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  • 1
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    Modeling Turbulent Fluctuations in High-Latitude Ionospheric Plasma Using Electric Field CSES-01 Observations (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-08
    Beschreibung: High-latitude ionospheric plasma constitutes a very complex environment, which is characterized by turbulent dynamics in the presence of different ion species. The turbulent plasma motion produces statistical features of both electromagnetic and velocity fields, which have been broadly studied over the years. In this work, we use electric field high-resolution observations provided by the China-Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite-01 in order to investigate the properties of plasma turbulence within the Earth’s polar cap. We adopt a model of turbulence in which the fluctuations of the electric field are assimilated to a stochastic process evolving throughout the scales, and we show that such a process (i) satisfies the Markov condition (ii) can be modeled as a continuous diffusion process. These observations enable us to use a Fokker–Planck equation to model the changes in the statistics of turbulent fluctuations throughout the scales. In this context, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the proposed approach in modeling plasma electric field fluctuations.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1466
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): polar ionosphere ; electric field turbulence ; Markov processes ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 2
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    A Joint Multifractal Approach to Solar Wind Turbulence (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-08
    Beschreibung: Previous studies have shown that solar wind, a plasma medium with turbulent dynamics, exhibits anomalous scaling features, i.e., intermittency, in the inertial domain. This intermittent nature has primarily been investigated through the study of the scaling features of the structure functions of single quantities. We use a novel approach based on joint multifractal analysis in this study to simultaneously investigate the scaling characteristics of both the magnetic field and the plasma velocity in solar wind turbulence. Specifically, we focus on the joint multifractal behavior of magnetic and velocity field fluctuations in both fast and slow solar wind streams observed by the ESA-Ulysses satellite, with the goal of identifying any differences in their joint multifractal characteristics.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 748
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): multifractal analysis ; solar wind ; turbulence ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    CSES-01 Electron Density Background Characterisation and Preliminary Investigation of Possible Ne Increase before Global Seismicity (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-08
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we provide a characterisation of the ionosphere from April 2018 to September 2022 for 48 investigated months. We used the data of the China Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), which is a sun-synchronous satellite with five days of revisit time and fixed local time of about 2 a.m. and 2 p.m. The unique orbit of CSES-01 permitted us to produce a monthly background of the ionosphere for night- and daytime with median values acquired during geomagnetic quiet time in equatorial and mid-latitude regions (i.e., between 50° S and 50° N of geographical latitude). We compared the obtained CSES-01 monthly median values with the solar activity in terms of sunspot numbers, and we found a high correlation of 0.89 for nighttime and 0.85 for daytime between the mean sunspot number and the maximum of the characterised CSES-01 Ne map values. In addition, we extracted all the anomalous positive increases in CSES-01 electron density and compared them with the Worldwide M5.5+ shallow earthquakes. We tested two different definitions of anomaly based on median and interquartile range or (mild) outliers. We tried two relationships between anomalies inside Dobrovolsky’s area before the earthquake and the magnitude of the same seismic events: one which considers distance in space and time and a second which only uses the anticipation time of the anomaly before the earthquake. Using both anomaly definitions, we searched the best coefficients for these two laws for mid-latitude and equational regions. We found that the best coefficients are independent of the anomaly definition, but better accuracy (greater than 80%) is obtained for the outlier definition. Finally, using receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we show that CSES-01 increases seem statistically correlated to the incoming seismic activity.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1527
    Beschreibung: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): CSES ; electron density ; earthquake ; ionosphere ; satellite background ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Unveiling the Core Patterns of High-Latitude Electron Density Distribution at Swarm Altitude (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-08
    Beschreibung: The ionosphere has distinctive characteristics under different solar and geomagnetic conditions, as well as throughout the seasons, and has a direct impact on our technological life in terms of radio communication and satellite navigation systems. In the pursuit of developing highly accurate ionospheric models and/or improving existing ones, understanding the various physical mechanisms that influence electron density dynamics is critical. In this study, we apply the Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) method to the electron density distribution in the mid-to-high latitude (above 50 ° magnetic latitude) regions in order to identify the dominant scales at which these mechanisms operate. The data were collected by the Swarm mission in the Northern Hemisphere. MEMD allows us to separate the main intrinsic modes and assess their relative contributions to the original one, thereby identifying the most important modes and the spatial scales at which they exert influence. Our study spanned the period from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2021, which was characterized by low solar activity levels. This choice allowed for a more focused investigation of other variables influencing electron density distribution under similar solar activity conditions. We specifically examined the variations of the resulting modes in relation to different seasons and geomagnetic activity conditions, providing valuable insights into the complex behavior of the ionosphere in response to various external factors.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4550
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition ; High-Latitude ionosphere ; Electron density ; Swarm satellites ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 05.06. Methods
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Assessing Shallow Soft Deposits through Near-Surface Geophysics and UAV-SfM: Application in Pocket Beaches Environments (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-09
    Beschreibung: This study employs a multimethod approach to investigate the sediment distribution in two pocket beaches, Ramla Beach and Mellieha S Beach, in Malta. Both study sites were digitally reconstructed using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry. For each case, an ERT and a dense network of ambient seismic noise measurements processed through a horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique were acquired. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) analysis enables the estimation of sediment thickness in each beach. HVSR analysis revealed peaks related to beach sediments overlying limestone rocks in both sites and also indicated a deeper stratigraphic contact in Mellieha S Beach. Based on ERT measurements, sediment thickness is calculated for each HVSR measurement. Interpolation of results allows for bedrock surface modelling in each case study, and when combined with digital terrain models (DTMs) derived from photogrammetric models, sediment volumes are estimated for each site. The geometry of this surface is analyzed from a geological perspective, showing structural control of sediment distribution due to a normal fault in Mellieha S Beach and stratigraphic control facilitated by a highly erodible surface in Ramla Beach. The results emphasize the importance of adopting a three-dimensional perspective in coastal studies for precise sediment volume characterization and a deeper understanding of pocket beach dynamics. This practical multimethod approach presented here offers valuable tools for future coastal research and effective coastal management, facilitating informed decision making amidst the growing vulnerability of coastal zones to climate change impacts.
    Beschreibung: This work was partially supported by the project Satellite Investigation to study POcket BEach Dynamics (SIPOBED, SRF-2021-2S1, PI: Sebastiano D’Amico),the project Multi-disciplinary monitoring system for a resilient management of coastal areas (REMACO) funded by the INTERREG V A–Italy-Malta Capitalization Programme, the INGV Project “Ricerca 703 Libera” BR2019.23 (“Unveiling silent faults in low strain-rates regions through the integration 704 of high-resolution geophysical and seismological analyses” P.I. Fabio Villani), and by the Internationalisation Partnership & Awards Scheme Plus (IPAS+) supported by the Malta Council for Science and Technology through the project “Near-surface geophysics and geomatic applied to coastal systems” (IPAS-2022-020).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 40
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio; seismic ambient noise; pocket beach; Malta; near-surface geophysics; electrical resistivity tomography; photogrammetry ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Directional Amplification at Rock Sites in Fault Damage Zones (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-09
    Beschreibung: Site effects refer to the modification of ground shaking caused by the local geological con- ditions that can result in the strong amplification of ground motion. The best-known cause for site effects is the presence of superficial soft soil deposits, which are considered in seismic design codes of many countries through the use of scaling factors. Rock sites are assumed to show no local site amplification. However, even at rock sites, seismic waves can be locally amplified at frequencies of engineering interest, with larger motion along one site-specific azimuth on the horizontal plane (the so called “directional site resonance or amplification”). These effects have been related to the pres- ence of large-scale open cracks or microcracks in different geological environments (faults, land- slides, volcanic areas) everywhere with a common signature: maximum amplification occurs trans- verse to the predominant fracture strike. In this paper, we summarize our main results obtained in the last decade with regard to several fault zones with different kinematics, where ground motion is polarized (and amplified) perpendicularly to the predominant fracture field as an effect of the stiffness anisotropy. In order to give a further constraint, we also show some cases where the direc- tional amplification effects were compared with the S-wave splitting analysis method.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 6060
    Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    A New Installation for Geomagnetic Field Monitoring at Talos Dome, a Remote Antarctic Site Away from Permanent Observatories (2024)
    MDPI | MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-11
    Beschreibung: An automatic geomagnetic station for monitoring the Earth’s magnetic field variations was installed in December 2020 at Talos Dome, a remote site on the Antarctic Plateau, about 300 km away from the permanent geomagnetic observatory at Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS). Designed and assembled at the laboratory of electronics of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in Rome, this autonomous station is formed by a vector magnetometer specifically manufactured by Lviv Institute (Ukraine) for very low temperatures and a low-power system supplied by batteries charged by a wind generator and solar panel. Data, sampled at 1 Hz, are locally stored and can be downloaded once a year during the Antarctic summer expeditions. The goal was to integrate observatory data for better monitoring the geomagnetic field from an uncovered Antarctic area. In fact, it is well known that the distribution of geomagnetic observatories strongly favors the northern hemisphere, and each new instrumental installation in Antarctica should be considered as a useful attempt to balance the geomagnetic monitoring in the two hemispheres. The achieved goal was to obtain a long data series, keeping the station working even during the austral winter when the temperature can reach −60 ◦C; we recorded almost 11 months of data in one year and the station is still operating. Data from the new station, jointly with data from permanent observatories, improve the analysis of the magnetospheric dynamics and the ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling. Talos Dome, together with the Italian geomagnetic observatory at Mario Zucchelli Station and New Zealand geomagnetic observatory at Scott Base, constitutes a network along the 80◦S geomagnetic parallel, which is interesting for studying the longitudinal propagation of geomagnetic signals of external origin. In this work we present the characteristics of the station and of the data it provides, with the aim of them for analysis in the framework of space weather.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 339
    Beschreibung: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 04.05. Geomagnetism
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration of the Pockmark Field in the Gulf of Patras: New Insights on Formation, Growth and Activity (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-12
    Beschreibung: The Patras Gulf Pockmark field is located in shallow waters offshore Patras City (Greece) and is considered one of the most spectacular and best-documented fluid seepage activities in the Ionian Sea. The field has been under investigation since 1996, though surveying was partially sparse and fragmentary. This paper provides a complete mapping of the field and generates new knowledge regarding the fluid escape structures, the fluid pathways, their origin and the link with seismic activity. For this, data sets were acquired utilising high-resolution marine remote sensing techniques, including multibeam echosounders, side-scan sonars, sub-bottom profilers and remotely operated vehicles, and laboratory techniques focusing on the chemical composition of the escaping fluids. The examined morphometric parameters and spatial distribution patterns of the pockmarks are directly linked to tectonic structures. Acoustic anomalies related to the presence of gas in sediments and in the water column document the activity of the field at present and in the past. Methane is the main component of the fluids and is of microbial origin. Regional and local tectonism, together with the Holocene sedimentary deposits, appear to be the main contributors to the growth of the field. The field preserves evidence that earthquake activity prompts the activation of the field.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 10449
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Urban Seismic Networks: A Worldwide Review (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-19
    Beschreibung: Seismic networks in urban areas today represent key infrastructure to better address the tasks of earthquake preparation and mitigation in the pre-event phase, and are an important knowledge tool supporting disaster risk management during seismic crises and post-disaster recovery. In the last fifteen years, a decrease in instrumentation costs and the development of new low-cost devices have enhanced the deployment of several monitoring and experimental networks worldwide. This paper conducts a review of scientific work that refer to the deployment of Urban Seismic Networks (USN) in order to define the current state of the art. We collected a list of more than one hundred USNs worldwide that were operative within the period from 1994–2023. For each USN, we report the locations and objectives along with information about the timing, coverage, geometry, and technical characteristics (sensors and transmission). By reviewing all these aspects, this paper offers important insights to provide guidelines for new implementations, bearing in mind that the interest in monitoring urban areas is expected to continue to increase in the near future driven by population growth in urbanized areas.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 13165
    Beschreibung: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    An Overview of Geophysical Techniques and Their Potential Suitability for Archaeological Studies (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-19
    Beschreibung: The need to study, protect, and conserve archaeological heritage has enhanced the application of geophysical techniques as non-invasive and reliable tools to investigate fragile and valuable assets. This review presents the most popular geophysical techniques suitable for archaeogeophysical investigations, namely, magnetometry, ground penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity tomography, together with a series of multiparametric measures taken from aerial platforms (UAS). For each method, we recall the basic physical principles, illustrate the operative procedures for field investigation, and provide indications about data processing and modeling. We propose a flowchart to address reliable and effective geophysical investigations, from its planning to the development of the final archaeogeophysical model. We underline the integrated approach, in which the combination of various techniques allows the best results in terms of resolution, coverage, investigation depth, speed, and costs to be obtained. We introduce a suite of studied cases in which this approach has been applied successfully.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2886–2927
    Beschreibung: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Editorial for Special Issue “Precise GNSS Positioning and Navigation: Methods, Challenges, and Applications” (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-19
    Beschreibung: The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can provide users with high-precision positioning information continuously and benefits all walks of life, e.g., unmanned driving, urban navigation, deformation monitoring, etc. The important scientific research and application value of GNSSs have prompted many countries and regions to develop GNSS technologies. GNSS core positioning technologies, such as Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and Real-Time Kinematic positioning (RTK), can provide decimeter-level or even centimeter-level positioning accuracy in open environments. However, active GNSS positioning technologies are susceptible to complex conditions, including canyon environments, low-cost receivers, and multi-GNSS situations, and, on occasion, cannot provide accurate, continuous, and reliable positioning information. The diversification of GNSS systems and constellations, receiver types, and observation environments puts forward higher requirements for technology and algorithms to maintain high-precision positioning and navigation services. Advanced algorithms are key to solving GNSS practical application problems and expanding the scope of GNSS applications. This Special Issue aims at studies covering improved methods and the latest challenges in precise GNSS positioning and navigation, especially under complex conditions for various research investigations as well as a range of practical applications. Both theoretical and applied research contributions to the GNSS high-precision technology in all disciplines are considered. Topics may cover anything from precise muti-GNSS positioning algorithms and GNSS data processing to more comprehensive targets and scales. Therefore, new algorithms for high-precision positioning and navigation, GNSS receivers, software development for data collection and processing, and their applications in various fields are all included.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2271
    Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): GNSS Positioning ; GNSS Navigation ; Challenges ; Applications
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Estimation of the Uncertainties Introduced in Thermal Map Mosaic: A Case of Study with PIX4D Mapper Software (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-19
    Beschreibung: The aim of this study is to analyse problems related to thermal mapping obtained from thermal data acquired from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) equipped with thermal cameras. We focused on an accurate analysis of uncertainties introduced by the PIX4D Mapper software version 4.4.12 used to obtain the surface temperature maps of thermal images acquired using the UAS. To achieve this aim, we used artificial thermal references during the surveys, as well as natural hot targets, i.e., thermal anomalies in the Pisciarelli hydrothermal system in Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc). Artificial thermal targets, expressly created and designed for this goal, are a prototype here called “developed thermal target” (DTT) created by the drone laboratory at Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia—Osservatorio Vesuviano (INGV-OV).We show the results obtained through three surveys, and during the last two, thermal targets were positioned on land at different flight heights of the UAS. Different heights were also necessary to test the spatial resolution of the DTT with the used thermal camera as well as possible temperature differences between the raw images acquired via UAS with the thermal mapping obtained from the PIX4D Mapper software. In this work, we estimate the uncertainty that may be introduced by the mosaic procedure, and furthermore we find an attenuation of the measured temperatures introduced by the different distances between the thermal anomaly and sensor. These results appear to be of great importance for the subsequent calibration phase of the thermal maps, especially in cases where these methodologies are applied for the purposes of monitoring volcanic/geothermal areas.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4385
    Beschreibung: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Detecting Volcanic Thermal Anomalies from Satellite Images (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-19
    Beschreibung: The latest generation of high-spatial-resolution satellites produces measurements of high-temperature volcanic features at global scale, which are valuable to monitor volcanic activity. Recent advances in technology and increased computational resources have resulted in an extraordinary amount of monitoring data, which can no longer be so readily examined. Here, we present an automatic detection algorithm based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses infrared satellite data to automatically determine the presence of volcanic thermal activity. We exploit the potentiality of the transfer learning technique to retrain a pre-trained SqueezeNet CNN to a new domain. We fine-tune the weights of the network over a new dataset opportunely created with images related to thermal anomalies of different active volcanoes around the world. Furthermore, an ensemble approach is employed to enhance accuracy and robustness when compared to using individual models. We chose a balanced training dataset with two classes, one containing volcanic thermal anomalies (erupting volcanoes) and the other containing no thermal anomalies (non-erupting volcanoes), to differentiate between volcanic scenes with eruptive and non-eruptive activity. We used satellite images acquired in the infrared bands by ESA Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and NASA & USGS Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal InfraRed Sensor (OLI/TIRS). This deep learning approach makes the model capable of identifying the appearance of a volcanic thermal anomaly in the images belonging to the volcanic domain with an overall accuracy of 98.3%, recognizing the scene with active flows and erupting vents (i.e., eruptive activity) and the volcanoes at rest. This model is generalizable, and has the capability to analyze every image captured by these satellites over volcanoes around the world.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3718
    Beschreibung: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Combining Ground Penetrating Radar and Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Surveys to Characterize the Structure of the Calderone Glacieret (Gran Sasso d’Italia, Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-16
    Beschreibung: Ice is a rich reservoir of past climate information, and the well-documented increasing rate of glacier retreat represents a great loss for paleoclimate studies. In this framework, the Ice Memory project aims to extract and analyze ice cores from glacier regions worldwide and store them in Antarctica as a heritage record for future generations of scientists. Ice coring projects usually require a focused geophysical investigation, often based on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) prospecting to assess the most suitable drilling positions. As a novel approach in the Calderone Glacieret, we integrated the GPR method with Frequency Domain Electromagnetic (FDEM) surveys, a technique not commonly applied in the glacial environment. We used a separated-coils FDEM instrument to characterize the glacieret structure. The acquired FDEM datasets were inverted and compared to the GPR data and borehole information. The results demonstrated the capability of the FDEM technique to define the structure of the glacieret correctly; therefore, the potential to be applied in frozen subsoil environments. This opens new perspectives for the use of the FDEM technique to characterize periglacial environments, such as rock glaciers, where the coarse-blocky surface hinders data acquisition and enhances the problem of signal scattering.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2615
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): FDEM ; EMI ; GPR ; Calderone Glacieret ; cryosphere ; environmental geophysics ; cryosphere
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-22
    Beschreibung: In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO2 flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO2 flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO2 degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1405
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Two-Dimensional Geothermal Model of the Peruvian Andes above the Nazca Ridge Subduction (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-22
    Beschreibung: The aseismicNazca Ridge produces localized flat-slab subduction beneath the South American margin at latitudes 10 to 15 S. The geological evolution and the spatio-temporal pattern of deformation of the upper plate have been strongly influenced by the presence of the flat slab. In this study, we investigated the lithospheric thermal structure of this region by elaborating a 2D geothermal model along a section across the top of the Nazca Ridge, the Peru–Chile trench, the Andean Cordillera, and the Amazonian Basin, for a total length of 1000 km. For the sake of modelling, the crust of the overriding plate was subdivided into two parts, i.e., a sedimentary cover (including the entire lithostratigraphic sequence) and a crystalline basement. Applying an analytical methodology, we calculated geotherms and isotherms by setting (i) thickness, (ii) density, (iii) heat production, and (iv) thermal conductivity for each geological unit and considering (v) heat flux at theMoho, (vi) frictional heating produced by faults, and (vii) plate convergence rate. The resulting model could make a significant advance in our understanding of how flat slab geometry associated with the Nazca Ridge subduction affects the thermal structure and hence the tectonic evolution of the region.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 7697
    Beschreibung: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): subduction zones ; slab geometry ; thermal structure ; isotherms
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Cascading Machine Learning to Monitor Volcanic Thermal Activity Using Orbital Infrared Data: From Detection to Quantitative Evaluation (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-30
    Beschreibung: Several satellite missions are currently available to provide thermal infrared data at different spatial resolutions and revisit time. Furthermore, new missions are planned thus enabling to keep a nearly continuous ‘eye’ on thermal volcanic activity around the world. This massive volume of data requires the development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the automatic processing of satellite data in order to extract significant information about volcano conditions in a short time. Here, we propose a robust machine learning approach to accurately detect, recognize and quantify high-temperature volcanic features using Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (S2-MSI) imagery. We use the entire archive of high spatial resolution satellite data containing more than 6000 S2-MSI scenes at ten different volcanoes around the world. Combining a ‘top-down’ cascading architecture, two different machine learning models, a scene classifier (SqueezeNet) and a pixel-based segmentation model (random forest), we achieved a very high accuracy, namely 95%. These results show that the cascading approach can be applied in near-real time to any available satellite image, providing a full description of the scene, with an important contribution to the monitoring, mapping and characterization of volcanic thermal features.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 171
    Beschreibung: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Coupling Flank Collapse and Magma Dynamics on Stratovolcanoes: The Mt. Etna Example from InSAR and GNSS Observations (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-23
    Beschreibung: Volcano ground deformation is a tricky puzzle in which different phenomena contribute to the surface displacements with different spatial–temporal patterns. We documented some high variable deformation patterns in response to the different volcanic and seismic activities occurring at Mt. Etna through the January 2015–March 2021 period by exploiting an extensive dataset of GNSS and InSAR observations. The most spectacular pattern is the superfast seaward motion of the eastern flank. We also observed that rare flank motion reversal indicates that the short‐term contraction of the volcano occasionally overcomes the gravity‐controlled sliding of the eastern flank. Conversely, fast dike intrusion led to the acceleration of the sliding flank, which could potentially evolve into sudden collapses, fault creep, and seismic release, increasing the hazard. A better comprehension of these interactions can be of relevance for addressing short‐term scenarios, yielding a tentative forecasting of the quantity of magma accumulating within the plumbing system.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 847
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Etna Volcano ; SAR interferometry ; GNSS ; flank collapse ; magma intrusion
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    InSAR-Based Detection of Subsidence Affecting Infrastructures and Urban Areas in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-23
    Beschreibung: The study of deformation signals associated with seismicity in alluvial plain areas is a challenging topic that, however, is increasingly studied thanks to the great aid given by remote sensing techniques that exploit Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. This study focuses on the determination of the deformation field within the Emilia-Romagna Region (northern Italy), in the area comprising Modena, Reggio Emilia, and Parma cities. SAR data acquired along both orbits during the Sentinel-1 and Cosmo-SkyMed satellite missions were processed with the Small Baseline Subset interferometric technique from June 2012, after the serious seismic swarm of May 2012, to January 2022, just before the two earthquakes occurred in February 2022. The results, validated with Global Navigation Satellite System measurements, do not highlight displacements correlated with the seismicity but, thanks to their high spatial resolution, it was possible to discriminate areas affected by noticeable subsidence phenomena: (i) the highly industrialized areas located north of the municipalities of Reggio Emilia and Modena cities and (ii) a sector of the high-speed railway sited north of the Reggio Emilia city centre, close to the Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana station. Here we show that, at least since 2012, the latter area is affected by subsidence which can be related to the secondary consolidation process of the fine soils loaded by the railway embankment. The piezometric level analysis also suggests that the lowering of the groundwater table could accelerate the subsidence rate, affecting the stability of infrastructures in highly populated and industrialized areas
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2076-3263
    Beschreibung: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): InSAR ; subsidence ; Alluvial plain ; Emilia-Romagna
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    The SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 webGIS: The Online Platform for Relative Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Scenarios up to 2100 for the Mediterranean Coasts (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-23
    Beschreibung: Here we show the SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 web-based geographic information system (webGIS) that supports land planners and decision makers in considering the ongoing impacts of Relative Sea Level Rise (RSLR) when formulating and prioritizing climate-resilient adaptive pathways for the Mediterranean coasts. The webGIS was developed within the framework of the SAVEMEDCOASTS and SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 projects, funded by the European Union, which respond to the need to protect people and assets from natural disasters along the Mediterranean coasts that are vulnerable to the combined effects of Sea Level Rise (SLR) and Vertical Land Movements (VLM). The geospatial data include available or new high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM), bathymetric data, rates of VLM, and multi-temporal coastal flooding scenarios for 2030, 2050, and 2100 with respect to 2021, as a consequence of RSLR. The scenarios are derived from the 5th Assessment Report (AR5) provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and encompass different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) for climate projections. The webGIS reports RSLR scenarios that incorporate the temporary contribution of both the highest astronomical tides (HAT) and storm surges (SS), which intensify risks to the coastal infrastructure, local community, and environment.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2071
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): land subsidence ; sea level rise ; SAVEMEDCOASTS-2 ; Mediterranean Sea
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    Hydrogeochemistry and Isotopic Composition of Waters in the Renella Cave (Central Italy): New Insights into Groundwater Dynamics (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-01-29
    Beschreibung: This article presents data from monthly monitoring carried out on cave and stream waters belonging to the Renella Cave karst system from September 2020 to April 2022. Additionally, old data pertaining to cave waters from previous published work are discussed. The aim is to develop a dataset for future climatic and hydrological studies on the Renella Cave and its surface recharges. Water samples were collected and analyzed for major ions, δ18O and δ2H, on water molecules. The cave sump water level, water temperature, and electrical conductivity were continuously measured and compared to the precipitation data. Additionally, air temperature and pressure inside and outside the cave were also monitored. The classification based on the Piper-Hill diagram indicated that both stream and cave waters belong to the bicarbonate-alkaline earth hydrochemical facies, indicating that their chemism is essentially determined by the dissolution of the Grezzoni Fm. Isotopic data suggest that both stream and cave waters have a meteoric origin, and their variability mainly depends on underground homogenization. Hydrogeochemistry, isotopic composition, and the monitoring data allowed a deeper understanding of the cave karst system, and identified an underground circulation network that is fragmented into independent parts.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1764
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): hydrological monitoring; ; stable isotopes ; karst system; ; Apuan Alps; ; hydrogeochemistry;
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
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    New Concept of Smart UAS-GCP: A Tool for Precise Positioning in Remote-Sensing Applications (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-27
    Beschreibung: Today, ground control points (GCPs) represent indispensable tools for products’ georeferencing in all the techniques concerning remote sensing (RS), particularly in monitoring activities from unmanned aircraft system (UAS) platforms. This work introduces an innovative tool, smart GCPs, which combines different georeferencing procedures, offering a range of advantages. It can serve three fundamental purposes concurrently: (1) as a drone takeoff platform; (2) as a base station, allowing the acquisition of raw global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data for post-processed kinematic (PPK) surveys or by providing real-time GNSS corrections for precision positioning; (3) as a rover in the network real-time kinematic (NRTK) mode, establishing its position in real time with centimetric precision. The prototype has undergone testing in a dedicated study area, yielding good results for all three geodetic correction techniques: PPK, RTK, and GCP, achieving centimeter-level accuracy. Nowadays, this versatile prototype represents a unique external instrument, which is also easily transportable and able to connect to the GNSS RING network, obtaining real-time positioning corrections for a wide range of applications that require precise positioning. This capability is essential for environmental applications that require a multitemporal UAS-based study. When the real-time RING data are accessible to the scientific community operating in RS surveying, this work could be a helpful guide for researchers approaching such investigations.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 123
    Beschreibung: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
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    Tracing Magma Migration at Mt. Etna Volcano during 2006–2020, Coupling Remote Sensing of Crater Gas Emissions and Ground Measurement of Soil Gases (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-29
    Beschreibung: The geochemical monitoring of volcanic activity today relies largely on remote sensing, but the combination of this approach together with soil gas monitoring, using the appropriate parameters, is still not widely used. The main purpose of this study was to correlate data from crater gas emissions with flank emissions of soil gases at Mt. Etna volcano from June 2006 to December 2020. Crater SO2 fluxes were measured from fixed stations around the volcano using the DOAS technique and applying a modeled clear-sky spectrum. The SO2/HCl ratio in the crater plume was measured with the OP-FTIR technique from a transportable instrument, using the sun as an IR source. Soil CO2 efflux coupled with the 220Rn/222Rn activity ratio in soil gases (named SGDI) were measured at a fixed monitoring site on the east flank of Etna. All signals acquired were subject both to spectral analysis and to filtering of the periodic signals discovered. All filtered signals revealed changes that were nicely correlated both with other geophysical signals and with volcanic eruptions during the study period. Time lags between parameters were explained in terms of different modes of magma migration and storage inside the volcano before eruptions. A comprehensive dynamic degassing model is presented that allows for a better understanding of magma dynamics in an open-conduit volcano.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1122
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Mt. Etna crater ; SO2 flux ; halogen fluxes ; soil radon ; soil CO2 flux ; eruptive activity ; magma degassing ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    A Cloud-IoT Architecture for Latency-Aware Localization in Earthquake Early Warning (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-07
    Beschreibung: An effective earthquake early warning system requires rapid and reliable earthquake source detection. Despite the numerous proposed epicenter localization solutions in recent years, their utilization within the Internet of Things (IoT) framework and integration with IoT-oriented cloud platforms remain underexplored. This paper proposes a complete IoT architecture for earthquake detection, localization, and event notification. The architecture, which has been designed, deployed, and tested on a standard cloud platform, introduces an innovative approach by implementing P-wave "picking" directly on IoT devices, deviating from traditional regional earthquake early warning (EEW) approaches. Pick association, source localization, event declaration, and user notification functionalities are also deployed on the cloud. The cloud integration simplifies the integration of other services in the architecture, such as data storage and device management. Moreover, a localization algorithm based on the hyperbola method is proposed, but here, the time difference of arrival multilateration is applied that is often used in wireless sensor network applications. The results show that the proposed end-to-end architecture is able to provide a quick estimate of the earthquake epicenter location with acceptable errors for an EEW system scenario. Rigorous testing against the standard of reference in Italy for regional EEW showed an overall 3.39 s gain in the system localization speed, thus offering a tangible metric of the efficiency and potential proposed system as an EEW solution.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 8431
    Beschreibung: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Internet of Things ; cloud computing ; early warning systems ; earthquake localization ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 25
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    Analysis of Flow and Land Use on the Hydraulic Structure of Southeast Mexico City: Implications on Flood and Runoff (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-15
    Beschreibung: The southeast of Mexico City is one of the last areas of environmental importance for the region. However, rapid urban expansion has led to a runoff increase in the presence of intense rainfall. This situation is common to many peri-urban centers close to large cities, where the urbanization of previously green areas has had a direct negative influence on the hydraulic structure. This work proposes a study that combines hydrological analysis for the definition of precipitation scenarios with hydrodynamic simulations based on the current land use. Reconstructed flood scenarios show that the runoffs descending from mountainous areas flow into cemented channels with hydraulic sections and characteristics not adequate to drain specific discharges that can reach 0.90 m2/s and water depths of the order of 2 m, caused by extreme weather phenomena, determining flooding in nearby areas. Runoffs are also intensified by the presence of non-urbanized open spaces in a state of abandonment, whose soil does not favor infiltration and promotes the flooding of residential centers with water levels higher than 1 m. The results indicate an urgent need to adopt actions to reduce flooding and favor infiltration in an area of the city that is also important for aquifer recharge.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1120
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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  • 26
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    The Impact of Profiles Data Assimilation on an Ideal Tropical Cyclone Case (2024)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3REMOTE SENSING, MDPI, 16(2), pp. 430-430, ISSN: 2072-4292
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-20
    Beschreibung: 〈jats:p〉Profile measurements play a crucial role in operational weather forecasting across diverse scales and latitudes. However, assimilating tropospheric wind and temperature profiles remains a challenging endeavor. This study assesses the influence of profile measurements on numerical weather prediction (NWP) using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model coupled to the parallel data assimilation framework (PDAF) system. Utilizing the local error-subspace transform Kalman filter (LESTKF), observational temperature and wind profiles generated by WRF are assimilated into an idealized tropical cyclone. The coupled WRF-PDAF system is adopted to carry out the twin experiments, which employ varying profile densities and localization distances. The results reveal that high-resolution observations yield significant forecast improvements compared to coarser-resolution data. A cost-effective balance between observation density and benefit is further explored through the idealized tropical cyclone case. According to diminishing marginal utility and increasing marginal costs, the optimal observation densities for U and V are found around 26–27%. This may be useful information to the meteorological agencies and researchers.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 27
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    What Is the Effect of Seismic Swarms on Short-Term Seismic Hazard and Gutenberg-Richter b-Value Temporal Variation? Examples from Central Italy, October–November 2023 (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-10
    Beschreibung: A seismic hazard can be quantified by using probabilities. Modern seismic forecasting models (e.g., Operational Earthquake Forecasting systems) allow us to quantify the short-term variations in such probabilities. Indeed these probabilities change with time and space, in particular after strong seismic events. However, the short-term seismic hazard could also change during seismic swarms, i.e., a sequence with several small-/medium-sized events. The goal of this work is to quantify these changes, using the Italian Operational Earthquake Forecasting system, and also estimate the variations in the Gutenberg–Richter b-value. We focus our attention on three seismic swarms that occurred in Central Italy in October–November 2023. Our results indicate that short-term variations in seismic hazard are limited, less than an order of magnitude, and also that b-value variations are not significant. Placing our findings in a more general context, we can state that according to currently available models and catalogs, the occurrence of seismic swarms does not significantly affect the short-term seismic hazard.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 49
    Beschreibung: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 28
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    Natural Frequencies of Diatom Shells: Alteration of Eigenfrequencies Using Structural Patterns Inspired by Diatoms (2024)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Biomimetics, MDPI, 9(2), pp. 85-85, ISSN: 2313-7673
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-11
    Beschreibung: Diatoms have delicate and complex shells showing different lightweight design principles that have already been applied to technical products improving the mechanical properties. In addition, diatom inspired structures are expected to significantly affect the vibration characteristics, i.e., the eigenfrequencies. Directed eigenfrequency shifts are of great interest for many technical applications to prevent undesired high vibration amplitudes. Therefore, numerous complex diatom inspired dome structures primarily based on combs, ribs, and bulging patterns were constructed and their eigenfrequencies were numerically studied. Different structural patterns were identified to significantly affect eigenfrequencies. The results were compared to dome structures equipped with rib patterns in combination with a common structural optimization tool. The study indicates that a combination of (1) selecting diatom inspired structural patterns that strongly affect eigenfrequencies, and (2) adapting them to the boundary conditions of the technical problem is an efficient method to design diatom inspired lightweight solutions with high eigenfrequencies.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 29
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    Mid- and High-Latitude Electron Temperature Dependence on Solar Activity in the Topside Ionosphere through the Swarm B Satellite Observations and the International Reference Ionosphere Model (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-17
    Beschreibung: This study focuses on the open question of the electron temperature (Te) variation with solar activity in the topside ionosphere at mid- and high latitudes. It takes advantage of in situ observations taken over a decade (2014–2023) from Langmuir probes on board the low-Earth-orbit Swarm B satellite and spanning an altitude range of 500–530 km. The study also includes a comparison with Te values modeled using the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model and with Millstone Hill (42.6° N. 71.5° W) incoherent scatter radar observations. The largest Te variation with solar activity was found at high latitudes in the winter season, where Te shows a marked decreasing trend with solar activity in the polar cusp and auroral regions and, more importantly, at sub-auroral latitudes in the nightside sector. Differently, in the summer season, Te increases with solar activity in the polar cusp and auroral regions, while for equinoxes, variations are smaller and less clear. Mid-latitudes generally show negligible Te variations with solar activity, which are mostly within the natural dispersion of Te observations. The comparison between measured and modeled values highlighted that future implementations of the IRI model would benefit from an improved description of the Te dependence on solar activity, especially at high latitudes.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 490
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 01.02. Ionosphere
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  • 30
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    Editorial of Special Issue “Unconventional Drone-Based Surveying” (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-23
    Beschreibung: Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), as well as unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), later on simply called drones, have reached a sufficient degree of maturity to allow their use for various purposes. Drones are used in remote sensing, in particular in geological mapping and architectural surveying. New applications continually appear; among them, disaster management, precision agriculture, weather forecast, wildlife monitoring, search and rescue, law enforcement, shipping and delivery, and also entertainment, with different type of sensors.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 175
    Beschreibung: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 31
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    Is Sea Level Rise a Known Threat? A Discussion Based on an Online Survey (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-23
    Beschreibung: Since the last century, global warming has been triggering sea level rise at an unprecedented rate. In the worst case climate scenario, sea level could rise by up to 1.1 m above the current level, causing coastal inundation and cascading effects, thus affecting about one billion people around the world. Though widespread and threatening, the phenomenon is not well known to citizens as it is often overshadowed by other effects of global warming. Here, we show the results of an online survey carried out in 2020–2021 to understand the level of citizens’ knowledge on sea level rise including causes, effects, exacerbation in response to land subsidence and best practice towards mitigation and adaptation. The most important result of the survey is that citizens believe that it is up to governments to take action to cope with the effects of rising sea levels or mitigate the rise itself. This occurs despite the survey showing that they actually know what individuals can do and that a failure to act poses a threat to society. Gaps and preconceptions need to be eradicated by strengthening the collaboration between scientists and schools to improve knowledge, empowering our society.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 367–379
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 32
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    An Update of the NeQuick-Corr Topside Ionosphere Modeling Based on New Datasets (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-23
    Beschreibung: A new analytical formula for H0, one of the three parameters (H0, g, and r) on which the NeQuick model is based to describe the altitude profile of the electron density above the F2-layer peak height hmF2, has recently been proposed. This new analytical representation of H0, called H0,corr, relies on numerical grids based on two different types of datasets. On one side, electron density observations by the Swarm satellites over Europe from December 2013 to September 2018, and on the other side, IRI UP (International Reference Ionosphere UPdate) maps over Europe of the critical frequency of the ordinary mode of propagation associated with the F2 layer, foF2, and hmF2, at 15 min cadence for the same period. The new NeQuick topside representation based on H0,corr, hereafter referred to as NeQuick-corr, improved the original NeQuick topside representation. This work updates the numerical grids of H0,corr by extending the underlying Swarm and IRI UP datasets until December 2021, thus allowing coverage of low solar activity levels, as well. Moreover, concerning Swarm, besides the original dataset, the calibrated one is considered, and corresponding grids of H0,corr calculated. At the same time, the role of g is investigated, by considering values different from the reference one, equal to 0.125, currently adopted. To understand what are the best H0,corr grids to be considered for the NeQuick-corr topside representation, vertical total electron content data for low, middle, and high latitudes, recorded from five low-Earth-orbit satellite missions (COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3, GRACE, METOP, TerraSAR-X, and Swarm) have been analyzed. The updated H0,corr grids based on the original Swarm dataset with a value for g = 0.15, and the updated H0,corr grids based on the calibrated Swarm dataset with a value for g = 0.14, are those for which the best results are obtained. The results show that the performance of the different NeQuick-corr models is reliable also for low latitudes, even though these are outside the spatial domain for which the H0,corr grids were obtained, and are dependent on solar activity.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 498
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    IMD: A Dating Code to Facilitate the Study of Transient Phenomena on the Surface of Mars (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-22
    Beschreibung: See also the related software "INGV Martian Dating (IMD) applications": http://hdl.handle.net/2122/16819
    Beschreibung: Today, we have satellite images of Mars with a resolution of up to 24 cm per pixel. The planet has a thin atmosphere compared to Earth’s, but its surface is revealing itself to be active and complex. The use of images is an increasingly precise means of investigation for the study of transient phenomena that occur on the surface of the planet. We have developed a dating code that could be useful in the study of such phenomena. Thanks to this dating code, it is possible to immediately understand what season is in progress in the observed area starting from the terrestrial reference date of the photos taken by the orbiters. Some intermediate parameters of this calculation, such as the Martian year and the day of the year, can be equally useful for similar investigations. Satellite study of transient phenomena observable on the surface of Mars can range from geology (wind erosion and sedimentation) to meteorology (wind and phase transitions) to indigenous or non-indigenous biology.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 108
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Mars ; calendar ; seasons ; day of year ; transient phenomena ; surface changes ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
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  • 34
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    Efficient SOM’s Application to Seismic Fumarolic Tremor for the Detection of Anomalous Hydrothermal Activity in Campi Flegrei Volcano (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-19
    Beschreibung: In recent decades, the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) showed unrest characterized by in- creases in seismicity, ground uplift, and hydrothermal activity. Currently, the seismic and hydrother- mal phenomena are mostly concentrated in the Solfatara–Pisciarelli area, which presents a wide fumarolic field and mud emissions. The main fumarole in Pisciarelli is associated with a boiling mud pool. Recently, episodes of a sudden increase in hydrothermal activity and expansion of mud and gas emissions occurred in this area. During these episodes, which occurred in December 2018 and September 2020, Short Duration Events (SDEs), related to the intensity of mud pool boiling, were recorded in the fumarolic seismic tremor. We applied a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) neural network to recognize the occurrence of SDEs in the fumarolic tremor of Campi Flegrei, which provides important information on the state of activity of the hydrothermal system and about the possible phreatic activity. Our method, based on an ad hoc feature extraction procedure, effectively clustered the seismic signals containing SDEs and separated them from those representing the normal fumarolic tremor. This result is useful for improving the monitoring of the Solfatara–Pisciarelli hydrothermal area which is a high-risk zone in Campi Flegrei.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 5505
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
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    Applications of Ground-Based Infrared Cameras for Remote Sensing of Volcanic Plumes (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-19
    Beschreibung: Ground-based infrared cameras can be used effectively and safely to provide quantitative information about small to moderate-sized volcanic eruptions. This study describes an infrared camera that has been used to measure emissions from the Mt. Etna and Stromboli (Sicily, Italy) volcanoes. The camera provides calibrated brightness temperature images in a broadband (8–14 µm) channel that is used to determine height, plume ascent rate and volcanic cloud/plume temperature and emissivity at temporal sampling rates of up to 1 Hz. The camera can be operated in the field using a portable battery and includes a microprocessor, data storage and WiFi. The processing and analyses of the data are described with examples from the field experiments. The updraft speeds of the small eruptions at Stromboli are found to decay with a timescale of ∼10 min and the volcanic plumes reach thermal equilibrium within ∼2 min. A strong eruption of Mt. Etna on 1 April 2021 was found to reach ∼9 km, with ascent speeds of 10–20 ms−1. The plume, mostly composed of the gases CO2, water vapour and SO2, became bent over by the prevailing winds at high levels, demonstrating the need for multiple cameras to accurately infer plume heights.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 82
    Beschreibung: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    Modelling Paroxysmal and Mild-Strombolian Eruptive Plumes at Stromboli and Mt. Etna on 28 August 2019 (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-19
    Beschreibung: Volcanic eruptions pose a major natural hazard influencing the environment, climate and human beings at different temporal and spatial scales. Nevertheless, several volcanoes worldwide are poorly monitored and assessing the impact of their eruptions remains, in some cases, challenging. Nowadays, different numerical dispersion models are largely employed in order to evaluate the potential effects of volcanic plume dispersion due to the transport of ash and gases. On 28 August 2019, both Mt. Etna and Stromboli had eruptive activity; Mt. Etna was characterised by mild- Strombolian activity at summit craters, while at Stromboli volcano, a paroxysmal event occurred, which interrupted the ordinary typical-steady Strombolian activity. Here, we explore the spatial dispersion of volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas plumes in the atmosphere, at both volcanoes, using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) considering the ground-measured SO2 amounts and the plume-height as time-variable eruptive source parameters. The performance of WRF-Chem was assessed by cross-correlating the simulated SO2 dispersion maps with data retrieved by TROPOMI and OMI sensors. The results show a feasible agreement between the modelled dispersion maps and TROPOMI satellite for both volcanoes, with spatial pattern retrievals and a total mass of dispersed SO2 of the same order of magnitude. Predicted total SO2 mass for Stromboli might be underestimated due to the inhibition from ground to resolve the sin-eruptive SO2 emission due to the extreme ash-rich volcanic plume released during the paroxysm. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a WRF-Chem model with time-variable ESPs in simultaneously reproducing two eruptive plumes with different SO2 emission and their dispersion into the atmosphere. The operational implementation of this method could represent effective support for the assessment of local-to-regional air quality and flight security and, in case of particularly intense events, also on a global scale.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 5727
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 37
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    Lessons Learnt from Monitoring the Etna Volcano Using an IoT Sensor Network through a Period of Intense Eruptive Activity (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-11
    Beschreibung: This paper describes the successes and failures after 4 years of continuous operation of a network of sensors, communicating nodes, and gateways deployed on the Etna Volcano in Sicily since 2019, including a period of Etna intense volcanic activity that occurred in 2021 and resulted in over 60 paroxysms. It documents how the installation of gateways at medium altitude allowed for data collection from sensors up to the summit craters. Most of the sensors left on the volcanic edifice during winters and during this period of intense volcanic activity were destroyed, but the whole gateway infrastructure remained fully operational, allowing for a very fruitful new field campaign two years later, in August 2023. Our experience has shown that the best strategy for IoT deployment on very active and/or high-altitude volcanoes like Etna is to permanently install gateways in areas where they are protected both from meteorological and volcanic hazards, that is mainly at the foot of the volcanic edifice, and to deploy temporary sensors and communicating nodes in the more exposed areas during field trips or in the summer season.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1577
    Beschreibung: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): wireless sensor networks ; wireless sensor networks ; LoRaWAN ; IoT
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 38
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    Unraveling the Seismic Source in Archaeoseismology: A Combined Approach on Local Site Effects and Geochemical Data Integration (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-12
    Beschreibung: Archaeoseismological research often deals with two unresolved questions: the magnitude and level of damage caused by past earthquakes, and the precise location of the seismic source. We propose a comprehensive review of an integrated approach that combines site effects with the analysis of geochemical data in the field of archaeoseismology. This approach aims to identify active buried faults potentially related to the causative seismic source and provide insights into earthquake parameters. For each integrated method, we report the foundational principles, delineation of theoretical field procedures, and exemplification through two case studies. Site effects analysis in archaeoseismology assumes a pivotal role in unraveling historical seismic occurrences. It enables estimating the earthquake magnitude, assessing the seismotectonic patterns, and determining the resulting damage level. Valuable data related to earthquake parameters can be extracted by analyzing vibration frequencies and acceleration measurements from structures within archaeological sites. This information is instrumental in characterizing seismic events, evaluating their impact on ancient structures, and enhancing our understanding of earthquake hazards within the archaeological context. Geochemical investigations supply indispensable tools for identifying buried active faults. The analysis of fluids and gases vented in proximity to faults yields valuable insights into their nature, activity, and underlying mechanisms. Faults often manifest distinctive geochemical imprints, enabling the differentiation between tectonically active and volcanically related fault systems. The presence of specific gases can further serve as indicators of the environmental conditions surrounding these fault networks. Integrating site effects analysis and geochemical investigations within archaeoseismological research is crucial to improving our understanding of unknown past earthquakes. Moreover, it enhances the seismic hazard assessment of the region under study.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 427-447
    Beschreibung: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): archaeoseismology ; local site effects ; earthquake parameters ; geochemical investigation ; buried active fault
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 39
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    Toward a Real-Time Analysis of Column Height by Visible Cameras: An Example from Mt. Etna, in Italy (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-09
    Beschreibung: Volcanic plume height is one the most important features of explosive activity; thus, it is a parameter of interest for volcanic monitoring that can be retrieved using different remote sensing techniques. Among them, calibrated visible cameras have demonstrated to be a promising alternative during daylight hours, mainly due to their low cost and low uncertainty in the results. However, currently these measurements are generally not fully automatic. In this paper, we present a new, interactive, open-source MATLAB tool, named ‘Plume Height Analyzer’ (PHA), which is able to analyze images and videos of explosive eruptions derived from visible cameras, with the objective of automatically identifying the temporal evolution of eruption columns. PHA is a self-customizing tool, i.e., before operational use, the user must perform an iterative calibration procedure based on the analysis of images of previous eruptions of the volcanic system of interest, under different eruptive, atmospheric and illumination conditions. The images used for the calibration step allow the computation of ad hoc expressions to set the model parameters used to recognize the volcanic plume in new images, which are controlled by their individual characteristics. Thereby, the number of frames used in the calibration procedure will control the goodness of the model to analyze new videos/images and the range of eruption, atmospheric, and illumination conditions for which the program will return reliable results. This also allows improvement of the performance of the program as new data become available for the calibration, for which PHA includes ad hoc routines. PHA has been tested on a wide set of videos from recent explosive activity at Mt. Etna, in Italy, and may represent a first approximation toward a real-time analysis of column height using visible cameras on erupting volcanoes.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2595
    Beschreibung: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    Automatic Early Warning to Derive Eruption Source Parameters of Paroxysmal Activity at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-09
    Beschreibung: Tephra dispersal and fallout resulting from explosive activity of Mt. Etna (Italy) represent a significant threat to the surrounding inhabited areas as well as to aviation operations. An earlywarning system aimed at foreseeing the onset of paroxysmal activity has been developed, combining a thermal infrared camera, infrasonic network, and a weather radar. In this way, it is possible to identify the onset of a lava fountain as well as to determine the associated mass eruption rate (MER) and top plume height (HTP). The new methodology, defined as the paroxysmal early-warning (PEW) alert system, is based on the analysis of some explosive eruptions that occurred between 2011 and 2021 at Etna, simultaneously observed by the thermal camera and infrasound systems dislocated around the summit eruptive craters, and by the weather radar, located at about 32 km from the summit craters. This work represents an important step towards the mitigation of the potential impact associated with the tephra dispersal and fallout during paroxysms at Etna, which can be applied to other volcanoes with similar activity and monitoring strategies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3501
    Beschreibung: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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  • 41
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    Modeling the Trajectories of Ballistics in the Summit Area of Mt. Etna (Italy) during the 2020–2022 Sequence of Lava Fountains (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-09
    Beschreibung: Between 2020 and 2022, more than sixty lava fountains occurred at Mt. Etna (Italy), which formed high eruption columns rising up to 15 km above sea level (a.s.l.). During those events, several ballistics fell around the summit craters, sometimes reaching touristic areas. The rather frequent activity poses questions on how the impact associated with the fallout of those particles, can be estimated. In this work, we present field data collected soon after the lava fountain on 21 February 2022. This event produced a volcanic plume of about 10 km a.s.l. which was directed toward the southeast. Several ballistics fell in the area of the Barbagallo Craters (just southeast of the summit area at around 2900 m a.s.l.), which is one of the most popular touristic areas on Etna. Hence, we collected several samples and performed laboratory analyses in order to retrieve their size, shape and density. Those values together with a quantitative analysis of the lava fountain were compared with results obtained by a free-available calculator of ballistic trajectories named the ‘Eject!’. A similar approach was hence applied to other lava fountains of the 2020–2022 sequence for which the fallout of large clasts was reported. This work is a first step to identifying in near real-time the area affected by the fallout of ballistics during Etna lava fountains and quantifying their hazard.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 145
    Beschreibung: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    CO2 Leakage Scenarios in Shale Overburden (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-29
    Beschreibung: Potential CO2 leakage from deep geologic reservoirs requires evaluation on a site-specific basis to assess risk and arrange mitigation strategies. In this study, a heterogeneous and realistic numerical model was developed to investigate CO2 migration pathways and uprising time in a shaly overburden, located in the Malaysian off-shore. Fluid flow and reactive transport simulations were performed by TOUGHREACT to evaluate the: (1) seepage through the caprock; (2) CO2-rich brine leakage through a fault connecting the reservoir with seabed. The effect of several factors, which may contribute to CO2 migration, including different rock types and permeability, Fickian and Knudsen diffusion and CO2 adsorption in the shales were investigated. Obtained results show that permeability mainly ruled CO2 uprising velocity and pathways. CO2 migrates upward by buoyancy without any important lateral leakages due to poor-connection of permeable layers and comparable values of vertical and horizontal permeability. Diffusive flux and the Knudsen flow are negligible with respect to the Darcy regime, despite the presence of shales. Main geochemical reactions deal with carbonate and pyrite weathering which easily reach saturation due to low permeability and allowing for re-precipitation as secondary phases. CO2 adsorption on shales together with dissolved CO2 constituted the main trapping mechanisms, although the former represents likely an overestimation due to estimated thermodynamic parameters. Developed models for both scenarios are validated by the good agreement with the pressure profiles recorded in the exploration wells and the seismic data along a fault (the F05 fault), suggesting that they can accurately reproduce the main processes occurring in the system.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1016
    Beschreibung: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    Exploring Convolutional Neural Networks for the Thermal Image Classification of Volcanic Activity (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-15
    Beschreibung: This paper addresses the classification of images depicting the eruptive activity of Mount Etna, captured by a network of ground-based thermal cameras. The proposed approach utilizes Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), focusing on pretrained models. Eight popular pretrained neural networks underwent systematic evaluation, revealing their effectiveness in addressing the classification problem. The experimental results demonstrated that, following a retraining phase with a limited dataset, specific networks such as VGG-16 and AlexNet, achieved an impressive total accuracy of approximately 90%. Notably, VGG-16 and AlexNet emerged as practical choices, exhibiting individual class accuracies exceeding 90%. The case study emphasized the pivotal role of transfer learning, as attempts to solve the classification problem without pretrained networks resulted in unsatisfactory outcomes.
    Beschreibung: Supported by Italian Research Center on High Performance Computing Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC), project funded by European Union—NextGenerationEU—and National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)—Mission 4 Component 2 within the activities of Spoke 3 (Astrophysics and Cosmos Observations). Sonia Calvari also acknowledges the financial support of the Project FIRST ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano (Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.) Vulcani 2019.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 124-137
    Beschreibung: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Etna Volcano ; Lava Fountains ; classification of events ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 44
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    Multi-Satellite Detection of Long-Range Transport and Transformation of Atmospheric Emissions from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-08
    Beschreibung: Large volumes of atmospheric pollutants injected into the troposphere and stratosphere from volcanic eruptions can exert significant influence on global climate. Through utilizing multisatellite observations, we present a large-scale insight into the long-range transport and transformation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption on 15 January 2022. We found that the transport of volcanic emissions, along with the transformation from SO2 to sulfate aerosols, lasted for two months after the Tongan eruption. The emitted volume of SO2 from the volcano eruption was approximately 183 kilotons (kt). Both satellite observation and numerical simulation results show that the SO2 and volcanic ash plumes moved westward at a rate of one thousand kilometers per day across the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions and that SO2 transformation in the atmosphere lasted for half a month. The transport and enhancement of aerosols is related to the conversion of SO2 to sulfate. CALIPSO lidar observations show that SO2 reached an altitude of 25–30 km and transformed into sulfate in the stratosphere after 29 January. Sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere deceased gradually with transport and fell back to the background level after two months. Our study shows that satellite observations give a good characterization of volcanic emissions, transport, and SO2-sulfate conversion, which can provide an essential constraint for climate modeling.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2661
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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  • 45
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    Ostracod and Foraminifer Responses to Late Pleistocene–Holocene Volcanic Activity in Northern Victoria Land as Recorded in Ross Sea (Antarctica) Marine Sediments (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-09
    Beschreibung: The impacts on ostracods and foraminifers caused by three Late Quaternary ashfalls of different intensities and recovered in the ANTA02-NW2 core sediments (Drygalski Basin, western Ross Sea) were analysed for the first time. Albeit with different timing, both associations demonstrated similar response patterns associated with the deposition of material from volcanic eruptions. In particular, based on the palaeontological evidence, it was possible to divide the cores into four intervals/phases recording the evolution of the ecosystem before and after the deposition events: (1) Pre-extinction phase (high abundance and high diversity values). (2) Extinction phase, characterised by the complete disappearance of ostracod fauna; the foraminiferal assemblage, although not entirely absent, records extremely low values of abundance and diversity (survivor assemblage). (3) Recovery phase (increasing abundance and diversity values), characterised by the recolonisation of some opportunistic taxa; species such as Australicythere devexa and Australicythere polylyca dominate the ostracod assemblage. (4) Post-extinction phase (high abundance and high diversity values), with the return to an environmental equilibrium characterised by the colonisation of specialised taxa such as Argilloecia sp., Cytheropteron sp., Echinocythereis sp., and Hemicytherura spp. Our results may aid in the understanding of how communities (i.e., ostracods and foraminifers) recovered after the impact of direct deposits of volcanic ash into ocean waters. The mechanisms by which disappearance and/or mortality was induced are still not clear. The release of toxic metals during the reaction of the volcanic ash with seawater, the resulting chemical alteration in the seawater, and the change in pH, together with the possible suppression of planktonic organisms, may have caused the two main extinction phases recorded by the ANTA02-NW2 core sediments.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 35
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): ostracods ; Drygalski Basin ; western Ross Sea shelf ; volcanic ashfalls ; ecosystem evolution ; foraminifers
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  • 46
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    Data Fusion for Satellite-Derived Earth Surface: The 2021 Topographic Map of Etna Volcano (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-09
    Beschreibung: We present a new automatic procedure for updating digital topographic data from multi-source satellite imagery, which consists in the production of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) from high resolution optical satellite images, followed by a context-aware fusion that exploits the complementary characteristics of the multi-source DSMs. The fused DSM minimizes blunders and artifacts due to occlusions (e.g., the presence of clouds, snow or ash plumes) in the source images, resulting in improved accuracy and quality versus those that are not merged. The procedure has been tested to produce the 2021 digital topography of Mt Etna, whose summit area is constantly changing and shows the new peak of 3347 m on the north rim of the South East Crater. We also employ the 2021 DSM to measure the volcanic deposits emplaced in the last five years, finding about 120 million cubic meters, with a yearly average volume of about 24 million cubic meters in agreement with the large eruptive rates registered at Mt Etna since the nineteen seventies. The flexibility and modularity of the presented procedure make it easily exportable to other environmental contexts, allowing for a fast and frequent reconstruction of topographic surfaces even in extreme environments.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 198
    Beschreibung: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
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    Relative Sea-Level Rise Projections and Flooding Scenarios for 2150 CE for the Island of Ustica (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: The island of Ustica (Italy) is constantly exposed to the effects of sea-level rise, which is threatening its coastal zone. With the aim of assessing the sea levels that are anticipated by 2150 CE under the climatic projections shown in the AR6 report from the IPCC, a detailed evaluation of potential coastal flooding under different climatic scenarios and the ongoing land subsidence has been carried out for three coastal zones. Scenarios are based on the determination of the current coastline position, a high-resolution digital terrain and marine model, and the SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 climatic projections. Relative sea-level rise projections allowed the mapping of the potential inundated surfaces for 2030, 2050, 2100, and 2150. The results show rising sea levels for 2150, ranging from a minimum of 66 ± 40 cm (IPCC AR6 SSP2.6 scenario) to a maximum of 128 ± 52 cm (IPCC AR6 SSP8.5 scenario). In such conditions, considering the SSP8.5 scenario during storm surges with return times (RTs) of 1 and 100 years, the expected maximum wave run-up along the island may vary from 3 m (RT = 1) to 14 m (RT = 100), according to the coastal morphology. Our results show that adaptation and mitigation actions are required to protect the touristic and harbor installations of the island.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2013
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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  • 48
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    Present-Day Surface Deformation in North-East Italy Using InSAR and GNSS Data (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Geodetic data can detect and estimate deformation signals and rates due to natural and anthropogenic phenomena. In the present study, we focus on northeastern Italy, an area characterized by ~1.5–3 mm/yr of convergence rates due to the collision of Adria-Eurasia plates and active subsidence along the coasts. To define the rates and trends of tectonic and subsidence signals, we use a Multi-Temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) approach called the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS), which is based on the detection of coherent and temporally stable pixels in a stack of single-master differential interferograms. We use Sentinel-1 SAR images along ascending and descending orbits spanning the 2015–2019 temporal interval as inputs for Persistent Scatterers InSAR (PSI) processing. We apply spatial-temporal filters and post-processing steps to reduce unrealistic results. Finally, we calibrate InSAR measurements using GNSS velocities derived from permanent stations available in the study area. Our results consist of mean ground velocity maps showing the displacement rates along the radar Line-Of-Sight for each satellite track, from which we estimate the east–west and vertical velocity components. Our results provide a detailed and original view of active vertical and horizontal displacement rates over the whole region, allowing the detection of spatial velocity gradients, which are particularly relevant to a better understanding of the seismogenic potential of the area. As regards the subsidence along the coasts, our measurements confirm the correlation between subsidence and the geological setting of the study area, with rates of ~2–4 mm/yr between the Venezia and Marano lagoons, and lower than 1 mm/yr near Grado.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1704
    Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
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    Diatom-Inspired Structural Adaptation According to Mode Shapes: A Study on 3D Structures and Software Tools (2024)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Biomimetics, MDPI, 9(4), pp. 241-241, ISSN: 2313-7673
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-25
    Beschreibung: 〈jats:p〉Diatoms captivate both biologists and engineers with their remarkable mechanical properties and lightweight design principles inherent in their shells. Recent studies have indicated that diatom frustules possess optimized shapes that align with vibrational modes, suggesting an inherent adaptation to vibratory loads. The mode shape adaptation method is known to significantly alter eigenfrequencies of 1D and 2D structures to prevent undesired vibration amplitudes. Leveraging this insight, the diatom-inspired approach to deform structures according to mode shapes was extended to different complex 3D structures, demonstrating a significant enhancement in eigenfrequencies with distinct mode shapes. Through extensive parameter studies, frequency increases exceeding 200% were obtained, showcasing the method’s effectiveness. In the second study part, the studied method was integrated into a user-friendly, low-code software facilitating swift and automated structural adjustments for eigenfrequency optimization. The created software tools, encompassing various components, were successfully tested on the example structures demonstrating the versatility and practicality of implementing biomimetic strategies in engineering designs. Thus, the present investigation does not only highlight the noteworthiness of the structural adaptation method inspired by diatoms in maximizing eigenfrequencies, but also originate software tools permitting different users to easily apply the method to distinct structures that have to be optimized, e.g., lightweight structures in the mobility or aerospace industry that are susceptible toward vibrations.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , peerRev
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  • 50
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    Boreal (Eemian) Transgression in the Northeastern White Sea Region: Multiproxy Evidence from Bychye-2 Section (2024)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary, MDPI, 7(1), pp. 3-3, ISSN: 2571-550X
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-24
    Beschreibung: 〈jats:p〉Reconstructing interglacial marine environments helps us understand the climate change mechanisms of the past. To contribute to this body of knowledge, we studied a high-resolution 455 cm-thick sediment sequence of the Boreal (Eemian) marine beds directly overlying Moscovian (Saalian) moraine in the Bychye-2 section on the Pyoza River. We analyzed lithological and microfossil (foraminifers, ostracods, pollen, aquatic palynomorphs) variations at the studied site. Stratigraphical zonation is based on the local and well-established regional pollen zones, correlated with the western European pollen zones. The studied marine beds accumulated from the end of the Moscovian glacial (>131 ka) until ca. 119.5 ka. We distinguished three successive phases: a seasonally sea-ice-covered, relatively deep, freshened basin in the initial rapid flooding stage (>131–130.5 ka); a deep basin in the maximum flooding phase with less extensive sea ice cover (130.5–130.25 ka); and a shallow basin with reduced sea ice cover (130.25–119.5 ka). According to a pollen zone comparison with other sites, the regional glacioisostatic rebound started ca. 130 ka. The diverse warm-water assemblages of benthic foraminifers and ostracods containing typical Baltic Sea species occurred during the regression, mainly 128–124 ka, thus giving evidence for a relatively long-lasting connection between the White and Baltic Seas.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 51
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    Environmental Reconstruction from the Identification of Magnetic Minerals in the Upper Sedimentary Infill of the Gran Dolina Cave (Burgos, Spain) (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-30
    Beschreibung: The cave system in the Sierra de Atapuerca holds one of the most important archaeological sites for the understanding of early human occupation in Europe. Among the different cavities and galleries, the Gran Dolina cave yielded a new hominin species coined as Homo antecessor of an Early Pleistocene age. Encouraged by our previous results in Gran Dolina, we carried out a study to extend and deepen our rockmagnetic investigation of the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the upper Gran Dolina cave based on experiments that include composition, relative concentration, and grain size of the magnetic iron oxides present in the sediments. Based on the rockmagnetic experiments, we identified magnetite, hematite, goethite, and possibly maghemite in changeable amounts along the profile, which allows us to complement the existing shortage in the literature on the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the site. We tentatively interpret the rockmagnetic changes recorded in the cave sediments in terms of glacial/interglacial conditions, furnishing the base for a better understanding for the formation conditions of this unprecedented archaeological site.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4580
    Beschreibung: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): environmental magnetism ; rockmagnetic analysis ; cave ; Sierra de Atapuerca ; magnetic minerals
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 52
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    Something Still Remains: Factors Affecting Tsunami Risk Perception on the Coasts Hit by the Reggio Calabria-Messina 1908 Event (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-02
    Beschreibung: Mediterranean coasts are prone to tsunamis due to high seismicity in some well-known areas near plate margins. However, tsunamis have a low frequency of occurrence despite having highly destructive potential. The low frequency of occurrence and historicity of the most destructive events lead to minimizing or neglecting this risk. Past research identified socio-demographic and spatial factors that may affect tsunami risk perception. This research is based on CATI survey (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) to a sample of 5842 respondents designed to investigate whether and how risk perception and risk knowledge were affected by a major event such as the 1908 Reggio Calabria Messina tsunami, by making a comparison between areas hit by that event and unaffected areas, also providing some explanatory hypotheses. Despite differences between Calabria and Sicily, data show higher levels of tsunami risk perception in the area affected by the 1908 event, along with a major role of interpersonal sources, playing a relevant role in information gathering and understanding. Research also suggests the need to better integrate different sources of knowledge to improve people’s understanding so as to effectively cope with tsunami risk.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2787
    Beschreibung: OS: Terza missione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): tsunami ; risk communication ; risk perception ; local knowledge ; media ; scientific communication ; messina ; reggio calabria ; 05.08. Risk
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  • 53
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    Is the Mesochori Fault a Key Structure for Understanding the Earthquake Activity during the 2021 Damasi Earthquakes in Northern Thessaly, Greece? (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-02
    Beschreibung: On 3 March 2021, an important seismic sequence started in northern Thessaly, Greece. The Damasi Seismic Sequence (DSS) deformed the western sector of the Tyrnavos Graben, which includes a major blind normal fault and the Titarisios River Graben (TRG). In this contribution, we provide fieldwork observations across the TRG and satellite radar interferometry of the faults controlling the graben. In addition, we provide a map of the active faults exposed in the TRG and palaeoseismological analyses of the Mesochori Fault, which together contribute to unravelling the seismic history of the area. DInSAR provides clear evidence of the Mesochori Fault surface rupture during the main shocks, while our palaeoseismological analyses document a long seismic history of the fault, with a mean recurrence interval of 1.0–1.5 ka and a mean slip per event of ~15 cm for the last four events reactivating the scarp. Quantitative geomorphological analyses based on real-time kinematic (RTK) measurements with global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers and data from UAV flight campaigns also provide evidence of postseismic activity across the Mesochori Fault. Based on these results showing that (at least) the Mesochori Fault has been reactivated several times in the latest Quaternary the seismotectonics of the TRG are discussed.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 331
    Beschreibung: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Damasi earthquakes ; DInSAR ; coseismic and postseismic deformation ; palaeoseismology ; north Thessaly ; Greece
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 54
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    Bouguer Anomaly Re-Reduction and Interpretative Remarks of the Phlegraean Fields Caldera Structures (Southern Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-02
    Beschreibung: Phlegraean Fields is a large, active caldera located in the densely populated westernmost sector of Naples’s Bay (Southern Italy). Several Bouguer anomaly surveys are available for this area with different resolution and accuracy; gravity data derive from the integration of stations placed below and above the sea level as the caldera develops both onshore and offshore. The comparison of these maps with the Digital Elevation Model shows a still remaining Terrain Effect hiding the shallower and deep caldera structure’s signal. This effect has an impact on the modelling of the gravity source’s depth and geometry. In this research, we apply a geologically constrained terrain correction method to the higher resolution Free Air dataset available for the study area to enhance the complete Bouguer reduction. The correlation analysis between the residual and the topography allows us to assess the quality of the outcomes. The results represent an improvement in the anomalies’ isolation and clearly show a continuous circular-like clustering of maxima related to the geometry of the caldera rim. The minima are associated with volcano-tectonic depression filled with pyroclastic and sediment. Furthermore, features alignments overlap the fault systems, along which the volcanic activity occurred.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 209
    Beschreibung: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): phlegraean fields; bouguer anomaly; gravimetric terrain correction; phlegraean fields ; Phlegraean Fields Bouguer Anomalies
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  • 55
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    Sea Tide Influence on Ice Flow of David Drygalski’s Ice Tongue Inferred from Geodetic GNSS Observations and SAR Offset Tracking Analysis (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-02
    Beschreibung: David Glacier and Drygalski Ice Tongue are massive glaciers in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The ice from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained through the former, and then discharged into the western Ross Sea through the latter. David Drygalski is the largest outlet glacier in Northern Victoria Land, floating kilometers out to sea. The floating and grounded part of the David Glacier are the main focus of this article. During the XXI Italian Antarctic Expedition (2005–2006), within the framework of the National Antarctic Research Programme (PNRA), two GNSS stations were installed at different points: the first close to the grounding line of David Glacier, and the second approximately 40 km downstream of the first one. Simultaneous data logging was performed by both GNSS stations for 24 days. In the latest data processing, the kinematic PPP technique was adopted to evaluate the dominant diurnal components and the very small semi-diurnal variations in ice motion induced by the ocean tide and the mean ice flow rates of both GNSS stations. Comparison of the GNSS time series with predicted ocean tide calculated from harmonic coefficients of the nearest tide gauge stations, installed at Cape Roberts and Mario Zucchelli Station, highlight different local response of the glacier to ocean tide, with a minor amplitude of vertical motion at a point partially anchored at the bedrock close to the grounding line. During low tide, the velocity of the ice flow reaches its daily maximum, in accordance with the direction of seawater outflow from the fjord into the ocean, while the greatest daily tidal excursion generates an increase in the horizontal ice flow velocity. With the aim to extend the analysis in spatial terms, five COSMO-SkyMED Stripmap scenes were processed. The comparison of the co-registered offset tracking rates, obtained from SAR images, with the GNSS estimation shows good agreement.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2037
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Antarctic glaciology; kinematic precise point positioning; GNSS time series; ice dynamics; synthetic aperture radar; COSMO-SkyMed
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 56
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    The Status of Space Weather Infrastructure and Research in Africa (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-02
    Beschreibung: Space weather science has been a growing field in Africa since 2007. This growth in infrastructure and human capital development has been accompanied by the deployment of ground-based observing infrastructure, most of which was donated by foreign institutions or installed and operated by foreign establishments. However, some of this equipment is no longer operational due to several factors, which are examined in this paper. It was observed that there are considerable gaps in ground-based space-weather-observing infrastructure in many African countries, a situation that hampers the data acquisition necessary for space weather research, hence limiting possible development of space weather products and services that could help address socio-economic challenges. This paper presents the current status of space weather science in Africa from the point of view of some key leaders in this field, focusing on infrastructure, situation, human capital development, and the research landscape.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1791
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Ionosphere ; Space Weather ; Infrastructure ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 57
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    Airspace Contamination by Volcanic Ash from Sequences of Etna Paroxysms: Coupling the WRF-Chem Dispersion Model with Near-Source L-Band Radar Observations (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-03
    Beschreibung: Volcanic emissions (ash, gas, aerosols) dispersed in the atmosphere during explosive eruptions generate hazards affecting aviation, human health, air quality, and the environment. We document for the first time the contamination of airspace by very fine volcanic ash due to sequences of transient ash plumes from Mount Etna. The atmospheric dispersal of sub-10 m (PM10) ash is modelled using the WRF-Chem model, coupled online with meteorology and aerosols and offline with mass eruption rates (MERs) derived from near-vent Doppler radar measurements and inferred plume altitudes. We analyze two sequences of paroxysms with widely varied volcanological conditions and contrasted meteorological synoptic patterns in October–December 2013 and on 3–5 December 2015. We analyze the PM10 ash dispersal simulation maps in terms of time-averaged columnar ash density, concentration at specified flight levels averaged over the entire sequence interval, and daily average concentration during selected paroxysm days at these flight levels. The very fine ash from such eruption sequences is shown to easily contaminate the airspace around the volcano within a radius of about 1000 km in a matter of a few days. Synoptic patterns with relatively weak tropospheric currents lead to the accumulation of PM10 ash at a regional scale all around Etna. In this context, closely interspersed paroxysms tend to accumulate very fine ash more diffusively at a lower troposphere and in stretched ash clouds higher up in the troposphere. Low-pressure, high-winds weather systems tend to stretch ash clouds into ~100 km wide clouds, forming large-scale vortices 800–1600 km in diameter. Daily average PM10 ash concentrations commonly exceed the aviation hazard threshold, up to 1000 km downwind from the volcano and up to the upper troposphere for intense paroxysms. Vertical distributions show ash cloud thicknesses in the range 0.7–3 km, and PM10 sometimes stagnates at ground level, which represent a potential health hazard.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3760
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): WRF-Chem model ; Mount Etna; ; VOLDORAD-2B Doppler radar ; volcanic ash cloud; ; aviation hazards
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  • 58
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    Obsidian Artifacts from Multiple Sources and Subsources at Valdesi in Western Sicily (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-03
    Beschreibung: Forty-two obsidian artifacts excavated at the site of Valdesi in western Sicily were analyzed to determine their geological sources and to reconstruct trade patterns. Non-destructive analysis was performed using a portable, non-destructive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, with the calibrated element’s composition values compared directly with a dataset of geological samples from the Mediterranean and European sources that were analyzed with the same instrument. The results, based on straightforward X-Y graphs using the trace elements Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb, showed the presence of obsidian from two subsources on Lipari (Gabellotto Gorge, Canneto Dentro), two on Pantelleria (Balata dei Turchi, Lago di Venere), and one on Sardinia. The majority coming from Lipari coincided with the location of Valdesi, and nearly 20% came from Pantelleria, both consistent with the overall distribution patterns for Sicily, while the one from Sardinia is a unique discovery. These results are discussed in terms of the time period and context for Valdesi, as well as the open-water and land-based routes that must have been taken.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1093
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): obsidian trade; ; pXRF; ; Sicily ; prehistory ; trace elements
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 59
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    Landslide Mapping in Calitri (Southern Italy) Using New Multi-Temporal InSAR Algorithms Based on Permanent and Distributed Scatterers (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-06
    Beschreibung: MDPI Open Access Journals search menu Journals Remote Sensing Volume 16 Issue 9 10.3390/rs16091610 Download PDFsettingsOrder Article Reprints This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open AccessArticle Landslide Mapping in Calitri (Southern Italy) Using New Multi-Temporal InSAR Algorithms Based on Permanent and Distributed Scatterers by Nicola Angelo Famiglietti 1ORCID,Pietro Miele 1,*ORCID,Marco Defilippi 2,Alessio Cantone 2,Paolo Riccardi 2,Giulia Tessari 2 andAnnamaria Vicari 1ORCID 1 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Irpinia, 83035 Grottaminarda, Italy 2 SarmapSA, 6987 Caslano, Switzerland * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091610 Submission received: 20 March 2024 / Revised: 23 April 2024 / Accepted: 28 April 2024 / Published: 30 April 2024 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslide Inventory Mapping and Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Techniques) Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Versions Notes Abstract Landslides play a significant role in the morpho-evolutional processes of slopes, affecting them globally under various geological conditions. Often unnoticed due to low velocities, they cause diffuse damage and loss of economic resources to the infrastructure or villages built on them. Recognizing and mapping mass movements is crucial for mitigating economic and social impacts. Conventional monitoring techniques prove challenging for large areas, necessitating resource-intensive ground-based networks. Leveraging abundant synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors, satellite techniques offer cost-effective solutions. Among the various methods based on SAR products for detecting landslides, multi-temporal differential interferometry SAR techniques (MTInSAR) stand out for their precise measurement capabilities and spatiotemporal evolution analysis. They have been widely used in several works in the last decades. Using information from the official Italian landslide database (IFFI), this study employs Sentinel-1 imagery and two new processing chains, E-PS and E-SBAS algorithms, to detect deformation areas on the slopes of Calitri, a small town in Southern Italy; these algorithms assess the cumulated displacements and their state of activity. Taking into account the non-linear trends of the scatterers, these innovative algorithms have helped to identify a dozen clusters of points that correspond well with IFFI polygons.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1610
    Beschreibung: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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  • 60
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    Lava Flow Hazard and Its Implication in Geopark Development for the Active Harrat Khaybar Intracontinental Monogenetic Volcanic Field, Saudi Arabia (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-08
    Beschreibung: Harrat Khaybar is an active monogenetic volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia that hosts spectacular monogenetic volcanoes and a Holocene volcanic cone with extensive lava fields. The volcanic region is a subject of intensive land use development, especially along tourism ventures, where the volcanic features are the key elements to utilize for increasing visitation rates to the region. The youngest eruption is suspected to be Holocene and occurred fewer than 5000 years ago based on the cross-cutting relationship between the youngest lava flows and archaeological sites. Lava flows are typical, from p¯ahoehoe to ‘a‘¯a types with great diversity of transitional textural forms. Here, we recorded typical transitional lava flow surface textures from the youngest flows identified by digital-elevation-model-based terrain analysis, satellite imagery, and direct field observations. We performed lava flow simulations using the Q-LavHA plug-in within the QGIS environment. Lava flow simulations yielded satisfactory results if we applied eruptions along fissures, long simulation distances, and ~5 m lava flow thickness. In these simulations, the upper flow regimes were reconstructed well, but long individual lava flows were not possible to simulate, suggesting that morphological steps likely promoted lava ponding, inflation, and sudden deflation by releasing melts further along shallow syneruptive valley networks.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 705
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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  • 61
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    Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy (CLEM): A Multifaceted Tool for the Study of Geological Specimens (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an advanced imaging approach that faces critical challenges in the analysis of both materials and biological specimens. CLEM integrates the strengths of both light and electron microscopy, in a hardware and software correlative environment, to produce a composite image that combines the high resolution of the electron microscope with the large field of view of the light microscope. It enables a more comprehensive understanding of a sample’s microstructure, texture, morphology, and elemental distribution, thereby facilitating the interpretation of its properties and characteristics. CLEM has diverse applications in the geoscience field, including mineralogy, petrography, and geochemistry. Despite its many advantages, CLEM has some limitations that need to be considered. One of its major limitations is the complexity of the imaging process. CLEM requires specialized equipment and expertise, and it can be challenging to obtain high-quality images that are suitable for analysis. In this study, we present a CLEM workflow based on an innovative sample holder design specially dedicated to the examination of thin sections and three-dimensional samples, with a particular emphasis on geosciences.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 74-85
    Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR
    Schlagwort(e): correlative microscopy ; scanning electron microscopy ; light microscopy ; geosciences
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    Performance Comparison of CFD Microbenchmarks on Diverse HPC Architectures (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: OpenFOAM is a CFD software widely used in both industry and academia. The exaFOAM project aims at enhancing the HPC scalability of OpenFOAM, while identifying its current bottlenecks and proposing ways to overcome them. For the assessment of the software components and the code profiling during the code development, lightweight but significant benchmarks should be used. The answer was to develop microbenchmarks, with a small memory footprint and short runtime. The name microbenchmark does not mean that they have been prepared to be the smallest possible test cases, as they have been developed to fit in a compute node, which usually has dozens of compute cores. The microbenchmarks cover a broad band of applications: incompressible and compressible flow, combustion, viscoelastic flow and adjoint optimization. All benchmarks are part of the OpenFOAM HPC Technical Committee repository and are fully accessible. The performance using HPC systems with Intel and AMD processors (x86_64 architecture) and Arm processors (aarch64 architecture) have been benchmarked. For the workloads in this study, the mean performance with the AMD CPU is 62% higher than with Arm and 42% higher than with Intel. The AMD processor seems particularly suited resulting in an overall shorter time-to-solution.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 115
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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    Bottled Mineral Waters as Unconventional Sampling in Hydro-Geological Research (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: Bottled mineral waters originate from groundwater aquifers, their chemical composition being initially determined by geochemical water-rock interaction processes. The waters used for bottling originate from different parts of the hydrological cycle and have a unique hydro-geochemical fingerprint. As water moves through the water cycle, the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecule may change. Determining 18O and 2H can help to characterize the source of bottled water and the natural conditions of the parent water body, of the recharge area, and the influence of various processes during infiltration and water flow within the water body. Usually, the chemical composition is reported on the label of bottled waters, while stable isotopes data are often unreported and are sometimes available from scientific publications. Bottled waters from selected sites of Europe where chemical and stable isotopic composition were available have been considered and accompanying data reinterpreted. The available data have been reinterpreted by obtaining results comparable, within limitations, to traditional sampling and analytical procedures, demonstrating the usefulness of the adopted methodology in emergency cases. Therefore, the utilization of isotopic values of bottled waters should be limited to the observation of general trends in isotopic composition of feeding waters, while more local studies are advised for a better understanding of the hydrogeological circuits.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3466
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): bottled waters ; environmental isotopes ; Europe
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 64
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    Coastal Groundwater Bodies Modelling Using Geophysical Surveys: The Reconstruction of the Geometry of Alluvial Plains in the North-Eastern Sicily (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: The integration of various geophysical methodologies is considered a fundamental tool for accurately reconstructing the extent and shape of a groundwater body and for estimating the physical parameters that characterize it. This is often essential for the management of water resources in areas affected by geological and environmental hazards. This work aims to reconstruct the pattern and extent of two groundwater bodies, located in the coastal sectors of the North-Eastern Sicily, through the integrated analysis and interpretation of several geoelectrical, seismic and geological data. These are the Sant’Agata-Capo D’Orlando (SCGWB) and the Barcelona-Milazzo (BMGWB) Groundwater Bodies, located at the two ends of the northern sector of the Peloritani geological complex. These two studied coastal plains represent densely populated and industrialized areas, in which the quantity and quality of the groundwater bodies are under constant threat. At first, the resistivity models of the two groundwater bodies were realized through the inversion of a dataset of Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES), constrained by stratigraphic well logs data and other geophysical data. The 3D resistivity models obtained by spatially interpolating 1D inverse VES models have allowed for an initial recognition of the distribution of groundwater, as well as a rough geological framework of the subsoil. Subsequently, these models were implemented by integrating results from active and passive seismic data to determine the seismic P and S wave velocities of the main lithotypes. Simultaneous acquisition and interpretation of seismic and electrical tomographies along identical profiles allowed to determine the specific values of seismic velocity, electrical resistivity and chargeability of the alluvial sediments, and to use these values to constrain the HVSR inversion. All this allowed us to recognize the areal extension and thickness of the various lithotypes in the two investigated areas and, finally, to define the depth and the morphology of the base of the groundwater bodies and the thickness of the filling deposits.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1048
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Vertical Electrical Soundings ; active and passive seismics ; well log ; groundwater body ; coastal alluvial plain ; 3D resistivity model
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 65
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    An Integrated Geophysical and Unmanned Aerial Systems Surveys for Multi-Sensory, Multi-Scale and Multi-Resolution Cave Detection: The Gravaglione Site (Canale di Pirro Polje, Apulia) (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: Gravaglione represents one of the main swallow holes of the Canale di Pirro, low Murge, Apulia region, Italy. Here, after an intense rainstorm, a huge volume of rainwater accumulates at the surface. The drainage dynamics suggest that the Gravaglione could be part of a large, and potentially unknown, karst system. To verify this hypothesis and to acquire useful information on the possible karst environment features, an integrated aerial and geophysical multiscale and multimethod approach was applied. In particular, aerial photogrammetry, ground penetrating radar measurements and electrical resistivity tomography surveys were hence conducted and integrated to potentially detect the caves, define the subsurface volume possibly affected by karst systems and to verify the existence of links between the surficial morphology and the subsoil structure. The results provided interesting insights regarding the presence of a complex karst system extending up to 200 m b.g.l. and with a marked 3D nature. Overall, the Gravaglione case study demonstrates the geophysical approach validity and poses the basis for the development of an expeditive and low-cost high-resolution strategy for detecting and characterizing karst caves.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3820
    Beschreibung: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): karst environment ; cave detection ; ground penetrating radar ; electrical resistivity tomography ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 66
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    Sentinel-1 Interferometry and UAV Aerial Survey for Mapping Coseismic Ruptures: Mts. Sibillini vs. Mt. Etna Volcano (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: The survey and structural analysis of surface coseismic ruptures are essential tools for characterizing seismogenic structures. In this work, a procedure to survey coseismic ruptures using satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data, directing the survey using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), is proposed together with a field validation of the results. The Sentinel-1 A/B Interferometric Wide (IW) Swath TOPSAR mode offers the possibility of acquiring images with a short revisit time. This huge amount of open data is extremely useful for geohazards monitoring, such as for earthquakes. Interferograms show the deformation field associated with earthquakes. Phase discontinuities appearing on wrapped interferograms or loss-of-coherence areas could represent small ground displacements associated with the fault’s ruptures. Low-altitude flight platforms such as UAV permit the acquisition of high resolution images and generate 3D spatial geolocalized clouds of data with centimeter-level accuracy. The generated topography maps and orthomosaic images are the direct products of this technology, allowing the possibility of analyzing geological structures from many viewpoints. We present two case studies. The first one is relative to the 2016 central Italian earthquakes, astride which the InSAR outcomes highlighted quite accurately the field displacement of extensional faults in the Mt. Vettore–M. Bove area. Here, the geological effect of the earthquake is represented by more than 35 km of ground ruptures with a complex pattern composed by subparallel and overlapping synthetic and antithetic fault splays. The second case is relative to the Mt. Etna earthquake of 26 December 2018, following which several ground ruptures were detected. The analysis of the unwrapped phase and the application of edge detector filtering and other discontinuity enhancers allowed the identification of a complex pattern of ground ruptures. In the Pennisi and Fiandaca areas different generation of ruptures can be distinguished, while previously unknown ruptures pertaining to the Acireale and Ragalna faults can be identify and analyzed.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2514
    Beschreibung: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): coseismic ruptures ; InSAR ; photogrammetry ; UAV
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 67
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    An Integrated Petrographic, Geomatic and Geophysical Approach for the Characterization of the Carbonate Rocks of the Calcari di Cagliari Formation (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: Abstract: Non-invasive techniques, such as close-range photogrammetry (CRP) and 3D ultrasonic tomography complemented with optical and scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry, were applied to characterize the carbonate rock samples of the Calcari di Cagliari formation. The integrated approach started with the computation of high-resolution 3D models of the carbonate samples using the CRP technique to produce 3D high-resolution models texturized both with natural colors and intensity. Starting from the 3D models from previous techniques, a 3D ultrasonic tomography on each rock sample was accurately planned and carried out in order to detect the elastic properties of such rocks and relate them to textural heterogeneity or internal defects. The results indicate that the relationship between longitudinal velocity and rock properties is complex even in the same carbonate formation. Understanding the relationship between the geomatic and geophysical responses in the investigated rock properties, such as textural characteristics and especially structure and geometry of pores, type of pores, tortuosity and cementing material, is important for many practical applications and especially in the diagnostic process of the conservation state of monumental structures. The integration of the above non-invasive techniques complemented by petrographical–petrophysical data proved to be a powerful method to associate each lithotype with a different susceptibility to degradation. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the proposed integrated use of complementary methodologies would guarantee the reproducibility of the measurements both at the laboratory and field scale for the monitoring in time of the rock condition while giving a useful contribution in making decisions on an appropriate remedial strategy.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 501
    Beschreibung: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): carbonate rocks ; petrographic data ; photogrammetry ; ultrasonic tomography ; integrated interpretation ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 68
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    Seismic Exploration Methods for Structural Studies and for Active Fault Characterization: A Review (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: In this paper, seismic exploration methods are reviewed with a particular emphasis on the use of the reflection seismology to investigate the subsurface structures and characterize active faults. The paper provides a descriptive overview, intended for a non-specialist audience, of the methods and of their recent developments aimed at improving the resolution, accuracy, and computational efficiency of seismic imaging. Techniques such as seismic ray tomography, full-waveform inversion and pre-stack depth migration are briefly introduced, highlighting their potential applications in structural geology studies. The main seismic attributes that have become increasingly important in the interpretation of faults and fractures are also presented, along with some examples of application. Finally, some case studies of active fault characterization are discussed. From these examples, the crucial role played nowadays by the seismic exploration methods for structural studies and for active fault characterization is evident.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 9473
    Beschreibung: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): seismic exploration methods; seismic ray tomography; full-waveform inversion; pre-stack depth migration; seismic anisotropy; seismic attributes
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 69
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    Geophysical Constraints to Reconstructing the Geometry of a Shallow Groundwater Body in Caronia (Sicily) (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: The characterization of a groundwater body involves the construction of a conceptual model that constitutes the base knowledge for monitoring programs, hydrogeological risk assessment, and correct management of water resources. In particular, a detailed geological and geophysical approach was applied to define the alluvial Caronia Groundwater Body (CGWB) and to reconstruct a hydrogeological flow model. The analysis of the CGWB, located in north-eastern Sicily, was initially approached through a reanalysis of previous stratigraphic (boreholes) and geophysical (vertical electrical soundings and seismic refraction profiles) data, subsequently integrated by new seismic acquisitions, such as Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and horizontalto- vertical seismic ratio (HVSR). The analysis and reinterpretation of geoelectrical data allowed the construction of a preliminary 3D resistivity model. This initial modeling was subsequently integrated by a geophysical data campaign in order to define the depth of the bottom of the shallow CGWB and the thickness of alluvial deposits. Finally, a preliminary mathematical model flow was generated in order to reconstruct the dynamics of underground water. The results show that integration of multidisciplinary data represent an indispensable tool for the characterization of complex physical systems.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3206
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): groundwater body ; VES ; HVSR ; MASW ; 3D model ; hydrogeological flow model
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 70
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    Reappraisal and Analysis of Macroseismic Data for Seismotectonic Purposes: The Strong Earthquakes of Southern Calabria, Italy (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: In tectonically active areas, such as the Italian peninsula, studying the faults responsible for strong earthquakes is often challenging, especially when the earthquakes occurred in historical times. In such cases, geoscientists need to integrate all the available information from historical reports, surface geology, and geophysics to constrain the faults responsible for the earthquakes from a seismotectonic point of view. In this paper, we update and review, according to the EMS-98 scale, the macroseismic fields of the five main events of the 1783 Calabria sequence (5, 6, and 7 February, 1 and 28 March, Mw 5.9 to 7.1), two other destructive events within the same epicentral area of the 1783 sequence (1791, Mw 6.1 and 1894, Mw 6.1), plus the Messina Strait 1908 earthquake (Mw 7.1). For the 1783 seismic sequence, we also elaborate an updated and new catalog of coseismic effects. The new macroseismic fields were analyzed using a series of MATLAB algorithms to identify (1) the unitarity of the field or its partitioning in sub-sources and (2) the field and sub-fields’ main elongation. A collection of earthquake scale laws from literature was used to compute the average source parameters (length, width, and area) with their range of variability, and an elliptical map-view representation of the source geometry was calculated and made available. The analyses of such data allow us to speculate on the earthquakes/faults association, as well as propose new interpretations and reconstruct the space–time evolution of the significant southern Calabria seismic sequences in the last five centuries.
    Beschreibung: This research was funded by PRIN 2017 (2017KT2MKE) funds from the Italian Ministry of University and Research awarded to Giusy Lavecchia for the project “Overtime tectonic, dynamic and rheologic control on destructive multiple seismic events—Special Italian Faults and Earthquakes: from real 4D cases to models”.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 212
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): macroseismic data; coseismic effects; historical destructive earthquakes; 1783–1908 earthquakes; scale-laws; seismotectonics; Calabria; Sicily; Italy
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 71
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    Engineering Geological and Geophysical Studies Supporting Finite Element Analysis of Historical Buildings after Dynamic Identification (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: Resonance frequencies of a masonry bell tower were estimated by means of ambient noise measurements and compared with those computed by using fixed base, Winkler, and FE numerical, including subsoil. Given the geological complexity that characterizes the subsurface of the analyzed area, despite the presence of massive volcanic outcrops near the bell tower, we carried out a geophysical characterization of the subsoil by using active and passive seismic surveys. These surveys have identified a soft substrate underneath the construction; for this reason, the dynamic identification of the tower was performed, including the interaction with the soil. The resonance frequencies of the masonry bell tower computed by the models are very similar to those obtained using ambient noise. Results suggest that building resonance frequencies, estimated by ambient noise surveys, can be used because of their reliability especially when quick analyses are required at historical buildings located in seismically active areas needing plan actions to reduce their vulnerability. Moreover, such analyses, being performed on samplings acquired within the structure, allow for estimating its dynamic response, taking into account the effect of subsurface characteristics as well.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the project “CH2V—Cultural Heritage Hazard and Vulnerability” (University of Catania, Linea 2-PIACERI, funds granted to Giovanna Pappalardo).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 84
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): bell tower; earthquake; applied geophysics; geomechanical parameters; dynamic response
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 72
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    Brain–Computer-Interface-Based Smart-Home Interface by Leveraging Motor Imagery Signals (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: In this work, we propose a brain–computer-interface (BCI)-based smart-home interface which leverages motor imagery (MI) signals to operate home devices in real-time. The idea behind MI-BCI is that different types of MI activities will activate various brain regions. Therefore, after recording the user’s electroencephalogram (EEG) data, two approaches, i.e., Regularized Common Spatial Pattern (RCSP) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), analyze these data to classify users’ imagined tasks. In such a way, the user can perform the intended action. In the proposed framework, EEG signals were recorded by using the EMOTIV helmet and OpenVibe, a free and open-source platform that has been utilized for EEG signal feature extraction and classification. After being classified, such signals are then converted into control commands, and the open communication protocol for building automation KNX (“Konnex”) is proposed for the tasks’ execution, i.e., the regulation of two switching devices. The experimental results from the training and testing stages provide evidence of the effectiveness of the users’ intentions classification, which has subsequently been used to operate the proposed home automation system, allowing users to operate two light bulbs.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 91
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
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    Vulnerability Assessment of Art Collections: The National Archaeological Museum “Gaio Cilnio Mecenate” in Arezzo (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: Artworks play a fundamental role in the cultural and economic assets of communities, enhancing their identity and helping with social integration. Despite their importance, they are not always adequately protected against degradation, which can be induced by aging, atmospheric and human-induced occurrences, and catastrophic events. Earthquakes certainly represent one of the main risks for art objects; however, traffic, construction works, and shipment can also represent a threat to art goods. Therefore, the assessment of the vulnerability of art collections to dynamic excitations plays a crucial role in their conservation, and it has been collecting increasing attention from researchers, academics, and museum managers. This work focuses on the vulnerability of the art collections exhibited at the “Gaio Cilnio Mecenate” museum in Arezzo. Namely, it aims to assess the effective dynamic loading experienced by the artworks, which is a function of the dynamic propagation played by the foundation soil, the building, and the displayers used for the exhibition. In this study, the dynamic properties of some of the displayers used for exhibiting the art collections are investigated by performing an experimental survey. The analysis of the experimental data led to the assessment of the proper frequencies of the displayers, which were compared to those of the building and the foundation soil of the museum.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2701
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): art collections ; seismic vulnerability ; seismic safety assessment ; experimental dynamic monitoring ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 74
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    Marine Geohazards of the Bay of Naples (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): A Review Integrating Morpho-Bathymetric and Seismo-Stratigraphic Analysis (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: Marine geohazards in the Bay of Naples, an eruptive region during the late Quaternary, have been assessed based on both morpho-bathymetric and seismic data. Previously identified areas of high marine hazard with slide potential (northern Ischia slope, Naples canyons, and Sorrento Peninsula–Capri slope) have been confirmed and integrated through the seismo-stratigraphic analysis of selected seismic sections. We evaluated the occurrence of important fossil submarine landslides in the stratigraphic record. Several kinds of submarine landslides have been individuated through morpho-bathymetric and seismic interpretation, including creeping, debris avalanches, and debris flows, among others, often controlled by volcanic eruptions. Submarine landslides of Naples Bay are primary geohazards in the marine and coastal areas, which has been ascertained with significant volcanic and tsunami hazards involving the gulf. Despite previous studies on these topics, much work is still needed to compile a systematic database of the submarine landslides of the Bay of Naples, representing a future step of this research.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 393–414
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 75
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    MultiGAS Detection from Airborne Platforms on Italian Volcanic and Geothermal Areas (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: The measurement of volcanic gases, such as CO2 and SO2, emitted from summit craters and fumaroles is crucial to monitor volcanic activity, providing estimations of gases fluxes, and geochemical information that helps to assess the status and the risk level of an active volcano. During high degassing events, the measurement of volcanic emissions is a dangerous task that cannot be performed using hand portable or backpack carried gas analysis systems. Measurements of gases plumes could be safety achieved by using instruments mounted on UAS (Unmanned Aerial System). In this work, we present the measurements of CO2, SO2, and H2S gases collected with a miniaturized MultiGAS instrument during 2021 and 2022 field campaigns. They took place at several thermally active areas in Italy: Pisciarelli (Naples, Italy), Stromboli volcano (Messina, Italy), and Parco Naturalistico delle Biancane (Grosseto, Italy).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2390
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 76
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    A Hidden Eruption: The 21 May 2023 Paroxysm of the Etna Volcano (Italy) (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: On 21 May 2023, a hidden eruption occurred at the Southeast Crater (SEC) of Etna (Italy); indeed, bad weather prevented its direct and remote observation. Tephra fell toward the southwest, and two lava flows propagated along the SEC’s southern and eastern flanks. The monitoring system of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia testified to its occurrence. We analyzed the seismic and infrasound signals to constrain the temporal evolution of the fountain, which lasted about 5 h. We finally reached Etna’s summit two weeks later and found an unexpected pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposit covering the southern lava flow at its middle portion. We performed unoccupied aerial system and field surveys to reconstruct in 3D the SEC, lava flows, and PDC deposits and to collect some samples. The data allowed for detailed mapping, quantification, and characterization of the products. The resulting lava flows and PDC deposit volumes were (1.54 ± 0.47) × 106 m3 and (1.30 ± 0.26) × 105 m3, respectively. We also analyzed ground-radar and satellite data to evaluate that the plume height ranges between 10 and 15 km. This work is a comprehensive analysis of the fieldwork, UAS, volcanic tremor, infrasound, radar, and satellite data. Our results increase awareness of the volcanic activity and potential dangers for visitors to Etna’s summit area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1555
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): remote sensing monitoring system ; Etna paroxysm ; pyroclastic density current ; UAS survey ; fieldwork ; volcanic tremor ; infrasound ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 77
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    The Impact of the Culture Regime on the Metabolome and Anti-Phytopathogenic Activity of Marine Fungal Co-Cultures (2024)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-15
    Beschreibung: Co-cultivation, coupled with the OSMAC approach, is considered an efficient method for expanding microbial chemical diversity through the activation of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). As part of our project aiming to discover new fungal metabolites for crop protection, we previously reported five polyketides, the macrolides dendrodolides E (1) and N (2), the azaphilones spiciferinone (3) and 8α-hydroxy-spiciferinone (4), and the bis-naphtho-γ-pyrone cephalochromin (5) from the solid Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) co-culture of two marine sediment-derived fungi, Plenodomus influorescens and Pyrenochaeta nobilis. However, some of the purified metabolites could not be tested due to their minute quantities. Here we cultivated these fungi (both axenic and co-cultures) in liquid regime using three different media, Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB), and Czapek-Dox Broth (CDB), with or without shaking. The aim was to determine the most ideal co-cultivation conditions to enhance the titers of the previously isolated compounds and to produce extracts with stronger anti-phytopathogenic activity as a basis for future upscaled fermentation. Comparative metabolomics by UPLC-MS/MS-based molecular networking and manual dereplication was employed for chemical profiling and compound annotations. Liquid co-cultivation in PDB under shaking led to the strongest activity against the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans. Except for compound 1, all target compounds were detected in the co-culture in PDB. Compounds 2 and 5 were produced in lower titers, whereas the azaphilones (3 and 4) were overexpressed in PDB compared to PDA. Notably, liquid PDB co-cultures contained meroterpenoids and depside clusters that were absent in the solid PDA co-cultures. This study demonstrates the importance of culture regime in BGC regulation and chemical diversity of fungal strains in co-culture studies.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Boreal (Eemian) Transgression in the Northeastern White Sea Region: Multiproxy Evidence from Bychye-2 Section (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-09
    Beschreibung: Reconstructing interglacial marine environments helps us understand the climate change mechanisms of the past. To contribute to this body of knowledge, we studied a high-resolution 455 cm-thick sediment sequence of the Boreal (Eemian) marine beds directly overlying Moscovian (Saalian) moraine in the Bychye-2 section on the Pyoza River. We analyzed lithological and microfossil (foraminifers, ostracods, pollen, aquatic palynomorphs) variations at the studied site. Stratigraphical zonation is based on the local and well-established regional pollen zones, correlated with the western European pollen zones. The studied marine beds accumulated from the end of the Moscovian glacial (〉131 ka) until ca. 119.5 ka. We distinguished three successive phases: a seasonally sea-ice-covered, relatively deep, freshened basin in the initial rapid flooding stage (〉131–130.5 ka); a deep basin in the maximum flooding phase with less extensive sea ice cover (130.5–130.25 ka); and a shallow basin with reduced sea ice cover (130.25–119.5 ka). According to a pollen zone comparison with other sites, the regional glacioisostatic rebound started ca. 130 ka. The diverse warm-water assemblages of benthic foraminifers and ostracods containing typical Baltic Sea species occurred during the regression, mainly 128–124 ka, thus giving evidence for a relatively long-lasting connection between the White and Baltic Seas.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 79
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    Screening Disinfection Byproducts in Arid-Coastal Wastewater: A Workflow Using GC×GC-TOFMS, Passive Sampling, and NMF Deconvolution Algorithm (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-02
    Beschreibung: Disinfection during tertiary municipal wastewater treatment is a necessary step to control the spread of pathogens; unfortunately, it also gives rise to numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), only a few of which are regulated because of the analytical challenges associated with the vast number of potential DBPs. This study utilized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) passive samplers, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) spectral deconvolution for suspect screening of DBPs in treated wastewater. PDMS samplers were deployed upstream and downstream of the chlorination unit in a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Abu Dhabi, and their extracts were analyzed using GC×GC-TOFMS. A workflow incorporating a multi-tiered, eight-filter screening process was developed, which successfully enabled the reliable isolation of 22 candidate DBPs from thousands of peaks. The NMF spectral deconvolution improved the match factor score of unknown mass spectra to the reference mass spectra available in the NIST library by 17% and facilitated the identification of seven additional DBPs. The close match of the first-dimension retention index data and the GC×GC elution patterns of DBPs, both predicted using the Abraham solvation model, with their respective experimental counterparts—with the measured data available in the NIST WebBook and the GC×GC elution patterns being those observed for the candidate peaks—significantly enhanced the accuracy of peak assignment. Isotopic pattern analysis revealed a close correspondence for 11 DBPs with clearly visible isotopologues in reference spectra, thereby further strengthening the confidence in the peak assignment of these DBPs. Brominated analogues were prevalent among the detected DBPs, possibly due to seawater intrusion. The fate, behavior, persistence, and toxicity of tentatively identified DBPs were assessed using EPI Suite™ and the CompTox Chemicals Dashboard. This revealed their significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, including developmental, mutagenic, and endocrine-disrupting effects in certain DBPs. Some DBPs also showed activity in various CompTox bioassays, implicating them in adverse molecular pathways. Additionally, 11 DBPs demonstrated high environmental persistence and resistance to biodegradation. This combined approach offers a powerful tool for future research and environmental monitoring, enabling accurate identification and assessment of DBPs and their potential risks.
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  • 80
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    The Impact of Climate Change on Vulnerable Populations (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-11-22
    Beschreibung: Climate change and urban development threaten health, undermine coping and deepen existing social and environmental inequities. A changing global environment requires transformative social responses: new partnerships, deep engagement with local communities, and innovations to strengthen individual and collective assets. The chapters of this proposed edited volume will be contributed mainly by established and emerging scholars from individuals, representing social work, sociology, development studies, law, government, social anthropology, urbanism, The chapters of this proposed edited volume will be contributed mainly by established and emerging scholars from individuals representing social work, sociology, development studies, public policy, and other social sciences This book is to be used for academics, policy makers, social work students, lecturers and other stakeholders to promote advocacy for vulnerable client groups affected by Climate Change. It gives some measure of hope and make the invisible visible to change.
    Schlagwort(e): Social Science ; Sociology ; Social Science ; Urban ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSG Urban communities
    Sprache: Englisch
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    E-BOOK
  • 81
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    The Coastal Areas of the Bay of Naples: The Sedimentary Dynamics and Geological Evolution of the Naples Canyons (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-08-29
    Beschreibung: The sedimentary dynamics and geological evolution of the Naples canyons during the Late Quaternary have been studied based on sedimentological and seismo-stratigraphic data. Several factors, including the sedimentary environments, tectonic setting, and volcanic eruptions, have controlled the geological evolution of the coastal and marine areas of the Bay of Naples. The main data and methods include the sedimentological data analysis, the seismo-stratigraphic techniques applied in the geological interpretation of seismic profiles, and the integrated analysis of core data that were previously published. The formation of the Dohrn canyon is controlled by fluvial processes, active in correspondence with the palaeo-Schiazzano River system and by the main eruptive events involving the submarine portion of Naples Bay, including the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI; 39 ky B.P.) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT; 15 ky B.P.). The formation of the Magnaghi canyon is controlled by erosional processes on the continental slope of Procida Island, which was active during the last eruptive phases of the island (Solchiaro Formation; 18 ky B.P.), triggering high rates of volcaniclastic supply.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 226
    Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 82
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    Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily-Italy)-Part A: Major Ions (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-08-29
    Beschreibung: The chemical composition of rainwater was studied in two highly-industrialised areas in Sicily (southern Italy), between June 2018 and July 2019. The study areas were characterised by large oil refining plants and other industrial hubs whose processes contribute to the release of large amounts of gaseous species that can affect the chemical composition of atmospheric deposition As in most of the Mediterranean area, rainwater acidity (ranging in the study area between 3.9 and 8.3) was buffered by the dissolution of abundant geogenic carbonate aerosol. In particular, calcium and magnesium cations showed the highest pH-neutralizing factor, with ~92% of the acidity brought by SO42- and NO3- neutralized by alkaline dust. The lowest pH values were observed in samples collected after abundant rain periods, characterised by a less significant dry deposition of alkaline materials. Electrical Conductivity (ranging between 7 µS cm-1 and 396 µS cm-1) was inversely correlated with the amount of rainfall measured in the two areas. Concentrations of major ionic species followed the sequence Cl- 〉 Na+ 〉 SO42- ≃ HCO3- 〉 ≃ Ca2+ 〉 NO3- 〉 Mg2+ 〉 K+ 〉 F-. High loads of Na+ and Cl- (with a calculated R2 = 0.99) reflected proximity to the sea. Calcium, potassium, and non-sea-salt magnesium had a prevalent crustal origin. Non-sea salt sulphate, nitrate, and fluoride can be attributed mainly to anthropogenic sources. Mt. Etna, during eruptive periods, may be also considered, on a regional scale, a significant source for fluoride, non-sea salt sulphate, and even chloride.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3898
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): acidity neutralization ; anthropogenic source ; atmospheric deposition ; major ions ; marine source ; 01.01. Atmosphere
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 83
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    Lagrangian Particle Dispersion in a Poor Man’s Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence Model (2023)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-09-06
    Beschreibung: Lagrangian dispersion of fluid particle pairs refers to the study of how individual fluid particles disperse and move in a fluid flow, providing insights to understand transport phenomena in various environments, from laminar to turbulent conditions. Here, we explore this phenomenon in synthetic velocity and magnetic fields generated through a reduced-order model of the magnetohy- drodynamic equations, which is able to mimic both a laminar and a turbulent environment. In the case of laminar conditions, we find that the average square distance between particle pairs increases linearly with time, implying a dispersion pattern similar to Brownian motion at all time steps. On the other hand, under turbulent conditions, surprisingly enough we observe a Richardson scaling, indicating a super-ballistic dispersion pattern, which aligns with the expected scaling properties for a turbulent environment. Additionally, our study reveals that the magnetic field plays an organizing role. Lastly, we explore a purely hydrodynamic case without magnetic field effects, showing that, even in a turbulent environment, the behavior remains Brownian-like, highlighting the crucial role of the magnetic field in generating the Richardson scaling observed in our model.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 662
    Beschreibung: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 84
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    Monitoring CO2 Hazards of Volcanic Origin: A Case Study at the Island of Vulcano (Italy) during 2021–2022 (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-09-07
    Beschreibung: The La Fossa volcano is near the inhabited zone of the island of Vulcano and is a suitable case for studying gas sources of different geological origins. Since the last eruption, fumarolic-solfataric ac-tivity has interested this area with fumarolic emissions, mainly at the top of the volcanic cone and at Vulcano Porto. In recent decades, the anomalous degassing zones on the island have not significantly changed their location. On the contrary, there have been several significant changes in the emission rate due to the addition of volcanic gas. In these zones, CO2 flux from the ground is responsible for a decrease in the indoor air quality. A recent increase in volcanic degassing led to an increase in the gas hazard in the inhabited area of Vulcano Island, and people were temporarily displaced from Vulcano Porto. The results of this study show that a monitoring system can be used for the early detection of transients in soil CO2 flux (φCO2) in the anomalous degassing zone of Vulcano. Syn-chronous monitoring of φCO2 and outdoor air CO2 concentration has shown variations in volcanic degassing that affect outdoor air CO2 concentration in the populated zone of Faraglione.
    Beschreibung: This research was funded by Dipartimento di Protezione Civile—Convenzione DPC-INGV 2019–2021 All.B2, WP Vulcani, Task 16; Scientific Advisor and Project Manager: Sergio Gurrieri.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 266
    Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse
    Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): soil CO2 flux ; volcano monitoring ; volcanic unrest ; gas hazard ; air CO2 concentration ; volcanic hazard ; geochemistry ; diffuse degassing ; Vulcano ; Aeolian islands ; geochemical monitoring networdk ; indoor CO2
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 85
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    Multiparametric Monitoring System of Mt. Melbourne Volcano (Victoria Land, Antarctica) (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-09-11
    Beschreibung: Volcano monitoring is the key approach in mitigating the risks associated with volcanic phenomena. Although Antarctic volcanoes are characterized by remoteness, the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption and the 2022 Hunga eruption have reminded us that even the farthest and/or least-known volcanoes can pose significant hazards to large and distant communities. Hence, it is important to also develop monitoring systems in the Antarctic volcanoes, which involves installing and maintaining multiparametric instrument networks. These tasks are particularly challenging in polar regions as the instruments have to face the most extreme climate on the Earth, characterized by very low temperatures and strong winds. In this work, we describe the multiparametric monitoring system recently deployed on the Melbourne volcano (Victoria Land, Antarctica), consisting of seismic, geochemical and thermal sensors together with powering, transmission and acquisition systems. Particular strategies have been applied to make the monitoring stations efficient despite the extreme weather conditions. Fumarolic ice caves, located on the summit area of the Melbourne volcano, were chosen as installation sites as they are protected places where no storm can damage the instruments and temperatures are close to 0 °C all year round. In addition, the choice of instruments and their operating mode has also been driven by the necessity to reduce energy consumption. Indeed, one of the most complicated tasks in Antarctica is powering a remote instrument year-round. The technological solutions found to implement the monitoring system of the Melbourne volcano and described in this work can help create volcano monitoring infrastructures in other polar environments.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 7594
    Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Antarctica ; extreme weather conditions ; sensor network ; volcano monitoring
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 86
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    Wildfire Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks and PRISMA Hyperspectral Imagery: A Spatial-Spectral Analysis (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-10-12
    Beschreibung: The exacerbation of wildfires, attributed to the effects of climate change, presents substantial risks to ecological systems, infrastructure, and human well-being. In the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to climate action, prioritizing the assessment and management of the occurrence and intensity of extensive wildfires is of utmost importance. In recent times, there has been a significant increase in the frequency and severity of widespread wildfires worldwide, affecting several locations, including Australia, Italy, and the United States of America. The presence of complex phenomena marked by limited predictability leads to significant negative impacts on biodiversity and human lives. The utilization of satellite-derived data with neural networks, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), is a potentially advantageous approach for augmenting the monitoring capabilities of wildfires. This research examines the generalization capability of four neural network models, namely the fully connected (FC), one-dimensional (1D) CNN, two-dimensional (2D) CNN, and three-dimensional (3D) CNN model. Each model’s performance, as measured by accuracy, recall, and F1 scores, is assessed through K-fold cross-validation. Subsequently, T-statistics and p-values are computed based on these metrics to conduct a statistical comparison among the different models, allowing us to quantify the degree of similarity or dissimilarity between them. By using training data from Australia and Sicily, the performances of the trained model are evaluated on the test dataset from Oregon. The results are promising, with cross-validation on the training dataset producing mean precision, recall, and F1 scores ranging between approximately 0.97 and 0.98. Especially, the fully connected model has superior generalization capabilities, whilst the 3D CNN offers more refined and less distorted classifications. However, certain issues, such as false fire detection and confusion between smoke and shadows, persist. The aforementioned methodologies offer significant perspectives on the capabilities of neural network technologies in supporting the detection and management of wildfires. These approaches address the crucial matter of domain transferability and the associated dependability of predictions in new regions. This study makes a valuable contribution to the ongoing efforts in climate change by assisting in monitoring and managing wildfires.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4855
    Beschreibung: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): wildfire ; PRISMA ; Convolutional Neural Networks ; hyperspectral
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 87
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    Evaluation of Vertical Profiles and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure Using the Regional Climate Model CCLM during MOSAiC (2023)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Meteorology, MDPI, 2(2), pp. 257-275, ISSN: 2674-0494
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-09-15
    Beschreibung: 〈jats:p〉Regional climate models are a valuable tool for the study of the climate processes and climate change in polar regions, but the performance of the models has to be evaluated using experimental data. The regional climate model CCLM was used for simulations for the MOSAiC period with a horizontal resolution of 14 km (whole Arctic). CCLM was used in a forecast mode (nested in ERA5) and used a thermodynamic sea ice model. Sea ice concentration was taken from AMSR2 data (C15 run) and from a high-resolution data set (1 km) derived from MODIS data (C15MOD0 run). The model was evaluated using radiosonde data and data of different profiling systems with a focus on the winter period (November–April). The comparison with radiosonde data showed very good agreement for temperature, humidity, and wind. A cold bias was present in the ABL for November and December, which was smaller for the C15MOD0 run. In contrast, there was a warm bias for lower levels in March and April, which was smaller for the C15 run. The effects of different sea ice parameterizations were limited to heights below 300 m. High-resolution lidar and radar wind profiles as well as temperature and integrated water vapor (IWV) data from microwave radiometers were used for the comparison with CCLM for case studies, which included low-level jets. LIDAR wind profiles have many gaps, but represent a valuable data set for model evaluation. Comparisons with IWV and temperature data of microwave radiometers show very good agreement.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , peerRev
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  • 88
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    Polar Cap Patches Scaling Properties: Insights from Swarm Data (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-10-31
    Beschreibung: Among the effects of space weather, the degradation of air traffic communications and satellite-based navigation systems are the most notable. For this reason, it is of uttermost importance to understand the nature and origin of ionospheric irregularities that are at the base of the observed communication outages. Here we focus on polar cap patches (PCPs) that constitute a special class of ionospheric irregularities observed at very high latitudes in the F region. To this purpose we use the so-called PCP flag, a Swarm Level 2 product, that allows for identifying PCPs. We relate the presence of PCPs to the values of the first- and second-order scaling exponents and intermittency estimated from Swarm A electron density fluctuations and to the values of the Rate Of change of electron Density Index (RODI) for two different levels of geomagnetic activity, over a time span of approximately 3.5 years starting on 16 July 2014. Our findings show that values of RODI, first- and second-order scaling exponents and intermittency corresponding to measurements taken inside PCPs differ from those corresponding to measurements taken outside PCPs. Additionally, the values of the first- and second-order scaling exponents and of intermittency indicate that PCPs are in a turbulent state. Investigation of the coincidence of loss of lock (LoL) events with PCPs displayed that approximately 57.4% of LoLs in the Northern hemisphere and 45.7% in the Southern hemisphere occur in coincidence of PCPs when disturbed geomagnetic activity is considered. During quiet geomagnetic conditions these percentages decrease to 51.4% in the Northern hemisphere and to 20.1% in the Southern hemisphere.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4320
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 89
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    An Updating of the IONORT Tool to Perform a High-Frequency Ionospheric Ray Tracing (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-10-27
    Beschreibung: This paper describes the main updates characterizing the new version of IONORT (IONOsperic Ray Tracing), a software tool developed at Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia to determine both the path of a high frequency (HF) radio wave propagating in the ionospheric medium, and the group time delay of the wave itself along the path. One of the main changes concerns the replacement of a regional three-dimensional electron density matrix, which was previously taken as input to represent the ionosphere, with a global one. Therefore, it is now possible to carry out different ray tracings from whatever point of the Earth’s surface, simply by selecting suitable loop cycles thanks to the new ray tracing graphical user interface (GUI). At the same time, thanks to a homing GUI, it is also possible to generate synthetic oblique ionograms for whatever radio link chosen by the user. Both ray tracing and homing GUIs will be described in detail providing at the same time some practical examples of their use for different regions. IONORT software finds practical application in the planning of HF radio links, exploiting the sky wave, through an accurate and thorough knowledge of the ionospheric medium. HF radio waves users, including broadcasting and civil aviation, would benefit from the use of the IONORT software (version 2023.10).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 5111
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): ionospheric HF ray tracing ; homing ; three-dimensional electron density ; iRI model ; oblique sounding ; space weather ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 90
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    Co-Creating GIS-Based Dashboards to Democratize Knowledge on Urban Resilience Strategies: Experience with Camerino Municipality (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-07
    Beschreibung: Natural hazards are increasingly threatening our communities; hence it is imperative to provide communities with reliable information on possible impacts of such disasters, and on resilience measures that can be adopted to recover from disasters. To increase the engagement of various stakeholders in decision-making processes related to resilience to natural hazards, problem-specific information needs to be presented to them in a language understandable to non-experts in the field. To this end, this paper illustrates experimentation with low-code platforms for fast digitalization of resilience reports, incorporating the perspectives of various stakeholders in the analysis, thus making informed decision-making practicable. We present a co-creation-based approach to develop GIS-based user-friendly dashboards in support to the identification of resilience strategies against natural hazards; this approach has been developed within the framework of the European project ARCH. Urban areas are regarded as complex social-ecological systems whose various dimensions should be considered in this resilience endeavor, during all phases of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation cycle. The work presented in this paper specifically targets the possible impacts and risks that might affect the cultural heritage subsystems of our cities, generally underrepresented in the international literature related to urban resilience assessment. We describe how we applied our approach to the Camerino municipality, a historic Italian town exposed to seismic risk, which was struck by a severe earthquake sequence in 2016–2017 and discuss the results of our experience.
    Beschreibung: The research activities have been funded by the project “ARCH—Advancing Resilience of historic areas against Climate-related and other Hazards” funded by Horizon 2020—European Union Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No. 820999. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME, nor REA, nor the European Commission is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The work is also funded by Project 1.7 “Technologies for the efficient penetration of the electric vector in the final uses” within the “Electrical System Research” PTR 22–24.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 65
    Beschreibung: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): urban resilience ; cultural heritage ; geographic information system ; seismic risk ; knowledge representation ; climate change ; 05.08. Risk ; 05.06. Methods
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  • 91
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    Impact of SO2 Flux Estimation in the Modeling of the Plume of Mount Etna Christmas 2018 Eruption and Comparison against Multiple Satellite Sensors (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-11-20
    Beschreibung: In this study, we focus on the eruption of Mount Etna on Christmas 2018, which emitted great amounts of SO2 from 24th to 30th December into the free troposphere. Simulations based on two different estimations of SO2 emission fluxes are conducted with the chemistry-transport model MOCAGE in order to study the impact of these estimations on the volcanic plume modeling. The two flux emissions used are retrieved (1) from the ground-based network FLAME, located on the flank of the volcano, and (2) from the spaceborne instrument SEVIRI onboard the geostationary satellite MSG. Multiple spaceborne observations, in the infrared and ultraviolet bands, are used to evaluate the model results. Overall, the model results match well with the plume location over the period of the eruption showing the good transport of the volcanic plume by the model, which is linked to the use of a realistic estimation of the altitude of injection of the emissions. However, there are some discrepancies in the plume concentrations of SO2 between the two simulations, which are due to the differences between the two emission flux estimations used that are large on some of the days. These differences are linked to uncertainties in the retrieval methods and observations used to derive SO2 volcanic fluxes. We find that the uncertainties in the satellite-retrieved column of SO2 used for the evaluation of the simulations, linked to the instrument sensitivity and/or the retrieval algorithm, are sometimes nearly as large as the differences between the two simulations. This shows a limitation of the use of satellite retrievals of SO2 concentrations to quantitatively validate modeled volcanic plumes. In the paper, we also discuss approaches to improve the simulation of SO2 concentrations in volcanic plumes through model improvements and also via more advanced methods to more effectively use satellite-derived products.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 758
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 92
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    Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Black Locust) Leaflets as Biomonitors of Airborne Microplastics (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-21
    Beschreibung: Here we investigate the suitability of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) leaflets as a novel biomonitor of airborne microplastics (MPs) including tyre wear particles (TWPs). Leaflets were collected from rural roadside locations (ROs, n = 5) and urban parks (UPs, n = 5) in Siena, Italy. MPs were removed by washing, identified by stereomicroscope, and analysed for polymer type by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Daily MP deposition was estimated from leaf area. The mass magnetic susceptibility and the bioaccumulation of traffic-related potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were also analysed. The total number of MPs at ROs was significantly higher at 2962, dominated by TWPs, compared with 193 in UPs, where TWPs were not found. In contrast, total microfibres were significantly higher in UPs compared with ROs (185 vs. 86). Daily MP deposition was estimated to range from 4.2 to 5.1 MPs/m2/d across UPs and 29.9–457.6 MPs/m2/d across ROs. The polymer types at ROs were dominated by rubber (80%) from TWPs, followed by 15% polyamide (PA) and 5% polysulfone (PES), while in UPs the proportion of PES (44%) was higher than PA (22%) and polyacrylonitrile (11%). The mean mass magnetic susceptibility, a proxy of the bioaccumulation of traffic-related metallic particles, was higher at ROs (0.62 ± 0.01 10–8 m3/kg) than at UPs (–0.50 ± 0.03 10–8 m3/kg). The content of PTEs was similar across sites, except for significantly higher concentrations of Sb, a tracer of vehicle brake wear, at ROs (0.308 ± 0.008 µg/g) compared with UPs (0.054 ± 0.006 µg/g). Our results suggest that the waxy leaflets and easy determination of surface area make Robinia an effective biomonitor for airborne MPs including TWPs.
    Beschreibung: this work was partially supported by the INGV project Pianeta Dinamico CHIOMA (CUP D53J19000170001) funded by MUR (Ministry of University and Research).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1456
    Beschreibung: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Seasonal Transitions in the Thermosphere Inferred from Ionospheric Observations (2023)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-29
    Beschreibung: Ionospheric observations along with CHAMP/STAR neutral gas density measurements were used to retrieve thermospheric parameters and to check whether the equinox transition season exists separately from the December solstice and June solstice seasons. Juliusruh and Boulder ionosonde stations located in “far-from-pole” and “near-pole” longitudinal sectors were analyzed during deep solar minimum in 2008–2009. The results were compared to GOLD column O/N2 ratio observations. The retrieved thermospheric parameters have shown that equinoctial transition period exists separately from the winter one at Juliusruh, while column O/N2 ratios, exospheric temperatures Tex, and vertical plasma drifts related to thermospheric winds retrieved at Boulder for the winter season do not significantly differ from vernal values. This means that the December solstice season just does not exist as it merges with the vernal season in the “near-pole” longitudinal sector. The obtained results indicate that two longitudinal sectors manifest different seasonal variations both in thermospheric circulation and neutral composition.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2022
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 94
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    Song Notes and Patterns of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Ionian Sea (2023)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-29
    Beschreibung: The Mediterranean fin whale emits two types of 20-Hz calls, known as “classic” and “backbeat”, that can be produced in irregular series or in patterned sequences called songs. The analysis of songs is recognized as a meaningful approach to study baleen whales and can be used to investigate populations’ identities. Mediterranean fin whale songs have been studied previously, but only in the western Mediterranean Sea. This work describes the structure of the songs recorded in the Ionian Sea. The inter-note intervals and the alternation of 20-Hz note types were considered to assess the occurrence of recurring patterns. Differences between patterned songs and irregular sequences were also investigated. Acoustic data were sampled continuously for about 10 months by the cabled observatory NEMO-SN1, deployed at 2100 m depth, 25 km offshore Catania; 28 call sequences were isolated and 10 of these were classified as either patterned songs or irregular sequences. Significant differences were observed in the spectral features of classic notes between songs and irregulars; four-note patterns were found repeatedly over different months, indicating a regular structure in detected songs. This work establishes a reference to interpret Mediterranean fin whale songs, and to assess the acoustic behavior of the population.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2057
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): cabled observatories ; acoustic communication ; fin whale ; mediterranean subpopulation ; Ionian Sea ; EMSO ; 20-Hz songs
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 95
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    The Use of Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery to Assist in the Monitoring of the Time Evolution of Challenging Coastal Environments: A Case Study of the Basilicata Coast (2023)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-06
    Beschreibung: This study focuses on a very complex environment, namely the Ionian coast of the Basilicata region, Southern Italy, which includes different kinds of beaches, river mouths and built-up areas. This complex environment is used as a test case to analyze the time variability of the coastline using measurements that were remotely sensed by the satellite European Copernicus Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mission. First, the accuracy of the coastline, extracted by the SAR, is discussed with respect to finer-spatial-resolution drone-based light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurements. Then, a time series of SAR dual-polarimetric measurements acquired by the European Copernicus mission is used to discuss the time variability of the coastline of the area of interest in a time period spanning from 2015 to 2021. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the SAR-based coastline is better than 15 m, which is reasonably good precision for monitoring the erosion/accretion processes that characterize the area of interest at a moderate scale. The estimated time variability of the extracted coastline suggests a dominant erosion process, which is always within 60 m.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 212
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Towards a National-Scale Dataset of Geotechnical and Hydrological Soil Parameters for Shallow Landslide Modeling (2023)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-27
    Beschreibung: One of the main constraints in assessing shallow landslide hazards through physically based models is the need to characterize the geotechnical parameters of the involved materials. Indeed, the quantity and quality of input data are closely related to the reliability of the results of every model used, therefore data acquisition is a critical and time-consuming step in every research activity. In this perspective, we reviewed all official certificates of tests performed through 30 years at the Geotechnics Laboratory of the Earth Science Department (University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy), compiling a dataset in which 380 points are accurately geolocated and provide information about one or more geotechnical parameters used in slope stability modeling. All tests performed in the past (in the framework of previous research programs, agreements of cooperation, or to support didactic activities) were gathered, homogenized, digitalized, and geotagged. The dataset is based on both on-site tests and laboratory tests, it accounts for 40 attributes, among which 13 are descriptive (e.g., lithology or location) and 27 may be of direct interest in slope stability modeling as input parameters. The dataset is made openly available and can be useful for scientists or practitioners committed to landslide modeling.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 37
    Beschreibung: 4IT. Banche dati
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Geotechnics ; Hydrology ; Slope stability ; Landslide ; Modeling ; Geotechnical database ; Input data ; Cohesion ; Internal friction angle ; Permeability ; 04.04. Geology ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 05.02. Data dissemination
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    One-Year Seismic Survey of the Tectonic CO2-Rich Site of Mefite d'Ansanto (Southern Italy): Preliminary Insights in the Seismic Noise Wavefield (2023)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-27
    Beschreibung: A passive seismic experiment is carried out at the non-volcanic highly degassing site of Mefite d'Ansanto located at the northern tip of the Irpinia region (southern Italy), where the 1980 MS 6.9 destructive earthquake occurred. Between 2020 and 2021, background seismic noise was recorded by deploying a broadband seismic station and a seismic array composed of seven 1 Hz three-component sensors. Using two different array configurations, we were allowed to explore in detail the 1-20 Hz frequency band of the seismic noise wavefield as well as Rayleigh wave phase velocities in the 400-800 m/s range. Spectral analyses and array techniques were applied to one year of data showing that the frequency content of the signal is very stable in time. High frequency peaks are likely linked to the emission source, whereas at low frequencies seismic noise is clearly correlated to meteorological parameters. The results of this study show that small aperture seismic arrays probe the subsurface of tectonic CO2-rich emission areas and contribute to the understanding of the link between fluid circulation and seismogenesis in seismically active regions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1630
    Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Mefite d’Ansanto; array analysis; seismic survey; spectral analysis; tectonic CO2-rich site
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 98
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    Web Mapping and Real–Virtual Itineraries to Promote Feasible Archaeological and Environmental Tourism in Versilia (Italy) (2023)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-28
    Beschreibung: The Versilia plain (NW Italy) experiences forms of tourism that are mainly limited to the beach area and concentrated in the summer season. The area is rich in cultural and natural heritage, not yet adequately enhanced. The presence of four local archaeological museums and a natural park offers a great opportunity to favour feasible archaeological and environmental tourism. The aim of this study is to use a holistic methodology to improve a different type of tourism in the study area. We propose a consilient multidisciplinary approach based on geological, biological and archaeological data in order to enhance the cultural and natural heritage of the Versilia plain. We have based our study on the reconstruction of palaeoenvironment maps showing the evolution of the territory and used them as a leitmotiv to link the archaeological museums and the natural park. We define real and virtual itineraries to create a synergy between the most important archaeological and natural sites and museums. It is possible to promote a different type of tourism in the study area by decreasing human impact and creating a relationship between the fragmented natural and archaeological heritage. Palaeoenvironment maps and real and virtual itineraries can be consulted with the aid of a web application, more specifically web mapping, developed with free and open-source libraries. The web mapping also contains other geological, geomorphological and archaeological datasets, which allow to understand the evolution of the environment and the cultural and natural heritage of the study area. The dataset available on the web mapping is also downloadable.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 460
    Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Different Ground Subsidence Contributions Revealed by Integrated Discussion of Sentinel-1 Datasets, Well Discharge, Stratigraphical and Geomorphological Data: The Case of the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Southern Italy) (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-28
    Beschreibung: Groundwater is the main water supply for agricultural and industrial needs in many coastal plains worldwide. Groundwater depletion often triggers land subsidence, which threatens manmade infrastructure and activities and aggravates other geohazards. We applied a multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique to Sentinel-1 datasets to detect ground motion in the Gioia Tauro plain (Calabria, Southern Italy) from 2018 to 2021. The InSAR data were analysed through the integrated use of groundwater head, stratigraphical and geomorphological data, and land use information to distinguish the potential subsidence divers. The results show that subsiding areas, with a mean rate of about 10 mm/yr, are in the middle of the plain, and their location is influenced by the spatial distribution of compressible sediments included in the shallow aquifer. Furthermore, the subsidence arrangement is spatially accordant with the main groundwater depression area, which can be ascribed to the ongoing and increasing water pumping for predominantly agricultural usage. We also observed that subsidence (up to 10 mm/yr) affects the western dock of the Gioia Tauro harbour, in front of which, in very shallow water, are two submarine canyon heads already affected by slides in the past.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2926
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Gioia Tauro plain ; groundwater exploitation ; land use change ; InSAR
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Integration of Remote Sensing and Offshore Geophysical Data for Monitoring the Short-Term Morphological Evolution of an Active Volcanic Flank: A Case Study from Stromboli Island (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-28
    Beschreibung: The Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) collapse scar at Stromboli is an active volcanic area affected by rapid morphological changes due to explosive/effusive eruptions and mass-wasting processes. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of an integrated analysis of multi-temporal remote sensing (photogrammetry, COSMO-SkyMed Synthetic Aperture Radar amplitude image) and marine geophysical data (multibeam and side scan sonar data) to characterize the main morphological, textural, and volumetric changes that occurred along the SdF slope in the 2020–2021 period. The analysis showed the marked erosive potential of the 19 May 2021 pyroclastic density current generated by a crater rim collapse, which mobilized a minimum volume of 44,000 m^3 in the upper Sciara del Fuoco slope and eroded 350,000–400,000 m^3 of material just considering the shallow-water setting. The analysis allowed us also to constrain the main factors controlling the emplacement of different lava flows and overflows during the monitored period. Despite the morphological continuity between the subaerial and submarine slope, textural variations in the SdF primarily depend on different processes and characteristics of the subaerial slope, the coastal area, the nearshore, and “deeper” marine areas.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4605
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Stromboli ; hazard ; active volcano ; morphological changes ; UAV flight ; remote sensing ; multibeam bathymetry ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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