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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Developing novel and more effective treatments that improve quality of life for individuals with autism spectrum disorders is urgently needed. To date a wide range of behavioral interventions have been shown to be safe and effective for improving language and cognition and adaptive behavior in children and adolescents with ASD. However many people with ASD can receive additional benefit from targeted pharmacological interventions. One of the major drawback in setting up therapeutics intervention is the remarkable individual differences found across individuals with ASD. As a matter of fact the medications that are currently available address only symptoms associated with ASD and not the core domains of social and communication dysfunction. The pathogenesis paradigm shift of ASD towards synaptic abnormalities moved the research to pathway to disease that involve multiple systems and that are becoming the forefront of ASD treatment and are pointing toward the development of new targeted treatments. Some new therapeutics have been tested and others are being studied. In this context single gene disorders frequently associated with ASD such as Rett Syndrome, Fragile X and Tuberous Sclerosis have been of significant aid as neurobiology of these disorders is more clear and has a potential to shed light on the altered signaling in ASD. However much research is needed to further understand the basic mechanisms of disease and the relationship to idiopathic ASD. Clinical trials in children are underway with agents directed to core symptoms and to the associated disorders in the search of new therapeutics and progress are expected with possible new option for therapeutics in ASD in the upcoming future. Children and Adolescents with ASD and their families can provide important information about their experience with new treatments and this should be a priority for future research. In addition, research performed on genetic mouse models of ASD will keep on providing useful information on the molecular pathways disrupted in the disease, thus contributing to identify novel drug targets.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RJ1-570 ; Clinical Trial ; mouse model ; neurodevelopmental disorder ; Genetics ; autism ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Taylor & Francis | Anthropologies of Cancer in Transnational Worlds | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: Cancer is a transnational condition involving the unprecedented flow of health information, technologies, and people across national borders. Such movement raises questions about the nature of therapeutic citizenship, how and where structurally vulnerable populations obtain care, and the political geography of blame associated with this disease. This volume brings together cutting-edge anthropological research carried out across North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia, representing low-, middle- and high-resource countries with a diversity of national health care systems. Contributors ethnographically map the varied nature of cancer experiences and articulate the multiplicity of meanings that survivorship, risk, charity and care entail. They explore institutional frameworks shaping local responses to cancer and underlying political forces and structural variables that frame individual experiences. Of particular concern is the need to interrogate underlying assumptions of research designs that may lead to the naturalizing of hidden agendas or intentions. Running throughout the chapters, moreover, are considerations of moral and ethical issues related to cancer treatment and research. Thematic emphases include the importance of local biologies in the framing of cancer diagnosis and treatment protocols, uncertainty and ambiguity in definitions of biosociality, shifting definitions of patienthood, and the sociality of care and support.
    Keywords: cancer ; anthropological research ; health ; anthropology ; cancer ; anthropological research ; health ; anthropology ; Brazil ; Breast cancer ; Genetic testing ; Genetics ; Oncogenomics ; Public health ; São Paulo ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBS Medical sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSX Human biology::PSXM Medical anthropology
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords:  Viruses ; Genetics ; Host-virus interaction ; Epidemiology ; Immunity ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFN Medical genetics
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: The Routledge History of Disease draws on innovative scholarship in the history of medicine to explore the challenges involved in writing about health and disease throughout the past and across the globe, presenting a varied range of case studies and perspectives on the patterns, technologies and narratives of disease that can be identified in the past and that continue to influence our present. Organized thematically, chapters examine particular forms and conceptualizations of disease, covering subjects from leprosy in medieval Europe and cancer screening practices in twentieth-century USA to the ayurvedic tradition in ancient India and the pioneering studies of mental illness that took place in nineteenth-century Paris, as well as discussing the various sources and methods that can be used to understand the social and cultural contexts of disease. Chapter 24 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315543420.ch24
    Keywords: Abigail Woods ; Akihito Suzuki ; Alannah Tomkins ; Arthur W. Frank ; Brian Hurwitz ; Catherine Rider ; Christoph Gradmann ; contagion ; David Cantor ; David M. Turner ; Dominik Wujastyk ; disability ; Elena Carrera ; Elma Brenner ; Fay Bound Alberti ; Genetics ; Havi Carel ; Helen Bynum ; Jana Funke ; Julie Anderson ; Katherine Foxhall ; Katrina Ford ; Leprosy ; Mark Harrison ; Martin D. Moore ; Michael Worboys ; Mnica García ; Pandemic ; plague ; Richard A. McKay ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHB General and world history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Attachment is a biologically emotion regulation based system guiding cognitive and emotional processes with respect to intimate and significant relationships. Secure relationships promote infants’ exploration of the world and expand their mastery of the environment. Adverse attachment experiences like, maltreatment, loss, and separation have long been known to have enduring unfavorable effects on human mental health. Research on the neurobiological basis of attachment started with animal studies focusing on emotional deprivation and its behavioral, molecular and endocrine consequences. The present book presents an interdisciplinary synthesis of existing knowledge and new perspectives on the human neuroscience of attachment, showing the tremendous development of this field. The following chapters include innovative studies that are representative of the broad spectrum of current approaches. These involve both differing neurobiological types of substrates using measures like fMRI, EEG, psychophysiology, endocrine parameters, and genetic polymorphisms, as well as psychometric approaches to classify attachment patterns in individuals. The findings we have acquired in the meanwhile on the neural substrates of attachment in healthy subjects lay the foundation of studies with clinical groups. The final section of the book addresses evidence on changes in the functioning of these neural substrates in psychopathology.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; fMRI ; Neuroscience ; social cognition ; Brain activity ; EEG ; Genetics ; Attachment ; Attachment representation ; Psychopathology ; Neurophysiology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: It has not been yet clarified whether allergy and asthma are part of the same condition or they follow a parallel path. This Research Topic aims to try and put some light in this parallel march going through crucial topics: from prenatal events to later risk factors such as obesity; and from basic immunology to immunotherapy, both subcutaneous and sublingual. We hope the readers can infer their own conclusions as what is first: egg or chicken.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RJ1-570 ; Allergy ; Obesity ; Food allergy ; Oxidative stress ; Mediterranean diet ; Immunotherapy ; Genetics ; Epidemiology ; Asthma ; Atopy ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: Cucurbits ; Molecular Breeding ; Marker-Trait Association ; Genetics ; Translational Genomics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Equine Science - Applications and Implications of New Technologies explores the fascinating world of history and technological advances in equine research. This comprehensive book explores the history and health of horses and the use of reproductive technologies in these animals. As tradition meets innovation, it delves into the ethical implications and responsible use of these technologies to ensure animal welfare. Expertly authored by scientists, it is an indispensable guide for horse enthusiasts, veterinarians, trainers, and researchers seeking to harness the power of innovation to unlock the full potential of the equine species.
    Keywords: Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis ; System Disorders ; Genetics ; Biochemistry ; Exercise ; Anatomy ; Physiology ; Biomechanics ; Reproduction ; Artificial Insemination ; Embryo ; Hormones ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology and animal sciences
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Karger
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Awareness of the influence of our genetic variation to dietary response (nutrigenetics) and how nutrients may affect gene expression (nutrigenomics) is prompting a revolution in the field of nutrition. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationships among nutritional molecules, genetic variants and the biological system. This publication contains selected papers from the ‘3rd Congress of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics’ held in Bethesda, Md., in October 2009. The contributions address frontiers in nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics as well as non-coding RNAs and posttranslational gene regulations in various diseases and conditions. In addition to scientific studies, the challenges and opportunities facing governments, academia and the industry are included.
    Keywords: Medicine & Public Health ; Nutrition ; Genetics ; Clinical Nutrition ; Dietetics ; Obesity ; Oncology ; Medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFN Medical genetics
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Despite continuous progress in the development of anti-viral and anti-bacterial/parasite drugs, the high cost of medicines and the potential for re-infection, especially in high risk groups, suggest that protective vaccines to some of the most dangerous persistent infections are still highly desirable. There are no vaccines available for HIV, HCV and Malaria, and all attempts to make a broadly effective vaccine have failed so far. In this Research Topic we look into why vaccines have failed over the years, and what we have learn from these attempts. Rather than only showing positive results, this issue aims to reflect on failed efforts in vaccine development. Coming to understand our limitations will have theoretical and practical implications for the future development of vaccines to these major global disease burdens.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; QR1-502 ; Q1-390 ; influenza ; HIV ; Malaria ; Infectious Disease ; Genetics ; Vaccine ; HCV ; immunology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: Machine learning ; Genetics ; Bioinformatics ; Feature selection ; Deep learning ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFN Medical genetics
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Currently, most prevention efforts are framed as universal interventions. However, despite the demonstrated efficacy of many prevention programs, variability in response is the rule with some participants responding very little and others accounting for the bulk of the positive impact of the program. Better understanding the processes associated with better and worse response to prevention is a critical first step in refining and adapting existing programs, or alternatively designing new prevention programs with enhanced outcomes. Because vulnerabilities to substance use, emotional problems, risky sexual behavior and other behavioral problems are influenced by a combination of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors, mediated in part through psychological processes (Kreek et al., 2005; Rutter et al., 2006), the study of genetic and epigenetic vulnerability and susceptibility factors provides an important starting point for efforts to address this critical need. A growing body of research on differential genetic susceptibility indicates that efforts to enhance prevention impact may benefit from consideration of the contribution of individualgenetic differences to treatment response (Brody et al., 2013). In addition, the recent expansion of genetic research to include a focus on epigenetic change provides considerable promise for the development of indicated prevention and individually tailored prevention efforts. However, before this promise can be realized, a number of theoretical and practical challenges remain. Thus, through this special section, we provide a foundation for a new era of prevention research in which the principles of prevention science are combined with genomic science. In the current special section we bring together authors to deal with genetic and epigenetically driven processes relevant to depression, substance abuse, and sexual risk taking. Together they comment on, and provide data relevant to, assessment, research and statistical methods, The papers help to inform the development of a new generation of prevention programs that go beyond universal programs and sensitively target key processes while providing greater precision regarding prediction of population-level impact.
    Keywords: BF1-990 ; Q1-390 ; substance use ; translation ; Genetics ; Mental Health ; prevention ; epigenetics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: This volume contains 17 peer-reviewed papers based on the presentations at the 9th Annual International Workshop on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology (IBSB 2009) held at the Life Science Engineering Building of Boston University from July 27 to 29, 2009. This workshop started in 2001 as a platform for doctoral students and young researchers to present and discuss their research results and approaches in bioinformatics and systems biology. It is part of a collaborative educational program involving leading institutions and leaders committed to the following institutions and programs: Boston University Graduate Program in Bioinformatics Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Freie Universität Berlin Global COE Program — Center of Education and Research for Advanced Genome-Based Medicine, University of Tokyo The International Research Training Group (IRTG) Genomics and Systems Biology of Molecular Networks International Research and Training Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Kyoto University Bioinformatics Center Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in Berlin Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology in Potsdam
    Keywords: Computational Biology ; Genetics ; Genome Informatics ; Bioinformatics ; Systems Biology
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Karger
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Aging is a major risk factor for chronic diseases, which in turn can provide information about the aging of a biological system. This publication serves as an introduction to systems biology and its application to biological aging. Key pathways and processes that impinge on aging are reviewed, and how they contribute to health and disease during aging is discussed. The evolution of this situation is analyzed, and the consequences for the study of genetic effects on aging are presented. Epigenetic programming of aging, as a continuation of development, creates an interface between the genome and the environment. New research into the gut microbiome describes how this interface may operate in practice with marked consequences for a variety of disorders. This analysis is bolstered by a view of the aging organism as a whole, with conclusions about the mechanisms underlying resilience of the organism to change, and is expanded with a discussion of circadian rhythms in aging.
    Keywords: Medicine & Public Health ; Gerontology ; Geriatrics ; Genetics ; Bioinformatics ; Genomics ; Physiology ; Medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKN Geriatric medicine
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: Genetics ; Disease ; Population Genetics ; Indigenous populations ; GWAS ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFN Medical genetics
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: polyploid ; Genetics ; Genomics ; evolution ; Genotype by environment (G × E) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Berghahn Books | Berghahn Books
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Racial and ethnic categories have appeared in recent scientific work in novel ways and in relation to a variety of disciplines: medicine, forensics, population genetics and also developments in popular genealogy. Once again, biology is foregrounded in the discussion of human identity. Of particular importance is the preoccupation with origins and personal discovery and the increasing use of racial and ethnic categories in social policy. This new genetic knowledge, expressed in technology and practice, has the potential to disrupt how race and ethnicity are debated, managed and lived. The contributors include medical researchers, anthropologists, historians of science and sociologists of race relations; together, they explore the new and challenging landscape where biology becomes the stuff of identity.
    Keywords: Medical ; Genetics ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFN Medical genetics
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Plasticity and dynamism characterize the immune system as a tissue-integrating network with defensive functions. Blood and lymphatic vessel trees constitute the most evident and intuitive physical platform for the development of the net of interactions between immune cells, body tissues and foreign agents. Moreover vessel repair and immune patrolling are intimately linked physiological functions with common evolutionary roots. Not surprisingly variable degrees of vascular inflammation are often detectable in the setting of systemic inflammation and autoimmunity, whereas research in the field of cardiovascular pathology is progressively converging towards the identification of a common inflammatory background. The definition of the role of vascular inflammation in causing, sustaining and/or predicting the development of systemic autoimmunity constitute a challenging, unexplored frontier towards the development of a new generation of treatments and a better patient care.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; Autoimmunity ; remodeling ; Vasculitis ; T-Lymphocytes ; Pathogenesis ; Neutrophils ; vascular inflammation ; Genetics ; platelets ; Endothelium ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: Brain ; Neuroscience ; collaboration ; brain imaging ; MRI ; fMRI ; EEG ; Genetics ; imaging genetics ; Software ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: In the spring of 2011, a diverse group of scientists gathered at Cornell University to discuss their research into the nature and origin of biological information. This symposium brought together experts in information theory, computer science, numerical simulation, thermodynamics, evolutionary theory, whole organism biology, developmental biology, molecular biology, genetics, physics, biophysics, mathematics, and linguistics. This volume presents new research by those invited to speak at the conference. The contributors to this volume use their wide-ranging expertise in the area of biological information to bring fresh insights into the many explanatory difficulties associated with biological information. These authors raise major challenges to the conventional scientific wisdom, which attempts to explain all biological information exclusively in terms of the standard mutation/selection paradigm. Several clear themes emerged from these research papers: 1) Information is indispensable to our understanding of what life is; 2) Biological information is more than the material structures that embody it; 3) Conventional chemical and evolutionary mechanisms seem insufficient to fully explain the labyrinth of information that is life. By exploring new perspectives on biological information, this volume seeks to expand, encourage, and enrich research into the nature and origin of biological information. Contents: Session One — Information Theory & Biology: Introductory Comments (Robert J Marks II): Biological Information — What is It? (Werner Gitt, Robert Compton and Jorge Fernandez) A General Theory of Information Cost Incurred by Successful Search (William A Dembski, Winston Ewert and Robert J Marks II) Pragmatic Information (John W Oller, Jr) Limits of Chaos and Progress in Evolutionary Dynamics (William F Basener) Tierra: The Character of Adaptation (Winston Ewert, William A Dembski and Robert J Marks II) Multiple Overlapping Genetic Codes Profoundly Reduce the Probability of Beneficial Mutation (George Montañez, Robert J Marks II, Jorge Fernandez and John C Sanford) Entropy, Evolution and Open Systems (Granville Sewell) Information and Thermodynamics in Living Systems (Andy C McIntosh) Session Two — Biological Information and Genetic Theory: Introductory Comments (John C Sanford): Not Junk After All: Non-Protein-Coding DNA Carries Extensive Biological Information (Jonathan Wells) Can Purifying Natural Selection Preserve Biological Information? (Paul Gibson, John R Baumgardner, Wesley H Brewer and John C Sanford) Selection Threshold Severely Constrains Capture of Beneficial Mutations (John C Sanford, John R Baumgardner and Wesley H Brewer) Using Numerical Simulation to Test the “Mutation-Count” Hypothesis (Wesley H Brewer, John R Baumgardner and John C Sanford) Can Synergistic Epistasis Halt Mutation Accumulation? Results from Numerical Simulation (John R Baumgardner, Wesley H Brewer and John C Sanford) Computational Evolution Experiments Reveal a Net Loss of Genetic Information Despite Selection (Chase W Nelson and John C Sanford) Information Loss: Potential for Accelerating Natural Genetic Attenuation of RNA Viruses (Wesley H Brewer, Franzine D Smith and John C Sanford) DNA.EXE: A Sequence Comparison between the Human Genome and Computer Code (Josiah Seaman) Biocybernetics and Biosemiosis (Donald Johnson) Session Three — Theoretical Molecular Biology: Introductory Comments (Michael J Behe): An Ode to the Code: Evidence for Fine-Tuning in the Standard Codon Table (Jed C Macosko and Amanda M Smelser) A New Model of Intracellular Communication Based on Coherent, High-Frequency Vibrations in Biomolecules (L Dent) Getting There First: An Evolutionary Rate Advantage for Adaptive Loss-of-Function Mutations (Michael J Behe) The Membrane Code: A Carrier of Essential Biological Information That is Not Specified by DNA and is Inherited Apart from It (Jonathan Wells) Explaining Metabolic Innovation: Neo-Darwinism Versus Design (Douglas D Axe and Ann K Gauger) Session Four — Biological Information and Self-Organizational Complexity Theory: Introductory Comments (Bruce L Gordon): Evolution Beyond Entailing Law: The Roles of Embodied Information and Self Organization (Stuart Kauffman) Towards a General Biology: Emergence of Life and Information from the Perspective of Complex Systems Dynamics (Bruce H Weber) Readership: Academics, researchers, postgraduates and advanced undergraduates in bioinformatics. Biologists, mathematicians/statisticians, physicists and computer scientists.
    Keywords: T1-995 ; Molecular Biology ; Mutation/Selection Paradigm ; Numerical Simulation ; Mathematics ; Biophysics ; Physics ; Thermodynamics ; Information Theory ; Evolutionary Theory ; Computer Science ; Linguistics ; Genetics ; Developmental Biology ; Biological Information ; Whole Organism Biology ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 21
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In livestock species, breeding goals are aimed primarily at improvement of production traits. However, there are a number of examples where selection for high production efficiency has resulted in reduced welfare through unfavorable outcomes in health and fitness characteristics. These effects raise questions about what is ethically acceptable in animal breeding. Welfare problems may be experienced when physiological balance is disturbed by genetic selection for high production alone, by a mismatch between the environmental challenges and the range of coping responses available to an animal, or from a mismatch between the animal’s needs and their degree of satisfaction. This may be resolved by either improving the environment to support the animal, but also by providing the animal, through genetic selection, with means to adapt to the production environment. The Standing Committee of the European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes emphasizes that breeding goals should include health and welfare. The Farm Animal Welfare Council pleas for a greater emphasis in breeding programs on traits associated with good welfare. However, although breeding goals in most farm animal species have been broadened beyond production traits to include functional traits, behavioral traits are rarely included despite their potential to improve animal production and welfare. It is the goal of the present Research Topic to bring together experimental and theoretical research focusing on the genetics of welfare traits and the possibility to improve animal welfare through selection. This topic presents an overview of the relationship between selection for high production and livestock robustness, examples of improving robustness through the introduction of novel traits in livestock breeding, and a discussion on selection methods to address welfare issues. The discussion on sustainability of breeding practices is very alive today and will remain to be an important part of the debate in the future.
    Keywords: QH426-470 ; Q1-390 ; animal breeding ; livestock improvement ; selection ; livestock production ; Genetics ; welfare ; sustainable agriculture ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAK Genetics (non-medical)
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a common, albeit severely under-diagnosed, neuropsychiatric disorder that is caused by a complex genetic basis, interacting with environmental factors. High comorbidity rates with other neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder raise the intriguing hypothesis of a shared etiological background. Abnormalities of corticostriatal-thalamic-cortical circuits (CSTC) and dysfunction of both dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems are assumed to be associated with TS. Recently, multiple lines of evidence also point towards an important role of additional neurotransmitters such as histamine and glutamate. For a very long time, efforts to elucidate the etiology and pathophysiology of TS have been fragmented and hampered by low statistical power. Finally, after more than two decades of active research aiming to identify the etiology and pathophysiology of TS, we are on the verge of a new era, promising exciting and rapid discoveries in the field. Investigators from around the world, representing multiple disciplines and scientific approaches, are joining their efforts in large-scale initiatives supported both by European Union and US National funding agencies, such as the European-funded EMTICS, TACTICS, and TSGeneSEE consortia, the Marie Curie Initial Training Network TS-EUROTRAIN and the European Society for the Study of TS joining forces with the NIH-funded TSAICG, GGRI, and Tic Genetics consortia. Importantly, all these initiatives are supported by TS patient support and advocacy groups. Multiple resources are being consolidated and coming together to serve the study of TS, including large well-characterized patient cohorts, and specialized epidemiological databases, such as the unique resource of the Netherlands Twin Register. This research topic showcases current large-scale collaborative efforts aiming to elucidate the genetic and neurobiological background of TS, through diverse approaches; from genomewide association studies aiming to identify common variants associated to the disorder to neuroimaging studies and animal models. Furthermore, current approaches on the clinical assessment and management of the disorder are presented. Propelled by the gradual availability of large scale TS cohorts, novel methodologies, and importantly, sheer enthusiasm by multiple researchers working together across different countries, the new era of the neurobiology of TS holds the promise to identify novel targets for improved therapies.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC321-571 ; RC435-571 ; RJ1-570 ; Q1-390 ; Treatment ; clinical research ; Neurobiology ; Collaborative studies ; Gilles de la Tourette syndrome ; Genetics
    Language: English
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  • 23
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    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2023-06-06
    Description: Die Entzifferung des Genoms und zuletzt die Entwicklung moderner Sequenzierungsverfahren lassen viele Menschen befürchten, dass dadurch ihre „Individualität“ verlorengehen könnte. Was damit genau gemeint ist, welches Selbstverständnis des Individuums dem zugrunde liegt und inwieweit die Sorge berechtigt ist, untersucht der vorliegende Band im interdisziplinären Diskurs zwischen Humangenetik und Recht. Die Beiträge resultieren aus einem interdisziplinären Workshop des Göttinger Instituts für Humangenetik in Kooperation mit dem Zentrum für Medizinrecht im Januar 2012. Ergänzende Beiträge sowohl aus humangenetischer als auch juristischer Perspektive verbreitern die Faktenbasis und geben einen vertieften Einblick in den aktuellen Sachstand.
    Description: Die Entzifferung des Genoms und zuletzt die Entwicklung moderner Sequenzierungsverfahren lassen viele Menschen befürchten, dass dadurch ihre „Individualität“ verlorengehen könnte. Was damit genau gemeint ist, welches Selbstverständnis des Individuums dem zugrunde liegt und inwieweit die Sorge berechtigt ist, untersucht der vorliegende Band im interdisziplinären Diskurs zwischen Humangenetik und Recht. Die Beiträge resultieren aus einem interdisziplinären Workshop des Göttinger Instituts für Humangenetik in Kooperation mit dem Zentrum für Medizinrecht im Januar 2012. Ergänzende Beiträge sowohl aus humangenetischer als auch juristischer Perspektive verbreitern die Faktenbasis und geben einen vertieften Einblick in den aktuellen Sachstand.
    Keywords: Human Genetics ; Law ; Genetics ; Institute of Human Genetics ; Centre of Medical Law ; Bundesverfassungsgericht ; Desoxyribonukleinsäure ; DNA-Sequenzierung ; Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNT Social law::LNTM Medical & healthcare law ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFN Medical genetics
    Language: German
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This e-book brings together scholars in both the neurosciences and organizational sciences who have adopted various approaches to study the cognitive mechanisms mediating the social behavior that we see within organizations. Such an approach has been termed by ourselves, and others, as ‘organisational cognitive neuroscience’. In recent years there has been a veritable increase in studies that have explored the cognitive mechanisms driving such behaviors, and much progress has been made in understanding the neural underpinnings of processes such as financial exchange, risk awareness and even leadership. However, while these studies are informative and add to our understanding of human cognition they fall short of providing evidence-based recommendations for practice. Specifically, we address the broader issue of how the neuroscientific study of such core social behaviors can be used to improve the very way that we work. To address these gaps in our understanding the chapters in this book serve as a platform that allows scholars in both the neurosciences and the organizational sciences to highlight the work that spans across these two fields. The consolidation of these two fields also serves to highlight the utility of a singular organizational cognitive neuroscience. This is a fundamentally important outcome of the book as the application of neuroscience to address economically relevant behaviors has seen a variety of fields evolve in their own right, such as neuromarketing, neuroeconomics and so forth. The use of neuro-scientific technologies,in particular fMRI, has indeed led to a bewildering (and somewhat suffocating) proliferation of new approaches, however, the speed of such developments demands that we must proceed carefully with such ventures or risk some fundamental mistakes. The book that you now hold will consolidates these new neuroscience based approaches and in doing so highlight the importance of this approach in helping us to understand human social behavior in general. Taken together the chapters provide a framework for scholars within the neurosciences who wish to explore the further the opportunities that the study of organisational behavior may provide.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Brain ; Neuroscience ; organisations ; Functional Brain imaging ; Genetics ; neuroeconomics ; neuromarketing ; MEG ; Organisational Cognitive Neuroscience society ; Marketing ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 25
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Accumulating evidence suggests that not all obese subjects are at increased cardiometabolic risk and that the “metabolically healthy obese” phenotype may exist in the absence of metabolic abnormalities. Limited data regards the determinants of metabolically healthy obesity exist, particularly in relation to genetics, dietary and lifestyle behaviours. In light of the current obesity epidemic, it is clear that current “one size fits all” approaches to tackle obesity are largely unsuccessful. Whether dietary, lifestyle and/or therapeutic interventions, based on stratification of obese individuals according to their metabolic health phenotype, are more effective remains to be seen, with limited and conflicting data available. This book includes original research articles and reviews of the scientific literature that contribute to our understanding of the role of clinical, biological, genetic, and environmental factors in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity.
    Keywords: TX341-641 ; Inflammation: Intervention ; Nutrition ; Physical activity ; Metabolically healthy obesity ; Life course ; Mortality ; Genetics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies::JFCV Food & society
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  • 26
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    Taylor & Francis | Routledge Handbook of Genomics, Health and Society | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Low and middle-income countries have become a site of increasing research interest and investment with the transnational expansion and spread of genomic knowledge and technologies (Kumar 2012, Seguin et al. 2008). This reflects a dynamic terrain in which genomics is being harnessed to address a range of healthcare challenges.
    Keywords: genomics ; developing economies ; Africa ; Brazil ; Genetics ; Haplotype ; Public health ; Senegal ; Sickle cell disease ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences
    Language: English
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  • 27
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    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Attending the World Economic Forum this past week, I was struck by two trends. The first was that brain research has emerged as a hot topic. Not only was brain science or brain health a new theme at the meeting, research on the brain emerged in discussions about next generation computing, global cooperation, and even models of economic development as well as being linked to mental health or mindfulness. In a meeting frequented largely by economists and business leaders, I was surprised by the number of non-scientists who have become enchanted by brain science. Clearly this is the era of the brain, with mental health now part of a much broader discussion.
    Keywords: policy ; society ; mental health ; Biology ; Epigenetics ; Genetics ; Genome ; Neuroscience ; Plastic ; Social policy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing
    Language: English
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  • 28
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    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: The Routledge History of Disease draws on innovative scholarship in the history of medicine to explore the challenges involved in writing about health and disease throughout the past and across the globe, presenting a varied range of case studies and perspectives on the patterns, technologies and narratives of disease that can be identified in the past and that continue to influence our present. Organized thematically, chapters examine particular forms and conceptualizations of disease, covering subjects from leprosy in medieval Europe and cancer screening practices in twentieth-century USA to the ayurvedic tradition in ancient India and the pioneering studies of mental illness that took place in nineteenth-century Paris, as well as discussing the various sources and methods that can be used to understand the social and cultural contexts of disease. Chapter 24 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315543420.ch24
    Keywords: Abigail Woods ; Akihito Suzuki ; Alannah Tomkins ; Arthur W. Frank ; Brian Hurwitz ; Catherine Rider ; Christoph Gradmann ; contagion ; David Cantor ; David M. Turner ; Dominik Wujastyk ; disability ; Elena Carrera ; Elma Brenner ; Fay Bound Alberti ; Genetics ; Havi Carel ; Helen Bynum ; Jana Funke ; Julie Anderson ; Katherine Foxhall ; Katrina Ford ; Leprosy ; Mark Harrison ; Martin D. Moore ; Michael Worboys ; Mnica García ; Pandemic ; plague ; Richard A. McKay ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHB General and world history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history
    Language: English
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  • 29
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This open access volume presents state-of-the-art inference methods in population genomics, focusing on data analysis based on rigorous statistical techniques. After introducing general concepts related to the biology of genomes and their evolution, the book covers state-of-the-art methods for the analysis of genomes in populations, including demography inference, population structure analysis and detection of selection, using both model-based inference and simulation procedures. Last but not least, it offers an overview of the current knowledge acquired by applying such methods to a large variety of eukaryotic organisms. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, pointers to the relevant literature, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Statistical Population Genomics aims to promote and ensure successful applications of population genomic methods to an increasing number of model systems and biological questions.
    Keywords: Life sciences ; Bioinformatics ; Genetics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAK Genetics (non-medical) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSD Molecular biology
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The 2nd International Conference "Genetics of aging and longevity" took place 22-25 April, 2012 in the main building of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Top gerontologists and geneticists from 25 countries around the world discussed the current problems in many areas related to the genetics of longevity and mechanisms of aging. This Research Topic is aimed to provide a collection of articles based on the talks, reports and experimental outcomes related to the topics of the conference: "Epigenetic Changes Associated with Longevity", "Hormones and Aging", "Proximal and Cellular Mechanisms of Aging", "Nutrient Signaling, Stress Resistance and Longevity", "Identifying Longevity Genes by Mutational, QTL and Association Mapping", "Fundamental Biological Processes Central to Aging", "Interventions to Extend Lifespan and Promote Healthy Aging", "Longevity: Meta-Analysis and Informatics Approaches". Participants of the Conference submitted 20 papers belonging to Original Research Papers, Review Articles (Including Mini Reviews), Opinion and Perspective Papers. All of the submitted manuscripts were peer-reviewed by excellent Frontiers Review Editors and prepared for publication by highly efficient Frontiers team, and it is a pleasure to thank them all for their work and dedication.
    Keywords: QH426-470 ; Q1-390 ; Aging ; Genetics ; geroprotectors ; evolution ; epigenetics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAK Genetics (non-medical)
    Language: English
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Why Antibiotic Resistance? The use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine may have consequences beyond their intended applications. The “One Health” concept recognizes that the health of humans is connected to the health of animals and the environment. Progress in molecular genetics is facilitating the rapid evaluation of the essentiality of these targets on a genomic scale. In 2015, a group of researchers established the International Conference on Antibiotic Resistance (IC2AR).The primary objective of this meeting is to bring together scientists involved in antibiotic resistance prevention and control. The IC2AR conducted its inaugural world congress in January 2015 at Caparica (Portugal). Antimicrobial resistance presents a significant challenge to scientists in the field of infectious diseases. The full knowledge of how antibiotics resistance is evolving and being transmitted between hosts in different ecosystems is taking on great importance. Necessary action includes research to define the scope of the problem including its various sources. This eBook comprises a series of original research and review articles dealing with the epidemiology of resistance in animal and zoonotic pathogens, mobile elements containing resistance genes, the omics of antimicrobial resistance, emerging antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, control of resistant infections, establishing antimicrobial use and resistance surveillance systems, and alternatives strategies to overcome the problem of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Gilberto Igrejas, José Luis Capelo and Patrícia Poeta Scientific Committee of IC2AR, February 20th, 2017Why Antibiotic Resistance? The use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine may have consequences beyond their intended applications. The “One Health” concept recognizes that the health of humans is connected to the health of animals and the environment. Progress in molecular genetics is facilitating the rapid evaluation of the essentiality of these targets on a genomic scale. In 2015, a group of researchers established the International Conference on Antibiotic Resistance (IC2AR).The primary objective of this meeting is to bring together scientists involved in antibiotic resistance prevention and control. The IC2AR conducted its inaugural world congress in January 2015 at Caparica (Portugal). Antimicrobial resistance presents a significant challenge to scientists in the field of infectious diseases. The full knowledge of how antibiotics resistance is evolving and being transmitted between hosts in different ecosystems is taking on great importance. Necessary action includes research to define the scope of the problem including its various sources. This eBook comprises a series of original research and review articles dealing with the epidemiology of resistance in animal and zoonotic pathogens, mobile elements containing resistance genes, the omics of antimicrobial resistance, emerging antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, control of resistant infections, establishing antimicrobial use and resistance surveillance systems, and alternatives strategies to overcome the problem of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Gilberto Igrejas, José Luis Capelo and Patrícia Poeta Scientific Committee of IC2AR, February 20th, 2017
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; Q1-390 ; Microbiology ; antimicrobial resistance ; Antibiotic surveillance ; Proteomics ; Genetics ; Infections ; Animal pathogens ; antibiotics ; Epidemiology ; One Health ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
    Language: English
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  • 32
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publication Date: 2024-03-07
    Description: Microcirculation reflects the vascular bridge which is the conduit of blood flow between the arteries and veins in the body. It plays a critical role in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body while also serving to wash away and eliminate biological waste products of metabolism. A complex interplay exists between the normal structure and function of the larger vessels of the body and the blood coursing through. This book discusses the evolving science in understanding the role of microcirculation in some of the most common and devastating diseases that plague humanity. By understanding the role of microcirculation in the normal feedback mechanisms that balance bleeding and clotting with the opportunities to manipulate this balance to treat disease, the impact on the individual and social burden of arterial and venous occlusive and thromboembolic disease can be substantial. Understanding disease mechanisms and enhancing our collective tools for diagnosis and treatment are some of the greatest challenges facing our global healthcare systems. The chapters in this book serve as a foundation for further research into the quest to reduce, if not eliminate, one of the most significant causes of major morbidity, mortality, and overall loss of quality of life worldwide. Without a doubt, the impact of the body’s microcirculation, as our understanding continues to evolve and as emphasized in this text, cannot and should not be underappreciated.
    Keywords: Physiology ; Pathophysiology ; Endothelium ; Capillaries ; Genetics ; Autoregulation ; Endothelial Dysfunction ; Vasodilation Mechanisms ; Hypoxia ; Sepsis ; Shock ; Diabetes Mellitus ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJD Cardiovascular medicine
    Language: English
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  • 33
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    Presses de l’Université de Montréal
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: Prokaryotes are profoundly original, highly efficient microorganisms that have played a decisive role in the evolution of life on Earth. Although disjunct, taken together their cells form one global superorganism or biological system. One of the results of their non-Darwinian evolution has been the development of enormous diversity and bio-energetic variety. Prokaryotic cells possess standardized mechanisms for easy gene exchanges (lateral gene transfer) and they can behave like receiving and broadcasting stations for genetic material. Ultimately, the result is a global communication system based on the prokaryotic hereditary patrimony, by analogy, a two-billion-year-old world wide web for their benefit. Eukaryotes have evolved from the association of at least three complementary prokaryotic cells, and their subsequent development has been enriched and accelerated by symbioses with other prokaryotes. One of these symbioses was responsible for the origin of vascular plants which transformed vast sections of the continental surface of the Earth from deserts to areas with luxuriant, life-supporting vegetation. All forms of life on our planet are directly or indirectly sustained and enriched by the positive contribution of prokaryotes. Sorin Sonea and Léo G. Mathieu have been professors at the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Faculty of Medicine) at the Université de Montréal. They have long been advocates of the ideas presented in this book.
    Keywords: H1-99 ; prokaryotes ; Genetics ; evolution ; Bacterial genetics ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 34
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book addresses the challenge of analyzing and understanding the evolutionary dynamics of complex biological systems at the genomic level, and elaborates on some promising strategies that would bring us closer to uncovering of the vital relationships between genotype and phenotype. After a few educational primers, the book continues with sections on sequence homology and alignment, phylogenetic methods to study genome evolution, methodologies for evaluating selective pressures on genomic sequences as well as genomic evolution in light of protein domain architecture and transposable elements, population genomics and other omics, and discussions of current bottlenecks in handling and analyzing genomic data. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and expert implementation advice that lead to the best results. Authoritative and comprehensive, Evolutionary Genomics: Statistical and Computational Methods, Second Edition aims to serve both novices in biology with strong statistics and computational skills, and molecular biologists with a good grasp of standard mathematical concepts, in moving this important field of study forward.
    Keywords: Life sciences ; Bioinformatics ; Genetics ; Evolutionary biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAK Genetics (non-medical) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSD Molecular biology
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to explore the relationship between eukaryotic plankton community succession and environmental factors in two aquaculture pond models with gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio. The main culture species of pond 1 were gibel carp and grass carp, and the combined density was 46224 fingerling/ha (gibel carp/grass carp/silver carp/bighead carp, 17:4:6:1). The main culture species of pond 2 was gibel carp, and the combined density was 37551 fingerling/ha (Gibel carp/silver carp/bighead carp, 52:1:1). Water samples were collected monthly. The results showed that the annual average concentrations of TP and PO4-P in pond 1were significantly higher than pond 2 (p〉0.05). The concentration of chlorophyll a (chl a) has no significantly difference between pond 1 and pond 2. DGGE profiles of 18S rRNA gene fragments from the two ponds revealed that the diversity of eukaryotic plankton assemblages was highly variable. 91 bands and 71 bands were detected in pond 1 and pond 2, respectively. The average Shannon–Wiener index of pond 1 was significantly higher than pond 2. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that temperature played a key role in the structure of the eukaryotic plankton community in both ponds, but the nutrient concentration did not affect it. Our results suggest that DGGE method is a cost-effective way to gain insight into seasonal dynamics of eukaryotic plankton communities in culture ponds, and the increase in the number of filter-feeding silver carp and bighead carp could increase the diversity of the eukaryotic plankton community.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; 18S rRNA genes ; PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ; CCA ; Eukaryotic plankton community ; Environmental factors
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1540-1555
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Molecular comparison of two parasites Lernaea cyprinacea and Lernaea ctenopharyngodoni was carried out using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique. A total of 43 Lernaea specimens belonging to the two species were collected from the Guilan and Khouzestan Provinces. DNA was extracted using the Phenol-chloroform method. The quality and quantity of DNA was assessed using 1% Agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometer. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was conducted on the target DNA under specific conditions and PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels (6%). Polyacrylamide gels were stained using silver nitrate and DNA bands were analyzed with BioCapt software. The genetic analysis was conducted using POP GEN 32 software. Forty two primers, 10 nucleotides each were used for PCR reaction. Totally, 397 RAPD loci were counted on polyacrylamide gel where 349 identical loci were polymorphic of which some bands may be used as genetic markers for the identification of both Lernaea species. Data analysis on PCR products showed higher genetic variation (1.15%) of L. Ctenopharyngodon in the Guilan Province as compared to that of the Khouzestan (0.0%). However, genetic variation (27.46%) of L. cyprinacea in the Khouzestan province was 7.26 times higher than that of the Guilan province (3.78%). The two species showed a genetic differentiation of approximately 88%. Based on the observed molecular differences, we state that L. ctenopharyngodoni is a genetically independent species from L. cyprinacea.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Parasites ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Primers ; Nucleotides ; Lernaea ctenopharyngodoni ; Lernaea cyprinacea ; Molecular structure ; Genetics ; DNA ; Freshwater
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.19-28
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This study represents a large-scale population genetic analysis of the stellate sturgeon, Acipenser stellatus, in the Caspian Sea. In total, 192 samples of adult stellate sturgeon were collected from four commercial catch stations in the Northern (Volga and Ural Rivers) and Southern Caspian Sea (estuary of Sefidrud and Gorganrod Rivers-Iran). Fifteen sets of microsatellite primers developed from lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) were tested on genomic DNA. Ten primer sets (LS-19, 34, 54, 68, Spl-105, 104, 163, 170, 173, 113) revealing polymorphic loci were used to analyze the genetic variation found in adults of the stellate sturgeon populations. Analyses revealed that the average number of alleles per locus was 13.05 (range 8 to 18 alleles per locus in regions, Ne= 7.86). All sampled regions contained private alleles. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.665 and 0.862, respectively. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were seen in most cases. Average of Fis, Fit and Nm were 0.230, 0.261 and 7.498, respectively. Pairwise Population FST Values ranged from 0.019 to 0.035. FST, RST, and gene flow estimates in AMOVA indicated significant genetic differentiation among and regions, indicating that the populations were divergent. The genetic distance between populations indicates that the genetic difference among the studied populations is pronounced. These results together with highly significant RST of genotypic differences between these pairs of collections support the existence of different genetic populations along the Caspian Sea coast.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Genetic variability ; Genetic differentiation ; Acipenser stellatus ; Microsatellite markers
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.687-700
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Understanding the scale at which wild stocks of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) are genetically discrete is necessary for effective management of this commercially important species. Disomic DNA microsatellite markers are among the best tools for determining stock structure in fishes. As all sturgeon species have a polyploid ancestry of all sturgeons, most gene loci exhibit more than two alleles per individual, limiting the use of powerful analytical methods that commonly assume disomic inheritance. We scored products from 38 sets of microsatellite primers developed in lake (Acipenser fulvescens) and Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) to determine whether they would amplify disomic loci in Persian sturgeon. Samples of 45 individuals were detected.Thirty six loci (95%) were amplified successfully in Persian sturgeon. We identified a single monomorphic locus, 12 disomic, 19 tetrasomic, three octosomic, and one locus that was ambiguous. This is the first report on development of disomic single-locus DNA microsatellite markers in Persian sturgeon. These loci could be used to characterize variation in geographically discrete populations of the Persian sturgeon in their native ecosystem including in the Caspian Sea.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Persian sturgeon ; Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ; Acipenser fulvescens ; Acipenser persicus ; Single-locus DNA microsatellite markers ; DNA
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.389-397
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Genetic diversity as an important marker of the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems is considered a unique and powerful tool to evaluate biological communities. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity among golden mullet species (Liza aurata) in the southeast and southwest coasts of the Caspian Sea by D-Loop gene sequencing, a total of 23 fin specimens of golden mullet were collected from the Gilan (Anzali area) and Golestan (Gomishan area) provinces. Total DNA from the samples was extracted by ammonium acetate method and the quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were assessed by spectrophotometery and electrophoresis. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was conducted on the target DNA and then DNA sequencing was carried out. D- loop region in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of golden mullet contained 900 base pairs (bp). Phylogenetic relationships among golden mullet were calculated by MEGA software version 5.05 and divergence time was estimated using Tahjima's test. The results obtained from this study revealed that there were high genetic differences among two regions in the Gilan and Golestan provinces. Kimura 2-parameter was used for genetic distance analysis and the genetic distance recorded between Gilan and Golestan Provinces was calculated at 0.259. The high levels of FsT were observed between Gilan and Golestan Provinces which indicates that genetic differences exist among present populations (p≤.05). Based on the results obtained from the south Caspian Sea, probably two different populations of Liza aurata are living in the Gilan and Golestan Provinces.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Genetic diversity ; Liza aurata ; mtDNA ; Genetic distance ; Population
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.216-227
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Apolipoprotein A-I is the most abundant protein in Cyprinus carpio plasma that plays an important role in lipid transport and protection of the skin by means of its antimicrobial activity. A 527 bp cDNA fragment encoding C terminus part of apoA-I from the skin mucosa of common carp was isolated using RT-PCR. After GenBank database searching, a partial sequence containing a coding sequence (CDS) relating to this gene was found. Overlapping of the cDNA fragment with this CDS allowed us to obtain the full-length sequence including non-coding regions. This sequence has 1170bp including a polyA tail of 18 bp plus 45 and 354 bp at the 3'- and 5'-untranslatedregions, respectively. The complete sequence contained an open reading frame of 256 amino containing 5 amino acid propeptides with a predicted molecular mass of 29.967 kDa and theoretical pI of 6.13.The signal peptide of common carp apoA-I was predicted to have the most likely cleavage site between amino acid positions 17 and 18. Domain analysis of common carp apoA-I showed the conserved domain of Apolipoprotein A1/A4/E between amino acid resides 67 to 251. The similarity search indicated that common carp apoA-I matched apoA protein from the group of fish with 45-77% similarity, but showed relatively low levels of similarity to its mammalian counterparts (20-28%).It was shown that the secondary structure of C. carpio apoA-I consisted of a-helical predominantly amphipathic in nature and was characterized by the presence of thirteen conserved repeats.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Apolipoprotein A-I ; Common carp ; Cyprinus carpio ; Epidermal mucus ; Full-length sequence ; Molecular ; Characterization
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.366-381
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The aim of the present study was the genetic analysis of the Dniester population of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus and comparison of it to five other sterlet populations, in order to develop a population recovery plan. The genetic analysis of six sterlet populations from Eurasian rivers (Dniester, Dnieper, Danube, Volga, Kama and Ob) was carried out using microsatellite DNA markers. The genetic variation and genetic distance between studied populations were evaluated. Significant genetic differentiation was detected between the analyzed populations through the pairwise genetic differentiation index (Fst) test. The DA measure of genetic distance between pairs of populations indicated that the shortest genetic distance (in relation to the Dniester population) was between the Dniester and the Dnieper populations (0.184). The results obtained represent a starting point of sterlet conservation program in Dniester River.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Acipenser ruthenus ; Aquaculture ; Genetic analysis ; Microsatellite DNA ; Restitution ; Populations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.634-645
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This study reports on the molecular identification of fish species from processed products which had a priori been classified as belonging to 5 important species in Iran for human consumption. DNA barcoding using direct sequencing of an approximately 650bp of mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene revealed incorrect labeling of Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel samples. High occurrence of fraudulent fishery products, if left unchecked, can pose a negative impact on the economy. This investigation adds further concern on the trading of processed fish products in Iran from both health and conservation points of view.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Food traceability ; Forensic genetics ; DNA barcoding ; Fish product ; Species ; Identification
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.783-791
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Use of different pesticides in the agriculture sector, in order to boost crop yield within a short time period and low labor, has been tremendously increased since the last decade. Pesticide use has elevated crop yield but has produced a number of pronounced problems regarding environmental and health safety. The continuously deteriorating toxicological effects of these pesticides are not only hazardous to humans and land animals but also to economically important aquatic organisms such as fish. One of these extensively used pesticides is an organochlorine insecticide, endosulfan. Experiments conducted in the past have shown the deleterious effects of endosulfan on different aspects of various fish species but its genetic toxicity has not been well studied. The present study was conducted to diagnose the DNA damage induced by endosulfan in peripheral blood erythrocytes of an economically important teleost fish rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) using comet assay. The fish were exposed to three different sub lethal concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2 µg L-1) of endosulfan for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Rohu showed different extents of DNA damage at different concentrations and time, in terms of genetic damage index (GDI), percentage of damaged cells (% damaged cell) and cumulative tail length (µm) of the comets. Increase in DNA damage was observed to be concentration and time-dependent. The current study revealed the severe genotoxic effects of endosulfan in rohu, Labeo rohita. Therefore its discriminate use should be avoided as it can contribute to the decline of rohu in natural habitats. Also it should be considered as a hazardous threat for human consumption.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Endosulfan ; DNA damage ; Erythrocyte ; Comet assay ; Rohu
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.138-149
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In order to have a sustainable management on Persian sturgeon as a highly commercial species in the South Caspian Sea, we need to identify its population structure and the level as well as its conservation status in their natural habitat. To develop a conservation program for this all Caspian Sea' sturgeon species it requires knowledge of its genetic diversity using reliable molecular marker to study population genetic structure. For these purposes, an enriched library was prepared based on a modified biotin-capture method. Approximately 1800 positive clones were screened for microsatellites in an Acipenser persicus genomic library. Of these 350 positively hybridizing clones were sequenced, and 81 clones were identified as having microsatellites with adequate flanking regions. We developed and tested 68 microsatellite primer pairs for Persian sturgeon. Out of 68 primer pairs developed, 11 pairs resulted in poor or no amplification, 13 were ambiguous, 6 were monomorphic, 20 were tetrasomic and 18 were octosomic in Persian sturgeon. While none of the markers showed disomic inheritance in Persian sturgeon and Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedtii). Several of the markers appeared useful for studies stellate sturgeon (A. stellatus), ship sturgeon (A.nudiventris) and beluga (Huso huso). Nearly all the polymorphic pattern for ship, stellate and beluga displayed the simple banding patterns characteristic of disomic loci, while those for Russian sturgeon displayed banding patterns characteristic of tetraploid or higher polyploid levels. These markers may prove useful in a variety of future sturgeon population genetic studies in the Caspian Sea.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Russian sturgeon ; A. gueldenstaedtii ; Persian sturgeon ; Acipenser persicus ; Caspian Sea ; Microsatellite ; Population genetic ; Genetics ; Population ; Structure ; Species
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.548-558
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Genetic diversity of six populations of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus Linnaeus, 1758) was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 118 reproducible bands amplified with ten AFLP primer combinations were obtained from 42 fishes that were collected from six different locations in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 57.06%. Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.1808±0.2074 - 0.2164±0.1903, and Shannon’s index was 0.2675±0.2949 - 0.3280±0.2727. The results of AMOVA analysis indicated that 66% and 34% of the genetic variation occurred within and among the populations and gene flow was 0.6454. The estimated level of population differentiation as measured by average Fst value across all loci was 0.327. Analyses revealed significant genetic differentiation with low gene flow among the six locations, indicating at least six separate populations of bartail flathead in the northern part of the Persian Gulf.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Genetic diversity ; Bartail flathead. ; Platycephalus indicus ; AFLP ; Genetic ; Populations ; Fish
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.924-936
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The present study was carried out during 2006-2007 along the southern Caspian Sea. The species composition showed that the common kilka, Clupeonella cultriventris caspia, is dominant species with 89% and then anchovy, C. engrauliformis, has shown only 8.7% while it was already dominant species in the past decades. The overall results indicated that common kilka was replaced with anchovy kilka as previous dominant kilka species due to invasion of Mnemiopsis leidyi to the southern Caspian Sea. Anchovy suffered greatly from M. leidyi so that the total catch dropped from 95000 mt in 1999 to less than 20000 mt in 2007. In our survey, 1415 fish specimens were collected randomly, including 221 anchovy, 281 bigeye and 913 common kilka. The mean length of anchovy was 117.8 ± 0.27 mm, while it was about 93.0 mm during 1995 to 1998 before the invasion of M. leidyi. Analysis of age classes indicated the mean age of 4.5 ± 0.04 years for anchovy, 3.6 ± 0.03 for common kilka and 4.6 ± 0.08 for big eye C. grimmi. According to the age and the length structure of the specimens in this study, it could be concluded that in recent years, young fish population of anchovy has been decreased in comparison with the last decade. The results showed that some biological characteristics of kilka population were affected by M. leidyi. Recently fishing activities take place in shallow waters where schools of kilka are in suitable density for fishing. According to our results, ctenophore occupied the anchovy habitat where it was mainly more than 50 m depth. The fishing has moved to areas with depths less than 50 meters where it was the main reason to change in species composition.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Age structure ; Clupeonella ; Species composition ; Mnemiopsis leidyi ; Genetics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.559-569
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Black pomfret Parastromateus niger is a commercially important fishery resource in the Persian Gulf but harvesting its stocks lacks genetic identification of populations. AFLP technique was applied to analyze genetic diversity and population structure of 32 fish from coastal waters of Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Abadan with 7 EcoRI/MseI primer pair combinations. In total, 381 bands were produced of which, 46 were polymorphic (12.07%). Percentage of polymorphic bands was higher in Bushehr samples (91.30%) than in Abadan (84.78%) and Bandar Abbas (73.91%) samples. The highest level of heterozygosity based on Nei’s coefficient and Shannon’s index was observed in Bushehr fish (0.38±0.16 and 0.54±0.21). Observed and effective alleles ranged from 1.73±0.44 and 1.53±0.40 in Bandar Abbas samples to 1.91±0.28 and 1.70±0.34 in Bushehr samples. The average Fst was 0.19 indicating high genetic differentiation among the three locations. Gene flow with mean of 1.93 was the lowest level between Bandar Abbas and Abadan (1.24). Nei's genetic identity revealed the least genetic similarity between the samples of Bandar Abbas and Abadan (0.77). AMOVA analysis demonstrated 81% of the genetic variation within populations and 19% among populations. The UPGMA dendrogram clustered all 32 individuals into 3 groups. In some cases individuals from the same region were grouped together but in most cases, gene exchange was observed to be common among the groups. Analyses provided evidence for genetic differentiation among the three locations, indicating separate populations of black pomfret in the northern Persian Gulf.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Black pomfret ; Parastromateus niger ; AFLP molecular markers ; Population structure ; Genetic ; Populations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.857-875
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Esox lucius is an economically important freshwater species. Mitochondrial cytb, 12SrRNA, and 16SrRNA gene sequences were used in order to clarify the genetic variation and population structure in three E. Lucius populations, i.e., one Wild population (W) and two hatchery populations (Hatchery Population I-HPI and Hatchery Population II-HPII). A total of 55 individuals, with 19 from wild and 18 from each hatchery population, were sequenced. The results are as follows: 1) cytb. Eleven variable sites defined eight distinct haplotypes, with 1137 base pairs (bp) complete cytb sequences. The nucleotide diversity (π) values were W 0.009%, HPI 0.075% and HPII 0.068%, respectively. Genetic distances within and between populations were both between 0 and 0.1%. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis revealed that variation within populations accounts for 98.49% of total variation. 2) 12SrRNA. We obtained 380 bp consensus 12SrRNA sequence and found little variation among the 55 sequences. 3) 16SrRNA. Twelve variable sites defined seven haplotypes, with 519 bp consensus 16SrRNA sequence. The π values were W 0.041%, HPI 0.310% and HPII 0.021%, respectively. Genetic distances were between 0 and 0.3% within populations and from 0 to 0.2% between populations. AMOVA disclosed that variation within populations accounts for 91.79% of total variation. Variation within populations is the main source of total variation. The results suggest that low genetic variation can be found in both wild and hatchery populations of E. lucius, and the effect of genetic drift and adaptation to culture conditions gradually emerged under only two generations’ artificial cultivation.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Northern pike ; Esox lucius ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic variability ; Hatchery ; Populations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.792-801
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The effects of starvation and subsequent re-feeding on compensatory growth performance, blood serum metabolites and IGF-ImRNA expression in liver and muscle were investigated in juvenile Persian sturgeon. Growth indices including body weight, SGR, CF, and HSI significantly decreased after starvation. However, after re-feeding sturgeons that were starved for 1 week reached the same weight as the control, indicating that complete compensatory growth had occurred. Conversely, sturgeon in longer periods of starvation showed only partial growth compensation. HSI values decreased significantly during starvation, although they returned to the control fish levels after re-feeding. Plasma levels of glucose and insulin during starvation and re-feeding did not significantly change. This suggests that sturgeon is able to maintain glycaemia during starvation, probably due to their non-carbohydrates source dietary. Plasma total lipid level in un-fed treatments, however, was found to increase, possibly as a mechanism to utilise lipids as a fuel during starvation. IGF-I mRNA expression in liver and muscle increased during starvation and decreased after re-feeding. However, changes in the IGF-ImRNA expression were not significantly different among treatments. These results indicate that a periodic short-term starvation in Persian sturgeon does not adversely sacrifice overall fish weight gain and sturgeon can realise compensatory growth.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Acipenser persicus ; Persian sturgeon ; Feeding regime ; Compensatory growth ; Blood metabolite ; Plasma ; Dietary
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.465-483
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile and halophilic bacterium identified as Vibrio harveyi was isolated from hatchery-reared larval of Iran Shrimp Research Centerfollowing mass mortality . Seven isolates of Vibrio spp.were collected from nauplii of Litopenaeus vannamei and then were evaluated for characteristics including morphology, physiology and biochemistry. The results indicated that the isolates belonged to a single species that grew on Thiosulfate citrate- Bile Sucrose agar and in 1.5 to 6% NaCl, positive lysine and ornithine decarboxylation and susceptible to O/129 disk. Identification of Vibrio harveyi strainIS01 (1 of 7 isolates) was confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction assay for Vibrio harveyi (expected amplicon 1493 bp). The 16S ribosomal DNA sequence (National Center for Biotechnology Information, GenBank accession number GU974342.1) gave 99% sequence identity to V. harveyi ATCC: 35084 (GenBank accession number EU130475.1).
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Vibriosis ; Shrimp diseases ; Litopenaeus vannamei ; 16S rDNA sequencing ; Molecular
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.384-393
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: An experiment was undertaken to develop a suitable seed production technique for Sperata aor in captivity. Naturally produced fry of aor was reared at different densities in nine nursery ponds 0.012 ha in size with an average depth of 0.8 m each. Three stocking densities tested, each of which was triplicated. Fry of aor stocked at 100,000/ha was designated as treatment-1 (T1), 150,000/ha as treatment-2 (T2) and 200,000/ha as treatment-3 (T3). All stocked fry were from the same age group with mean length and weight of 1.78 ± 0.28 cm and 0.24 ± 0.05 g, respectively. Fry in all the treatments were fed with SABINCO nursery feed (32.06% crude protein) for the first 14 days and starter-I (31.53% crude protein) for days 15 to 56. Physico-chemical parameters and plankton population of pond water were within the optimal level being better in T1 than those in T2 and T3. Growth in terms of final weight and length, weight and length gain, specific growth rate, daily growth rate, and survival of fingerlings were significantly higher in T1 followed by T2 and T3. Food conversion rate was significantly lower in T1 than in T2 and T3. Significantly higher number of fingerlings was produced in T3 than those in T2 and T1. Despite this, consistently higher net benefits were achieved from T1 than from T2 and T3. This is the first time report that stocking of 100,000 fry/ha appears to be the most suitable density for rearing of aor fingerlings in nursery ponds.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Catfish ; Sperata aor ; Fry ; Stocking density ; Fingerling ; Growth ; Production ; First time ; Reported
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1-14
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Members of Nemacheilidae Family, Turcinoemacheilus genus were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analysis in this study. This genus was reported in 2009 to inhabit in Karoon River drainage, in contrary to previous assumption that it was the endemic species in the Basin of Tigris River. It was sampled from three stations placed in different tributaries in Karoon drainage and evaluated to understand the molecular phylogenetic relationships of Turcinoemacheilus in Iran. The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) and control region were used to infer phylogenetic relationships. PCR amplification of control region was not carried out successfully, possibly due to the high divergence of this sequence in the studied genus. The amplified fragments of cyt b were sequenced then analyzed by the use of phylogenetic software. Only one divergent position was seen in all three samples stations located in amino acid position 365. GTR and p-distances of cytochrome b gene for T. kosswigi computed from different stations of running water in Karoon drainage showed these samples belong to different populations and fall in intraspecific differences. In this study, examination of the molecular phylogeny using Bayesian analysis, maximum parsimony or neighbor-joining define the phylogentics of Turcinoemacheilus genus as a monophyletic clade which is sister-clade of Nemacheilus and Schistura genera. This report is the first report of Turcinoemacheilus molecular data and could describe molecular phylogeny of this genus in loaches.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Nemacheilidae ; Cypriniformes ; Turcinoemacheilus ; Mitochondrial ; Schistura genera ; Software ; Molecular phylogenetics ; Karoon drainage ; Bayesian analysis ; Maximum parsimony ; Neighbor-joining ; DNA ; Phylogenetics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.592-604
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Considering the importance of genetic studies to manifest inter population differences in species, samples of Artemia partenogenetica were collected from seven inland lakes including Shoor and Inche-Borun lakes in Golestan Province, Hoze-Soltan and Namak lakes in Qom Province, Maharloo and Bakhteghan lakes in Fars Province and Mighan pool in Markazi Province. A total of 210 samples were subjected to DNA extraction by phenol-chloroform method. Primers were designed on a ribosomal fragment (16SrRNA) of the species' mtDNA sequence and the PCR was conducted on the samples. Digestion of the PCR product with approximately 1584bp lengths by 10 restriction endonuclease (AluI, EcoRI, Eco47I, HaeIII, HindIII, HinfI, MboI, MspI, RsaI, TaqI) showed 12 different haplotypes: 4 haplotypes in Shoor and Inche-Borun, 1 in Namak and Hoze-Soltan, 3 in Mighan pool, 1 in Bakhtegan and Maharloo and 3 in Maharloo. Haplotype diversity values within collected samples varied from zero in Hoze-Soltan, Namak and Bakhteghan samples to 0.7425 in Inche-Borun and Shoor while nucleotide diversity varied from zero in Hoze-Soltan, Namak and Bakhteghan, to 0.0077 in Mighan. The minimum nucleotide diversity among samples was zero between Hoze-Soltan vs. Namak and the maximum was 0.1700 between Inche-Borun and Shoor vs. Mighan. Nucleotide divergences among samples were least in Inche-Borun vs. Shoor (%-0.02) and most in Inche-Borun and Shoor vs. Mighan (%16.18), averaging to %3.40. The evolutionary distances between 12 haplotype showed that the maximum value belonged to Mighan haplotypes vs. Inche-Borun and Shoor haplotypes. Regarding the digestive patterns produced by each enzyme in the studied region, Eco47I is introduced as the population-specific marker of A. partenogenetica in Iran. Test of population differentiation based on haplotype frequencies were statistically significant (P~,0.001) with the exception of Hoze-Soltan vs. Namak and Inche-Borun vs. Shoor. We conclude that there are enough evidences in haplotypic level for dividing A. partenogenetica in Iran into five populations: Hoze-Soltan and Namak, Mighan, Maharloo, Bakhtegan, Incheh-Borun and Shoor.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: RNA ; Nucleotide sequence ; Primers ; Nucleotides ; Artemia partenogenetica ; Population Genetics ; Genetics ; DNA ; Enzymes ; Marine
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.53-68
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In the present study we evaluated the amount and distribution of genetic variation by using RAPD marker variation of 12 markers loci in three broodstock groups of rainbow trout. A total of 47 polymorphic bands were observed in Iranian strain, average number of bands was 10 and average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 3.92. The total detected bands in rainbow trout strain originated from French, was 120 bands with an average number of 10 bands per RAPD primer. A total of 117 amplified were detected in Norwegian population, with an average number of bands and average number of polymorphic bands per primer was 9.75 and 2.58, respectively. Data for observed and effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity and Shannon’s information index for all the three populations were 1.31, 1.20, 0.120 and 0.170, respectively. The mean coefficient of gene differentiation value and the estimate of gene flow across the populations were found as 0.299 and 0.171, respectively. The Nei measures of genetic distance and identity between pairs of rainbow trout strains indicate that the strain originated from France and Iran has the highest genetic identity, while the fish originated from Norway and France showed the greatest genetic distance.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Molecular ; Genetic variation ; Rainbow trout ; Polymorphism ; RAPD ; Populations
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.511-521
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: This study was conducted to produce a high percentage of genetically male tilapia through interspecific hybridization between Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and Blue tilapia, O. aureus and evaluate sex ratio, productive performance and heterosis of the progeny produced. The results revealed that sex ratios of the progenies of (♀ O. aureus x ♂ O. niloticus) and (♀ O. niloticus x ♂ O. aureus) were 4.28: 1.00 and 3.59: 1.00 and differ (P〈0.05 df =1) significantly from the expected sex ratios of 3.00: 1.00 and 1.00: 0.00, respectively. In addition, the productive performance traits of (♀ O. aureus x ♂ O. niloticus) had significant (P≤0.05) superiority in most of these traits. Moreover, although both hybrids displayed a positive or best heterosis for daily gain, SGR%/day, FCR and PER, the hybrid of (♀ O. aureus x ♂ O. niloticus) showed the highest or best heterosis.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Genetically male ; Interspecific hybridization ; Nile tilapia ; Blue tilapia ; Productive performance ; Heterosis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.802-812
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The current study evaluated effects of dietary administration doses of Entrococcus faecium on the hematological factors, and disease resistance of Sander lucioperca against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish were fed with dietary administration containing E. faecium doses including of (1010, 108CFU/ g) for diet A1 and A2, respectively in a commercial diet as basal diet were used for 6 weeks. The control group was basal diet with serum. The hematological and immunity parameters were measured and fish were challenged with A.hydrophila (4.5×108CFU/mL). Fish were monitored daily and the mortality rates were recorded over 8 days post – challenge. The results indicated that HCT in A1 treatment (1010CFU/g) had significantly increased in compare to the control and A2 (108 CFU/g) treatments (p〈0.05). MCV in A1(10 10CFU/g) and control groups were significantly higher than A2 (108 CFU/g) Treatment (p〈0.05). However, other parameters e.g. RBC, HB, MCH, MCHC had no significant different. The serum lysozyme, alternative complement activity (ACH50) and IgM levels were significantly enhanced in dietary administration E. faecium(108,1010CFU/g) in feeding period. Survival rate of fish by dietary administration E. faecium (1010CFU/g) was significantly higher (p〈0.05) than the other groups (86.6%).
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Aeromonas hydrophila ; Entrococcus faecium ; Aeromonas hydrophila ; Hematology ; Immunity ; Parameters ; Sander lucioperca ; Hematological
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1581-1592
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The population genetic structure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was examined on 260 specimens from Tajan and Gorgan Rivers, Gorgan Gulf, Anzali Lagoon and other regions in east, middle and west of south Caspian Sea. DNA was extracted from fin tissue by phenol-chlorophorm method with a concentration of 50-100 nanograms. PCR was performed using ND-3/4 and ND-5/6 genes. The PCR products of samples were digested by 15 restriction endonuclease enzymes. The digested products accompanied with standard marker (50 pb). To measure fragment size, samples were run on a 6% vertical poyacrylamide gel. The fragments were visualized by silver staining of the polyacrylamide gel. Statistical analysis of data was performed by Reap software. We detected 14 and 12 different haplotypes in ND-3/4 and ND-5/6 genes of common carp. The mean values of haplotype diversity among populations were 0.59 and 0.48 and the average nucleotide diversity was 0.06 and 0.03 for ND3/4 and ND5/6 genes. Also, the mean values of nucleotide divergence among populations were 0.05% and 0.02%, respectively. The haplotype distribution was not significantly different between Mazandaran and Guilan coasts, Mazandaran and Golestan coasts, Golestan coast and Gorgan Gulf and Gorgan River (P less than or equal to 0.05), but this divergence was significantly different between Guilan region and Anzali Lagoon, Guilan and Golestan coasts, Tajan and Gorgan Rivers (P less than or equal to 0.05). We found a significant genetic divergence between some of the samples such that three genetic groups of common carp were identified in the southern part of the Caspian Sea.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Nucleotide sequence ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Coastal lagoons ; Nucleotides ; Rivers ; Data processing ; Statistical analysis ; Computer programs ; Software ; Haplotypes ; Endonuclease ; Cyprinus carpio ; Brackish ; Population genetics ; Genetics ; DNA ; Freshwater fish ; Enzymes ; Lead ; Lagoons ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Coasts
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.89-102
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: 0Genetic polymorphism by means of biochemical genetic markers using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system in four barbus fish species has been investigated. Species scientific name were Barbus sharpeyi ; Gunther, 1847 , Barbus grypus ; Heckel, 1843, Barbus xanthopterus ; Heckel, 1843 and Barbus esocinus ; Heckel, 1843.Sampling site and location were mainly in the rivers located in Khoozestan province such as Karoon and Karkheh rivers and the Dez dam. Different organs such as blood, muscle, kidney, eye and heart were sampled and analysed for the presence of tf, es, sod and pgm alleles. High polymorphism and presence of different alleles scored, but populations were not in the H-W equilibrium. Considring results, using current and avaiable genetic markers such as microsattelits is recommended for future works.
    Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Genetics ; Genetics Markers ; Distinguish ; Barbus ; Species ; Barbus sharpeyi ; Barbus xanthopterus ; Barbus esocinus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Refereed
    Format: 62pp.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In order to introduce genetic markers of four species of fishes, 80 samples of each species, i.e. Parastromateus niger, Scomberomorus comersoniannus, Trachionotus mookalee and Caranx para were collected. DNA was extracted using phenol- chloroform method . The target gene ( cytochrome b ) was amplified by Thermal cycle (PCR) and the PCR product size estimated 1105 bp. In this research out of 27 DNAase enzymes which were used for PCR product enzyme digesting 8 enzymes(Bam HI, Alw 261, Rsa I, Mbo I, Alu I, Hinf I, Dpn I, Dde I) have cut side on target DNA and three enzymes of them Alu I, Hinf I and Mbo I showed polymorphism genetic differences while other enzymes displayed similar patterns. Variarion of haplotypes from four species are as follows: BAA for P. niger, AAB for T. mookalee, ABA for C. para, and ACA for S. comersonianus. So it is possible to claim that each of the above Haplotypes may be used as genetic markers for each of the species.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Separation ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Phenotypic variations ; Cytochrome b ; DDE ; Trachionotus mookalee ; Parastromateus niger ; Caranx para ; Carangidae ; Scomberomorus comersoniannus ; Scomberomorus ; Genetics ; DNA ; Enzymes ; Biomarkers ; Identification ; Phenotypes ; Chloroform ; Haplotypes ; Gene polymorphism ; Genetic markers ; Caranx ; Marine
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1-14
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The number of chromosome and karyotype of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843) was determined by the conventional preparation and Gimsa staining technique, using gill epithelia and kidney cells. In this investigation, 5 specimens of G. rufa were used which collected from Rodbal River, Firouzabad, Fars Province. Based on 30 chromosome spreads counts, the chromosome number was found to be 2n=50 with arm number NF=84. By using the ratio of long arm to short arm, the karyotype formula of 10 metacentric, 24 sub-metacentric and 16 sub-telocentric (10M +24SM +16St) was obtained.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Light microscopy ; Karyotypes ; Garra rufa ; Genetics ; Chromosomes ; Freshwater
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.11-18
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In this research, antagonistic activity of two Bacillus species isolated from digestive tract of marine fish and culture pond of sea cucumber was studied. The inhibitory activity of Bacillus spp. isolates against some common pathogenic bacteria of fish was assessed using the agar diffusion method. The strain of B. subtilis G024 exhibited antimicrobial activity against Vibrio anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus; the isolate of B. amyloliquefaciens N004 inhibited growth in V. anguillarum, V. campbellii, V. vulnificus, V. parahamolyticus, Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus sp., B. cereus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of indicator bacteria showed that cell morphologies were strongly affected by the cell-free supernatant of the two Bacillus spp. isolates. It is determined that the culture filtrates contained inhibitors against growth of some pathogenic bacteria with different degrees of inhibition, although none of the culture filtrates could inhibit the growth of V. fluvialis, V. alginolyticus, V. splendidus. Based upon these characteristics, both of the antagonistic Bacillus spp. isolates could be the potential probiotics used in the aquaculture production.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Culture pond ; Bacillus ; Antagonistic activity ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Probiotic ; Aquaculture ; Gastrointestinal ; Sediments ; Aquatic ; Growth ; Fish
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.701-714
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  • 62
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    WorldFish | Bhubaneswar, India
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/12749 | 115 | 2013-12-03 13:46:30 | 12749 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii is one of the widely cultured freshwater prawn species globally. India was the third largest producer of this species in 2007 and its aquaculture production rose to 43,000 metric tons (t) in 2005 froin less than 500 t in 1995. However, since then production has been declining and in 2008-09 it was 12,856 t, a reduction of more than 70% compared to 2005. There are several contributing factors to this decline, such as slow growth rate, poor survival, disease outbreaks, increase in cost of production, and availability of low risk alternative fish species. However, there is a consensus that poor seed quality leading to unsatisfactory growth and survival rates in ponds is one of the major reasons. Hence, the development of a systematic selective breeding program aimed at improving growth rate and ensuring high survival rate of this species was deemed a high priority. The Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Bhubaneswar, India in collaboration with the WorldFish Center, Malaysia initiated a selective breeding program for this species in 2007.
    Description: CIFA - WorldFish Project on Genetic Improvement of Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in India (Phase Two)
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Prawn culture ; Genetics ; Seed production ; Selective breeding ; Freshwater aquaculture ; India •Livestock and Fish
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 10
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  • 63
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    WorldFish | Penang, Malaysia
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10991 | 115 | 2013-03-17 12:38:07 | 10991 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: When different strains or breeds of a particular species are available, the best choice is seldom immediately obvious for producers. Scientists are also interested in the relative performance of different strains because it provides a basis for recommendations to producers and it often stimulates the conduct of work aimed at unraveling the underlying biological mechanisms involved in the expression of such differences. Hence, strain or breed comparisons of some sort are frequently conducted. This manual is designed to provide general guidelines for the design of strain comparison trials in aquaculture species. Example analyzes are provided using SAS and SPSS. The manual is intended to serve a wide range of readers from developing countries with limited access to information. The users, however, are expected to have a basic knowledge of quantitative genetics and experience in statistical methods and data analysis as well as familiarity with computer software. The manual mainly focuses on the practical aspects of design and data analysis, and interpretation of results.
    Description: CGIAR Research Program Livestock & Fish
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Aquaculture ; Genetics ; Selective breeding
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 31
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  • 64
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    WorldFish | Penang, Malaysia
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10632 | 115 | 2013-07-12 04:44:53 | 10632 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Aquaculture production systems in developing countries are largely based on the use of unimproved species and strains. As knowledge and experience are accumulated in relation to the management, feeding and animal health issues of such production systems, the availability of genetically more productive stock becomes imperative in order to more effectively use resources. For instance, there is little point in providing ideal water conditions and optimum feed quality to fish that do not have the potential to grow faster and to be harvested on time, providing a product of the desired quality. Refinements in the production system and improvement of the stock used must progress hand in hand. In this paper we deal separately with genetic and non-genetic issues pertaining to the multiplication and dissemination of improved strains. The separation is somewhat arbitrary, and as will be evident from our discussion, there is frequent interaction between the two.
    Description: CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Aquaculture ; Genetics ; Selective breeding
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 15
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  • 65
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    Unknown
    In:  library@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4537 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 16:17:32 | 4537 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: The objective of this article is to review the populations of Arctic charr in the south of Scotland which have become locally extinct, and the reasons for their demise. In the British Isles, the Arctic charr in individual lakes have been isolated from each other for thousands of years and have developed a variety of phenotypic characteristics which are probably genetically based. About 200 populations of Arctic charr have been recorded from different parts of the British Isles: approximately 12 in England, 50 in Ireland, 175 in Scotland and four in Wales. The threats to charr from acidification, afforestation, engineering schemes, angling and fish farming are assessed, and the establishment of new populations is proposed as a method of replacing extinct stocks or providing an additional safeguard for valuable stocks in threatened waters.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Pollution ; Limnology ; Acidification ; Angling ; Animal populations ; Distribution records ; Ecosystem management ; Fish culture ; Freshwater fish ; Genetics ; Hydroelectric power plants ; Lakes Phenotypic variations ; Rare species ; Scotland ; Salvelinus alpinus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 212-227
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  • 66
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    WorldFish | Penang, Malaysia
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/16659 | 115 | 2015-04-13 11:44:30 | 16659 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This publication is based on materials covered and outputs generated during the Workshop on Risk Assessment Methodologies and Tools for Aquaculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, which was jointly held by WorldFish and FAO in Siavonga, Zambia on 28 June - 2 July 2010. The workshop was delivered as a training exercise to 17 participants from seven sub-Saharan countries and was designed to highlight current methodologies and tools available for environmental risk analysis in aquaculture development. A key focus of the workshop was to encourage participants to consider hypothetical but realistic scenarios and to discuss issues relevant to evaluating the environmental risks of a given activity or scenario. This publication presents selected scenarios from the workshop and the outcomes of the deliberative process as developed by the participants. This publication is factual but not comprehensive, therefore any statements or estimations of risk do not represent the actual risks arising from the described scenario. It is intended to serve as an easily readable introduction to risk analysis, highlighting worked examples that will provide guidance on how a risk analysis may be approached in a similar situation.
    Description: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Description: CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Genetics ; GIFT ; Livestock and fish ; Training ; Tilapia
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 55
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  • 67
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    Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The present study deals with the taxonomic investigation of the species of the Genus Merluccius cited for Argentinean waters: Merluccius hubbsi, Merluccius australis, Merluccius patagonicus and Merluccius tasmanicus. 393 fresh specimens from Argentinean waters were analyzed. Also, type and non-type curated museum specimens were examined from Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and New Zealand, as well as of other species of Merluccius: M. merluccius, M. bilinearis, M. productus, M. gayi and M. paradoxus, that have been reexamined. Nominal species were analized to corroborate their specific validity by means of the comparative study of morphology, meristic, classic and landmark-based morphometry, both external and internal, and through DNA barcoding molecular tools. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to establish the degree of intraand interspecific variation. The usefulness of meristic and morphometric characters in specific differentiation was demonstrated by the analysis of nine of the fourteen species of Merluccius described. Both external and internal morphological characters showed high intraspecific variation. Meristic and morphometric characters of types of M. patagonicus and M. tasmanicus totally overlapped with those of M. hubbsi and M. australis. M. australis showed a greater number of scales along the lateral line, total vertebrae, second dorsal and anal-fin rays than those of M. hubbsi. A trend of having longer snouts and wider heads, in M. australis and bigger eyes and longer ventral fins, in M. hubbsi has been observed. Discriminant characters were found, between M. hubbsi and M. australis, in the internal elements that have been widely used in differentiating Merluccius species (hyomandibular, urohyal and sagitta otolith) and in bones belonging to different body regions (skull, spine and appendicular skeleton). DNA barcoding analyses confirmed the specific validity of M. hubbsi and M. australis, finding no evidence of the existence of other species of Merluccius. We conclude that M. patagonicus and M. tasmanicus are junior synonyms of M. hubbsi and M. australis, respectively, and that only two species of Merluccius occur in Argentinean waters.
    Description: PhD
    Description: Tesis (doctorado). Realizada en el IIMyC - CONICET (Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras), FCEN-UNMDP
    Keywords: Peces marinos ; Taxonomía ; Morfología animal ; Conteos merísticos ; Morfometría ; Genetics ; DNA ; ASFA15::M::Marine fish ; ASFA15::T::Taxonomy ; ASFA15::A::Animal morphology ; ASFA15::M::Meristic counts ; ASFA15::M::Morphometry ; ASFA15::O::Osteology ; ASFA15::G::Genetics ; ASFA15::D::DNA
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 223pp.
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  • 68
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    La Habana
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Contiene los trabajos presentados, el programa científico y el perfil de instituciones marinas cubanas.
    Description: Published
    Description: zona costera
    Description: recursos marinos
    Description: acuacultura
    Description: acuariología
    Description: educación
    Description: genética
    Description: contaminación marina
    Description: microbiología
    Keywords: Coastal zone ; Marine resources ; Aquaculture ; Aquariology ; Education ; Genetics ; Marine pollution ; Microbiology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book , Refereed , Paper
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Las colecciones microbianas son consideradas como centros de recursos genéticos que custodian dicho germoplasma, entre sus funciones principales se encuentra la conservación de los microorganismos, lo que permite garantizar el suministro de cepas requerido para acometer actividades docentes, investigativas o productivas. En Cuba, tales curadores, se aglutinaron en el Grupo de Colecciones Microbianas, que durante el 2002 se constituyó como Sección de Colecciones Microbianas y otros Materiales Biológicos de la ATAC, alcanzando en la actualidad más de 100 asociados, que participan en reuniones trimestrales, cursos, adiestramientos y talleres, donde son discutidos los resultados del trabajo científico-técnico desarrollado en sus colecciones. Se comentan de modo general su inserción en las distintas esferas de la economía del país, los servicios que prestan, los métodos para la conservación de los microorganismos con que trabajan y otros aspectos de interés.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Biological collections ; Genetics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio de las relaciones evolutivas de las especies representativas de peces del género Lucifuga en Cuba mediante el análisis de sus variaciones genéticas y moleculares. Se estudiaron 11 sistemas proteicos y la secuencia parcial del gen mitocondrial citocromo b (cytb). Los animales fueron colectados en diferentes localidades de la zona occidental de Cuba. La filogenia reconstruida a partir de los caracteres moleculares indica la existencia de dos linajes evolutivos fundamentales cuya divergencia está sustentada por 11 loci proteicos, 73 sinapomorfías mitocondriales y un uso diferencial de los codones que codifican para el aminoácido valina. Uno de los linajes está constituido por las especies L. dentatus, L. dentatus var. holguinensis y L. simile y el otro por las especies L. subterraneus y L. teresinarum. La distribución de las especies en los linajes evolutivos se corresponde con la asignación de las mismas a los dos subgéneros definidos para este género. El análisis filogenético sostiene que las especies L. simile, L. dentatus y L. subterraneus constituyen linajes evolutivos independientes caracterizados por múltiples sinapomorfías, coincidiendo con clasificación taxonómica actual. L. teresinarum no se sustenta como clado monofilético y apunta a ser una sinonimia de L. subterraneus, aunque los resultados al respecto no son concluyentes. Los ejemplares de la denominada L. dentatus var. holguinensis capturados en dos localidades del norte de Matanzas constituyen un clado bien soportado definido por caracteres moleculares, bioquímicos y morfológicos. Esto sugiere la revisión de su estatus taxonómico.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Lucifuga (Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae)
    Description: Cuba
    Keywords: Genetics ; Evolution (organisms) ; Molecular taxonomy
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations , Master thesis
    Format: 81
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La poliploidía ha sido una de las biotecnologías más empleadas en la ultima década para el mejoramiento genético de moluscos bivalvos por ser una de las mejores alternativas a corto plazo para incrementar la producción. Los organismos triploides presentan tres juegos completos de cromosomas homólogos que afectan la sinapsis, lo cual da como resultado una esterilidad parcial o total, la cual teóricamente repercute favorablemente en el crecimiento. Sin embargo, la inducción a la triploidía presenta algunos problemas que podrían resolverse con la disponibilidad de tetraploides para producir triploides biológicos. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del desarrollo de biotecnologías de poliploidía en tres especies de moluscos nativos al noroeste de México, el abulón rojo (Haliotis rufescens), la almeja catarina (Argopecten ventricosus) y la almeja mano de león (Nodipecten subnodosus). En abulón rojo se evaluó la inducción a la triploidía en tres épocas del año (mayo, septiembre y noviembre), obteniéndose en el mes de noviembre los mejores porcentajes de triploides. El éxito alcanzado en la triploidía fue paralelo a la viabilidad larval observada en larvas control durante cada inducción; la supervivencia más alta a trocófora y el coeficiente de variación (CV) más bajo ocurrió para las larvas producidas en noviembre o invierno. Las larvas producidas en mayo presentaron una supervivencia intermedia, mientras que las producidas en septiembre presentaron la supervivencia más baja a larva trocófora y el CV más alto. En almeja mano de león, para la cual se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones de citocalacina-B, se encontró que las concentraciones de CB de 0.75 mg/L y 1.0 mg/L presentaron el mayor éxito (87 % y 95 %, respectivamente), aunque la supervivencia larval estuvo inversamente correlacionada con el éxito a la triploidía. Al evaluar los efectos de la triploidía sobre la gametogénesis y el crecimiento de la almeja mano de león durante un período de 21 meses, comparando triploides, diploides tratados, y diploides control, se encontró que el crecimiento de los triploides no fue superior a los grupos diploides. La falta de ventaja de crecimiento del triploide ocurrió a pesar de la incapacidad de los triploides para madurar y formar gametos, mostrando una esterilidad del 95 % al 99 % con respecto a los diploides. Este resultado podría estar asociado con la característica reproductiva de esta especie en el sitio particular donde se realizo la evaluación, donde se ha observado que la reproducción es ‘oportunistica’, así como también podría estar relacionado con un efecto negativo de la alta productividad primaria en este sitio particular. En almeja catarina, especie para la cual ya se había desarrollado previamente el conocimiento sobre la triploidía (su inducción y ventajas en cultivo: Ruiz-Verdugo et al., 2000), en el presente trabajo se evaluó la inducción a la tetraploidía mediante tres métodos. El primero, por inhibición de la extrusión del primer cuerpo polar en ovocitos producidos por diploides y fertilizados por esperma haploide, produjo un porcentaje reducido de larva-D tetraploide, pero no resultó en supervivencia de estos a semilla o adulto. El segundo método, la inhibición de la primera división celular del cigoto, resultó principalmente en larva anormal no viable. El tercer método, la inducción a la tetraploidía inhibiendo el primer cuerpo polar en ovocitos de triploides fertilizados con esperma haploide, fue el único método en donde se obtuvo un alto porcentaje de larva-D tetraploide. De estas progenies tetraploides se logró el obtener adultos, mostrando que este es el único método viable para la producción de tetraploides, previamente demostrado para el ostión japonés. Adicionalmente a las definiciones de las mejores condiciones y métodos para inducción a la poliploidía en estas tres especies, y la evaluación del crecimiento comparativo entre diploides y triploides en una especie, se definieron algunos de los efectos que la condición de triploide tiene sobre la gametogénesis en pectínidos como la en almeja catarina y en almeja mano de león, evaluada a un nivel no previamente reportado en moluscos: estimación de la frecuencia de células gaméticas sexuales específicas para cada estadio de desarrollo y para cada sexo. Esto se realizó con fines de definir los estadios específicos de la ovogénesis y espermatogénesis en donde ocurre un arresto de la meiosis en los moluscos triploides. Se encontró que independientemente de la edad de muestreo y de la especie, el tipo de ovocito más abundante en triploides fue siempre el previtelogénico, mientras que en diploides siempre fue el vitelogénico. Esto indica que, en los pectinidos triploides el estadio de ovocito en el que la gametogénesis fue detenida fue en el ovocito previtelogénico, el cual se encuentra en la profase I, antes del estadio de diploteno. La causa principal para este arresto meiótico esta posiblemente asociada a problemas durante el estadio de cigoteno-paquiteno de la profase I, cuando la sinapsis y su resolución ocurren, ya que la presencia de tres cromosomas homólogos puede resultar en la formación de complejos sinaptoténicos anormales (múltiples entre cromátidas hermanas de los tres homólogos presentes), no resueltos al alcanzar el estadio de paquiteno. En la gónada masculina la espermatogénesis fue detenida en el estadio de espermatocito primario, indicando nuevamente que el arresto de la meiosis ocurre durante la etapa de la profase I, en el cigoteno – paquiteno, o antes de entrar al estadio de diploteno, el cual se sabe solamente se alcanza por aquellos ovocitos entrando a vitelogénesis (vitelogénicos), o por aquellos espermatocitos pasando a espermatocitos secundarios. Dado los resultados tanto en hembras como en machos de esta especie, en donde la esterilidad observada en triploides está dada por un arresto del proceso meiótico, evidenciado por la incapacidad de las células gaméticas para proceder a estadios meióticos más avanzados durante la gametogénesis, se propone que esta esterilidad puede ser resultado de la acción de mecanismos genéticos de mantenimiento celular recientemente descritos como “checkpoint mechanisms”. Finalmente, el tamaño celular y nuclear de los gametos en triploides presentó un incremento sustancial sobre el tamaño de las células y núcleos observados en diploides. Esto es indicativo de un incremento no solo en él numero de cromosomas en triploides, sino en el tamaño del núcleo conteniéndolos, así como un incremento en él numero de organélos y citoplasma para mantenimiento de esas células más grandes. Ese mayor tamaño en las células sexuales, específicamente los ovocitos, podría explicar el éxito logrado en la inducción a la tetraploidía en almeja catarina cuando se utilizaron ovocitos de triploides, ya que un mayor tamaño nuclear y celular permitiría un mejor acomodo de los cromosomas en la metafase y un mayor citoplasma permitiría una mayor reserva de componentes requeridos para la multiplicación de una célula poliploide (Guo y Allen, 1994c).
    Description: Polyploidy is a biotechnology that in the last decade had provided with an improvement method for mollusks in aquaculture. Triploids have three sets of chromosomes rather than the two carried by diploids. The third set has an effect on chromosomes synapsis, producing sterility during reproduction. That sterility is the most accepted cause for the better growth seen in triploids. Artificial induction to triploidy has some problems, which can be solved by the existence of tetraploids, which could be mated to diploids to produce biological triploids. This research presents results on the development of polyploidy biotechnologies for three mollusks species native to the northwest of Mexico: red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), the catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus), and the lion-paw scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus). In red abalone induction to triploidy was evaluated in three seasons, spring, summer, and winter, finding that the best results (85% to 100%) in percent triploids was when evaluated in the winter, and when CB concentration was not important in triploidy success. Success in triploid percent during each induction was parallel to larval viability in control groups: the largest survival to trochophore larvae and the lowest coefficient of variation was seen for the evaluations in November; the lowest survival and the highest coefficient of variation was seen during the evaluation in September; and for the May evaluation survival and CV were intermediate. In the lion-paw scallop, induction to triploidy was done only once, finding that concentration of CV was important in the success to produce triploids, but survival was inversely related to the percent of triploids produced. In lion-paw scallop, induction was done only during the natural reproductive season of this species, November, finding that the cytochalasin-B concentration used for the induction was important in the success to triploidy achieved, although there was an inverse relationship between CB concentration and D-larvae survival. Growth and gametogenesis were evaluated for triploids and diploids of the lion-paw scallop during a 21-mo period, not finding an advantage of triploid scallops over diploids for any of the traits evaluated for growth. The lack of advantage for triploids was observed in spite of 95% to 99% sterility in triploids. This is a unique result, as triploidy rarely has been reported as not advantageous in mollusks. Either, the reproductive strategy of this species (opportunistic), or a negative effect of high primary productivity at the site the study was carried might be related to this unique result. For the catarina scallop, a species for which triploidy had been previously demonstrated as feasible and highly promising for improving aquaculture production, the induction to tetraploidy, and the viability of tetraploids to juvenile size was investigated. Three methods were evaluated: inhibition of first polar body in eggs from diploids, inhibition of first cell division in diploid zygotes, and inhibition of first polar body in eggs from triploids. The first and the third did succeded in producing tetraploid larvae, but not the second one. However, juvenile and adult tetraploids were only seen when the third method was used, proving this method as the only one through which tetraploidy can be induced as previously demonstrated for the Pacific oyster. Using as model organism the catarina scallop and the lion-paw scallop, we attempted to understand the precise stage at which gametogenesis is inhibited in mollusks, which can allow for a better understanding of the effects of triploidy on gamete formation. Most previous studies in triploid mollusks had evaluated gametogenesis as developing stages describing the most common event at specific points in time, generally concluding that gametogenesis was delayed in triploids when compared to that seen in diploids. By using a different approach, that is, estimating the gametic cell type frequencies in both, diploids and triploids, the effects of triploidy on gametogenesis can be unequivocally defined to a particular cell type, and meiotic event. It was found that regardless of age at sampling, the most frequently occurring oocyte type in triploid scallops was the previtellogenic oocyte, whereas in diploids it was the vitellogenic oocyte. It is known that the previtellogenic oocyte in pectinids is in prophase I, at the pachytene - zygotene stage of meiosis, and that only those oocytes reaching the diplotene stage can become vitellogenic oocytes. Therefore, it can be concluded that triploidy induces sterility in pectinids because of inability to complete meiosis I, either at the pachytene or zygotene stage. In the male gonad of triploids, the most common gametic cell type was the primary spermatocyte, indicating again the arrest of meiosis at prophase I. Previous studies had proposed mechanical problems during synapsis of chromosomes as the cause of triploid sterility. However, genetic mechanisms can be proposed to be involved in the sterility seen among triploids, as those recently described as ‘checkpoints’, involving proteins detecting and arresting meiosis when failures or errors occur at different steps. Among those checkpoint mechanisms, the pachytene check point is proposed as one involved in the sterility seen among triploids, arresting the meiotic process when problems occur during the synapsis of chromosomes and with the resolution of chromosomes crossing over. Finally, gametic cells of triploids and diploids were compared for nucleus and cytoplasm diameter, finding a significant increase in cell and nucleus size in triploids over diploids. This result might point toward the cause for the only method to induce tetraploidy in catarina scallop having been only that using eggs from triploids, as these eggs would result in an increased probability of the extra set of chromosomes aligning correctly in the metaphase, and the largest cytoplasm would allow for an adequate energy reserve during cell divisions, as pointed out for the Pacific oyster (Guo y Allen, 1994c).
    Description: CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología)
    Description: Moluscos, triploidía, tetraploidía
    Keywords: Genetics ; Growth ; Marine molluscs ; Genetics ; Growth
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations
    Format: 201
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Durante la reproducción de camarones peneidos en cautiverio se ha observado que las hembras, a pesar de encontrarse bajo las mismas condiciones de maduración y de que provengan de una población homogénea en cuanto a edad y tamaño, presentan un diferente potencial reproductivo. Esto es, se ha observado que un alto porcentaje (75%) de hembras no desova o produce desoves no viables, mientras que un bajo porcentaje de hembras (25%) tienen la capacidad de desovar múltiples veces, produciendo estas la mayoría (50% -70%) de nauplios. Dado que el mantener en producción hembras con nulo o bajo desempeño reproductivo implica altos costos para los productores (alimento y espacio), se ha sugerido usar sólo múltiples desovadoras para incrementar el rendimiento por piscina de maduración. Para poder usar hembras múltiples desovadotas es necesario establecer metodologías que permitan identificar y aumentar en la población la frecuencia de estas hembras, siempre y cuando la condición fisiológica de las hembras y, por lo tanto, la calidad de la progenie que estas producen a lo largo de los desoves consecutivos, no disminuya de niveles óptimos. En este trabajo se establecieron dos estrategias que pueden ser utilizadas con el fin de lograr este objetivo: una de las estrategias fue la búsqueda de características que pudiesen ser utilizadas como criterios predictivos de un alto potencial reproductivo, y la segunda estrategia fue evaluar la determinación y variación genética disponible para esas características, con el fin de definir si podían ser utilizadas en un programa de mejoramiento genético para incrementar la capacidad reproductiva. Como una primera aproximación, se evaluó si los desoves consecutivos tenían un efecto sobre la condición fisiológica de las hembras y la calidad de su progenie (huevos y larvas), utilizando varios indicadores (productivos, bioquímicos, morfológicos e histológicos), ya que de existir un efecto negativo el uso de hembras con múltiples desoves para mejorar la producción no sería adecuado. De manera general, se encontró que las hembras con un mayor número de desoves presentan una menor latencia entre la ablación y el primer desove, así como un mayor peso, longitud e índice de condición. En términos bioquímicos, se observó que la composición de los órganos analizados (hemolinfa, hepatopáncreas y ovarios) no varia. Estos resultados nos indicaron que la condición fisiológica de las hembras no es afectada con relación al número de desoves que presentan, y que las hembras con múltiples desoves pueden satisfacer las demandas energéticas de las gónadas sin la disminución de las reservas. Así mismo, esto indicó que su capacidad de asimilación, acumulación y movilización de reservas es suficiente para sostener la demanda metabólica asociada con la producción de múltiples desoves, ya que se observó que las múltiples desovadoras transfieren adecuadamente sus reservas y producen huevos de alta calidad. Esto es, se encontró que los huevos pertenecientes a un mayor orden de desove presentaron altas concentraciones de proteínas, lípidos, triglicéridos, ácidos grasos y vitelina. Por otra parte, se encontró que la calidad de la progenie (huevos y larvas), evaluada en términos de variables morfológicas (de crecimiento), productivas (porcentaje de fertilización, eclosión, número de huevos y número de nauplios) y de desempeño (supervivencia larvaria en cultivo y supervivencia a pruebas de estrés) no se deterioran a lo largo de los desoves consecutivos que una misma hembra presenta. Sin embargo, los resultados de este trabajo indicaron que es importante separar el efecto del tiempo en producción y el de los desoves consecutivos (“orden desove”), ya que el tiempo en producción sí tiene un efecto negativo sobre la calidad de la progenie producida. Una vez que se determinó que la condición de las múltiples desovadoras y la calidad de su progenie no es afectada negativamente en desoves consecutivos, se evaluó si algunas de las variables analizadas podían ser utilizadas como criterios predictivos de la capacidad de desovar múltiples veces, obteniendo simultáneamente larvas de calidad. Primeramente, se observó que el número de días entre la ablación y el primer desove fue significativamente menor en las hembras con un mayor número de desoves, observando que las hembras que desovan dentro de los primeros 10 días después de la ablación presentan una alta probabilidad de tener más de un desove, y que aquellas que no desovan dentro de estos 10 días no desovan en los siguientes 19 días o sólo presentan un desove. Este fue un primer criterio predictivo, pero debido a que no todas las hembras que desovan dentro de los primeros 10 días después de la ablación son múltiples desovadoras, fue necesario determinar otros caracteres que pudieran ser complementarios. El peso y longitud de las hembras fueron de las primeras características que se evaluaron, y se encontró que las hembras con un mayor número de desoves y huevos presentaron un mayor peso y longitud. Así mismo, en este estudio se estimó un índice de condición (basado en la relación entre el peso y la longitud) observándose que las hembras con múltiples desoves presentaron un mayor índice de condición que las hembras con un solo desove. Adicionalmente, se evaluaron algunas variables asociadas con el nivel de reservas. Si la condición inicial que presentan las hembras y, por tanto, sus niveles de reservas determinan la capacidad de desovar múltiples veces, entonces algunas características en las mismas, así como en su primer desove como son las reservas bioquímicas, podrían ser utilizados como posibles criterios predictivos. Las características productivas, bioquímicas y morfológicas del primer desove de las hembras fueron clasificadas con relación al número total de desoves que presentaron al final del periodo de producción evaluado (aproximadamente 30 d), encontrándose un alto porcentaje de fertilización, mayor tamaño de huevos (diámetro), mayor número de huevos, y niveles más altos de triglicéridos y vitelina en los huevos pertenecientes al primer desove de las hembras múltiples desovadoras en comparación con hembras con pocos desoves. El hecho de encontrar que existen algunas variables predictivas de la capacidad de múltiples desoves fue el primer paso, ya que el objetivo final era conocer si de existir características predictivas, estas presentaban variación genética, lo cual haría factible la posibilidad de mejorar la capacidad reproductiva de las hembras mediante el establecimiento de un programa de mejoramiento genético. Para determinar si existía variación genética y cual era su magnitud, se realizaron estimaciones del parámetro conocido como ‘heredabilidad’ para los diferentes caracteres reproductivos, principalmente para aquellos definidos como caracteres predictivos de la capacidad de desovar múltiples veces: días al primer desove, número y tamaño de huevos pertenecientes al primer desove, y concentración de triglicéridos, vitelina y proteínas en huevos del primer desove. Las estimaciones de heredabilidad fueron obtenidas a partir de hermanos carnales, utilizando dos modelos. En uno se utilizó otro caracter como covariable con base en las relaciones conocidas entre algunos caracteres que fueron confirmadas en este trabajo. En un segundo modelo, las estimaciones fueron realizadas sin el uso de covariables. Independientemente del modelo utilizado, las heredabilidades más altas fueron las obtenidas para los caracteres ‘días al primer desove después de la ablación’ (h2 = 0.41 a 0.54), y concentración de vitelina (h2 = 0.28 a 0.47) y triglicéridos (h2 = 0.20 a 0.35) en huevos del primer desove. Heredabilidades menores fueron obtenidas para la concentración de proteínas (h2 = 0.13 a 0.18) y el número de huevos (h2 = 0.09 a 0.17), mientras que el diámetro de los huevos (h2 = 0 a 0.07) y las concentraciones de lípidos en huevos fueron de cero o insignificantes. En general, las heredabilidades para los caracteres incrementaron con el uso de la covariable excepto para los niveles de lípidos, para los cuales la heredabilidad fue de 0 con o sin el uso de la covariable. Las estimaciones de heredabilidad, así como las de algunas correlaciones fenotípicas y genéticas realizadas en este trabajo, además de proveer con la primera evidencia de la existencia de variación genética para caracteres reproductivos en peneidos, indican que los caracteres previamente definidos como predictivos (días al primer desove, niveles de triglicéridos y vitelina en huevos del primer desove) presentan la suficiente variación genética para ser utilizados en un programa de mejoramiento genético dirigido hacia la mejora de la capacidad reproductiva de las hembras de camarón blanco. La variación genética encontrada para estos caracteres reproductivos a la edad de desove nos llevó a preguntar si ésta variación podía estar asociada con algunas características medidas al inicio de la gametogénesis y por ende a una edad más temprana. El contar con criterios predictivos sujetos a selección para una alta capacidad reproductiva a una menor edad/talla puede resultar en importantes ganancias económicas al reducir el número de organismos mantenidos hasta edad/talla de reproductor. Con este fin, se realizó un estudio en donde se analizaron diferentes caracteres relacionados con la gametogénesis en hembras sub-adultas, de 7 meses de edad y un peso aproximado de 19 g. Primeramente y con el fin de obtener un valor cuantitativo y no sólo descriptivo de la madurez de las hembras al inicio de la gametogénesis, para cada hembra se obtuvo el número total de ovocitos, el número de ovocitos previtelogénicos, el número de ovocitos vitelogénicos, el área total del ovario, el diámetro promedio de los ovocitos, y un índice de madurez que representa el área total ocupada por todos los ovocitos presentes en el ovario. Estos dos últimos caracteres, diámetro medio de los ovocitos (DM) y madurez del ovario (MO), fueron elegidos sobre la base de que en ellos están contenidos tanto él numero como el diámetro de todos los ovocitos presentes en toda la superficie del ovario, y ambos son valores cuantitativos con una distribución normal, permitiendo el análisis genético o de estimación de la heredabilidad. Con el análisis de heredabilidad se determinó que las fases tempranas del desarrollo gonádico están determinadas genéticamente, sustentado por las altas heredabilidades encontradas para los caracteres DM y MO (h2 = 0.57 y h2 = 0.71). Una vez determinado esto, la pregunta que surgió fue: ¿existe alguna asociación entre los caracteres evaluados al inicio de la gametogénesis con los caracteres evaluados en las mismas familias de la población pero en talla reproductiva? A este respecto, encontramos que los caracteres evaluados en sub-adultos de camarón, como el DM y el MO, están positivamente correlacionados con la fecundidad en adultos (número de desoves, número de huevos en el primer desove y número de huevos totales), e inversamente correlacionados con la latencia al primer desove. Estos resultados permiten proponer que la selección para mejorar la capacidad reproductiva en adultos de camarón podría auxiliarse con información obtenida en sub-adultos. Sin embargo, puesto que la evaluación en estadios iniciales de gametogénesis implica el sacrificar organismos y analizar histológicamente la información de madurez del ovario, es importante definir otras características asociadas a la madurez del ovario que puedan ser predictivas de la capacidad de madurar. A este respecto, se evaluó en hembras adultas sin ablación la concentración de diferentes componentes bioquímicos en la hemolinfa con fines de definir si alguno podía ser utilizado como un indicador predictivo del estadio de madurez de las hembras. Se encontró que la concentración de vitelogenina en hemolinfa de hembras no ablacionadas fue mayor en aquellas hembras que posteriormente a la ablación alcanzaron un estadio de madurez mas avanzado. Se propone continuar en un futuro con la evaluación de la vitelogenina en hembras sub-adultas, así como con la estimación de la heredabilidad de ese caracter. En conclusión, dados los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, se puede concluir que las hembras con la capacidad de desovar múltiples veces son adecuadas para incrementar la producción de camarón con la obtención de larvas de calidad, y que los días entre la ablación y el primer desove, combinado con los niveles de vitelina de huevos pertenecientes al primer desove, pueden ser utilizados como criterios predictivos de la capacidad de desovar múltiples veces, y dada la heredabilidad estimada, pueden ser utilizados en un programa de mejoramiento genético dirigido hacia la mejora genética de la capacidad reproductiva de las hembras de camarón blanco.
    Description: In shrimp larvae production it has been found that mature females have a different reproductive potential, this in spite of using the same maturation conditions on all females, and of all being of the same age and similar size. A large percentage (75%) of the females never spawns or produce only one and unviable spawn, whereas a small percentage (25%) of the females have the capacity to spawn multiple times and they are responsible for most of the larvae produced (50% - 70%). In a commercial setting, it has been reported that multiple spawners can have up to 25 spawns in a three-month period. Unproductive females have a high cost for producers because of the feeding and space these females utilize without producing quality spawns, reason why it has been suggested that only females with multiple spawning capability should be used to improve production. The use of multiple spawners would result in a larger number of spawns per female per area, increasing thus the yield per tank. However, distinguishing multiple spawners from other females has proven to be difficult, and the establishment of criteria and methodologies that allow for the identification of those females has been identified as a priority in shrimp larvae production. However, because until now the available information on the physiological condition of females with multiple spawning capabilities, and the larvae they produce has been conflicting, it was first necessary to define if the physiological condition of multiple spawners and the quality of the larvae they produce was not affected negatively by that capability. Once that was established, two strategies were proposed to identify multiple spawning capabilities of females. The first one was to find predictive criteria of a good reproductive potential, and the second one was to define if those predictive criteria of a multiple spawning capability were genetically determined, and had sufficient genetic variance such that genetic improvement programs can be applied. To evaluate the effects of multiple spawning on physiological condition of the females and the quality of the offspring they produced, productive, biochemical, morphological, and histological approaches were used. It was found that multiple spawner females have a shorter latency to first spawn after being ablated, have a larger weight, length, and condition index than females never spawning or spawning only once. It was also determined that the biochemical composition of the hemolymph, hepatopancreas, and ovaries is not affected by multiple spawns when compared with single spawns. Therefore, it was concluded that multiple spawners can satisfy their gonads energetic demands without affecting reserves, and that their capacity to assimilate, accumulate, and mobilize reserves is sufficient to sustain the metabolic demand associated with multiple spawning. Most importantly, it was also found that these females can transfer their reserves optimally to the eggs they produce irrespectively of the spawn order. That is, eggs from the fourth or more spawns a multiple spawner female had, had large concentrations of proteins, lipids, triacylglycerides, fatty acids, and vitellin. Furthermore, it was found that the percent fertilization and hatching, the total number of eggs and nauplii, and the survival during larvae culture and that to stress tests did not decrease in progeny produced by consecutive spawns. It was also concluded that contrary to the lack of a negative effect of multiple spawns on progeny quality, there is an effect on shrimp larvae production resulting from what is named ‘time in tanks or production’. This effect is a result of the sampling of females with different reproductive capabilities in a given point of time during reproduction in a hatchery, and does not necessarily indicates reproductive exhaustion of the females, because unproductive females do not even have the opportunity to become ‘reproductively exhausted’ as they never spawn, or spawn only one time during the time kept in the reproductive tanks. Once it was determined that multiple spawners and their progeny were not affected negatively by the consecutive spawning, some of the variables analyzed were evaluated for their predictive capability regarding multiple spawning capacities. It was found that the number of days to first spawn after ablation was significantly shorter for females with four or more spawns, and that females spawning during the first 10 days after ablation were those with a large probability of producing multiple spawns later. However, because not all females spawning within the first 10 days after ablation are in fact multiple spawners, other predictive characteristics were necessary to identify multiple spawners. Total weight and length of females were one of the first characteristics evaluated, finding that those females with the larger number of spawns in approximately 30 d were those females which at ablation were the heaviest, had the largest condition index, and during their first spawn produced the larger number of eggs. It was further questioned if the quality of the first spawn of females differed between multiple spawners as that seen in one or few times spawners. If so, this would provide with additional predictive characteristics to select multiple spawners since an early time in the reproduction tanks. It was found that in fact, the first spawn of multiple spawners had a large percent fertilization, larger egg diameter, a tendency for a larger number of eggs, and larger concentrations of vitellin and triacylglycerides in those eggs. In as much as these predictive criteria can be used immediately by hatcheries to reduce costs associated with the keeping of unproductive females, improvement of the multiple spawning capability can be systematically done through the establishment of a genetic improvement program. However, the question of whether those predictive criteria were genetically determined, or had sufficient genetic variance in the population evaluated had to be answered first. This was achieved through the estimation of the parameter known as ‘heritability’ for those characteristics defined as predictive of a multiple spawning capability; days for first spawn to occur, total number of eggs and their mean diameter, and vitellin, proteins, triacylglycerides, and lipids concentration in first spawned eggs. Moderate to large heritabilities were found for days to first spawn (h2 = 0.41 to 0.54) and for vitellin and triacylglycerides concentration in eggs (h2 = 0.28 to 0.47 and h2 = 0.20 to 0.35, respectively), and insignificant to low heritabilities were found for number and diameter of eggs (h2 = 0.09 to 0.17 and h2 = 0 to 0.07), and for lipids and proteins in eggs (h2 = 0 and h2 = 0.13 to 0.18). In all these estimates, the lower estimate was obtained without the use of covariates, and the larger estimate was obtained after using covariates appropriate to each of those traits. The increase in heritabilities in all cases by the use of the covariate might be a result of the inclusion of the genetic variance (and genetic covariance) of the trait used as a covariate in the genetic variance of the trait being evaluated. Because selection would produce the largest response on traits with the largest heritabilities, these results suggest it will be better to use the traits corrected by their covariate in a selection program. However, because there are also genetic covariances between the direct traits and those used as covariate, it would be important to monitor the correlated responses in the traits used as covariates. Irrespective of which traits are used, these results provide with the first estimates of heritability for reproductive traits in penaeid shrimp, and with the first indication that selection might improve the reproductive quality of shrimp at adult sizes. However, the next question was: given that there is genetic variability present at adult or reproduction age, is there also genetic variability in traits measuring gonad development at the onset of gametogenesis?. If so, the next question was, can the reproductive performance at adult ages can be predicted from females early reproductive stages ?. To answer those questions gonad development was assessed in the same population than before, but at an age of 7 months, when the females weighted between 17 and 21 g. All females were in early developmental stages, with the most advanced type of oocyte being a few vitellogenic ones in some females, and mostly previtellogenic oocytes in all females. Heritabilities were estimated for total numbers of oocytes, numbers of previtellogenic oocytes, number of vitellogenic oocytes, and two derived traits; oocytes mean diameter (the weighted mean of all oocytes types present in the ovary) and ovary maturity (the total area occupied by all the oocytes in the ovary). It was found that both of the derived traits, oocytes mean diameter and ovary maturity had large heritabilities (h2 = 0.71 and h2 = 0.57), whereas the heritabilities for total number of oocytes, numbers of previtellogenic or vitellogenic were all zero. However, even if the heritabilities estimated for numbers of oocytes were all zero, it was found that there was a correlation between the traits measured at early ages with reproductive traits measured in adults. That is, the number of vitellogenic oocytes, the mean oocytes diameter, and the ovary maturity were larger for families which in adult age had the largest fecundity and the largest number of spawns, and that those families with the largest mean oocytes diameter and ovary maturity were those families that in adult age spawned first, that is, had the shortest latency to first spawn. These results indicate that traits measured earlier than the age of spawning can be used to improve the reproductive quality in adult shrimp. However, because this requires sacrificing the organisms, and time-consuming histological analyses, other traits are necessary to be able to predict reproductive performance before actually placing the females in reproductive laboratories. At this respect, one candidate trait is the concentration of vitellogenin in hemolymph of females before ablation, as it was also found in the last study of this thesis that females with the largest vitellogenic concentration in hemolymph before ablation were those that after ablated had the largest gonad maturity. The evaluation of the existence of genetic variation for this last traits is pending, but will be carried on shortly.
    Description: CONACYT
    Description: Múltiples-desoves, vitelina, triglicéridos, heredabilidad,correlaciones-genéticas,gametogénesis
    Keywords: Genetics ; Crustacean culture ; Reproduction ; Crustacean culture ; Reproduction ; Genetics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations
    Format: 270pp.
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Enmarcado dentro de un programa de mejoramiento genético de camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannamei) y con fines de evaluar la variabilidad genética dentro de dicho programa, se identificaron marcadores moleculares tipo microsatélites, abarcando desde su secuenciación, caracterización, diseño de iniciadores, optimización del PCR y análisis de ajuste a una herencia mendeliana. Para caracterizar a los microsatélites se construyó una genoteca parcial Sau3A1 con aproximadamente 2000 clonas. Para identificar a los microsatélites se siguieron dos estrategias: A) secuenciado directo de clonas y B) secuenciado de clonas que hibridaran positivamente con dos sondas biotiniladas (CT)10 y (GT)10. Los microsatélites identificados fueron principalmente dinucleótidos, 58.82 % (1/0.42 kb), seguidos de trinucleótidos, 27.73 % (1/0.88 kb), tetranucleótidos, 9.25 % (1/2.7 kb), y pentanucleótidos, 4.2 % (1/5.84 kb). El microsatélite (CT)n fue el mas abundante seguido de (GT)n, coincidiendo con un reporte previo para esta misma especie, a pesar de que en Penaeus monodon, y en la mayoría de los artrópodos y vertebrados, el dinucleótido (GT)n es el mas abundante. La elevada presencia de una región previamente reportada de un satelite/microsatélite (PVS1) en las clonas (43.33 %), y por ende en el genoma de L. vannamei (1/0.8 kb) disminuyó la probabilidad de identificar nuevas regiones microsatélites, por lo que se propone conformar librerías de DNA genómico cortando con enzimas de restricción (ej. HaeIII, AluI, o HincII, vector SmaI) que no reconozcan tal región. Después de secuenciar 90 clonas (29,199 pb), e identificar 119 regiones microsatélites en 56 de éstas, con una abundancia de microsatélites de 1 cada 0.25 kb, se evaluaron 25 pares de iniciadores diseñados en las zonas flanqueantes de los microsatélites para amplificarlos mediante la “reacción en cadena de la polimerasa” (PCR). Siete fueron los microsatélites amplificados, de los cuales cinco presentaron claros patrones de bandeo. Los cinco microsatélites amplificados exitosamente por PCR tienen un elevado potencial para la evaluación de variabilidad genética en poblaciones naturales de L. vannamei. De los dos microsatélites más polimórficos (Pvan1758 y Pvan1815) se optimizó la reacción de PCR hasta interpretar correctamente sus diferentes variantes alélicas y genotipos individuales. Ambos loci-microsatélites analizados (Pvan1758 y Pvan1815) se ajustaron a una herencia mendeliana, al evaluar su segregación alélica en la progenie de tres familias, corroborando con el genotipo materno y logrando inferir el genotipo paterno. En el locus Pvan1815, se observaron alelos nulos, lo cual se resolvió al manejar condiciones menos astringentes en el PCR (mayor concentración de MgCl2). Lo anterior aumentó la confiabilidad de estos microsatélites para su posterior aplicación. Los microsatélites Pvan1758 y Pvan1815 se usaron para evaluar la variabilidad genética a lo largo de tres generaciones de camarón cultivado siguiendo una estructura familiar. A partir de organismos de una línea domesticada de Los Melagos Son.-Venezuela (MV) (G0 o población fundadora) se produjeron dos generaciones consecutivas (G1 y G2) de camarón blanco. El propósito de este estudio fue monitorear la variabilidad genética desde la población fundadora hasta la segunda generación, para establecer si los niveles de variabilidad eran los adecuados para proseguir con un programa de selección a largo plazo. La variabilidad genética evaluada en términos de heterocigosidad, tanto observada (Ho) como esperada (He) no cambió significativamente a lo largo de las generaciones (Ho = 0.65 - 0.72; He = 0.77 - 0.71) situándose alrededor del valor observado (Ho) promedio reportado para especies silvestres (0.666) y por arriba del reportado en especies cultivadas (0.594). La variabilidad genética evaluada en número de alelos (nA) mostró un ligero aumento debido a la ganancia de alelos raros, en tanto que en el número de alelos efectivos (ne) se observó una reducción del 16.6 % de G0 a G2. El número de alelos (nA = 7.5 – 10) y el número efectivo de alelos (ne = 4.16 – 3.47) se situó por debajo de lo observado en poblaciones silvestres pero por arriba de lo reportado en poblaciones cultivadas. Se observaron diferencias en frecuencias alélicas en generaciones consecutivas en uno (G0-G1) o ambos loci (G1-G2), debido al aumento y disminución de ciertas variantes alélicas, lo cual puede ser atribuido a la contribución de los machos MV, que en la G0 no fue incluida en el análisis y en la G2 representó una nueva introducción de variabilidad. A pesar de unos niveles de variabilidad genética aceptables en términos de heterocigosidad, los cambios en el número de alelos efectivos (ne) muestran una tendencia previa a permanecer 3 a 4 alelos en ambos loci, lo cual parece indicar que la población fundadora MV ya mostraba una reducción de variabilidad genética, la cual puede ser corregida durante las etapas tempranas del programa de crianza al introducir nuevos organismos con variabilidad genética diferente. Para incrementar la variabilidad genética en G3, varios individuos del programa fueron apareados con reproductores de una línea colombiana. Un análisis preliminar de los reproductores colombianos (n = 23) reveló valores superiores de variabilidad (nA = 10, ne = 6.85, Ho = 0.74, He = 0.87), diferentes frecuencias alélicas, y dos alelos exclusivos en ambos microsatélites que permitirá distinguir entre líneas. El monitoreo de la variabilidad genética demostró ser útil y deberá continuar en este y otros programas, especialmente antes y después de que la selección sea aplicada. La inclusión de otros marcadores genéticos será útil, no solamente para complementar las evaluaciones de variabilidad genética, sino también para el seguimiento de pedigríes y posible asociación con características importantes a nivel de producción (QTLs).
    Description: As an integral part of a genetic breeding program of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) the genetic variability was evaluated with molecular markers, specifically microsatellites identified de novo, including their characterization, sequencing, primers design, PCR optimization, and agreement to Mendelian inheritance expectations. A Sau3A1 partial genomic library with 2000 clones was produced. Two strategies were followed to identify microsatellites: A) direct sequencing of clones, and B) sequencing of positive clones to biotinylated probes (CT)10 and (GT)10. The most abundant identified microsatellites were dinucleotides, 58.82 % (1/0.042 kb), followed by trinucleotides, 27.73 % (1/0.88 kb), tetranucleotides, 9.25 % (1/2.7 kb), and pentanucleotides, 4.2 % (1/5.84 kb). The most abundant microsatellite was (CT)n followed by (GT)n, in agreement with a previous report in L. vannamei and contrasting with Penaeus monodon and most of the arthropods species where (GT)n is the most abundant dinucleotide. There was a previously reported satellite/microsatellite region (PVS1) in 43.33 % of the clones, resulting in a high abundance in the L. vannamei genome (1/0.8 kb). Because the presence of this microsatellite in the shrimp genome reduces the possibility of finding new microsatellites, we propose the construction of libraries by cutting with restriction enzymes that do not recognize any sequence in the PVS1 region (i.e. HaeIII, AluI, or HincII, vector SmaI). After sequencing 90 clones (29,199 bp), and identifying 119 microsatellite regions in 56 clones, an abundance of one microsatellite per 0.25 kb, the amplification by PCR of 25 designed primers pairs was evaluated. Seven microsatellites were amplified, and the banding pattern was clearly interpreted in five of them. These microsatellites have a high potential in genetic variation studies of populations of L. vannamei. The PCR amplification of the most polymorphic microsatellites (Pvan1758 y Pvan1815) was optimized to identify alleles and genotypes. Both microsatellites agreed with Mendelian expectations when the offsprings of three families were evaluated. The maternal genotype was verified and the paternal was inferred. The locus Pvan1815 showed null alleles, which were resolved decreasing the stringency of the PCR reaction increasing MgCl2 concentration. These analyses and modifications increased the confidence in the use of these microsatellites in genetic variation studies. Genetic diversity in a shrimp-breeding program with an established pedigree was monitored for three generations by Pvan1578 and Pvan1815 microsatellites. Two consecutive generations were produced (G1 and G2) using as a founder stock (G0) a captive population in domestication from Los Melagos, Son.- Venezuela (MV line). The main goal was to monitor these generations to establish levels of genetic variation and proceed with a selection program. The amount of genetic variation, expressed as observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) did not change significantly through generations (Ho = 0.65 - 0.72; He = 0.77 - 0.71) with an average Ho around that reported for wild stocks (0.666) and higher than that observed in cultured stocks (0.594). The genetic variation expressed in number of alleles (nA) increased through the gain of rare alleles. Nevertheless, the mean number of effective alleles (ne) decreased 16.6% from G0 to G2. The average number of alleles at G0 and G2 (7.5 and 10), and the average number of effective alleles (4.16 and 3.47) were less variable than those from wild populations, but higher than those from inbred stocks. There were significant differences in allele frequencies in one (G0-G1) or both (G1-G2) microsatellites, caused by a significant frequency increase or decrease of certain alleles through the contribution of the newly introduced MV male breeders. The MV male variability was not included in G0 but was already considered at the G2 as a new introduction of variability. In spite of the acceptable genetic variation in heterozygosity, the decreased effective number of alleles (ne) through generations highlights the previous trend of 3-4 alleles at both loci to dominate. These reduced ne might indicate that a certain reduction in variability already existed in the initial MV line used as broodstock, which could be corrected during this early stages of the breeding program by introducing new and different organisms. To increase the genetic variation at a G3, several individuals in the breeding program were mated with breeders from a Colombia line. A preliminary analysis of the Colombian breeders (n = 23) revealed higher values of variability (nA = 10, ne = 6.85, Ho = 0.74, He = 0.87), different allele frequencies, and two exclusive alleles in both microsatellites that allow the distinction between the lines. The monitoring of genetic variability has proved useful and should be maintained in this and other breeding programs, especially before and after selection is applied. The inclusion of other genetic markers will be useful, not only to complement the evaluations of genetic variability, but also for pedigree assessments and possible association with productive traits.
    Description: CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología)
    Description: Litopenaeus vannamei; microsatélites; PCR; variabilidad genética
    Keywords: Genetics ; Aquatic animals ; Genetics ; Aquatic animals
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations
    Format: 132
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: La producción de triploides mediante la manipulación de ploidías por métodos químicos ha demostrado ser un éxito en la producción comercial de varias especies, siendo el caso más conocido el del ostión japonés Crassostrea gigas. La ventaja de los triploides de moluscos sobre los organismos diploides se debe a su alta tasa de crecimiento, resultado de ser total o parcialmente estériles. Los triploides son incapaces de realizar la meiosis I debido a que sus cromosomas (impares) no pueden completar la sinapsis durante la profase, fallan en la producción de gametos y la energía que sería utilizada para la gametogénesis se invierte alternativamente en crecimiento somático. Actualmente la investigación en este campo se enfoca hacia mejorar el éxito en la producción de triploides, evaluando métodos alternos a los utilizados a la fecha (químicos ó físicos). Entre esos métodos se encuentra el que involucra apareamientos entre organismos tetraploides y diploides, produciéndose un triploide ‘biológico’. Sin embargo, para poder llegar a aplicar este método, el desarrollo de organismos tetraploides es necesario. Los organismos tetraploides pueden ser teóricamente producidos por la inhibición de la primera división celular, o por medio de técnicas de desactivación del ADN del esperma seguida por la inhibición de ambos cuerpos polares, o por inhibición del primer cuerpo polar en huevos derivados de organismos triploides y fecundados con esperma haploide. En este trabajo se evaluó la producción de poliploides de abulón rojo H. rufescens por varios métodos. La presunta existencia de híbridos de abulón entre las especies H. rufescens y H. fulgens en una granja comercial (BC Abalone) fue evaluada tanto en su veracidad como en la producción de alopoliploides de abulón. Utilizando hembras presuntas híbridas, se obtuvieron postlarvas triploides al inhibir la extrusión del segundo cuerpo polar con citocalacina B y se evaluaron dos métodos para la obtención de tetraploides: por medio de la inhibición de la primera división celular la cual no fue efectiva para la producción de larvas viables, y la ginogénesis combinada con la inhibición del primer cuerpo polar, siendo este último un método raramente utilizado y que permitiría teóricamente la producción rápida de tetraploides. Con este método se obtuvieron altos porcentajes de tetraploides, los cuales sin embargo no sobrevivieron más allá de larva trocófora. Una vez realizados los experimentos de inducción a la poliploidía, se realizó la evaluación genética de las hembras presuntas híbridas mediante análisis de cuatro enzimas. Las alozimas a utilizar fueron seleccionadas sobre la base de un análisis preliminar de cada una de las especies puras por la presencia de diferentes formas alélicas en cada una de las dos especies. Este análisis reveló que sólo una de las presuntas hembras híbridas utilizadas en los experimentos de inducción a la poliploidía fue en realidad híbrida. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de una certificación genética cuando se realizan hibridaciones entre especies, ya que se presumía que existía un lote de abulones 100% híbridos en la granja comercial, habiéndose encontrado que solamente el 25% fueron en realidad híbridos. En cuanto a la única hembra híbrida utilizada en los experimentos de poliploidía, no se obtuvo progenie indicando que existen problemas de viabilidad en los huevos producidos por hembras híbridas, y que existe una necesidad de mayores estudios. Adicionalmente a las alozimas, se evaluó la citometría de flujo como otro método para la certificación genética, demostrándose que este método no fue capaz de distinguir inequívocamente a los individuos híbridos ya que el intervalo de confianza de la media del pico de fluorescencia obtenida para los híbridos se superpone en la media de una u otra de las especies parentales. Otro aspecto investigado para el cual no existía información preliminar, fue la definición del número cromosómico de abulón rojo y de abulón azul, habiéndose encontrado que ambas especies presentan el mismo número cromosómico (2n = 36), información de alta utilidad en la evaluación de éxito en inducciones a la poliploidía a través de conteos cromosómicos. Adicionalmente, se obtuvieron los cariotipos de las dos especies (H. rufescens y H. fulgens), encontrando que estas presentan diferencias en índices centroméricos y longitud relativa de sus cromosomas, esto provee evidencia adicional a la existente en la bibliografía de que estas dos especies son diferentes.
    Description: Production of chemical triploids has demonstrated to be a successful method for the commercial improvement of different mollusk species, being the most known of all the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The triploid advantage results because of their larger growth rate, a consequence of the sterility induced when triploid. During gametogenesis, triploids are unable to complete meiosis I because during prophase chromosomes cannot complete synapsis and therefore fail in the production of gametes. The energy not used for gametogenesis and vitellogenesis is then channeled toward somatic growth. Today research in this field is focusing towards the improvement in the production of triploids, evaluating alternative methodologies to those associated with the production of chemical or physical triploids. Among these methods is the production of biological triploids, or the production of triploids by mating tetraploids with diploids. However, to produce biological triploids, development of tetraploid lines is necessary. Tetraploid organisms can be theoretically produced by inhibiting the first cell division or first mitosis, by combining techniques of UV sperm irradiation to deactivate DNA followed by inhibition of both polar bodies in the egg, or by inhibition of first polar body in eggs derived from triploids and fertilized with haploid sperm. In this research production of polyploid red abalone Haliotis rufescens was evaluated through different methods. The presumed existence of abalone hybrids between the species H. rufescens y H. fulgens in a commercial farm (BC Abalone) was evaluated for its veracity and for the production of allopolyploid abalone. By using the presumed hybrid females at the farm, triploids were produced by inhibiting with cytochalasin-B the second polar body in their eggs after fertilization. Two methods for the induction to tetraploidy were evaluated simultaneously: by inhibiting the first cell division (mitosis) and by combining gynogenesis methodologies (use of sperm UV irradiated and inhibition of second polar body to restore the diploid number) with additional inhibition of the first polar body. Inhibition of first cell division was not effective in producing tetraploids, resulting in unviable larvae, but the combination of gynogenesis with additional inhibition of the first polar body large percentages of tetraploids were produced, although none was found in larval stages larger than trochophore. After the induction to polyploidy experiments was completed, the evaluation of the females for their hybrid condition was done using starch electrophoresis methods. Four allozymes were selected on the basis of a preliminary analysis in each of the two species involved in the presumed hybrids, selecting four enzyme loci out of more than ten evaluated. In those four loci the two species had different and unique allelic forms, which would allow for their unique differentiation and the certification of hybrids when both allelic forms were present. The analyses of the females used in the polyploidy experiments indicated that only one of all used females was in fact a hybrid, and the remaining females were from the species H. rufescens. Additional males and females from the farm, not used in the experiments of polyploidy, were also analyzed to establish if they were hybrids, finding that from a presumed group with 100% hybrids, only 25% were in fact hybrids. These results show the importance of a genetic certification when hybridization experiments are performed, a certification seldom done in the literature of abalone hybridization studies. With regard to the only hybrid female utilized in the polyploid induction experiments, no viable progeny was obtained from it despite the number of eggs produced having been similar to non-hybrid females. This might be an indication of problems in hybrids meiosis processes, but further studies are necessary to understand whether and why hybrid females produce unviable eggs. Besides carrying the genetic certification by allozymes analyses, flow cytometry was evaluated to establish if through this method hybrids could be certified, by them having distinct fluorescent DNA peaks from both parental species. This was done after each female was genotyped by allozyme analyses, obtaining means and confidence intervals (CI) of the peak means of each species and the hybrids. This method allowed the differentiation of the two species by showing non overlapping CI exist for the amount of DNA in each species, but did not allow for the unique differentiation of the hybrids because the CI of the hybrids peak mean overlapped either one of the CI of the pure species. Finally, the last part investigated, and for which there was no preliminary information was the chromosome number of each of the species, red and blue abalone, having found that their share the same diploid chromosome number (2n = 36). However, karyotypes analyses of the species (H. rufescens y H. fulgens) indicated that there are differences in centromeric index and relative length of chromosomes, providing this with additional evidence to that in the literature of the fact that these are two different species.
    Description: CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología)
    Description: Electroforesis
    Keywords: Genetics ; Fish ; Electrophoresis ; Genetics ; Fish ; Electrophoresis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations
    Format: 132pp.
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Le poulpe commun Octopus vulgaris représente, parmi les céphalopodes, la principale espèce exploitée par la pêche côtière surtout dans la région Sud de la Tunisie. Une analyse génétique basée sur l’approche moléculaire et de population est jugée nécessaire pour assurer une gestion crédible et durable du stock. L’analyse a porté sur le polymorphisme de l’ADN mitochondrial par séquençage d’un fragment du gène cytochrome b de taille 485pb chez 52 échantillons collectés dans deux localités différentes : îles de Galite (Nord) et Elketf –Zarzis (Sud). Les résultats obtenus montrent que sur les 52 séquences réalisées, il y’a 14 haplotypes différents dont deux partagés entre les deux localités. L’haplotype le plus représenté est rencontré chez 29 individus. Une différenciation génétique entre les deux lots a été mise en évidence (FST = 0.055 ; P〈0.05). Le détroit Siculo-Tunisien semble limiter le flux génique entre les deux rives de la Méditerranée et aurait donc agi comme une barrière biogéographique.
    Description: Among the common cephalopods, Octopus vulgaris is the main species exploited by the inshore fishing especially in the Tunisian Southern waters. Genetic analysis based on molecular and population approach is considered necessary to ensure a credible and sustainable management of the stock. The analysis focused on mitochondrial DNA polymorphism by sequencing 485pb fragment of the Cytochrome b gene in 52 samples collected from two different localities in Tunisia: Galite island (North) and Elketf-Zarzis (South ). The results showed that there were 14 different haplotypes of which two shared by the two groups. The most represented haplotype is (H2) encountered in 29 individuals. A genetic differentiation between the two groups was detected (FST = 0.055; P 〈0.05) suggesting that the Strait of Sicily limits genetic flow between the two Mediterranean areas and therefore, it would act as a biogeographic barrier.
    Description: Published
    Description: mtDNA
    Description: Octopus vulgaris
    Description: Genetic structure
    Keywords: Octopus ; Genetics ; Octopus fisheries ; Genetics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Aquaculture genetics research is carried out at the National Aquaculture Centre at Domasi, Malawi, by staff of the University of Malawi (UM) and the Department of Fisheries. The main species cultured are from genera Tilapia and Oreochromis. The genus Oreochromis was domesticated without proper identification of the various species especially in the subgenus Nyasalapia where three species (O. karongae, O. squamipinnis, and O. lidole) are difficult to identify before they reach breeding size. It is, however, observed that local fishers can identify these species using morphological characters. There have been no attempts to carry out deliberate domestication selection in the small-scale farms with the prevailing practices probably leading to deterioration of stock performance and decline in genetic diversity. Studies showed that wild populations grow faster than domesticated populations, and results of mass selection on collimated individuals suggest that selected individuals grow faster than unselected individuals. Studies of population genetics of domesticated and wild tilapias are underway at UM.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Genetics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book Section , Non-Refereed
    Format: 26231 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El conocer la escala espacial y temporal de la variación fenotípica y genética en las especies marinas es fundamental para el entendimiento de los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos que influyen sobre la biodiversidad, proveyendo un marco explicativo para la conservación de las poblaciones de peces. La pescadilla de red (Cynoscion guatucupa, Actinopterygii, Sciaenidae), es un pez demersal, que tiene en Sudamérica una amplia distribución latitudinal, abarcando desde las costas de Río de Janeiro (Brasil) hasta las costas de la provincia de Chubut (Argentina). Habita zonas costeras y parte de la plataforma continental, en aguas marinas y estuarinas, y es la segunda, en importancia comercial de las especies costeras. La finalidad de este trabajo es efectuar un análisis comparativo desde el punto de vista de la morfometría geométrica y molecular (microsatélites) de dos sitios de alimentación de la pescadilla de red en regiones costeras de la provincia de Buenos Aires(Bahía Samborombón y “El Rincón”). Ambos sitios de pesca mostraron un exceso significativo de homocigotos debido a que probablemente los desoves estén estructurados temporal y/o espacialmente. El número efectivo (Ne) estimado para ambos sitios fue considerablemente alto. El test de AMOVA, al compararlos mostró que la principal fuente de variación se encuentra dentro de las poblaciones (99%) más que entre poblaciones (1%), no mostrando diferencias (p=0.23673). Asimismo se observó una baja diferenciación (FST = 0.0109) que podría deberse a un alto flujo génico entre las mismas, aunque se observó una heterogeneidad significativa en las frecuencias alélicas.
    Description: Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
    Description: Tesis (Licenciatura). Realizada en el Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Genética UNMdP- Mar del Plata, Argentina)
    Description: morfometría, genética, patrones merísticos, pescadilla de red, Cynoscion guatucupa
    Keywords: Genetics ; Morphometry ; Genetics ; Meristic counts
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations
    Format: 71
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  • 78
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Cryopreservation of genetic material of fish has become a tool essential for preservation of biological materials and production. However, stocking of fish embryos in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) and maintain indefinitely is not yet possible. Recently, developments in research on cryopreservation allowed storing embryos at -8°C for 24 hours. This indicates the possibilityof fish embryo cryopreserving, moreover, the biotechnical cooling for a short time already has practical applications. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different cryoprotectants to the processes of cryopreservation (freezing, vitrification and cooling) of tambaqui embryos (Colossoma macropomum). Despite not having succeeded in tambaqui embryos cryopreservation important points has been clarified as related to damage to the embryos. Injuries and morphological changes in embryos were identified at all stages of the freezing process, being higher with stabilization at -35°C after being submerged in liquid nitrogen and thawed. At the moment of the seeding besides a lower incidence of injuries, higher percentage of embryos with chorion were observed. The freezing curve protocolstested have not prevented the formation of ice crystals, thus turning unfeasible the embryonic embryos C. macropomum freezing. In the experiment of vitrification the methanol 20% with two-minutes of pre-immersion in exposure to liquid nitrogen, preserved the chorion and some cellular structures. Although it avoided further damage was not sufficient to prevent mortality of embryos, these results open perspectives for continued studies on cryopreservation of fish embryos. Ethylene glycol, glycerol and DMSO were toxic at higher concentrations (20 and30%) not being interesting for the vitrification of embryos C. macropomum. In tests of cooling to at -8°C treatments with ethylene glycol, glycerol and DMSO associated withsucrose did not result in satisfactory answers. To store embryos of C. macropomum at -8°Cfor a period of six hours is suggested cryoprotectant solutions with 17% sucrose combinedwith 10% methanol.
    Description: A criopreservação do material genético de peixes tornou uma ferramenta imprescindível,tanto para conservação de biodiversidade como para produção. No entanto, estocar embriões de peixes em nitrogênio líquido (-196ºC) e conservar por tempo indeterminado ainda não é possível. Recentemente, a evolução nas pesquisas com criopreservação possibilitou estocar embriões a -8ºC, por até 24 horas. Este fato aponta a possibilidade de criopreservar embriões de peixe, e a biotecnia de resfriamento por curto período já tem aplicações práticas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes crioprotetores nos processos da criopreservação (congelação, vitrificação e resfriamento) de embriões de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Embora parte dos objetivos propostos tenha sido alcançados, nos testes de criopreservação, somando ao esclarecimento dos aspectos importantes quanto aos danos causados aos embriões, existem ainda muitas etapas para tornar viável a criopreservação de embriões de peixes. Nos testes, foram identificadas injúrias nos embriões em todas as etapas do processo de congelação, sendo a fase com maior incidência na estabilização em -35ºC e após a submissão em nitrogênio líquido e posterior descongelamento. No momento do ?seeding? (indução a cristalização a -7ºC), além de menor ocorrência de injúrias, maior porcentagem de embriões com córion foram verificados. As curvas de resfriamento nos testes de congelação não evitaram a formação de cristais de gelo, o que inviabilizou a congelação dos embriões de C. macropomum. No experimento de vitrificação, o metanol 20% com dois minutos de exposição pré-imersão ao nitrogênio líquido preservou o córion e algumas estruturas celulares. Embora tenha evitado maiores danos não foi suficiente para evitar a mortalidade dos embriões, o que abre perspectivas para continuidade nos estudos em criopreservação de embriões de peixes. Etilenoglicol, DMSO eglicerol foram tóxicos nas concentrações mais elevadas (20 e 30%), não sendo interessante para a vitrificação dos embriões de C. macropomum. Nos testes de resfriamento a -8ºC, os tratamentos com etilenoglicol, glicerol e DMSO associados à sacarose não resultaram em respostas satisfatórias. Para armazenar embriões de C. macropomum a -8°C, por um período de seis horas, sugere-se soluções crioprotetoras com sacarose 17% associada ao metanol 10%.
    Description: PhD
    Keywords: Cryoprotectants ; Conservation ; Animal production ; Genetics ; Tambaqui ; Brazil ; Produção animal ; Genética ; Tambaqui ; Reprodução ; Biotecnologia ; Crioprotetores ; Conservação ; Biotechnology ; Brasil ; Reproduction
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 91pp.
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  • 79
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Aquaculture Dept., Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center | Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Tropical shrimp aquaculture is in a disease-induced crisis of lost production. The response to this crisis currently focuses on microbiology and pathology, quarantine, and transboundary transfer of shrimp. The crisis also involves an interaction between shrimp genetics and various human interests including protection of intellectual property. Breeders of high-quality strains generally employ (and are encouraged to employ) some form of breeder lock that generates inbreeding when broodstocks are copied . Smaller hatcheries sell these copied, inbred shrimp to farmers, who thereby increase the likelihood of losing their crops to disease. The joint behavior of breeders, hatcheries and farmers causes inbreeding to accumulate in tropical regions. The depressive effect of inbreeding on disease resistance is exceptionally strong in shrimp, as shown in a re-analysis of published field and experimental data. Inbreeding increases the severity and frequency of disease through a variety of mechanisms. We have relatively few, marker-based estimates of accumulated inbreeding in any non-pedigreed shrimp aquaculture system. Simulation shows, however, that locked post larvae (PLs) can be distinguished from copies in broodstocks and farm ponds, given appropriate analysis of genetic markers. Culture of stocks certified to be free of specified pathogens (specific pathogen free or SPF stocks) is strongly recommended and only SPF stocks can now be legally imported into most jurisdictions. These recommendations are appropriate, beneficial and necessary. But insofar as they increase the commercial value of proprietary genetic strains, such regulations may also increase the likelihood of copying, and thus inbreeding at farm level and ever-increasing susceptibility to disease and climate stress (Doyle, 2014a). The intellectual property value of disease-resistant strains will be extremely high and intellectual property rights are fundamental to science-based economic innovation. Breeders will, and must, continue to protect their genetic improvement programs with genetic locks, especially in regions where judicial sanctions are ineffective. The regulatory objective should be to encourage biosecurity and genetic progress while discouraging copying and consequent inbreeding. The current consensus that inbreeding is unimportant may therefore be out of date. Inbreeding may be amplifying the severity of diseases (including the major current threats: white spot syndrome virus or WSSV, infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus or IHHNV and early mortality syndrome or EMS (acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease or AHPND). Continuing to ignore the interaction between inbreeding and disease may become a fatal error for tropical shrimp aquaculture.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Biotechnology ; Breeding ; Brood stocks ; Disease resistance ; Disease transmission ; Fish diseases ; Genetics ; Inbreeding ; Shrimp culture ; Strains ; Tropical fish ; Warm-water aquaculture ; Disease control
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Cote d'Ivoire has a diverse ichthyological fauna. About 173 species of fish from 27 families and 67 genera are represented in the different rivers and lacustrine systems. Around 60 species are harvested by artisanal fishing. Less than 10 are used in aquaculture. Strategies need to be developed to preserve these diverse fish populations in both natural and artificial waterbodies. Cote d'Ivoire is watered by four main rivers. These are, from west to east, Cavally (600 km), Sassandra (650 km), Bandama (1050 km) and Comoe (1 100 km). A group of small coastal rivers composed of San Pedro (112 km), Boubo (130 km), Me (140 km), Agnebi (250 km) and Bia (290 km), among others, loca ted in the forest zone, are distributed throughout the southern region. Tributaries of river systems from neighboring countries flow partly on the Ivorian territory, including those of Niger, coming from Mali ( Bagoe, 230 km, and Baoule, 330 km); Black Volta, from Ghana (Koulda and Bineda); and Laleraba of Comoe system, a natural frontier with Burkina Faso. Over 400 dams have been constructed by the government of Cote d'Ivoire or by private investors in the last 30 years. Hydroelectric and hydroagricultural dams cover more than 180 542 km2, and agropastoral dams cover about I 562 km2.
    Description: Centre National de Recherche Agronomique
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Fish species ; Ichthyofauna
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Proceedings Paper , Non-Refereed
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: FourmicrosatellitelociwereusedtoachievegeneticcharacterizationofsixstocksfromLitopenaeusvannamei usedforaquaculture inCuba:secondgenerationfromfirstintroduction(S2-1),firstgenerationfromthesecondone(S1-2),fromthethirdone(S1-3), andthefourthone(S1-4)andthecrossingsfromtwoparentalpopulation:firstgenerationfromthefirstwithfirstgeneration fromthethird(S1-1 × S1-3)andfirstgenerationfromthesecondwithfirstgenerationfromthethird(S1-2 × S1-3).66%(16/24) ofgeneticsystemsintotallociwereingeneticdisequilibrium.Thefourmicrosatellitelociwerepolymorphicforallsixstocks. MajorquantitiesofallelicvariantscorrespondtolocusPvan1758,whichisatthesametimethatonewherethereareprivate allelesfromfirstgenerationofthethird.AllFst comparisonsweresignificant.Thisindicatesbigdifferencesbetweenstocks.The highestvaluesarethoseinwhichthereispresenceofthesecondintroduction.Thisintroductionanditsdescendantsarealsomore consanguineous.
    Description: Published
    Description: Litopenaeus vannamei
    Description: Cuba
    Keywords: Genetics ; Aquaculture ; Shrimp culture
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Fish production in Egypt has significantly increased over the last few years reaching 546 000 t in 1998 compared to 306 000 t in 1988. The contribution of aquaculture in the overall fish production has increased as well reaching its utmost share in 1998 (26%). Research on aquaculture topics was conducted in several institutes targeting the increase of productivity as well as working on problems facing this promising sector. However, research on fish genetics in Egypt only started in recent years. The genetic improvement of tilapias and African catfish represents the focus of most genetics research in Egypt. This paper presents the status of genetics research within the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture and in other national institutes in Egypt.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Genetics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Non-Refereed
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  • 83
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Fish genetics research conducted in two research centers and other institutions in Côte d’Ivoire is presented. Most of this research so far conducted focused on population genetics. In addition to electrophoresis characterization, morphometric and meristic characteristics were used to evaluate and describe fish population in Côte d’Ivoire. Recent genetic research tools, such as microsatellites, restriction fragment length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA techniques have been used. Research activities dealt mainly with tilapias (Sarotherodon melanotheron, Oreochromis niloticus and O. aureus) and Siluriformes (Clarias gariepinus, C. anguillaris, Heterobranchus longifilis, H. bidorsalis and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) which were mostly used for their potential for aquaculture. One of the research centers, the Fish Station, attached to the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique-Bouaké regional office, is participating in the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture Project.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Proceedings Paper , Non-Refereed
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Lake Kanyaboli (Kenya), a satellite lake of Lake Victoria, has been suggested as a potential refugium for haplochromine cichlids that have gone extinct in Lake Victoria. We employed mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA molecular markers as well as feeding ecology studies to re- evaluate the evolutionary and ecological significance of Lake Kanyaboli haplochromines. The mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers revealed high genetic diversity in the endangered Xystichromis phytophagus and also the presence of mtDNA haplotypes that may have either gone extinct in Lake Victoria or have arisen in situ. Lake Kanyaboli thus acts as a ‘genetic reservoir’ for the Lake Victoria species flock. Gut content analysis revealed six trophic groups among the six haplochromine species. The haplochromine community in Lake Kanyaboli therefore exhibits trophic specializations. The relatively high trophic diversity in this cichlid community contrasts with the currently simplified trophic relationships of Lake Victoria. This high trophic diversity contributes to high energy flow and overall ecological efficiency of the lake. Lake Kanyaboli and similar satellite lakes therefore provide an opportunity for conservation of both genetic and trophic diversity threatened by introduction of exotics in the Lake Victoria basin. Lake Kanyaboli should thus be recognized as an important Evolutionary Signficant Unit (ESU) for Lake Victoria region haplochromine species. Basin wide molecular genetic characterization of the other tilapiine cichlid species as a basis of identifying genetically robust stocks that can be used in aquaculture or to restock Lake Victoria should be undertaken.
    Description: Published
    Description: Xystichromis phytophagus
    Keywords: Genetics ; Swamps ; Lakes ; Swamps ; Inland waters ; Water reservoirs ; Species extinction ; Resource conservation ; Resource management ; Tropical fish ; Genetics ; Swamps ; Lakes ; Resource conservation ; Environment management ; Rare resources ; Resource management ; Trophic relationships ; Genetic diversity ; Swamps ; Inland waters ; Water reservoirs ; Freshwater lakes ; Species extinction ; Ecological efficiency
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: Starting from a small base, aquaculture production in Africa registered annual growth rates equal to or above those in other regions. This expansion was due to signifi cant increases in a few African countries. Increasing demand coupled with rapidly dwindling catches from capture fi sheries, the implementation of novel participatory approaches to technology development and transfer, and the emergence of a few successful large-scale tilapia culture operations directed at the export market offer opportunities for further expansion in both the small-scale and large-scale commercial sectors. Existing biotechnical, economic and institutional challenges, which include lack of national policies to guide aquaculture development, unfriendly investment policies, the absence of linkages between farmers, research/technology development and extension, and unfavorable investment climates, are currently being addressed in a number of African countries. Long-term economic sustainability of African aquaculture will depend on the development and implementation of national policies that ensure the social and environmental sustainability of the industry.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetically modified organisms ; Genetics ; Aquaculture ; Aquaculture engineering
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Proceedings Paper , Non-Refereed
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  • 86
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9389 | 115 | 2012-10-19 08:53:08 | 9389 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: In this paper we present livestock breeding developments that could be taken into consideration in the genetic improvement of farmed aquaculture species, especially in freshwater fish. Firstly, the current breeding objective in aquatic species has focused almost exclusively on the improvement of body weight at harvest or on growth related traits. This is unlikely to be sufficient to meet the future needs of the aquaculture industry. To meet future demands breeding programs will most likely have to include additional traits, such as fitness related ones (survival, disease resistance), feed efficiency, or flesh quality, rather than only growth performance. In order to select for a multi-trait breeding objective, genetic variation in traits of interest and the genetic relationships among them need to be estimated. In addition, economic values for these traits will be required. Generally, there is a paucity of data on variable and fixed production costs in aquaculture, and this could be a major constraint in the further expansion of the breeding objectives. Secondly, genetic evaluation systems using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in a framework of mixed model methodology could be widely adopted to replace the more commonly used method of mass selection based on phenotypic performance. The BLUP method increases the accuracy of selection and also allows the management of inbreeding and estimation of genetic trends. BLUP is an improvement over the classic selection index approach, which was used in the success story of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in the Philippines, with genetic gains from 10 to 20 per cent per generation of selection. In parallel with BLUP, optimal genetic contribution theory can be applied to maximize genetic gain while constraining inbreeding in the long run in selection programs. Thirdly, by using advanced statistical methods, genetic selection can be carried out not only at the nucleus level but also in lower tiers of the pyramid breeding structure. Large scale across population genetic evaluation through genetic connectedness using cryopreserved sperm enables the comparison and ranking of genetic merit of all animals across populations, countries or years, and thus the genetically superior brood stock can be identified and widely used and exchanged to increase the rate of genetic progress in the population as a whole. It is concluded that sound genetic programs need to be established for aquaculture species. In addition to being very effective, fully pedigreed breeding programs would also enable the exploration of possibilities of integrating molecular markers (e.g., genetic tagging using DNA fingerprinting, marker (gene) assisted selection) and reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization using cryopreserved spermatozoa.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Genetics ; Biotechnology ; Selective breeding ; Freshwater fish
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  • 87
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9520 | 115 | 2012-10-07 15:00:41 | 9520 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: The article features two most commonly techniques for gene transfer in fish, microinjection and electroporation.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Transgenic fish ; Gene transfer ; Genetics ; Methodology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
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  • 88
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9538 | 115 | 2012-10-02 19:47:06 | 9538 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: As part of a study of genetic variation in the Vietnamese strains of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using direct DNA sequencing of mitochondrial control and ATPase6/8 gene regions, samples from a number of other countries were analyzed for comparison. Results show that the levels of sequence divergence in common carp is low on a global scale, with the Asian carp having the highest diversity while Koi and European carp are invariant. A genealogical analysis supports a close relationship among Vietnamese, Koi, Chinese Color and, to a lesser extent, European carp. Koi carp appear to have originated from a strain of Chinese red carp. There is considerable scope to extend this research through the analysis of additional samples of carp from around the world, especially from China, in order to generate a comprehensive global genealogy of common carp strains.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Genetics ; DNA ; Cyprinus carpio
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  • 89
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9222 | 115 | 2012-11-29 08:56:11 | 9222 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: The information presented here is extracted from the presentations and discussions at the Sixth Steering Committee Meeting of the International Network on Genetics in Aquaculture (INGA) held in Hanoi, Vietnam on 8-10 May 2001. The main topics discussed were: review of genetics research progress and planned activities in member countries and Associate Member institutions; genetics improvement technologies; strategies and action plans for distribution of improved fish breeds to small-scale farmers; ecological risk assessment for genetically improved fish breeds; methods for monitoring the uptake of improved strains and impact assessment; and network activities and collaborations.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Aquaculture ; Genetics ; International cooperation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 61-65
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  • 90
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9223 | 115 | 2012-11-29 08:53:53 | 9223 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: As compared to crops and livestock, the genetic enhancement of fish is in its infancy. While significant progress has been achieved in the genetic improvement of temperate fish such as salmonids, no efforts were made until the late 1980s for the genetic improvement of tropical finfish, which account for about 90 percent of global aquaculture production. This paper traces the history of the Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) project initiated in 1988 by the WorldFish Center and its partners for the development of methods for genetic enhancement of tropical finfish using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a test species. It also describes the impacts of the project on the adoption of these methods for other species and the dissemination of improved breeds in several countries in Asia and the Pacific.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; GIFT ; Tilapia culture ; WorldFish Center ; Genetics ; Oreochromis Niloticus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
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  • 91
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9221 | 115 | 2012-11-29 08:46:37 | 9221 | WorldFish Center
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: There is a pressing need to enhance fish production in Africa through improved farm management and the use of improved fish breeds and/or alien species in aquaculture while at the same time conserve the aquatic genetic diversity. This paper presents the outcome of the Expert Consultation on Biosafety and Environmental Impact of Genetic Enhancement and Introduction of Improved Tilapia Strains/Alien Species in Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya on 20-23 February 2002. The main topics discussed were status of aquaculture in Africa and the role of genetic enhancement; potential benefits and risks involved in introduction of genetically improved strains and/or alien species with specific reference to tilapias; existing policies and legislation for the conservation of biodiversity, their strengths and weaknesses; capacity for undertaking genetic enhancement research and implementation of policies for the conservation of aquatic biodiversity.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Biodiversity ; Genetics ; Aquaculture development ; Resource conservation ; Biotechnology ; Africa
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    Type: article
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    Format: 48-49
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 3 (2013): 2802, doi:10.1038/srep02802.
    Description: It is usually assumed that metabolic constraints restrict deep-sea corals to cold-water habitats, with ‘deep-sea’ and ‘cold-water’ corals often used as synonymous. Here we report on the first measurements of biological characters of deep-sea corals from the central Red Sea, where they occur at temperatures exceeding 20°C in highly oligotrophic and oxygen-limited waters. Low respiration rates, low calcification rates, and minimized tissue cover indicate that a reduced metabolism is one of the key adaptations to prevailing environmental conditions. We investigated four sites and encountered six species of which at least two appear to be undescribed. One species is previously reported from the Red Sea but occurs in deep cold waters outside the Red Sea raising interesting questions about presumed environmental constraints for other deep-sea corals. Our findings suggest that the present understanding of deep-sea coral persistence and resilience needs to be revisited.
    Keywords: Ecosystem ecology ; Biodiversity ; Genetics ; Metabolism
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 158, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00158.
    Description: In autumn 2015, several sources reported observations of large amounts of gelatinous material in a large north Norwegian fjord system, either caught when trawling for other organisms or fouling fishing gear. The responsible organism was identified as a physonect siphonophore, Nanomia cara, while a ctenophore, Beroe cucumis, and a hydromedusa, Modeeria rotunda, were also registered in high abundances on a couple of occasions. To document the phenomena, we have compiled a variety of data from concurrent fisheries surveys and local fishermen, including physical samples, trawl catch, and acoustic data, photo and video evidence, and environmental data. Because of the gas-filled pneumatophore, characteristic for these types of siphonophores, acoustics provided detailed and unique insight to the horizontal and vertical distribution and potential abundances (~0.2–20 colonies·m−3) of N. cara with the highest concentrations observed in the near bottom region at ~320 m depth in the study area. This suggests that these animals were retained and accumulated in the deep basins of the fjord system possibly blooming here because of favorable environmental conditions and potentially higher prey availability compared to the shallower shelf areas to the north. Few cues as to the origin and onset of the bloom were found, but it may have originated from locally resident siphonophores. The characteristics of the deep-water masses in the fjord basins were different compared to the deep water outside the fjord system, suggesting no recent deep-water import to the fjords. However, water-masses containing siphonophores (not necessarily very abundant), may have been additionally introduced to the fjords at intermediate depths, with the animals subsequently trapped in the deeper fjord basins. The simultaneous observations of abundant siphonophores, hydromedusae, and ctenophores in the Lyngen-Kvænangen fjord system are intriguing, but difficult to provide a unified explanation for, as the organisms differ in their biology and ecology. Nanomia and Beroe spp. are holopelagic, while M. rotunda has a benthic hydroid stage. The species also have different trophic ecologies and dietary preferences. Only by combining information from acoustics, trawling, genetics, and local fishermen, were the identity, abundance, and the vertical and horizontal distribution of the physonect siphonophore, N. cara, established.
    Description: The work was funded by the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs through the Institute of Marine Research (IMR), while the Research Council of Norway (RCN) is thanked for the financial support through the project The Arctic Ocean Ecosystem—(SI_ARCTIC, RCN 228896). AH was supported by the Norwegian Taxonony Initiative (NTI 70184233) and ForBio Research School funding (RCN 248799 and NTI 70184215).
    Keywords: Jellyfish bloom ; Genetics ; Acoustics ; Nanomia ; North Norwegian fjords ; Gelatinous zooplankton
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 94
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    FISON | Lagos, Nigeria
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23241 | 19325 | 2018-03-18 15:26:11 | 23241 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Cephalic abnormality in nine mating groups involving Clarias gariepinus with cephalic abnormality, non Cephalic and Maiduguri origin were investigated to determine the level and the genetic basis of the occurrences and its aquaculture implication. The highest mean percentage survival in a Cephalic crossed with non cephalic group was 68.6% whereas the last mean percentage survival was 25.7% in the group of Maiduguri cross with Maiduguri parent. Cephalic abnormality was observed in the crosses with both female and male cephalic with a total frequency ranging from 0 % to 70.8. %. The least number of cephalic abnormality was 18.5% which involved a cross of non cephalic with cephalic, and the highest was 70.8%. This level of cephalic abnormality shows that the defect was hereditary. This result implies that, the genetic factor is a major contributor in the feature of cephalic abnormality in Clarias gariepinus.
    Description: Includes:-1 table.;3 appendixes.;11 refs.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Clarias gariepinus ; Nigeria ; freshwater environment ; Diseases ; Deformation ; Fish culture ; Genetics ; Abnormalities ; Genetic abnormalities
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    Type: conference_item , TRUE
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  • 95
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    FISON | Akure (Nigeria)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23373 | 19325 | 2018-04-10 16:09:38 | 23373 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: The contribution of tilapia aquaculture in Nigeria to world output is negligible due to stunting, poor market value among others. This paper evaluates the aquacultural credentials of tilapia, some genetic improvement technology in cultured tilapia, namely, ploidy, hormonal sex reversal. transgenic, hybridization, and the necessity of Genetic Improvement in accelerating tilapia production in Nigeria. Investigation reveals the presence of O. niloticus with the highest growth perfermancc index (~h1=3.11) for Lake Kanji which indicates high growth potential in suitable culture environment and could serve as a good starting point for genetic development. The presence of ”wesafu”, an ecotype cichlid, endemic to Epe lagoon, Lagos, which grows to 1500g in the wild, appears to be an excellent candidate for genetic improvement of a commercial strain for the growing aquaculture industry. Tilapia Genetic improvement in Nigeria is faced with a number of setbacks. This includes short- term, scattered and disjointed funding, inadequate genetic research facilities, ecological risk, inadequate skilled manpower and poor documentation of tilapia genetic resources among others. Considering the growing importance of tilapia culture, the need to document, conserve, evaluate and utilize tilapia genetic resources is highlighted to enhance the success of food security in Nigeria.
    Description: Includes:- 3 tables.;26 refs.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Nigeria ; Kainji L. ; freshwater environment ; Fish culture ; Genetics ; Selective breeding
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  • 96
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23657 | 18721 | 2018-07-15 07:24:27 | 23657 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: The number of chromosome and karyotype of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843) was determined by the conventional preparation and Gimsa staining technique, using gill epithelia and kidney cells. In this investigation, 5 specimens of G. rufa were used which collected from Rodbal River, Firouzabad, Fars Province. Based on 30 chromosome spreads counts, the chromosome number was found to be 2n=50 with arm number NF=84. By using the ratio of long arm to short arm, the karyotype formula of 10 metacentric, 24 sub-metacentric and 16 sub-telocentric (10M +24SM +16St) was obtained.
    Keywords: Biology ; Genetics ; Chromosomes ; Freshwater ; Light microscopy ; Karyotypes ; Garra rufa ; Fars Province ; Iran
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  • 97
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23658 | 18721 | 2018-07-15 07:37:24 | 23658 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: Molecular comparison of two parasites Lernaea cyprinacea and Lernaea ctenopharyngodoni was carried out using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique. A total of 43 Lernaea specimens belonging to the two species were collected from the Guilan and Khouzestan Provinces. DNA was extracted using the Phenol-chloroform method. The quality and quantity of DNA was assessed using 1% Agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometer. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was conducted on the target DNA under specific conditions and PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels (6%). Polyacrylamide gels were stained using silver nitrate and DNA bands were analyzed with BioCapt software. The genetic analysis was conducted using POP GEN 32 software. Forty two primers, 10 nucleotides each were used for PCR reaction. Totally, 397 RAPD loci were counted on polyacrylamide gel where 349 identical loci were polymorphic of which some bands may be used as genetic markers for the identification of both Lernaea species. Data analysis on PCR products showed higher genetic variation (1.15%) of L. ctenopharyngodon in the Guilan Province as compared to that of the Khouzestan (0.0%). However, genetic variation (27.46%) of L. cyprinacea in the Khouzestan Province was 7.26 times higher than that of the Guilan province (3.78%). The two species showed a genetic differentiation of approximately 88%. Based on the observed molecular differences, we state that L. ctenopharyngodoni is a genetically independent species from L. cyprinacea.
    Keywords: Biology ; Molecular structure ; Genetics ; DNA ; Freshwater ; Parasites ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Primers ; Nucleotides ; Lernaea ctenopharyngodoni ; Lernaea cyprinacea ; Gilan Province ; Khouzestan Province ; Iran
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  • 98
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    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/23679 | 18721 | 2018-07-18 06:36:39 | 23679 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: Considering the importance of genetic studies to manifest inter population differences in species, samples of Artemia partenogenetica were collected from seven inland lakes including Shoor and Inche-Borun lakes in Golestan Province, Hoze-Soltan and Namak lakes in Qom Province, Maharloo and Bakhteghan lakes in Fars Province and Mighan pool in Markazi Province. A total of 210 samples were subjected to DNA extraction by phenol-chloroform method. Primers were designed on a ribosomal fragment (16SrRNA) of the species' mtDNA sequence and the PCR was conducted on the samples. Digestion of the PCR product with approximately 1584bp lengths by 10 restriction endonuclease (AluI, EcoRI, Eco47I, HaeIII, HindIII, HinfI, MboI, MspI, RsaI, TaqI) showed 12 different haplotypes: 4 haplotypes in Shoor and Inche-Borun, 1 in Namak and Hoze-Soltan, 3 in Mighan pool, 1 in Bakhtegan and Maharloo and 3 in Maharloo. Haplotype diversity values within collected samples varied from zero in Hoze-Soltan, Namak and Bakhteghan samples to 0.7425 in Inche-Borun and Shoor while nucleotide diversity varied from zero in Hoze-Soltan, Namak and Bakhteghan, to 0.0077 in Mighan. The minimum nucleotide diversity among samples was zero between Hoze-Soltan vs. Namak and the maximum was 0.1700 between Inche-Borun and Shoor vs. Mighan. Nucleotide divergences among samples were least in Inche-Borun vs. Shoor (%-0.02) and most in Inche-Borun and Shoor vs. Mighan (%16.18), averaging to %3.40. The evolutionary distances between 12 haplotype showed that the maximum value belonged to Mighan haplotypes vs. Inche-Borun and Shoor haplotypes. Regarding the digestive patterns produced by each enzyme in the studied region, Eco47I is introduced as the population-specific marker of A. partenogenetica in Iran. Test of population differentiation based on haplotype frequencies were statistically significant (P≤0.001) with the exception of Hoze-Soltan vs. Namak and Inche-Borun vs. Shoor. We conclude that there are enough evidences in haplotypic level for dividing A. partenogenetica in Iran into five populations: Hoze-Soltan and Namak, Mighan, Maharloo, Bakhtegan, Incheh-Borun and Shoor.
    Keywords: Biology ; Population Genetics ; Genetics ; DNA ; Enzymes ; Marine ; RNA ; Nucleotide sequence ; Primers ; Nucleotides ; Artemia partenogenetica ; ISW ; Iran
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 53-68
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    FISON | Lagos (Nigeria)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/24202 | 19325 | 2018-05-16 15:26:01 | 24202 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: This paper, fish genetics and breeding in Nigeria addresses the application of genetics and breeding to fish farming with the view to enhanced aquaculture production in Nigeria. This production technique is not limited to the use of conventional breeding programs nor is it necessary to go through the basic developmental steps of selection and isolation that lead to the domestication and diversification of livestock and crops over thousands of years. With modern molecular genetic techniques and induced breeding, it is now possible to develop and create new fish species .
    Description: Includes: 12 references
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Nigeria ; Delta State ; freshwater environment ; Genetics ; Sustainability ; Induced breeding ; Biotechnology ; Seed (aquaculture) ; Aquaculture techniques ; Fish culture
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 203-205
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    In:  library@seafdec.org.ph | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/19972 | 2002 | 2016-02-26 15:20:49 | 19972 | Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Philippines ; Aquaculture development ; Algology ; Biotechnology ; Endocrinology ; Feed ; Genetics ; Laboratories ; Microbiology ; Research institutions ; Research programmes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 13-14
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