038/nature12884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China [2]. ; School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China. ; MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: H(+)-translocating pyrophosphatases (H(+)-PPases) are active proton transporters that establish a proton gradient across the endomembrane by means of pyrophosphate (PP(i)) hydrolysis. H(+)-PPases are found primarily as homodimers in the vacuolar membrane of plants and the plasma membrane of several protozoa and prokaryotes. The three-dimensional structure and detailed mechanisms underlying the enzymatic and proton translocation reactions of H(+)-PPases are unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of a Vigna radiata H(+)-PPase (VrH(+)-PPase) in complex with a non-hydrolysable substrate analogue, imidodiphosphate (IDP), at 2.35 A resolution. Each VrH(+)-PPase subunit consists of an integral membrane domain formed by 16 transmembrane helices. IDP is bound in the cytosolic region of each subunit and trapped by numerous charged residues and five Mg(2+) ions. A previously undescribed proton translocation pathway is formed by six core transmembrane helices. Proton pumping can be initialized by PP(i) hydrolysis, and H(+) is then transported into the vacuolar lumen through a pathway consisting of Arg 242, Asp 294, Lys 742 and Glu 301. We propose a working model of the mechanism for the coupling between proton pumping and PP(i) hydrolysis by H(+)-PPases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Shih-Ming -- Tsai, Jia-Yin -- Hsiao, Chwan-Deng -- Huang, Yun-Tzu -- Chiu, Chen-Liang -- Liu, Mu-Hsuan -- Tung, Jung-Yu -- Liu, Tseng-Huang -- Pan, Rong-Long -- Sun, Yuh-Ju -- England -- Nature. 2012 Mar 28;484(7394):399-403. doi: 10.1038/nature10963.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22456709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a dominantly inherited congenital malformation disorder, caused by mutations in the cohesin-loading protein NIPBL for nearly 60% of individuals with classical CdLS, and by mutations in the core cohesin components SMC1A (~5%) and SMC3 (〈1%) for a smaller fraction of probands. In humans, the multisubunit complex cohesin is made up of SMC1, SMC3, RAD21 and a STAG protein. These form a ring structure that is proposed to encircle sister chromatids to mediate sister chromatid cohesion and also has key roles in gene regulation. SMC3 is acetylated during S-phase to establish cohesiveness of chromatin-loaded cohesin, and in yeast, the class I histone deacetylase Hos1 deacetylates SMC3 during anaphase. Here we identify HDAC8 as the vertebrate SMC3 deacetylase, as well as loss-of-function HDAC8 mutations in six CdLS probands. Loss of HDAC8 activity results in increased SMC3 acetylation and inefficient dissolution of the 'used' cohesin complex released from chromatin in both prophase and anaphase. SMC3 with retained acetylation is loaded onto chromatin, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis demonstrates decreased occupancy of cohesin localization sites that results in a consistent pattern of altered transcription seen in CdLS cell lines with either NIPBL or HDAC8 mutations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3443318/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3443318/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deardorff, Matthew A -- Bando, Masashige -- Nakato, Ryuichiro -- Watrin, Erwan -- Itoh, Takehiko -- Minamino, Masashi -- Saitoh, Katsuya -- Komata, Makiko -- Katou, Yuki -- Clark, Dinah -- Cole, Kathryn E -- De Baere, Elfride -- Decroos, Christophe -- Di Donato, Nataliya -- Ernst, Sarah -- Francey, Lauren J -- Gyftodimou, Yolanda -- Hirashima, Kyotaro -- Hullings, Melanie -- Ishikawa, Yuuichi -- Jaulin, Christian -- Kaur, Maninder -- Kiyono, Tohru -- Lombardi, Patrick M -- Magnaghi-Jaulin, Laura -- Mortier, Geert R -- Nozaki, Naohito -- Petersen, Michael B -- Seimiya, Hiroyuki -- Siu, Victoria M -- Suzuki, Yutaka -- Takagaki, Kentaro -- Wilde, Jonathan J -- Willems, Patrick J -- Prigent, Claude -- Gillessen-Kaesbach, Gabriele -- Christianson, David W -- Kaiser, Frank J -- Jackson, Laird G -- Hirota, Toru -- Krantz, Ian D -- Shirahige, Katsuhiko -- GM49758/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K08 HD055488/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- K08HD055488/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD052860/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM049758/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Sep 13;489(7415):313-7. doi: 10.1038/nature11316.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. deardorff@email.chop.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22885700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Porous materials find widespread application in storage, separation, and catalytic technologies. We report a crystalline porous solid with adaptable porosity, in which a simple dipeptide linker is arranged in a regular array by coordination to metal centers. Experiments reinforced by molecular dynamics simulations showed that low-energy torsions and displacements of the peptides enabled the available pore volume to evolve smoothly from zero as the guest loading increased. The observed cooperative feedback in sorption isotherms resembled the response of proteins undergoing conformational selection, suggesting an energy landscape similar to that required for protein folding. The flexible peptide linker was shown to play the pivotal role in changing the pore conformation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rabone, J -- Yue, Y-F -- Chong, S Y -- Stylianou, K C -- Bacsa, J -- Bradshaw, D -- Darling, G R -- Berry, N G -- Khimyak, Y Z -- Ganin, A Y -- Wiper, P -- Claridge, J B -- Rosseinsky, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 27;329(5995):1053-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1190672.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Sulphur is an essential element for life and is ubiquitous in living systems. Yet how the sulphur atom is incorporated into many sulphur-containing secondary metabolites is poorly understood. For bond formation between carbon and sulphur in primary metabolites, the major ionic sulphur sources are the persulphide and thiocarboxylate groups on sulphur-carrier (donor) proteins. Each group is post-translationally generated through the action of a specific activating enzyme. In all reported bacterial cases, the gene encoding the enzyme that catalyses the carbon-sulphur bond formation reaction and that encoding the cognate sulphur-carrier protein exist in the same gene cluster. To study the production of the 2-thiosugar moiety in BE-7585A, an antibiotic from Amycolatopsis orientalis, we identified a putative 2-thioglucose synthase, BexX, whose protein sequence and mode of action seem similar to those of ThiG, the enzyme that catalyses thiazole formation in thiamine biosynthesis. However, no gene encoding a sulphur-carrier protein could be located in the BE-7585A cluster. Subsequent genome sequencing uncovered a few genes encoding sulphur-carrier proteins that are probably involved in the biosynthesis of primary metabolites but only one activating enzyme gene in the A. orientalis genome. Further experiments showed that this activating enzyme can adenylate each of these sulphur-carrier proteins and probably also catalyses the subsequent thiolation, through its rhodanese domain. A proper combination of these sulphur-delivery systems is effective for BexX-catalysed 2-thioglucose production. The ability of BexX to selectively distinguish sulphur-carrier proteins is given a structural basis using X-ray crystallography. This study is, to our knowledge, the first complete characterization of thiosugar formation in nature and also demonstrates the receptor promiscuity of the A. orientalis sulphur-delivery system. Our results also show that co-opting the sulphur-delivery machinery of primary metabolism for the biosynthesis of sulphur-containing natural products is probably a general strategy found in nature.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082789/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082789/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sasaki, Eita -- Zhang, Xuan -- Sun, He G -- Lu, Mei-yeh Jade -- Liu, Tsung-lin -- Ou, Albert -- Li, Jeng-yi -- Chen, Yu-hsiang -- Ealick, Steven E -- Liu, Hung-wen -- DK67081/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM035906/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM103485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103403/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103485/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK067081/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM035906/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):427-31. doi: 10.1038/nature13256. Epub 2014 May 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. ; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. ; 1] Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan [2] Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. ; 1] Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan [2] Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. ; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. ; Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. ; 1] Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA [2] Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24814342" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Large-conductance Ca(2+)-gated K(+) (BK) channels are essential for many biological processes such as smooth muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. This group of channels can be activated synergistically by both voltage and intracellular Ca(2+), with the large carboxy-terminal intracellular portion being responsible for Ca(2+) sensing. Here we present the crystal structure of the entire cytoplasmic region of the human BK channel in a Ca(2+)-free state. The structure reveals four intracellular subunits, each comprising two tandem RCK domains, assembled into a gating ring similar to that seen in the MthK channel and probably representing its physiological assembly. Three Ca(2+) binding sites including the Ca(2+) bowl are mapped onto the structure based on mutagenesis data. The Ca(2+) bowl, located within the second RCK domain, forms an EF-hand-like motif and is strategically positioned close to the assembly interface between two subunits. The other two Ca(2+) (or Mg(2+)) binding sites, Asp 367 and Glu 374/Glu 399, are located on the first RCK domain. The Asp 367 site has high Ca(2+) sensitivity and is positioned in the groove between the amino- and carboxy-terminal subdomains of RCK1, whereas the low-affinity Mg(2+)-binding Glu 374/Glu 399 site is positioned on the upper plateau of the gating ring and close to the membrane. Our structure also contains the linker connecting the transmembrane and intracellular domains, allowing us to dock a voltage-gated K(+) channel pore of known structure onto the gating ring with reasonable accuracy and generate a structural model for the full BK channel.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910425/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910425/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Yunkun -- Yang, Yi -- Ye, Sheng -- Jiang, Youxing -- R01 GM071621/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM071621-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 15;466(7304):393-7. doi: 10.1038/nature09252. Epub 2010 Jun 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9040, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20574420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: In eukaryotes, accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis is coordinated by kinetochores, which are unique chromosomal sites for microtubule attachment. Centromeres specify the kinetochore formation sites on individual chromosomes, and are epigenetically marked by the assembly of nucleosomes containing the centromere-specific histone H3 variant, CENP-A. Although the underlying mechanism is unclear, centromere inheritance is probably dictated by the architecture of the centromeric nucleosome. Here we report the crystal structure of the human centromeric nucleosome containing CENP-A and its cognate alpha-satellite DNA derivative (147 base pairs). In the human CENP-A nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around the histone octamer, consisting of two each of histones H2A, H2B, H4 and CENP-A, in a left-handed orientation. However, unlike the canonical H3 nucleosome, only the central 121 base pairs of the DNA are visible. The thirteen base pairs from both ends of the DNA are invisible in the crystal structure, and the alphaN helix of CENP-A is shorter than that of H3, which is known to be important for the orientation of the DNA ends in the canonical H3 nucleosome. A structural comparison of the CENP-A and H3 nucleosomes revealed that CENP-A contains two extra amino acid residues (Arg 80 and Gly 81) in the loop 1 region, which is completely exposed to the solvent. Mutations of the CENP-A loop 1 residues reduced CENP-A retention at the centromeres in human cells. Therefore, the CENP-A loop 1 may function in stabilizing the centromeric chromatin containing CENP-A, possibly by providing a binding site for trans-acting factors. The structure provides the first atomic-resolution picture of the centromere-specific nucleosome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tachiwana, Hiroaki -- Kagawa, Wataru -- Shiga, Tatsuya -- Osakabe, Akihisa -- Miya, Yuta -- Saito, Kengo -- Hayashi-Takanaka, Yoko -- Oda, Takashi -- Sato, Mamoru -- Park, Sam-Yong -- Kimura, Hiroshi -- Kurumizaka, Hitoshi -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jul 10;476(7359):232-5. doi: 10.1038/nature10258.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21743476" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉