ALBERT

Description: During his zoological collecting trips to the Antilles Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck also gathered several samples of fresh and brackish water algae, which have been presented to the Rijksherbarium, Leiden. The present paper deals with the Chlorophyta of that collection, with the exception of Enteromorpha.\nWagenaar Hummelinck\xe2\x80\x99s localities 1936\xe2\x80\x941949 have been described in the \xe2\x80\x9cStudies on the Fauna of Cura\xc3\xa7ao\xe2\x80\x9d, Vols. 1 (1940), 2 (1940) and 4 (1953). Sta. 76 A has been illustrated in Vol. 1, Plate Vb; Sta. 97 in Vol. 2, Plate IV a; Sta. 500, 382, 63 and 678 in Vol. 4, Plates Ib, IIa, IIb and Va, respectively. The 1955 localities will be described in a \xe2\x80\x9cThird List of Localities\xe2\x80\x9d, to be published in a forthcoming volume of this series.

Description: When revising the indigenous species of the genus Lecidea, I came across a case in which K\xc3\xb6rber\xe2\x80\x99s Lecidella carpathica appeared to have been misunderstood. As the original description is insufficient for a good understanding of what its author had in hands, a redescription of the type specimen would not seem out of place.\nFor the supply of some material for comparison my thanks are due to Dr R. Santesson, Uppsala.

Description: Desde el punto de vista geol\xc3\xb3gico el norte de Surinam se divide en 4 zonas distintas, a saber: I\xc2\xb0. la parte del sur que pertenece, como tambi\xc3\xa9n el resto de Surinam, a la capa precambriana de Guyana, que, a su vez, consiste principalmente en granitos, granitodioritas y esquistos, y que, por la mayor parte, lleva selva pluvial en terrenos corro\xc3\xaddos muy profundos. 2\xc2\xb0. Al norte de esta capa se encuentran depositaciones mucho m\xc3\xa1s j\xc3\xb3venes: la capa de la formaci\xc3\xb3n Zanderij, constituida por arenas blanqueadas con vegetaciones de sabana y, adem\xc3\xa1s, arenas no blanqueadas y arcillas con arena gruesa. 3\xc2\xb0. Luego hay la formaci\xc3\xb3n Coropina de la vieja llanura costera o sea un viejo terreno de bajiales compuestos de limos polvorosos y arcillas con formaciones de pantano y de lodazal. En la franja del norte se encuentran cordones litorales de arena fina (llamados en Surinam \xe2\x80\x9eritsen\xe2\x80\x9d). 4\xc2\xb0. Finalmente, desde all\xc3\xad hasta la costa actual la joven llanura costera que consiste en arcilla pesada marina con formaciones de pantano y cordones costeros de arena o conchas, cubiertos de selva (v\xc3\xa9ase el mapa). Tipos de vegetaci\xc3\xb3n en lugares h\xc3\xbamedos: 1. Manglar, que se divide en selva de Avicennia nitida (la parwa) en la costa y en los diques naturales de los r\xc3\xados grandes, zonas de Rhizophora mangro: 3 especies) en barro a lo largo de las orillas de los r\xc3\xados, y el manglar mixto. 2. Pantanos herb\xc3\xa1ceos, que contienen muchas comunidades en agua salina y dulce, descritas en la parte primera de esta serie. 3. Bosque de pantano, que var\xc3\xada desde matorral abierto hasta bosque de un estrato de 10\xe2\x80\x9415 m. de altura y que es muy pobre de especies. Matorral de Machaerium lunatum (brantimakka) y bosque de Erythrina glauca (koffiemama) en agua salobre, y en agua dulce bosque de Pterocarpus y Tabebuia. 4. Selva de pantano tiene un dosel de entre 18 y 30 m., es pobre de especies y, ordinariamente, tiene numerosas palmeras; dicha selva se distingue en 3 tipos: El tipo A tieno mucho Triplaris (mierenhout) y ning\xc3\xban Symphonia (matakki) yes muy corriente en la joven llanura costera (perfil 1). El tipo B no tiene Triplaris, pero mucho Symphonia y Virola surinamensis (baboen) y se encuentra en las partes de m\xc3\xa1s edad de la joven llanura costera; la formaci\xc3\xb3n de turbera es muy intensa. (perfil 2).\nEl tipo C es como B, pero es m\xc3\xa1s rico en especies en las partes m\xc3\xa1s bajas de la vieja llanura costera, o sea en albercas detr\xc3\xa1s de los diques naturales de los r\xc3\xados. Selva de lodazal es bastante rica en especies, tiene 2 estratos y se da en terrenos peri\xc3\xb3dicamente inundados, como p.e. los t\xc3\xa9mpanos erosionados de la vieja llanura costera, las partes bajas de los \xe2\x80\x9eritsen\xe2\x80\x9d, los diques naturales de los r\xc3\xados y en las aroyaderos en los terrenos accidentados. Caracter\xc3\xadsticos son los \xe2\x80\x9ekauwfoetoes\xe2\x80\x9d, que son suelos desiguales y canalados; la capa herb\xc3\xa1cea est\xc3\xa1, casi siempre, bien desarrollada, las varias palmas se dan con un n\xc3\xbamero muy cambiante. En la selva litoral \xc3\xa9stas pueden hasta dominar en el dosel de copas. Selva de Mora (perfil 3) es una variante alta de la litoral (de 35\xe2\x80\x9440 m. de altura), en la que predomina Mora excelsa en todos los estratos y que se halla solamente en la parte occidental de Surinam. La de Hura crepitans (perfil 4) predomina aqu\xc3\xad y all\xc3\xad en las partes bajas de los \xe2\x80\x9eritsen\xe2\x80\x9d y hacia el oeste de la llanura costera se aumenta el n\xc3\xbamero de Carapa formando as\xc3\xad la variante tercera: la de Carapa. Formas xerom\xc3\xb3rficas de vegetaci\xc3\xb3n; En Surinam se resumen las formas xerom\xc3\xb3rficas de vegetaci\xc3\xb3n bajo el concepto de \xe2\x80\x9esabana\xe2\x80\x9d. Dichas formas se dan en los sitios donde el suelo tiene tan poca capacidad retentiva del agua que en los per\xc3\xadodos secos, cuando la evaporaci\xc3\xb3n supera con mucho la ca\xc3\xadda pluvial, aparece falta de agua y la vegetaci\xc3\xb3n se hace susceptible para incendios. Seg\xc3\xban el tipo de suelo distinguimos 3 series en las que la duraci\xc3\xb3n del per\xc3\xadodo de falta de agua determina el aspecto de la vegetaci\xc3\xb3n. 1. la serie seca en arena profunda de cuarzo blanco muy permeable que lleva varios tipos de selva, a saber: Selva de sabana, de 25\xe2\x80\x9430 m. de altura, dosel cerrado y un estrato inferior de \xc3\xa1rboles delgados; es rica en especies por el hecho de que hay muchas de la selva pluvial, al lado de las t\xc3\xadpicas de la de sabana, especialmente en el estrato inferior; las palmas que se den son pocas y peque\xc3\xb1as (perfil 6 p.p.). Aqu\xc3\xad y all\xc3\xad se encuentra selva de wallaba con Eperua falcata, y selva de dakama con Dimorphandra conjugata como especie predominante. Tambi\xc3\xa9n se da el caso de 2 especies prevalecientes. Bosque de sabana se compone solamente de especies xerom\xc3\xb3rficas de sabana y se convierte, en caso de persistente falta de agua, en matorral con m\xc3\xa1s o menos las mismas especies, para pasar a ser luego sabana abierta con grupitos de arbustos y una vegetaci\xc3\xb3n ligera y pobre de hierbas y semiarbustos. 2. la serie h\xc3\xbameda en terrenos llanos con capas impermeables en el suelo, de mode que, por consiguiente, carencia de agua en el per\xc3\xadodo seco alterna con inundaciones en el de lluvias. Las formas forestales de sabana h\xc3\xbameda tienen en com\xc3\xban muchas especies con las de la serie seca, aunque no dejan de tener algunas propias. Adem\xc3\xa1s tienen una subvegetaci\xc3\xb3n de hierbas grandes (Scitamineae). La sabana abierta h\xc3\xbameda lleva una vegetaci\xc3\xb3n rica, pero bastante cerrada, de especies propias. 3. la serie de piedra en suelos tenues que se encuentran sobre roca sin corroer en terreno accidentado y monta\xc3\xb1oso. As\xc3\xad hay p.e.: Selva de sabana monta\xc3\xb1osa en capas de ferrita y ferrobauxita en los montes, que se parece a la de sabana corriente, pero se caracteriza por otras especies, sobre todo Myrtaceae y Sapotaceae, y muchas lianas, musgos, y ep\xc3\xadfitas peque\xc3\xb1as. Sabana de roca se halla en masas de roca desnuda en el interior del pa\xc3\xads, p.e. en la monta\xc3\xb1a de Voltz sobre la cual crecen algunas hierbas en cavidades y hendiduras, sucedidas por grupos de arbustos en los que predomina, muchas veces, una de las especies de Clusia. En el sistema de BEARD la 1a y la 3a constituyen 2 series paralelas de las formaciones siempreverdes secas, mientras que la 2a entra en las formaciones de lodazal. La selva de tierra firme o la selva pluvial comprende los tipos que cubren la parte mayor de la superficie; sin embargo, no se las puede subdividir a causa de su grande riqueza de especies y su complejidad. En su forma \xc3\xb3ptima en la parte oriental del terreno accidentado esta selva constituye una de 3 o 4 estratos: uno, superior, de \xe2\x80\x9eemergentes\xe2\x80\x9d esparcidos, de 40\xe2\x80\x9445 m. de altura; otro con un dosel irregular, bastante cerrado de una altura entre los 25 y 30 m.; y debajo del segundo un tercer estrato de \xc3\xa1rboles delgados y una subvegetaci\xc3\xb3n vaga, pero con especies propias, al lado de ejemplares j\xc3\xb3venes de las de estratos superiores. Palmas, generalmente, son numerosas, y en particular en la subvegetaci\xc3\xb3n (perfiles 5 y 6). Hacia el oeste y la costa el estrato superior desaparece poco a poco, qued\xc3\xa1ndose m\xc3\xa1s abiertos los inferiores, como pasa tambi\xc3\xa9n en la selva veranera siempreverde de BEARD, lo cual, esto no obstante, no hemos distinguido, por haber una conformidad grande de especies. Tambi\xc3\xa9n la selva de \xe2\x80\x9erits\xe2\x80\x9d en la llanura costera pertenece, seg\xc3\xban nuestro modo de ver, a los tipos m\xc3\xa1s pobres de la selva pluvial. S\xc3\xb3lo en una franja estrecha de 1\xe2\x80\x942 km esta selva se hace tan pobre e irregular, aunque tiene algunas especies propias como un cacto gigantesco (Cereus sp.), la espinosa Ximenia americana, la palma Astrocaryum segregatum y Eugenia wullschlaegeliana, que es mejor hablar de bosque costero. Al este de la Coppename predomina, aqu\xc3\xad y all\xc3\xad, la Mora gonggrijpii (moraboekea) en todos los estratos. Completamente aparte est\xc3\xa1, a causa de su aspecto, la selva de lianas en la que faltan estratos y, no pocas veces, el dosel de copas por el hecho de que los \xc3\xa1rboles se encuentran muy dispersos. Bien es verdad que hay \xc3\xa1rboles altos, cubiertos de lianas que llenan tambi\xc3\xa9n los espacios intermedios.\nLa selva susodicha se encuentra en suelos pedrosos que hace dif\xc3\xadcil la radicaci\xc3\xb3n. Por consiguiente son muy numerosos los \xc3\xa1rboles ca\xc3\xaddos a tierra. Dicha selva cuenta con muchas especies que se dan tambi\xc3\xa9n en la selva pluvial. Para los tipos de selva se suministran ejemplos de la fracci\xc3\xb3n frecuentativa de las especies, y para la selva de arroyo y selva pluvial se la da tambi\xc3\xa9n de masa y n\xc3\xbamero de troncos por hect\xc3\xa1rea y clase diam\xc3\xa9trica. En 6 perfiles fueron bosquejados los tipos principales forestales: en una franja de 5 m. de ancho se trazaron todos los \xc3\xa1rboles de 5 m. y m\xc3\xa1s; en una segunda de igualmente 5 m., todos los de m\xc3\xa1s de 10 m.; y en la tercera de 10 m. de ancho s\xc3\xb3lo los de 20 m. y m\xc3\xa1s. En la lista de especies se da de todas las especies el nombre suriname\xc3\xb1o y el cient\xc3\xadfico, y el n\xc3\xbamero de ejemplares por perfil.

Description: Antirhea surinamensis Brem. n. spec. ramulis novellis non resinosis, inflorescentiis multifloris, bis ramificatis, floribus 4-meris, ovariis paucilocularibus ad A. obtusifoliam Urb., A. coriaceam (Vahl) Urb., A. Shaferi Urb., A. occidentalem Urb., A. tenuifoliam Urb., A. panamensem Standl, accedens, sed a speciebus his omnibus ovario et capsula 3-loculari, pedunculis longioribus distinguenda, a speciebus his A. panamensi solum excepta insuper foliis acutissime exeuntibus, ab A. obtusifolia insuper foliis basi acutis, ab A. coriacea inflorescendae ramulis brevioribus, ab A. occidentali et A. panamensi corolla extus pilosula diversa.\nHabitus nondum accurate notus, sed certe arborescens. Rami novelli glabri vel interdum sparse sed longius pilosi, non resinosi, mox cortice griseo-brunneo opaco, plicatulo et sparse lenticellato vestiti, circ. 1.5 mm diam., ex internodiis paucis compositi, internodio infimo 4.5-8.0 cm longo, internodio secundo interdum usque ad 3 cm longo sed plerumque 1 cm haud superante, aliis 0.2-0.6 cm longis. Folia petiolata; petiolus canaliculatus appresse pilosus sed ad marginem hirtellus, 3-6 mm longus; lamina elliptica vel obovata, 4.5-10 cm longa et 2.0-4.7 cm lata, apice acuminata et acutissime exeuns, basi acuta, subcoriacea, utrimque opaca, siccitate non conspicue discolorata, supra glabra, subtus costa nervisque densius, inter nervos sparse pubescens, costa supra impressa, subtus prominente, nervis utroque latere costae plerumque 7 prominulis, reticulatione densa siccitate colore saturatiore distinguenda sed haud prominula. Stipulae ovato-triangulares, 5 mm longae, extus glabrae, margine tamen ciliolatae, mox deciduae. Inflorescentia pedunculo appresse piloso 4.5-7 cm longo instructa; bis pseudo-dichotome ramificata, ramulis primariis 4-5 mm longis, ramulis secundariis 10-15 mm longis, floribus usque ad 12 instructis. Bracteae ovato-acuminatae 0.5 mm longae. Flores sessiles, ebracteolati, 4-meri. Ovarium parce appresse pilosulum, 3- loculare. Calyx etiam parce appresse pilosulus tubo 0.2 mm, lobis ovato-triangularibus 0.3 mm longis. Corolla extus appresse pilosula, tubo 7-8 mm longo et 0.8 mm diam., intus glabro, lobis ellipticoorbicularibus 1.4 mm longis et 1.0 mm latis. Stamina filamento brevissimo instructa; antherae dorsifixae fere 0.5 mm infra orem tubi inclusae, lineares, 2.6 mm longae. Granula pollinis 3-pora, distincte reticulata, 25 \xc2\xb5 diam. Discus cylindricus 0.4 mm altus. Stylus glaber, tubo aequilongus; stigma capitatum. Drupa glabra, 9 mm alta et 4.5 mm diam., pyrena 3-lobata et 3-loculari.

Description: It is commonly accepted that percentages of pollen in a pollen diagram do not express the exact composition of forests in earlier times. This inaccuracy is due to several factors, for instance the different quantities of pollen produced by plants, the distance of transport etc. A pollen diagram tells us only the change in pollen rain on the locality where we collected soil samples. In studying a pollen diagram we find a close relation between the variations in the percentages of a certain species and the area occupied by this species in the vegetation. When the percentage of pollen of a species increases, we conclude generally that the relative area occupied by this species in the vegetation increases too. However, such a connection might be doubted. The variety of factors controlling the dispersion of pollen is so great that the interpretation of a pollen diagram often meets with great difficulties. The connection between pollen rain and the composition of the vegetation is a simple one in the cases where we are dealing with a region of uniform vegetation. A diagram taken from a region in which the vegetation varies from place to place has to be regarded with some caution. Unfortunately such a heterogenity of the vegetation exists on the very place, where we want to compose a pollen diagram.\nThe pollen rain which falls into a bog arises from two sources: a pollen rain from the local vegetation of the bog itself and one from the surrounding vegetation. When we are dealing with great bogs, the pollen produced by the vegetation of the bog itself will be mostly that of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and spores of the Bryophyta and the Pteridophyta. It is the rule rather than the exception that the bog will be treeless. The tree pollen in such a bog mostly takes its origin from the surrounding forests. It is a fortunate circumstance in a diagram that pollen of trees is separated from other pollen. However, one exception is seen in the way in which Iversen composes a diagram for late glacial times. This method, commonly used for late glacial times, embraces a pollen sum not only containing trees but also some herbaceous plants. The origin of the latter can, with some certainty, be accepted as from outside the bog. Therefore the local vegetation of the bog does not influence the percentages of tree pollen. The pollen sum thus comprises pollen of plants which grow under the same biotic conditions.

Description: The scope of the present paper is primarily to give a taxonomical revision of the genus Canarium. Furthermore, attention has been paid to some subjects of a more general nature, mainly regarding morphology and geography, without, however, claiming completeness.\nThe last complete revision of the genus was published by Engler in 1883 (in DC. Mon. Phan. 4, 101\xe2\x80\x94151). Of course this is now for the greater part out of date. The later revisions by the same author in E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 34, 1896, 238\xe2\x80\x94242, and ed. 2, 19a, 1931, 443\xe2\x80\x94450, are not really monographs; moreover, they lost in value by the introduction of a subdivision which was mainly based upon unessential characters.

Description: The present report is based in the first place on material collected by the trawler \xe2\x80\x9cCoquette\xe2\x80\x9d, which, from April to August 1957, explored the offshore waters of Suriname and French Guiana from the mouth of the Nickerie River in the west to the Iles de Salut in the east. Most of the hauls were made at a distance of 20 to 30 miles from the coast. The paper also considers the Stomatopoda collected off the Suriname coast by the Suriname Fisheries Service.\nTo date, only one species of stomatopod has been reported from Suriname, viz. \xe2\x80\x9cGonodactylus chiragra Fabr.\xe2\x80\x9d, so named by NEUMANN (1878, p. 39), who reported on a specimen which is preserved in the collection of the Heidelberg Museum and was said to have originated from Suriname. As has been shown by HOLTHUIS (1959, p. 14) NEUMANN\xe2\x80\x99S so-called Suriname material is very likely incorrectly labelled, and was more probably collected in the West Indian Islands. Accordingly, this record had better be ignored.

Description: The present paper embodies the results of a study of 362 specimens of the genus Rivulus from Suriname and the other Guyanas.\nSo far, 58 species names (morphological species or subspecies) have been proposed, by a great many authors; these names are listed on pages 52\xe2\x80\x9453. Of the 58, topotypical specimens have been examined in 8 instances. In order to facilitate a future review of the genus, which is in great need of revision, short remarks are made on the morphology and ecology of a number of specimens, from various localities, belonging to distinct species.

Description: The fossil remains of rodents described in the present paper are from various localities. The large extinct musk rat Megalomys occurs in reddish-brown phosphatic \xe2\x80\x9coolite\xe2\x80\x9d fillings of irregular cavities in a marine limestone found by Mr. P. H. DE BUISONJ\xc3\x89 in the north-western part of the Duivelsklip, eastern Cura\xc3\xa7ao, about 50 m above sea-level. The \xe2\x80\x9coolite\xe2\x80\x9d also contains scanty remains of lizards, snakes, and of a bat. Fragmentary molluscs present possibly include Cerion uva (L.), a recent, very common, terrestrial species, as well as other gastropods, many opercula of which were found.\nSamples of a phosphatic \xe2\x80\x9co\xc3\xb6lite\xe2\x80\x9d deposit collected in 1937 by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK from an escarpment near Fontein, Bonaire, proved to contain jaws, with teeth, of a genus of hesperomyine rodents, Thomasomys a single snake vertebra; and mollusc remains including what seem to be their coprolites.

Description: In the second half of the nineteenth century an important contribution to our knowledge of the fauna of the Netherlands Antilles, and especially of St. Martin, was made by the medical officer of that island, H. E. VAN RIJGERSMA, whose name, however, has remained almost unknown to Dutch biologists. By assembling important zoological collections VAN RIJGERSMA enabled specialists to study the fauna of St. Martin and the neighbouring islands; as a result, this fauna was for a long time better known than that of many other West Indian islands.\nFrom information kindly placed at my disposal by the Rijksarchief (Netherlands State Archives) and the Record Office of the Ministerie van Zaken Overzee (Netherlands Ministry of Affairs Overseas) it appears that HENDRIK ELING (or ELINGSZ.) VAN RIJGERSMA was born in 1834 or at the beginning of 1835, and was very probably of Frisian origin. It is not known where he studied; but he practised on the island of Marken, in the Netherlands, as doctor, surgeon and obstetrician, until the year 1863. By Royal Decree No. 60, dated 26 June 1863, VAN RIJGERSMA was appointed Government Physician on the Dutch West Indian island of St. Martin, where he went in the autumn of 1863 with his wife and two children. He filled this post on St. Martin until his death on 4 March 1877, only once returning on furlough to the Netherlands, from Spring 1873 till March 1874. He was married to MARIA HENRIETTA GR\xc3\x84FING, probably from Amsterdam. At his death he left seven children. His widow continued to live on St. Martin until 1893, when she went back to the Netherlands with five of her children.

Description: Sediments in the foreland of a mountain chain are sometimes suited to reconstitute the conditions in these mountains at the time of deposition of the sediments. The present study gives the results of a sedimentological investigation of the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits in a part of the Duero basin, situated south of the Cordillera Cantabrica, which supplied the sediments. The aim was to determine both the conditions in the source area, and the environments in the area of deposition.\nThe investigated area is situated in the province of Palencia, between the rivers Pisuerga and Carri\xc3\xb3n. The area being a part of the so-called Meseta, has a simple relief. Two levels at different heights can be distinguished. The higher level, p\xc3\xa1ramo, is strikingly flat, the lower, campi\xc3\xb1a, is more undulating.\nThe Tertiary basin sediments are of various types, and can have six different facies.\nAlong the mountain foot the sediments are chiefly conglomerates with some sandstones, united into the Cuevas facies. The pebbles consist of limestones derived from the Cretaceous limestones, which in the E occupy extensive areas but in the W are only exposed in a narrow strip along the southern border of the mountain chain. At that time they must have formed the southern flank of the Cantabrian Mountains. Pebble roundness and flatness indicate for the greater part a deposition as river fans in a warm and rather dry climate. These conglomerates have been brought into an overturned position in the W of the investigated area, and were strongly tilted in the E. This tectonic deformation is thought by several authors to have occurred during the Savian orogenic phase. The younger beds, having the Cuevas facies, are nearly horizontal, and were deposited during and after this folding as appears from the presence of sandstone pebbles derived from the sandstone layers within the folded conglomerates.\nSouth of the limestone conglomerate belt a wide zone with red beds occurs. These sediments, consisting of an alternation of quartzite conglomerates and sandy layers, represent the Vega de Riacos facies. The change of deposit from a limestone conglomerate into a quartzite conglomerate may be due to changes in the supply area, the Mesozoic limestones having been eroded and having become covered with soils, and the Palaeozoic quartzites and conglomerates becoming largely exposed. A typical feature is the absence in all basin sediments of pebbles derived from the Carboniferous limestone, the so-called Brezo-limestone, which at present froms a great part of the southern flank of the Cantabrian Mountains. The sediments presenting the Vega de Riacos facies were deposited in a warm and humid monsoon climate, as appears from (1) the red colour, (2) the shape of the quartz sand grains, and (3) the clay mineral associations.\nThe remainder of the investigated area is characterized in the N by yellow sandy and clayey deposits, covered by similar, but yellow and red, sandy and clayey deposits, and in the S by yellow clayey deposits overlain by white and grey gypseous marls, alternating with limestones.\nThe underling yellow sandy and clayey sediments, typical for the Carri\xc3\xb3n de los Condes facies, are dated as Vindobonian on account of the fossils found near Palencia and Salda\xc3\xb1a. The upper yellow and red, sandy and clayey layers found in the N, having the Relea facies, have a Pontian age, based on fossils found near Salda\xc3\xb1a and Relea. In the E of the investigated area this Relea facies shows a local divergent aspect, called Zorita facies, characterized by an alternation of red, sandy deposits and white, marly deposits. The gypseous marls and the limestones in the S, which show the P\xc3\xa1ramos facies, overlying the yellow clayey sediments in Carrion de los Condes facies, have a cover of a very hard, bluish limestone, the P\xc3\xa1ramos-limestone, which provided some freshwater molluscs indicating also a Pontian age.\nThe sediments in the four last-named facies represent chiefly deposits of rivers and shallow temporary lakes (lagunas). A rather regular sedimentation went on from Vindobonian into Pontian times, meanwhile influenced by changes of climate in the basin. After the warm and humid climate in which the red beds were deposited, the climate became more arid, with an increased evaporation.\nFirst the yellow sediments in Carri\xc3\xb3n de los Condes facies were deposited, in the N being still sandy, in the S becoming more clayey. They are clearly deposits of rivers which did not supply very coarse material, but some deposition in temporary lakes must also have occurred.\nAt the end of the Vindobonian evaporation became stronger, as can be concluded from the lime crusts found in the upper layers in the area of the Carri\xc3\xb3n de los Condes facies, and more to the S, in the area of the P\xc3\xa1ramos facies, from the deposition of gypsum bearing marls, when the drainage was more or less restricted.\nThis climate persisted during the first part of the Pontian as can be concluded from lime crusts occurring in the lower beds in Relea facies, the depositional environment, that is rivers and lagunas, remaining the same.\nLater in the Pontian the humidity of the climate increased, as appears from the increasing number of red layers in this Relea facies. In the S this increasing humidity caused the precipitation of gypsum to cease, and at this time the P\xc3\xa1ramos-limestones were formed. The Zorita facies, which laterally replaces the Relea facies, is chiefly determined by a supply from a different source area, namely the Mesozoic calcareous rocks exposed a few kilometres N of the deposits in Zorita facies.\nThe heavy mineral associations (chapter VIII, part 1) are monotonous, practically consisting of resistant minerals. They seem to indicate a supply from NW to SE. Also the pebble supply followed this direction, as may be concluded from their size distribution within the red beds having the Vega de Riacos facies. This NW\xe2\x80\x94SE direction was the main drainage direction in Pre-Rhodanian times.\nThe clay minerals in the sediments presenting the various facies allow to draw some conclusions on the climates at the times of deposition. For instance, the rather righ percentage of kaolinite in the sediments in the Cuevas and Vega de Riacos facies, may indicate a warm and rather humid climate during and after deposition. But later alterations also influenced the clay mineral associations, causing a preponderance of illite (see chapter VIII, part 3).\nAfter the deposition of the P\xc3\xa1ramos-limestones the Duero basin became a non-depositional area. During the Rhodanian orogenic phase the bordering mountains were uplifted, and the basin was tilted towards the W. This caused a switch of the drainage pattern which before was directed towards the Mediterranean, and now became directed towards the Atlantic Ocean. During the whole of the Pliocene strong bevelling occurred, through which the p\xc3\xa1ramolevel in the basin and pediments at the foot of the mountain chains were formed.\nNext, a warm and dry climate characterized by sheetfloods must have prevailed all over the Meseta, causing the deposition of the angular quartzitic ra\xc3\xb1a pebbles, so well exposed in the investigated area on the ra\xc3\xb1a of Guardo. These ra\xc3\xb1as are presumed to be of Villafranchian age.\nSoon the influence of Quaternary changes of climate became evident. Certainly the younger river terraces, found at five various levels, are due to these Pleistocene climatic changes. Pebble analyses could confirm the opinion of various authors who admit only two real glaciations in the Spanish mountains, namely the last and the penultimate. Indeed, the two lower terraces contain pebbles which may have been formed in a periglacial climate, whereas the deposits of the three upper terraces only contain evidences of a humid, temperate climate.\nThe sedimentological data on which the conclusions on the depositional environments, as given above, are based can be found in the following chapters: (a) grain size distribution (chapter V), (b) pebble analyses (chapter VI), (c) morphometrical sand analysis (chapter VII), (d) mineralogy of the sands (chapter VIII, parts 1 and 2), (c) clay minerals (chapter VIII, part 3).\nThe development of the drainage pattern (see chapter IX) was reconstituted with the help of a number of captures, which can be observed in the field. In this way a gradual adjustment of the drainage to the present direction can be demonstrated. In the investigated area this adjustment occurred rather late during the Quaternary. At that time also the campi\xc3\xb1a-level was formed.\nFinally, in the last chapter (X), an attempt is made to establish the palaeoclimates, and the relief in the source area, though there remain many uncertainties.\nThe Cordillera Cantabrica, being a mountain area, must always have had a more humid climate than the basin. Even during the Upper-Vindobonian and Lower-Pontian, while the basin was arid, the climate in the mountains must have been more humid. This appears from the clastic sediments supplied into the basin (Relea facies). Though the drainage was restricted, it will not have been totally interrupted, because only calcite and gypsum were deposited in the basin centre, and no halite.\nThere will have been a certain relief in the source area during the whole time. The sediments give no indications for a fully developed peneplain. During the whole of Vindobonian and Pontian times clastic sediments have been supplied by the Cantabrian Mountains.

Description: Het Belledonne Massief wordt overlangs in twee\xc3\xabn gedeeld door een samengeknepen synclinale zone, die plaatselijk permocarbonische of mesozo\xc3\xafsche sedimenten bevat. Het onderzochte gebied strekt zich ter weerszijde van deze zone uit.\nHet westelijke of externe deel bestaat in hoofdzaak uit sericietchlorietschisten, veelal met albietporfieroblasten (St. Hugon schisten). Deze porfieroblasten zijn geen latere vormingen, doch behoren tot de oorspronkelijke metamorphose van deze schisten. Het oostelijke of interne deel bestaat overwegend uit granieten, amfibolieten en glimmerschisten. De metamorfosegraad is hier meestal hoger dan in het externe deel, zoals blijkt uit het anorthietgehalte van de plagioklaas en uit de aanwezigheid van de mineralen granaat, stauroliet en distheen. In het onderzochte gebied zijn onderscheiden de Lac Crop formatie, bestaande uit in banden afwisselende glimmerschisten en amfibolieten, en de Ferrouillet amfibolieten. De laatste zijn waarschijnlijk van magmatische herkomst, gezien de eentonigheid van de formatie, de rijkdom aan titaniet en de aanwezigheid van klinopyroxeenkernen en complex vertweelingde plagioklaasmegacrysten, die beiden als magmatische relicten worden opgevat. Vergelijken we het kristallijn van het Belledonne Massief met dat van de naburige hercynische massieven, dan blijkt de metamorfosegraad in het algemeen minder hoog te zijn dan elders het geval is. Vermoedelijk vertegenwoordigt het Belledonne Massief een structuurelement dat oorspronkelijk verder naar buiten (westelijk) heeft gelegen dan de andere massieven.\nDe zojuist beschreven regionale metamorfose, die zeker ouder is dan het Boven-Carboon, is op vele plaatsen grotendeels uitgewist door laathercynische of alpiene dynamometamorfose. Dit is o. a. in het noordelijk gedeelte van het gekarteerde gebied het geval. Herkenning van de oorspronkelijke metamorfe gesteenten is vaak slechts microscopisch mogelijk. De dynamometamorfose uit zich soms in mylonitisatie, soms in verbrijzeling en omzetting zonder dat aanzienlijke bewegingen in het gesteente schijnen te hebben plaatsgevonden. Deze jongere metamorfose hangt uiteraard samen met de hercynische en alpiene tektogenesen. In beide gevallen heeft niet zozeer plooi\xc3\xafng als wel intensieve beweging van kristallijnblokken plaatsgehad.\nDe permocarbonische en mesozo\xc3\xafsche sedimenten komen \xc3\xb2f wel ingeklemd tussen deze blokken, \xc3\xb2f als een weinig geplooid dek op de blokken voor. Het Boven-Carboon (Westphalien D\xe2\x80\x94Stephanien A) bestaat grotendeels uit zwarte continentale afzettingen : conglomeraten, fijngelaagde zandstenen, leien en wat kool. In de \xe2\x80\x9eGr\xc3\xa8s d\xe2\x80\x99Allevard\xe2\x80\x9d (continentaal Perm) zijn twee gedeelten te onderscheiden. Het onderste gedeelte bevat grijze of zwarte pelieten en lichtgekleurde veldspaathoudende zandstenen. Enkele plantafdrukken wijzen op een onder-permische ouderdom. In het bovenste deel, waarin paarsrode muscoviethoudende pelieten overheersen, zijn geen fossielen gevonden. Microscopisch onderzoek wijst uit dat zowel de boven-carbonische als de permische sedimenten vaak grote hoeveelheden rhyolitisch of rhyodacitisch materiaal bevatten. De vooral in het Carboon veelvuldig voorkomende verkiezeling houdt waarschijnlijk verband met dit vulkanisme. In de Trias spelen, zoals bijna overal in de Alpen, caverneuze kalken de hoofdrol. Gips- en anhydrietrijke lagen hebben als glijvlak gediend, waarover het erboven liggende sedimentaire dek \xe2\x80\x94 voornamelijk Jura in B\xc3\xbcndnerschieferfacies \xe2\x80\x94 van de omhoogkomende kristallijnblokken is afgegleden. Op deze wijze zijn de ten Westen van het eigenlijke Belledonne Massief gelegen \xe2\x80\x9ecollines liasiques\xe2\x80\x9d ontstaan.

Description: It one has a group of samples from one population and a group of samples from another population, one is often faced with the question whether both populations are the same or not. For this situation several statistical tests are available, one of these being the well-known Student\'s test (cf. Dixon and Massey, 1951, chapter 9). One of the assumptions underlying Student\'s test is that the quantities, of which observations are available, have a normal distribution. In many cases, however, it is not known whether or not this assumption is satisfied. In these cases it is advisable to use a statistical test, not based on the assumption of normal distributions. In the problem concerned one can use, e.g., Wilcoxon\'s two-sample test. The assumptions underlying this test are : a. all observations are taken at random and are independent; b. the observations in group I are taken from the same population; c. the observation in group II are taken from the same population.\nAs an example we take the following situation. A type of rock has been found in two localities; at each locality one has taken 6 samples* at random. The sodium content (in percentages) of these samples is: locality I; 6.3; 3.9; 3.5; 10.0; 2.5; 3.4. locality II; 5.6; 5.2; 6.0; 3.3; 1.1; 3.0.

Description: Subgenus Eukoramius Bryk Tibia mit stark zugespitztem, ihr Ende \xc3\xbcberragendem Schienenbl\xc3\xa4ttchen.\nR3 entspringt aus der vorderen Mittelzellrippe vor dem Zellende und verw\xc3\xa4chst in der N\xc3\xa4he des Fl\xc3\xbcgelvorderrands mit R1, trennt sich dann aber wieder und m\xc3\xbcndet im Apex. M1 entspringt direkt hinter dem Gabelstiel von R4 + R5 aus der Mittelquerrippe, ohne mit ihm zu verwachsen. Das VIII. Tergit des \xe2\x99\x82 sehr tief eingebuchtet, die Seitenlappen abgerundet. Uncus zweispitzig, seine H\xc3\xb6rner gegen die Basis nicht verbreitert. Valve mit caudal-dorsalem Fortsatz. Aedoeagus lang und schlank, mit kleinem Orificium. Sphragis braungelb, den Hinterleib ringf\xc3\xb6rmig umschliessend, ventral tief ausgeh\xc3\xb6hlt, die Seitenlappen am Rande von einer flachen Leiste eingefasst, die ventral und dorsal vorspringt und caudalw\xc3\xa4rts eingebuchtet ist.\nTad. (Euk.) imperator Oberth\xc3\xbcr (Bull. Soc. ent. France, serie 6 v. 3 p. 77) Die Art bewohnt Szetschwan, Thibet, Sikkim, Junnan. Amdo, Nanshan (Humboldkette) und Kansu.\nTad. (Euk.) imperator imperator Oberth\xc3\xbcr Tatsienlou 7 \xe2\x99\x82, f. ocelloconjuncta n.c. 5 \xe2\x99\x82, f. fermata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, f. fermata + analisconjuncta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, 17 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ocelloconnexa Bryk & Eisner 1 \xe2\x99\x80 Holotype = ocelloconjuncta n.c, 2 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ocello + analisconjuncta n.c. 3 \xe2\x99\x80, f. rubroocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. latecincta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. atroguttata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ampliusocellulata n.c. 5 \xe2\x99\x80, f. minuscula n.c. 3 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ochreoocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. flavoocellata n.c. 2 \xe2\x99\x80, f. mediorubrodivisoocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80; Watusi-Pass, Setzschwan f. rubroocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80.\nGrosse, 36-41 mm, wenig digryphe Unterart, mit grauweissem Fl\xc3\xbcgelfond und weissen Fransen. \xe2\x99\x82 mit gestrecktem Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgel, dessen Vorderrand

Description: In the spring of 1947, during his stay on the Canary Islands, Dr. C. O. van Regteren Altena collected a small number of Opiliones on the Island of Tenerife, which he kindly permitted me to study. Most of these specimens are juveniles that could not be identified. Three species are, however, represented by adult specimens. I identified two of these with Metadasylobus fuscoannulatus (Simon) (localities : Barranco Andura (or Andola), south of Realejo, 17-III-1947, 1 \xe2\x99\x82, 3 \xe2\x99\x80 \xe2\x99\x80; Las Mercedes, about 650 m, 22-III-1947, 1 \xe2\x99\x82), and Bunochelis longipes Roewer (localities: La Paz, near Puerto Orotava, 12-III-1947, 1 \xe2\x99\x82; Icod el Alto, about 500 m, 25-III-1947, 1 \xe2\x99\x82) respectively.\nThe third species appeared, however, to be new to science; it is dedicated to its collector. I classify it with Bunochelis, a genus in which the first joint of the chelicerae of the male has a dorsal protuberance. Bunochelis altenai nov. spec. is described and figured in the present paper, whilst in a key a comparison is made with other species of the genus. I am greatly indebted to Prof. Dr. C. F. Roewer for his kind assistance in the study of the new species. The material is preserved in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.\nBunochelis altenai nov. spec. (fig. 1a, b, c) Material. Barranco Andura (or Andola), south of Realejo Alto, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 17-III 1947, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 (holotype); 1 subadult \xe2\x99\x82 (paratype).\nDescription. Length of the male (without chelicerae) : 4.2 mm.\nCephalothorax whitish with a pattern of light and dark brown spots: it bears a number of denticles (fig. 1a). Supracheliceral laminae each with one denticle. Ocularium brown with two longitudinal rows of 5-7 denticles.\nAbdomen dorsally whitish, with 5 transverse rows of denticles, of which

Description: In the keys to the palaearctic Saldidae, which will be published before long in Dr. W. Stichels: "Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen Europas", I shall use systematic conceptions, deviating from those which were up till now generally used. The character of the work mentioned does not permit a motivation. The following notes serve as an introduction to the system, as proposed in Stichel.\n\nCONTENTS\nI. Major classification. A. Relation to other families B. Subfamilies C. Tribes II. The problem of generic divisions.\nIII. On the status of some palaearctic forms.\nIV. Saldula heijningeni spec. nov.\nI.\nMAJOR CLASSIFICATION\nA. Relation to other families A study of the egg development (position of germband, blastokinesis and eclosion) of Saldidae and other families (not published) has shown that the hypothesis of China (1950) that the saldids should belong to the Amphibicorisae, is justified. Of old they have been treated as representatives of the Geocorisae.\nB. Subfamilies Up till now the division in Saldinae Van Duzee 1917 and Saldoidinae Reuter 1912 has always been in use. To the latter belongs only the genus Saldoida Osborn 1901, while under the former all remaining (momently 15) genera are grouped. The three species of Saldoida have always attracted

Description: SYNOPSIS\nThe type slide of the species Fedrizzia helleri briefly described by Oudemans 1929 from Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, but never figured, has been re-examined. The species is now shown to belong not to the genus Fedrizzia Canest. (fam. Fedrizziidae) but to the genus Klinckowstroemiella Turk 1951 (fam. Klinckowstroemiidae).\nThe species Fedrizzia helleri was briefly described by Oudemans 1929 as follows: "Fedrizzia helleri nov. sp. Er is geen scherp begrensd sikkelvormig scutum verticale; wel is dit gedeelte naar den voorrand membraneus; die voorrand is niet zuiver rond, maar iets golvend; er zijn 4 stralende vertikaalhaartjes op geplaatst, die op gelijke afstanden van elkander staan. Verder is de rug haarloos. \xe2\x99\x80 genitaalopening trapezoidaal, v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r bijna even breed als de rechte achterrand van het sternale, en breeder dan achteren; zij wordt door 4 driehoekige schildjes gedekt (teeken in gedachte de diagonalen in het trapezium). \xe2\x99\x82 genitaalopening als bij Fedrizzia laevis Can. 1884, maar precies tusschen de coxae III (bij laevis nog iets meer naar achteren) \xe2\x80\x94 Op Passalus sp., Paramaribo; Juli; C. Heller legit".\nIn her Catalogue of 1945 of the Acari in the Oudemans collection in the Leiden Museum, Dr. A. M. Buitendijk indicates that drawings of this species have been published but I am informed by Dr. L. van der Hammen of the Leiden Museum that this is an error and that no figures exist.\nExcept for the reference by Sellnick 1938 in which he suggests that on the structure of the genital shields in the female, helleri belongs to his genus Eufedrizzia which he erected for the species Trachyuropoda tricuspis Banks 1914 from a Passalid from Brazil, no references appear to have been

Description: Zu der folgenden delphius-Gruppe geh\xc3\xb6ren die subspecies staudingeri A.\nBang-Haas, cardinalis Gr. Gr., hodja Av., die die Gebirge von Samarkand, Buchara bev\xc3\xb6lkern. subsp. staudingeri A. Bang-Haas (Berl. ent. Z. v. 26 p. 163).\nSultan-Hazreth-Gebirge, s.\xc3\xb6. Samarkand 3 \xe2\x99\x82, f. nigroocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, 2 \xe2\x99\x80, Topotypen; Alpen van Osch? 1 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80; Samarkand 7 \xe2\x99\x82 6 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ocelloconjuncta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. diaphana n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. minuscula n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80 25 mm; Sarafschan 1 \xe2\x99\x82 2 \xe2\x99\x80; Dukdan, Sarafschan 3 \xe2\x99\x82, f. ocelloconjuncta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. ochreoocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80.\nEine kleine bis mittelgrosse, \xe2\x99\x82 26-29, \xe2\x99\x80 26-33 mm, distincte Unterart, deren Zeichnungselemente sich von dem dicht beschuppten Fl\xc3\xbcgelgrund auffallend abheben. \xe2\x99\x82 im Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgel, der rundlicher als bei der vorangehenden delphius-Gruppe ist, mit sehr schmalem Glasband, das bei M3 etwas nach innen ausgebuchtet ist und sich von Cu1 ab zu einem d\xc3\xbcnnen, die Fl\xc3\xbcgelrundung erreichenden Streifen verj\xc3\xbcngt; Submarginale mit scharfen Zacken l\xc3\xa4ngs der Adern nach dem Aussenrand zu, bei M2 nach innen vorspringend, zwischen M2 und M3 eingeengt, sich von da bis zum Hinterrand verbreiternd. Subcostalband schmal bis M3, mit dem deutlich ausgepr\xc3\xa4gten Hinterrandsfleck durch Schwarzbest\xc3\xa4ubung verbunden; diese in der Regel ausgedehnt l\xc3\xa4ngs des unteren Discusarms, sodass ein verd\xc3\xbcstertes, dreieckiges Feld zwischen Zellflecken und Hinterrandsfleck entsteht; die kr\xc3\xa4ftigen Zellflecke l\xc3\xa4nglich, von denen auch der mittlere meist die untere Discoidale erreicht; Vorderrand, Wurzel m\xc3\xa4ssig grau gek\xc3\xb6rnt. Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgel mit schmalem oder auch sehr schmalem Glasband bis M3; die Submarginale zeigt in den vorderen Elementen continuierliche weite B\xc3\xb6gen, die das Glasband ber\xc3\xbchren,

Description: In the earliest papers on neotropical Blattidae a fair number of specimens from Surinam were recorded (LINNAEUS, DE GEER \xc2\xb9), DE SAUSSURE, BRUNNER). But in the period from the beginning of this century up to now only a few scattered reports of Blattidae from that region have appeared in the literature of the subject. The present article will be the first to deal exclusively with Surinam species.\nThe material dealt with in this paper was mainly secured by DR. D. C. GEIJSKES between 1938 and 1955. His extensive travels both in the coastal area and far into the interior of Surinam enabled him to collect all over the country.

Description: The genus Staurophlebia was established by BRAUER (1865, 1866) from his species magnifica from Brazil, a name which later proved to be a synonym of reticulata (Burmeister 1839), (see under this species). In his notes on St. magnifica, HAGEN (1867) said that SELYS (MS) has proposed the genus name Megalaeschna for Aeschna reticulata Burm., Ae. gigas Rbr. (= reticulata), and Ae. gigantula Selys, a closely related new species which was subsequently described by MARTIN. However, Megalaeschna is a synonym of the earlier name Staurophlebia, as already pointed out by COWLEY (1935). In his classification of the aeschnines, SELYS (1883) includes the two subgenera Neuraeschna and Staurophlebia in his genus Staurophlebia s.l., while KIRBY (1890), CALVERT (1905), and MARTIN (1909) give Staurophlebia s.str. generic rank, with St. reticulata Burm. as the genotype.\nThe characters of this genus are as follows: Wing venation: subcosta prolonged beyond the nodus to the first or second postnodal cross vein. Median space free. Triangle long, with 6\xe2\x80\x948 cells. M2 curved upward proximal to stigma. Rs forked proximal to stigma, enclosing in its fork 3\xe2\x80\x944 rows of cells; Rspl curved, between Rs and Rspl 5\xe2\x80\x946 rows of cells at maximum. Anal loop with 12\xe2\x80\x9418 cells. Anal triangle in male 3-celled. Pterostigma small, longer in fore wing than in hind wing. Large (75 mm) to very large (96 mm), stoutly built species, green, brown and blue-coloured. In general, head and thorax light-green, abdomen (except the first two segments) red-brown, bluish green, or dull blue. Frons prominent, marked with T-spot. Eyes connected for a long distance, occipital triangle small. Abdomen long-cylindrical, male with auriculae on segm. 2 and moderately narrowed at segm. 3. Male appendices superiores long, leaf-like, with a hooked middle process on upper side half-way down their length, and an erect denticulate crest at the distal end, along the inner margin. Inferior appendage long-triangular, reaching to 1/3, mostly to 2/3, the length of the superiores. There is a basal prominence of the inferior appendage just between the bases of the app. sup. in the male. App. sup. of the female lanceolate, entire. Abd. segm. 10 of female with a long, two-pronged, ventral process.

Description: Most of the material recorded in this paper was collected by the author during his stay in Suriname from 1949 to 1955.\nBy courtesy of Mrs. J. BONNE-WEPSTER, the author was enabled to study the Wyeomyia specimens which were collected by BONNE and BONNE-WEPSTER in Suriname and are at present in the collection of the Department of Tropical Hygiene and Geographical Pathology of the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam. This material includes five holotypes and a number of paratypes.

Description: The present study is based on material obtained by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK on his various trips to the Caribbean, the greater part of which was received from the Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum at Amsterdam, where the types and most of the other specimens are deposited. Mr. R. H. COBBEN, entomologist of the Landbouwhogeschool at Wageningen, who collected on the Netherlands Antilles in 1956, was also kind enough to let me have his material for study.\nThe following species are now known to occur in the area under consideration:

Description: Cap\xc3\xadtulo 1. Introducci\xc3\xb3n Se han ejecutado investigaciones geomorfol\xc3\xb3gicas en la parte meridional de la Cordillera Cant\xc3\xa1brica (dib. 1), en el terreno drenado por el tramo superior del R\xc3\xado Pisuerga, por el R\xc3\xado Camesa, afluente del mismo, y por el R\xc3\xado Rubag\xc3\xb3n, afluente del R\xc3\xado Camesa. Se encuentra la regi\xc3\xb3n investigada en la zona donde se halla el l\xc3\xadmite entre las rocas Paleozoicas y las Mesozoicas de la Cordillera (mapa 2). M\xc3\xa1s hacia el Sureste, desde Cervera de Pisuerga se extiende una zona de rocas Mesozoicas plegadas, llamada por Ciry (1939) : \xe2\x80\x9dLe Pays Pliss\xc3\xa9\xe2\x80\x9d (mapa 1). Es una zona de relieve intermedio, ni tan alto como la Cordillera Cant\xc3\xa1brica, ni tan llano como la Meseta, que se encuentra m\xc3\xa1s hacia el Sur de dicha zona.\nExiste una gran diferencia geomorfol\xc3\xb3gica entre las vertientes septentrional y meridional de la Cordillera Cant\xc3\xa1brica, como resultado de la situaci\xc3\xb3n alta de la Meseta. Los r\xc3\xados de la vertiente norte en una recorrida de cerca de 50 kil\xc3\xb3metros llegan el Mar Cant\xc3\xa1brico y as\xc3\xad pasan un desnivel de m\xc3\xa1s de 1300 metros; los r\xc3\xados de la vertiente sur se dirigen a la Meseta que aqu\xc3\xad, en su parte norte, tiene una altura de 1000 metros. Es decir, poco m\xc3\xa1s o menos, en la misma recorrida, los r\xc3\xados pasan un desnivel que es 1000 metros menor que el de los r\xc3\xados de la vertiente norte. Como resultado, los valles de la parte norte est\xc3\xa1n profundamente agrietados, con considerables pendientes, caracteriz\xc3\xa1ndose la parte sur por amplios valles, con suaves pendientes; es la misma altura topogr\xc3\xa1fica, pero el fondo de los valles se encuentra a unos 1000 metros m\xc3\xa1s alto que en la parte norte (dib. 2).\nMenos pronunciado, pero tambi\xc3\xa9n claramente visible es el contraste en relieve con la regi\xc3\xb3n de la cuenca del R\xc3\xado Ebro, que limita la cuenca del Camesa en el norte y noreste.\nEl clima de la regi\xc3\xb3n considerada forma la transici\xc3\xb3n entre el clima de tipo atl\xc3\xa1ntico de la costa cant\xc3\xa1brica, y el clima semi-\xc3\xa1rido del interior de la Meseta. En dib. 3, el clima de Cervera de Pisuerga y de Reinosa est\xc3\xa1 ilustrado gr\xc3\xa1ficamente (seg\xc3\xban F. Hern\xc3\xa1ndez Pacheco, 1944).\nLa cartograf\xc3\xada de las unidades morfol\xc3\xb3gicas ha sido realizada a base del Mapa de Espa\xc3\xb1a, escala 1:50.000. Las hojas utilizadas se presentan en dib. 1. La naturaleza litol\xc3\xb3gica de los cantos de terrazas fluviales fu\xc3\xa9 determinada en los cantos mayores de 2 cms de di\xc3\xa1metro; el \xc3\xadndice de desgaste fu\xc3\xa9 determinado en los cantos mayores de 4 cms de di\xc3\xa1metro. Es para eliminar la influencia de las pudingas tri\xc3\xa1sicas que no hemos considerado los menores de 4 cms (ve\xc3\xa1se Cap\xc3\xadtulo 3).\nSe calcula el desgaste mediante la f\xc3\xb3rmula de Cailleux: Ie = 2re . 1000/L La granulometr\xc3\xada de arenas y arcillos fu\xc3\xa9 realizada por el m\xc3\xa9todo de \xe2\x80\x9ccriba-pipeta\xe2\x80\x9d; los resultados son representados por curvas logar\xc3\xadtmicocumulativas.\nEl desgaste de los granos de cuarzo se obtuvo de la misma manera que el desgaste de los cantos rodados; el examen de las muestras se ejecut\xc3\xb3 bajo el micr\xc3\xb3scopo binocular.\nLa determinaci\xc3\xb3n de los minerales densos se hizo de la manera acostumbrada.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 2: Geolog\xc3\xada Las m\xc3\xa1s importantes caracter\xc3\xadsticas geol\xc3\xb3gicas de la regi\xc3\xb3n investigada se describen en este cap\xc3\xadtulo, seg\xc3\xban las investigaciones de los autores Karrenberg (1934), Ciry (1939), Quiring (1939), De Sitter (1955 y 1957) y Kanis (1956).\nRocas cristalinas apenas si se encuentran. El Dev\xc3\xb3nico se halla en la parte NO de la cuenca del R\xc3\xado Pisuerga y se compone de areniscas cuarcitosas y cuarcita, alternando con calizas. En el Carbon\xc3\xadfero tres unidades litol\xc3\xb3gicas pueden distinguirse : calizas masivas y cristalinas, conglomerados de gran espesor (el llamado conglomerado Curavacas) y una alternaci\xc3\xb3n de pizarras, areniscas y conglomerados, a veces tambi\xc3\xa9n de calizas. Se compone el Permo-Tri\xc3\xa1sico de conglomerados m\xc3\xa1s finos y claramente distintos de los Carbon\xc3\xadferos, y de areniscas gruesas, de color rojizo. El Keuper principalmente se compone de margas y arcillas; el Jur\xc3\xa1sico de calizas bien estratificadas y de margas. El Wealden tiene una litolog\xc3\xada muy caracter\xc3\xadstica, componi\xc3\xa9ndose de conglomerados finos de cuarzo y cuarcitas, calizas lacustrinas, y areniscas bastante gruesas. Est\xc3\xa1 mal cementado, de modo que por la alteraci\xc3\xb3n se forman f\xc3\xa1cilmente arenas y cascajos. El Cretaceico superior s\xc3\xb3lo se encuentra en unos lugares, como al Sur de Cervera de Pisuerga. Se compone, generalmente, de calizas.\nLas estructuras de la fase Sud\xc3\xa9tica (llamada la fase Curavacas por De Sitter) tienen una direcci\xc3\xb3n E\xe2\x80\x94O, las de la fase Asturiana (fase Pe\xc3\xb1a Cilda) una direcci\xc3\xb3n NNO\xe2\x80\x94SSE. Las deformaciones Terciarias son visibles en la regi\xc3\xb3n del Valdecebollas, pero quedan sin datar.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 3: Alteraci\xc3\xb3n, denudaci\xc3\xb3n y formaci\xc3\xb3n de pendientes en diversos tipos de rocas La Caliza de Monta\xc3\xb1a forma el relieve en toda la Sierra del Brezo. En ning\xc3\xban lugar hemos hallado sedimentos con derrubios derivados de esta Caliza, salvo en una brecha situada al pie de su vertiente meridional. Las pendientes de denudaci\xc3\xb3n (\xe2\x80\x9cRichter-slopes\xe2\x80\x9d, cot\xc3\xa9jese Bakker, 1952) de esta Caliza son muy caracter\xc3\xadsticas, con \xc3\xa1ngulos de inclinaci\xc3\xb3n de 25\xe2\x80\x9430\xc2\xb0 (dib. 5). Otras calizas Paleozoicas, por encontrarse m\xc3\xa1s aisladas, tienen menos importancia en relaci\xc3\xb3n con la formaci\xc3\xb3n o deformaci\xc3\xb3n de pendientes.\nEn el conglomerado Curavacas, que se encuentra en una regi\xc3\xb3n extendida, las pendientes de denudaci\xc3\xb3n pueden tener los \xc3\xa1ngulos m\xc3\xa1s variados, pero las transiciones son siempre suaves. Los conglomerados Tri\xc3\xa1sicos son m\xc3\xa1s finos y m\xc3\xa1s compactos, de suerte que reaccionan de manera completamente diferente en la eflorescencia. En el conglomerado Curavacas la \xe2\x80\x9cmatriz\xe2\x80\x9d de los cantos se pulveriza, de manera que los cantos individuales son librados, los conglomerados Tri\xc3\xa1sicos, al contrario, reaccionan a lo largo de diaclasas, de tal manera que se forman cantos compuestos de conglomerado Tri\xc3\xa1sico. Las pendientes de denudaci\xc3\xb3n en las rocas Tri\xc3\xa1sicas son de perfil sencillo, rectilinear o suavemente curvado (dib. 5).\nLas esquistas Paleozoicas no tienen gran resistencia contra la alteraci\xc3\xb3n; r\xc3\xa1pidamente se descomponen en arcillas, pero por la fuerte erosi\xc3\xb3n generalmente desaparece la arcilla formada, dejando la roca expuesta a nueva alteraci\xc3\xb3n. Por eso, la mayor\xc3\xada de las pendientes de esquistas es muy compleja, no existe un tipo general. Las areniscas forman en muchos sitios interrupciones de las pendientes, a causa de su mayor resistencia. La composici\xc3\xb3n de los minerales densos de unos productos de alteraci\xc3\xb3n se presenta en dib. 7.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 4: Fen\xc3\xb3menos glaciarios y periglaciarios Los fen\xc3\xb3menos glaciarios de la regi\xc3\xb3n investigada han sido estudiados ampliamente por F. Hern\xc3\xa1ndez Pacheco (1944), junto con los del valle de Campo de Suso. Por eso, no nos hemos ocupado intensivamente de tales fen\xc3\xb3menos.\nFen\xc3\xb3menos periglaciarios se observan en toda la regi\xc3\xb3n. Hay bloques de dimensiones impresionantes (dib. 10), que se han deslizado suavemente hacia abajo sobre un suelo permanentemente helado, bloques que se encuentran, sobre todo, en las regiones m\xc3\xa1s elevadas. Luego hay \xe2\x80\x9cdellen\xe2\x80\x9d, valles secos de perfil transversal de forma concava (Schmitthenner, 1925), entre los cuales pueden distinguirse dos tipos: el tipo \xe2\x80\x9chamaca\xe2\x80\x9d y el tipo de \xe2\x80\x9csuelo llano\xe2\x80\x9d (dibs 11 y 12, respectivamente). El suelo de estos \xc3\xbaltimos es m\xc3\xa1s llano que el de los primeros, pero tambi\xc3\xa9n concavo. Finalmente, la soliflucci\xc3\xb3n ha sido muy activa en toda la comarca. Es dif\xc3\xadcil observar, d\xc3\xb3nde s\xc3\xb3lo ha sido activa bajo el clima periglaciario, y d\xc3\xb3nde todav\xc3\xada sigue activa como \xe2\x80\x9csoil creep\xe2\x80\x9d, el que hemos encontrado en muchos sitios.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 5: Descripci\xc3\xb3n de las terrazas del R\xc3\xado Pisuerga El R\xc3\xado Pisuerga se caracteriza por la presencia de numerosos restos de terrazas fluviales. Pueden agruparse en los niveles siguientes: La terraza HP altura relativa 120\xe2\x80\x94150 m \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e LH \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 80-100 \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e HM \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 50\xe2\x80\x9455 \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e MM \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e cerca de 40 \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e LM \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 20\xe2\x80\x9430 \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e HL \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 5\xe2\x80\x9410 \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e Baja \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e hasta 5 \xe2\x80\x9e Dibujo 13 representa un perfil longitudinal del R\xc3\xado Pisuerga, con la proyecci\xc3\xb3n de las terrazas. El n\xc3\xbamero de cada una de las partes individuales corresponde con el n\xc3\xbamero de la descripci\xc3\xb3n en Cap\xc3\xadtulo 5.\nTerraza HP. Las partes de Herreruela (1) y San Felices (2) son casi libres de sedimentos. Al NO del Pantano de Va\xc3\xb1es se encuentran las partes de Polentinos (3) que est\xc3\xa1n cubiertas de un mezclado de cantos cuarcitosos, Tri\xc3\xa1sicos y areniscos. Al NO de Cervera de Pisuerga se encuentra la parte de Cervera (5) (dibs. 14 y 15), formada de una llanura alta, de dimensiones impresionantes, cubierta de una capa de gravas fluviales, principalmente cuarcitosas, de un espesor de 12\xe2\x80\x9414 metros. Al otro lado del valle del Pisuerga se halla la parte de Rabanal (6) que resulta la continuaci\xc3\xb3n de la parte de la Cervera. Al Sur del valle del R\xc3\xado Rivera se hallan las partes de Vado y de Dehesa (7) (dib. 16), que claramente son del mismo nivel. La altura relativa es la misma que la de la parte de Cervera, igualmente existe la cobertura sedimentaria de cantos cuarcitosos, encontr\xc3\xa1ndose en ella cantos del conglomerado Tri\xc3\xa1sico en una proporci\xc3\xb3n de menos de 1 %. Es importante esta presencia, porque indica que anteriormente el llamado Pisuerga Alto (el r\xc3\xado tal como exist\xc3\xada en la \xc3\xa9poca de sedimentaci\xc3\xb3n de la terraza HP) desde Cervera continuaba en direcci\xc3\xb3n sur, pasando por el Puerto del Brezo, que es la depresi\xc3\xb3n marcada entre las rocas Mesozoicas del Mariserrana, y las calizas Carbon\xc3\xadferas de la Sierra del Brezo. M\xc3\xa1s hacia el Sur se ensancha la terraza y queda menos claramente visible. Esta parte ha sido estudiada por Mabesoone (1959).\nLa terraza LH s\xc3\xb3lo se halla cerca de Cervera (4), a una altura relativa de 80\xe2\x80\x94100 metros; se caracteriza por la ausencia de cantos, estando la superficie formada en un sedimento arenisco que tambi\xc3\xa9n se encuentra bajo la terraza HP. Parece que este sedimento es de m\xc3\xa1s edad que la terraza HP. Cerca de Lig\xc3\xbcerzana, se halla una parte de la terraza LH a una altura de cerca de 80 metros sobre el nivel del r\xc3\xado; aqu\xc3\xad los cantos cuarcitosos tienen un espesor de cerca de 2 metros. Al Sureste de Salinas, se hallan restos de la terraza LH en las partes de Barrio (13) y de Hum\xc3\xadn (15). En las dos, los cantos son escasos; sin embargo, la cobertura sedimentaria alcanza un espesor de 3\xe2\x80\x944 metros.\nLas terrazas intermedias. El nivel HM se encuentra en las partes de San Mames (14) y de Frontada (16). Hay una cobertura de sedimentos fluviales, de un espesor de 2 a 3 metros. El nivel MM se halla en las partes de Barcenilla (11) y Salinas (12). Aqu\xc3\xad tambi\xc3\xa9n el sedimento tiene un espesor de 2\xe2\x80\x943 metros. El nivel MM se ha conservado en sitios aislados (8, 9, 17).\nLa terraza Baja. El nivel HL s\xc3\xb3lo se encuentra al NE de Aguilar; la terraza propiamente dicha se presenta casi en todas las partes del tramo del R\xc3\xado Pisuerga, salvo en el tramo superior (cot\xc3\xa9jese mapa 1).\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 6: Petrograf\xc3\xada sedimentaria de las terrazas del Rio Pisuerga El estudio de los sedimentos fluviales conduce a las conclusiones siguientes. Los cantos de todas las terrazas de cualquier altura relativa se componen en su mayor\xc3\xada de cuarcitas, procedentes del conglomerado Curavacas. Los cantos de la terraza HP se caracterizan por \xc3\xadndices de desgaste bastante altos, que excluyen una influencia de clima periglaciario en la \xc3\xa9poca del Pisuerga Alto. Los cantos de las terrazas intermedias y bajas est\xc3\xa1n mucho menos rodados, lo que indica la influencia del clima periglaciario en aquellos tiempos. El an\xc3\xa1lisis de los sedimentos nos demuestra que el sedimento ha sido depositado bajo condiciones de \xe2\x80\x9cbraiding rivers\xe2\x80\x9d, es decir que hubo m\xc3\xa1s derrubios de los que el r\xc3\xado pudo transportar.\nLos dep\xc3\xb3sitos de las terrazas intermedias tambi\xc3\xa9n han sido sedimentados bajo importantes alternaciones en el r\xc3\xa9gimen fluvial. Como son menos espesos y tampoco tienen la gran distribuci\xc3\xb3n horizontal de los sedimentos de HP, las \xc3\xa9pocas en las cuales fueron depositados habr\xc3\xa1n sido bastante m\xc3\xa1s breves.\nLos granos de cuarzo de 500\xe2\x80\x941050 \xc2\xb5 de di\xc3\xa1metro son generalmente angulares, como se ve del dib. 27. Unos porcientos tienen altos \xc3\xadndices de desgaste, lo que puede indicar que localmente ha habido influencia e\xc3\xb3lica.\nLos an\xc3\xa1lisis de los minerales densos se presentan en el cuadro 10 y en el dib. 28, en los cuales se observa una predominancia de los minerales circ\xc3\xb3n, turmalina y r\xc3\xbatilo. La estaurolita procede del Tri\xc3\xa1sico, pero esto no quiere decir que todo el Tri\xc3\xa1sico se caracterice por la presencia de estaurolita.\nDe las observaciones hechas se concluye que en la \xc3\xa9poca del Pisuerga Alto, el r\xc3\xado ten\xc3\xada dos importantes arterias superiores, una de ellas procedente de la zona del conglomerado Curavacas, bajando la otra del escarpamiento del Tri\xc3\xa1sico. Desde Cervera continuaba al Sur, pasando por el Puerto del Brezo. De la continuaci\xc3\xb3n de la terraza HP con respecto a la ra\xc3\xb1a de Guardo, se deduce que la terraza es m\xc3\xa1s reciente, es decir que probablemente es de edad Villafranquiense superior. Despu\xc3\xa9s, el Pisuerga Alto fu\xc3\xa9 capturado por un afluente del Camesa Alto, que en un tramo subsecuente en rocas de poca resistencia pod\xc3\xada agrietarse r\xc3\xa1pidamente por erosi\xc3\xb3n regresiva. Despu\xc3\xa9s de la captura, el R\xc3\xado Pisuerga se desvi\xc3\xb3 desde Cervera hacia el Este; el nuevo suelo del valle, tras una fase de incisi\xc3\xb3n, form\xc3\xb3 la terraza LH.\nLas terrazas intermedias (HM, MM y LM) fueron depositadas bajo un clima periglaciario; los niveles MM y LM se atribuyen a la glaciaci\xc3\xb3n Rissiense, no siendo segura a\xc3\xban la edad del nivel HM. La terraza baja, adem\xc3\xa1s del car\xc3\xa1cter periglaciario de sus sedimentos, se caracteriza por la desembocadura de diversos \xe2\x80\x9cdellen\xe2\x80\x9d, que tambi\xc3\xa9n ofrece un argumento para atribuir su origen a la glaciaci\xc3\xb3n W\xc3\xbcrmiense.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 7: Descripci\xc3\xb3n de las terrazas del R\xc3\xado Rubag\xc3\xb3n Existen diferencias considerables entre el Pisuerga y el Rubag\xc3\xb3n : la cuenca de \xc3\xa9ste es mucho menos extensa; las terrazas fluviales son, por consiguiente, menos grandes y se encuentran, adem\xc3\xa1s, en niveles m\xc3\xa1s bajos, tanto en sentido relativo como absoluto. Pueden distinguirse cuatro niveles: La terraza HR Altura relativa 55\xe2\x80\x9470 m \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e MR \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 40\xe2\x80\x9450 \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e LMR \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 15\xe2\x80\x9420 \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e Baja \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e 0\xe2\x80\x945 \xe2\x80\x9e Est\xc3\xa1n representadas en dib. 29, con el perfil longitudinal del R\xc3\xado Rubag\xc3\xb3n hasta su desembocadura en el R\xc3\xado Camesa. Los n\xc3\xbameros de las terrazas en el texto corresponden con los en el perfil.\nLa terraza HR se halla en las partes 4, 6 y 7. El espesor de la cobertura sedimentaria var\xc3\xada de unos 2 metros a seis o siete metros. Se compone el dep\xc3\xb3sito fluvial de cantos de conglomerado y de arenisca gruesa Tri\xc3\xa1sicos y cantos cuarcitosos; el di\xc3\xa1metro de los mayores cantos excede los 70 cms.\nAqu\xc3\xad, lo mismo que en la cuenca del Pisuerga, se observan en muchos sitios pendientes de denudaci\xc3\xb3n con \xc3\xa1ngulos peque\xc3\xb1os que se levantan suavemente sobre el nivel de la terraza alta.\nM\xc3\xa1s hacia el Sur en la comarca de Matalbaniega y Nestar, se presentan tres restos de una terraza alta, con alturas de 1000\xe2\x80\x94980 metros. Como veremos m\xc3\xa1s adelante, forman parte de la terraza alta del Camesa.\nLa terraza MR se halla en las partes 3, 8, y probablemente, 1. Salvo \xc3\xa9ste \xc3\xbaltimo, estas partes est\xc3\xa1n cubiertas de una capa sedimentaria de cantos, de un espesor de 2\xe2\x80\x943 metros. La terraza LMR se encuentra en las partes 2 y 9. Tambi\xc3\xa9n est\xc3\xa1n cubiertas de una cobertura de cantos.\nLa Terraza Baja se extiende desde Barruelo de Santull\xc3\xa1n r\xc3\xado abajo, y localmente alcanza una anchura de m\xc3\xa1s de 500 metros. La cobertura de cantos tiene un espesor de unos 2\xe2\x80\x944 metros.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 8: Petrograf\xc3\xada sedimentaria de las terrazas del R\xc3\xado Rubag\xc3\xb3n La naturaleza litol\xc3\xb3gica de los cantos est\xc3\xa1 representada gr\xc3\xa1ficamente en dib. 33, en el cual se ve que domina la cuarcita, mezcl\xc3\xa1ndose con los cantos del Tri\xc3\xa1sico. Los \xc3\xadndices de desgaste se dan en el dib. 34. Por la ausencia de conglomerados espesos que suministren cantos cuarcitosos ya rodados, son distintos los diagramas de dibs. 21 y 34. Sin embargo, puede concluirse que los cantos del sedimento HR demuestran un transporte fluvial de corta distancia, en el cual no hubo influenca glaciaria ni periglaciaria. La terraza LMR, al contrario, claramente indica una influencia periglaciaria. En la Terraza Baja tambi\xc3\xa9n puede ser observada una influencia periglaciaria, pero ha sido menos importante que en el caso LMR.\nLa granulometr\xc3\xada de las muestras indica deposici\xc3\xb3n bajo un r\xc3\xa9gimen fluvial con grandes variaciones de caudalosidad. V\xc3\xa9ase dib. 35. El contenido algo mayor de la fracci\xc3\xb3n \xe2\x80\x9csilt\xe2\x80\x9d (2\xe2\x80\x9450 micr\xc3\xb3n) en las terrazas LMR y Baja puede atribuirse a la acci\xc3\xb3n del viento.\nLos granos de cuarzo son generalmente angulares (dib. 36), con una excepci\xc3\xb3n importante: la terraza MR, cuyo sedimento est\xc3\xa1 bien rodado y como tal refleja el car\xc3\xa1cter periglaciario de su cobertura sedimentaria.\nLos minerales densos (dib. 37, cuadro 13) ense\xc3\xb1an la predominancia de los minerales turmalina, circ\xc3\xb3n y r\xc3\xbatilo. El contenido de topacio de una parte de la terraza Baja fu\xc3\xa9 causado por acarreo desde el Oeste, de la r\xc3\xa9gion Wealdense.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 9: Descripci\xc3\xb3n de las terrazas del R\xc3\xado Camesa S\xc3\xb3lo hay dos niveles de terrazas del Camesa: la terraza HC, de altura relativa, media de 60\xe2\x80\x9475 metros, y la terraza baja.\nLa terraza HC se halla, extendi\xc3\xa9ndose desde Mataporquera (dib. 38), en las partes 2, 4 y 5, con una afluente en el valle del Arroyo de la Canal (3), y en las partes de Matalbaniega. Est\xc3\xa1 cubierta esta terraza de un sedimento de unos 10\xe2\x80\x9412 metros de espesor; s\xc3\xb3lo en las partes superiores (Mataporquera y Arroyo de la Canal) no alcanza m\xc3\xa1s de 6\xe2\x80\x948 metros.\nNo hay terrazas intermedias.\nLa Terraza Baja del R\xc3\xado Camesa es distinta de las de los R\xc3\xados Pisuerga y Rubag\xc3\xb3n, por no tener cantos en su superficie. Por el perfil longitudinal de la pendiente extremadamente baja, la potencia de erosi\xc3\xb3n y transporte es casi nula. Los cantos, si los hay, se pierden en los dep\xc3\xb3sitos turbosos del agua estancada.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 10: Petrograf\xc3\xada sedimentaria de las terrazas del R\xc3\xado Camesa Por ausencia de afloramientos, no hemos podido tomar muestras de la Terraza Baja, y tampoco fu\xc3\xa9 posible realizar an\xc3\xa1lisis de los cantos. As\xc3\xad es que s\xc3\xb3lo se puede observar que los sedimentos de la Terraza Baja deben reflejar las caracter\xc3\xadsticas de la terraza HC, porque \xc3\xa9sta se encuentra casi en todos los sitios sobre la terraza baja, en la ribera derecha. Los numerosos meandros indican que, si han estado presentes anteriormente, los restos de terrazas intermedias pueden haber desaparecido f\xc3\xa1cilmente por la erosi\xc3\xb3n lateral de este valle bastante angosto.\nAs\xc3\xad es que s\xc3\xb3lo hemos podido estudiar los dep\xc3\xb3sitos de la terraza HC. En dib. 44 se presenta la naturaleza litol\xc3\xb3gica de los cantos, de la cual se ve claramente la importancia de los cantos compuestos del Tri\xc3\xa1sico. La influencia del K\xc3\xado Rubag\xc3\xb3n en este sedimento se manifiesta en un aumento del porcentaje de cantos cuarcitosos. Los cantos cuareitosos que han sido encontrados en el valle del Arroyo de la Canal, en cambio, deben ser procedentes de bancos de conglomerado grueso cuarcitoso, que seguramente est\xc3\xa1n presentes en el Tri\xc3\xa1sico.\nEn la direcci\xc3\xb3n r\xc3\xado abajo, observamos un aumento de desgaste de los cantos (dib. 45). Influencias periglaciarias resultan ausentes. De los an\xc3\xa1lisis granulom\xc3\xa9tricos (dib. 46A) se ve que la fracci\xc3\xb3n de di\xc3\xa1metro 〈 2000 micrones es bastante hom\xc3\xb3gena. Los bancos arenosos bajo los cantos de la terraza tambi\xc3\xa9n son de origen fluvial, y pueden ser m\xc3\xa1s antiguos que la terraza HC.\nEl desgaste de granos de cuarzo de 500\xe2\x80\x941050 micrones de di\xc3\xa1metro est\xc3\xa1 representado gr\xc3\xa1ficamente en dib. 47. Son angulares, con muy pocas excepciones. Los minerales densos se han puesto en el cuadro 16.\nSon muy similares los caracteres fisiogr\xc3\xa1ficos de las terrazas HC del Camesa y de HP del Pisuerga. Por ejemplo, el espesor de las coberturas sedimentarias es casi igual en ambos casos; adem\xc3\xa1s, las dos terrazas se han desarrollado igualmente como \xe2\x80\x9cterrazas de plataforma\xe2\x80\x9d, y, salvo la naturaleza litol\xc3\xb3gica de los cantos, son muy semejantes los caracteres petrograf\xc3\xadco-sedimentarios. La terraza HR del Rubag\xc3\xb3n desemboca en la terraza HC, de tal manera que el \xe2\x80\x9cRubag\xc3\xb3n Alto\xe2\x80\x9d debe haber sido un afluente del \xe2\x80\x9cCamesa Alto\xe2\x80\x9d. Llenaban los r\xc3\xados juntos parte de la llanura, situada entre la Cordillera Cant\xc3\xa1brica y el \xe2\x80\x9cPays Pliss\xc3\xa9\xe2\x80\x9d (cot\xc3\xa9jese Cap. 11).\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 11: Superficies de planaci\xc3\xb3n Prerrod\xc3\xa1nico. Tras los movimientos tect\xc3\xb3nicos de la fase s\xc3\xa1vica en el centro de la Meseta y en las cordilleras marginales, se desarroll\xc3\xb3 la \xe2\x80\x9cPenillanura fundamental de la Meseta\xe2\x80\x9d, bien conocida de publicaciones de diversos autores, y discutida ampliamente por Sol\xc3\xa9 Sabaris (1952). Ya antes del Pontiense exist\xc3\xada esta penillanura, que se extend\xc3\xada ampliamente y que fu\xc3\xa9 levantada y basculada por la fase rod\xc3\xa1nica. En Galicia, tambi\xc3\xa9n han sido encontrados restos de la penillanura fundamental de la meseta, y seg\xc3\xban Stickel (1930) tambi\xc3\xa9n estar\xc3\xadan presentes en numerosos sitios en la Cordillera Cant\xc3\xa1brica, por ejemplo en las comarcas del Puerto de Piedras Luengas. Nosotros, sin embargo, no hemos observado ninguna indicaci\xc3\xb3n de tal penillanura en este sitio. Puede ser que se encuentre m\xc3\xa1s al Oeste, pero en la regi\xc3\xb3n investigada por nosotros, seguramente falta en la actualidad.\nPostrod\xc3\xa1nico. Despu\xc3\xa9s de los movimientos rod\xc3\xa1nicos, la erosi\xc3\xb3n form\xc3\xb3 otra vez amplias superficies de planaci\xc3\xb3n, bajo un clima \xc3\xa1rido o semi-\xc3\xa1rido; son pedimentos, claramente visibles en muchas partes de Espa\xc3\xb1a. Al Sur de la Cordillera Cant\xc3\xa1brica, se desarroll\xc3\xb3 un pedimento del cual se reconocen ahora los restos al Sur de la villa de Guardo. Sobre los pedimentos se hallan coberturas de derrubios, generalmente cantos angulares o mal rodados, las ra\xc3\xb1as. Hasta ahora las ra\xc3\xb1as y los pedimentos fueron considerados como siendo de la misma edad, pero recientemente, Mensching (1958) pronunci\xc3\xb3 la posibilidad de que los pedimentos fuesen de m\xc3\xa1s edad, e.d. del Plioc\xc3\xa9nico, que las ra\xc3\xb1as, que tienen edad Villafranquiense.\nAl Sur de la Sierra del Brezo se presenta un fen\xc3\xb3meno similar: existe una llanura, cubierta de una brecha calc\xc3\xa1rea. Es el \xc3\xbanico sitio donde se hallan sedimentos con derrubios de la Caliza de Monta\xc3\xb1a en la regi\xc3\xb3n que hemos investigado. Probablemente, esta llanura es de la misma edad y del mismo origen que las ra\xc3\xb1as, es decir de la \xc3\xa9poca Villafranquiense.\nEn nuestra regi\xc3\xb3n, existen numerosos restos de superficies de planaci\xc3\xb3n que, sin embargo, no tienen car\xc3\xa1cter de pedimento y sobre los cuales tampoco se hallan derrubios angulares.\nHay m\xc3\xa1s razones para no considerarlas como pedimentos. Est\xc3\xa1n claramente relacionadas con las rocas de poca resistencia, y, por tanto, la planaci\xc3\xb3n debe haber originado de los valles de un sistema fluvial subsecuente. Pero como son m\xc3\xa1s antiguas que las terrazas altas, tambi\xc3\xa9n deben ser de edad Villafranquiense.\nTodos los restos de superficies de planaci\xc3\xb3n son evidentemente partes de una superficie, o puede decirse que todas las partes son de la misma edad. La superficie est\xc3\xa1 situada m\xc3\xa1s alto en la llamada superficie de Muda (v\xc3\xa9ase mapa 1: A), bajando hacia el Sureste. Para facilitar la descripci\xc3\xb3n, hemos indicado las partes individuales con nombres de pueblos situados en estas partes. S\xc3\xb3lo el nivel de Redondo parece formarse activamente hasta ahora; puede ser que originalmente fuera de la misma edad que las otras, pero ahora existe una diferencia con \xc3\xa9stas, que son f\xc3\xb3siles.\nCap\xc3\xadtulo 12: Morfog\xc3\xa9nesis Despu\xc3\xa9s de las fases orog\xc3\xa9nicas herc\xc3\xadnicas, la Cordillera Cant\xc3\xa1brica ha tenido una historia muy compleja. Los efectos de las or\xc3\xb3genas terciarias se muestran en la plegadura de los sedimentos Mesozoicos marginales alrededor del bloque mesete\xc3\xb1o, y en los movimientos epirog\xc3\xa9nicos del mismo. As\xc3\xad se formaron las depresiones castellanas y la Cordillera Central (Sol\xc3\xa9 Sabaris, 1952). El Terciario al Sur de la r\xc3\xa9gion investigada se presenta como dos series de conglomerados: una de cantos de calizas Cretaceicas, de edad probablemente Eocena u Oligocena, y otra de cantos cuarcitosos de edad Miocena. Seg\xc3\xban Mabesoone (1959), el conglomerado inferior, de cantos calic\xc3\xadferos, fu\xc3\xa9 depositado despu\xc3\xa9s de la fase pirenaica, y plegado en la fase s\xc3\xa1vica. Despu\xc3\xa9s de esta fase, continu\xc3\xb3 inicialmente la entrega de cantos de caliza, que posteriormente fueron sustitu\xc3\xaddos por cantos cuarcitosos. Despu\xc3\xa9s, el tipo de sedimentos fu\xc3\xa9 haci\xc3\xa9ndose m\xc3\xa1s fino. Pero de esto no puede concluirse que existiera un relieve llano en la Cordillera Cant\xc3\xa1brica.\nTras la fase rod\xc3\xa1nica, que caus\xc3\xb3 el levantamiento del bloque mesete\xc3\xb1o y su basculaci\xc3\xb3n, por la que se formaron las grandes arterias fluviales de la meseta que se dirig\xc3\xadan hacia occidente, se inici\xc3\xb3 en muchas partes de Espa\xc3\xb1a la pedimentaci\xc3\xb3n, como ya hemos indicado en el cap\xc3\xadtulo precedente. En nuestra regi\xc3\xb3n, la planaci\xc3\xb3n ten\xc3\xada otro tipo, pero tambi\xc3\xa9n es de edad Villafranquiense. En el Villafranquiense superior, el r\xc3\xa9gimen fluvial cambi\xc3\xb3 de tal manera que los r\xc3\xados tuvieron el car\xc3\xa1cter de \xe2\x80\x9cbraiding rivers\xe2\x80\x9d, que depositaban importantes masas de cantos en las llanuras intramontanas, que ya exist\xc3\xadan como resultado de la planaci\xc3\xb3n. Hab\xc3\xada, en aquella \xc3\xa9poca, el sistema del Pisuerga Alto, y el del Camesa Alto, del cual el sistema del Rubag\xc3\xb3n Alto era un importante afluente. No exist\xc3\xada una conexi\xc3\xb3n entre los dos sistemas. Posteriormente, el Pisuerga Alto fu\xc3\xa9 capturado por un afluente del sistema del Camesa Alto, que ten\xc3\xada gran potencia erosiva, por pasar, en un tramo subsecuente, por rocas de poca resistencia. Luego, en tiempos de clima glaciario o periglaciario, se depositaron las terrazas intermedias y bajas. La terraza baja es de edad W\xc3\xbcrmiense, los niveles LM/LMR y MM/MR son de edad Rissiense, no siendo segura a\xc3\xban la edad del nivel HM, e. d. o de Rissiense antiguo, o Mindeliense. Las formas de relieve glaciares, en esta regi\xc3\xb3n, no tienen gran importancia, las periglaciares son los bloques, los \xe2\x80\x9cdellen\xe2\x80\x9d, que se hallan en dos tipos, y la soliflucci\xc3\xb3n.\nHablando geol\xc3\xb3gicamente, en el futuro pr\xc3\xb3ximo, una captura del sistema Rubag\xc3\xb3n/Camesa superior por el Arroyo Mardancho, afluente del Ebro, tendr\xc3\xa1 lugar en Quintanilla de las Torres. Se predice, asimismo, una captura del tramo superior del Ebro por el R\xc3\xado Besaya cerca de Reinosa.\nAs\xc3\xad le quedar\xc3\xa1 claro al lector, que las modificaciones de sistema fluvial que hemos establecido en el pasado, no ser\xc3\xa1n las \xc3\xbaltimas; en el futuro geol\xc3\xb3gico, si la naturaleza puede actuar libremente, se producir\xc3\xa1n modificaciones igualmente importantes.

Description: Geological and petrographical investigations were carried out in the northern part of the so-called Adula Nappe, one of the deepest Pennine nappes. The area under consideration lies in the SE of Switzerland, near Vals, S of Ilanz. This area is situated north of the Lepontinic gneiss-region, the deepest part of the Alpine orogen.\nThe rocks of the mapped area fall into four groups, viz gneisses; micaschists; amphibolites and allied rocks; and Mesozoic rocks, either of sedimentary or of igneous origin. The first three of these groups presumably represent metamorphic Hercynian or older rocks.\nStructurally three unites were distinguished, viz the Valserschuppen, the Fanellalappen and the Zervreilerlappen. The investigations clearly showed the important role of thrusting, isoclinal folding being of minor importance.\nThe fissure-filling and rock-making minerals, a. o., chloritoid, chloromelanite, ferrian phengite, garnet, crossite, glaucophane and ferrohastingsite, are described in chapter III. They are listed on p. 451.\nA petrographical description of the region is to be found in chapter IV. The four different groups of rocks are treated separately, with a summary at the end of each section.\nThe phengite-gneisses have a blastic structure pointing to a total recrystallization of the original granitoid material. Generally the feldspars do not show alteration. The large orthoclase porphyroclasts in some samples are assumed to represent relics of an older mineral assemblage.\nThe mica-schists show the influence of several different phases of metamorphism as witnessed by, e. g., the chloritization of garnets, the replacement of chloritoid by transverse muscovite, the occurrence of several successive generations of amphibole and the occurrence of biotite fringes around the muscovites.\nThe amphibolites and allied rocks vary in mineralogical composition. The latter comprise, a. o., sodium-pyroxene garnet rocks with occasional glaucophane and rocks rich in albite with subordinate quartz, amphibole and/or garnet. The amphibolites and allied rocks are mainly found between mica-schists and phengite-gneisses. The occurrence of zonal amphiboles and of very narrow veins filled with a different metamorphic mineral assemblage, points to a polyphasic metamorphic history. The mineral assemblage of such a narrow vein is assumed to have originated within a relatively short time and to represent a stable association of approximately contemporaneous minerals.\nThe Mesozoic rocks mainly comprise metamorphic carbonate-bearing sediments and metamorphic ophiolites. These rocks inform us about the age of a large number of metamorphic minerals, since these minerals can only have been produced during metamorphism of Alpine age. A list of such minerals is given on p. 521. The occurrence of zonal amphiboles, the replacement of chloritoid by garnet and that of chloritoid and garnet by chlorite, point to polyphasic metamorphism.\nChapter V treats the chemical composition of the various groups of rocks. If the chemical composition of the rock-making minerals is approximately known, the chemical composition of a sample can be calculated from the mode. In this way a number of chemical compositions of samples was added to those obtained by chemical analysis.\nA theoretical discussion of point counter analysis is given first. The results are summarized on p. 530\xe2\x80\x94531. In order to avoid correlation between the measurements it seems advisable to choose as the distance between the points, the diameter of the largest grains that occur in appreciable quantities, or any larger distance. The theory that the grain size is irrelevant in modal analysis, is disproved.\nIn chapter V 26 chemical analyses and 35 calculated analyses of rocks have been used to study the characteristic differences between the various groups by means of statistical methods. Differences in the chemical composition of both groups of rocks strongly suggest that the amphibolites did not derive from ophiolites. In view of their low potassium content it is highly improbable that the amphibolites represent a basic front of the phengitegneisses at their boundaries with the mica-schists. Hence it is the author\xe2\x80\x99s opinion that the amphibolites, the mica-schists and the phengite-gneisses have no genetical relation whatsoever.\nIn chapter VI the results of the mineralogical, petrographical and chemical investigations are combined in order to arrive at a synthesis. The rocks of the northern Adula region are shown to have been influenced by three successive phases of metamorphism of Alpine age. Some rocks even show traces of pre-Alpine metamorphism. The first Alpine metamorphic phase produced, a. o., glaucophane, crossite, sodium-pyroxene, garnet, epidote and chloritoid. The second phase is characterized by the production of, a. o., blue-green amphibole, ferrohastingsite, garnet, albite, epidote and biotite. The third phase produced, a. o., actinolite, chlorite, green biotite, epidote, zoisite and albite. The existence of these three Alpine phases was proved by making use of the following phenomena: (a) the occurrence of armoured relics; (b) the difference between the mineral assemblages of the host-rock and of narrow veins originated during the metamorphism; (c) the zonal habit of amphiboles; (d) the frequency of occurrence of a number of mineral associations in a group of about 300 samples, a result of a quantitative investigation with the aid of an International Business Machines equipment.\nThe amphibolites and allied rocks seem to be metamorphosed mafic igneous rocks of Hercynian or older age. Scanty evidence suggests that the phengite-gneisses are the products of metamorphism of Hercynian igneous rocks. The fact that the amphibolites are nearly always found between micaschists and phengite-gneisses might be explained by assuming a teetonical cause for this association.\nIn chapter VII some general aspects of the results obtained in the Adula region are discussed, as well as the bearing of these results on the geology and petrology of the southern part of the Swiss Alps. The tentative conclusion is reached that the Alpine glaucophane was produced simultaneously with the chloritoid and stilpnomelane of E. Niggli\xe2\x80\x99s different zones, whereas the blue-green amphibole may be contemporaneous with the kyanite and the coarse-flaky brown biotite of Alpine age. Consequently the typical minerals of Niggli\xe2\x80\x99s zones may be of different age. The distribution pattern of glaucophane in the Penninides and their immediate surroundings shows a conspicuous gap south of the Gotthard Massif, more or less coinciding with the area of brown biotite of Alpine age. This phenomenon may be connected with the occurrence of post-Palaeozoic granitoid rocks in the regions of Bellinzona and Tessin.\nMaps showing the distribution of glaucophane and lawsonite in Europe and in the rest of the world are added, as well as a bibliography giving localities of these minerals.

Description: A visit paid in June 1956 to the British Museum (Natural History), London, and to the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England, enabled me to study the types of several species of Pontonid and Palaemonid prawns, the identity of which thusfar was not known with certainty. In the present paper some of the results of these reexaminations are given.\nI wish to express here my sincere thanks to Dr. Isabella Gordon of the Crustacea Section of the British Museum, and to Dr. C. B. Goodhart of the University Museum of Zoology at Cambridge for the permission to study this valuable material and for their most cordial assistance.\nPericlimenes (Periclimenes) incertus Borradaile, 1915 Periclimenes (Cristiger) incertus Borradaile, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 15: 210; Borradaile, 1917, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2) 17 : 364, pl. 53 fig. 7.\nPericlimenes (Periclimenes) incertus Kemp, 1922, Rec. Indian Mus. 24: 140, 150; Holthuis, 1952, Siboga Exped. 39 (a1o) : 9, 39.\nPericlimenes (Periclimenes) impar Kemp, 1922, Rec. Indian Mus. 24: 140, 147, textfigs. 16, 17, pl. 3 fig. 1; Kemp, 1925, Rec. Indian Mus. 27: 322; Holthuis, 1952, Siboga Exped. 39 (a1o) : 9, 38, fig. 7; Holthuis, 1955, Zool.\nVerhand. Leiden 26: 60, fig. 33a.\nIn his key to the species of the subgenus Periclimenes, Kemp (1922: 140) placed P. incertus in the group with "no teeth of upper rostral series situated on carapace behind orbit". However, in Borradaile\'s (1917) pl. 53 fig. 7, the posterior dorsal rostral tooth is shown as being placed behind the orbit.\nSince Kemp (1922: 150) stated that he had examined the type material of Borradaile\'s species, the possibility existed that the shape of the rostrum

Description: A new species of freshwater Bryozoa has been found at Patua, Sumatra by Dr. A. Holleman-Haye. It belongs to the genus Lophopodella which has an Aethiopean-Indian range.\nThe genus Lophopodella is characterised by its large oval statoblast, large capsule and broad annulus. This annulus possesses one or more spines at the poles. These spines are studded with very small anchor-like hooklets. The genus Lophopodella is closely related to the genus Pectinatella. The statoblasts of the latter genus may bear large spines without hooklets or, on the other hand, a great number of small spines (or hooklets) which are directly placed on and around the entire margin, as e.g. in Pectinatella gelatinosa Oka. Characteristic of the new species of Lophopodella is that the poles are studded with a number of hooklets, directly placed on to the margin. In this respect the species resembles Pectinatella gelatinosa and on this character the name of the new species is based. The species is an "intermediate" form between the genera Lophopodella and Pectinatella.\nThe close relationship is proved by the variability and the teratology of the statoblasts. Sometimes they already show the character of a more evolved species or, conversely, they recall a more primitive stage by their lack of characters.\nZoarium: a gelatinous mass, about 4 mm is diameter, lobate, the lobation originates from the base but also, probably as a result of incisures into the border; in peripheral lobation they do not reach very far into the lumen, they give the impression to be cicatrices of healed fissures.\nPolypides: about 21/2 mm long, tentacles numbering 50-70; about half of the total length; invagination is complete.

Description: In a study on the variation of Polistes and other Vespidae, K. Zimmermann (Zeitschr. Morph. Oek. Tiere, 22, 1931, pp. 173-230) concluded that the variation of the Indo-Australian Eumenes arcuatus (Fabricius) differs in a remarkable way from that of several European species of wasps.\nThe geographic variation of the palaearctic Polistes, Odynerus and Eumenes was found to be strongly influenced by external factors: black pigments increase in cold and humid environments, whereas the yellow pigments dominate in hot and dry areas. According to Zimmermann, there is considerable individual variation in this respect in the palaearctic region, and no constant geographic races have developed here. On the other hand, the Indo-Australian Eumenes arcuatus occurs in a number of clearly separated geographic races in which no influence of climatic factors on the distribution of the black and yellow pigments is recognizable.\nZimmermann distinguished twelve subspecies of E. arcuatus, all differing in colour characters; some of these are widely distributed, others inhabit only a restricted area. Some overlapping of the areas of distribution was said to occur: the Ceylonese flavopicta was recorded as "vereinzelt auf Sumatra und Java" (where this form certainly does not occur!); the Javanese blanchardi was recorded from Sumatra (incorrectly!) and the Saleyer Islands; in the latter locality it was therefore supposed to fly together with the black saleyerensis, described by Zimmermann from these same islands. New Britain was said to harbour both typical arcuatus and the subsp. praslinius.\nZimmermann published a series of diagrams showing the different colour patterns of the various subspecies, and was the first author to distinguish the form inhabiting continental South East Asia and Sumatra (subsp. continen-

Description: 1. Didymium ovoideum nov. spec. maxine ut D. iridis (Ditmar) Fries, sed a specie illa sporangiis plerumque prolatis, peridio fragili et translucente, primum crystallorum calcis glomerulis albis aspersis, sed crystallorum glomerulis detritis ob colorem sporarum olicaveis, columella plerumque etiam prolata, sporis minoribus distinguenda (cf. Fig. 1).\nSporangia (Fig. 1, a) gregaria, stipitata, stipite incluso 1.0-1.5 mm alta, parte sporifera plerumque prolata, 0.4\xe2\x80\x940.5 mm diam, et 0.8-1.0 mm alta, rarius globosa casu quo diametrum eundem exhibente, basi umbilicata, crystallorum calcis glomerulis albis aspersa; stipes rubrobrunneus, translucens, ad basin granulis aliensis cum substantia propria commixtis nigrescens, e hypothallo orbiculari parvo, dilute brunneo et granulis alienis nigropunctato ascendens, in parte sporifera extensus; peridium ipsum sine colore, tenuis et translucens, sed primum glomerulis crystallorum albo-pulverulentum, glomerulis crystallorum tamen faciliter detritis, casu quo ob praesentiam sporarum colorem olivaceo-brunneum exhibens, fragile, irregulariter dehiscens; columella calcis crystallis obtecta, porphyrea, lutea vel interdum albida, in sporangiis prolatis prolata, in sporangiis globosis globosa; capillitium (Fig. 1, b) profusum, e filamentis tenuibus, ramificatis et interdum inter se connectis, vix coloratis vel dilute brunneis, sed hic inde, praesertim ad ramificationes saturatius coloratis consistens; sporae globosae, 6-7.5 \xce\xbc diam., per saturam brunneae, ad lucem orientum versus visae dilute violaceo-brunneae, minute et irregulariter verruculosae, verruculis pleremque in series incurvatas dispositis. Plasmodium luteum.

Description: Genus Kailasius Moore Kail. inopinatus inopinatus Kotzsch (Ent. Zeit. v. 54 Nr. 3 p. 18-21) Nordwest-Afghanistan, Firuskuhi-Montes, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 Holotype, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 Allotype, abg. Ent. Zeit. v. 54 Nr. 3 p. 18, 9 \xe2\x99\x82, f. rubroanalis n.c. 2 \xe2\x99\x82, 10 \xe2\x99\x80, alle Paratypen ex c. Kotzsch; Marak, Afghanistan 1 \xe2\x99\x82 ex c. Avinoff (CarnegieMuseum).\nEine distincte, mittelgrosse, \xe2\x99\x82 32-36, \xe2\x99\x80 35-38 mm, Art, die im Aussehen trotz der gr\xc3\xb6sseren Augenflecke noch stark an Tad. (Euk.) loxias P\xc3\xbcngeler erinnert. Die m\xc3\xa4nnlichen Genitalorgane von inopinatus Kotzsch sind aber wenig verschieden von denen der charltonius-Gruppe, sodass die Art wohl besser zu dieser zu ziehen ist. Das VIII. Tergit und der Uncus gleichen denen von Kail. charltonius Gray, w\xc3\xa4hrend die Valve, die h\xc3\xb6her ansetzt und die am oberen Hinterende lappenartig ausgezogen ist, mehr der von Tad. (Euk.) imperator Oberth\xc3\xbcr \xc3\xa4hnelt. Dass inopinatus Kotzsch eine bona species und nicht eine subspecies einer der beiden Vergleichsarten ist, muss aus dem besonderen Bau der Sphragis geschlossen werden. Diese ist nicht ringf\xc3\xb6rmig und nur ventral an den Ecken des letzten Sternits angeheftet; sie zeigt ventral eine Mittelrinne, die oralw\xc3\xa4rts von einer Quererh\xc3\xb6hung begrenzt wird. N\xc3\xa4here Einzelheiten k\xc3\xb6nnen den sehr guten Abbildungen in Ent. Zeit. Nr. 3 p. 19/20 entnommen werden. Fl\xc3\xbcgelfond dicht beschuppt, cremeweiss; Befransung weiss. \xe2\x99\x82 im Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgel, der am Vorderrand und an der Wurzel sp\xc3\xa4rlich schwarz gek\xc3\xb6rnt ist, mit hellem, mittelbreitem Glasband bis \xc3\xbcber Cu2.\nSubmarginale reduziert, von M2 ab in einzelne Flecke aufgel\xc3\xb6st, die meist sehr d\xc3\xbcnn sind und Cu2 niemals erreichen. Costalband schmal, bis M2, mit strichartigem Fortsatz dar\xc3\xbcber hinaus. Zellflecke oblong, kr\xc3\xa4ftig. Hinter-

Description: Part I. Psen Latreille\nCONTENTS\nIntroduction................... \xce\xb9 Systematics................... 3\nMorphology.................. 4\nKey to the genera................. 7\nPsen Latreille.................. 7\nKey to the subgenera of Psen Latreille........... 8\nSubgenus Pseneo Malloch.............. 9\nSubgenus Psen s. str................ 12\nKey to the Indonesian and Philippine species of the subgenus Psen Latr. 14 Subgenus Mimumesa Malloch............. 50\nKey to the Indonesian and Philippine species of the subgenus Mimumesa Malloch.................. 52\nDoubtful species of Psen.............. 56\nSome Pseninae from the Asiatic continent and Ceylon....... 57\nDistribution and relationships.............. 62\nBiological notes.................. 67\nLiterature................... 67\nIndex .................... 69\nINTRODUCTION\nIn this paper an attempt is made to give a review of the Pseninae occurring in that part of the Malay Archipelago which is formed by the Indonesian Islands and the Philippines. In the first place it is based on the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, Netherlands, and

Description: Two small but interesting collections of octocorals from the northeastern coast of South America have recently come into my hands through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, one of them from a survey conducted by the Government of Surinam, the other from exploratory work of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The first was obtained off the coast of Surinam by Mr. J. C. HIGMAN, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service observer aboard the motor vessel \xe2\x80\x9cCoquette\xe2\x80\x9d during the course of exploratory shrimp investigations. The second was obtained between Trinidad and the Amazon River, Brazil, through the efforts of Dr. GILES W. MEAD during the course of cruise 47 of the exploratory vessel \xe2\x80\x9cOregon.\xe2\x80\x9d Because there is so little information available dealing with the fauna of the northeastern coast of South America, it seems desirable to make known the records of Octocorallia taken by the \xe2\x80\x9cCoquette\xe2\x80\x9d and the \xe2\x80\x9cOregon\xe2\x80\x9d along this extensive and little known coast, together with a list of the species already reported in the literature. The four new species contained in the present material are described and figured in full, and figures of the spicules of the known species are given in support of the identifications set forth.

Description: This contribution may be considered as an Appendix to my paper on \xe2\x80\x9cTenebrionid Beetles of Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba, Bonaire, and the Venezuelan Islands\xe2\x80\x9d, which was published in the fifth volume of this series (1954).\nThe addition has proved to be justified after study of: 1. a collection of Tenebrionids gathered by Dr. H. J. MAC GILLAVRY, Professor of Geology at Amsterdam University, as a student member of an excursion that took place in 1930 under the direction of the late Prof. L. M. R. RUTTEN; 2. some additional material collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK; 3. specimens from the collection of Ir. R. H. COBBEN, entomologist and agriculturist of Wageningen, in 1957; 4. material collected by B. DE JONG, biologist at Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and other sources.

Description: In a previous paper, published in the same series, Vol. 2 (1940), the author dealt with a small collection of snakes obtained by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1930 and 1936 on the islands off the Venezuelan coast and on the adjacent mainland. The present article reports on some specimens, chiefly from the Dutch islands of the Windward Group, presented by him to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden in later years. Some notes are included on three specimens of Alsophis from the same area that were already present in the collections of this museum (indicated by M.L.). \xe2\x80\x94 The photographs were made by Dr. HUMMELINCK.

Description: A small area limited in the north by the Boca del Cant\xc3\xb3, in the west by the Pallaresa river and in the south by the crest of the Monta\xc3\xb1a de Bahent and reaching westwards as far as the village of Feixa was surveyed in detail. Previous work by Prof. de Sitter and some of his pupils had revealed that in the steep southern slope of the Boca del Cant\xc3\xb3 several recumbent folds occur with Ordovician shales in the anticlinal cores and Devonian in the synclines. The work was carried out on the topographical base of an 1:25.000 enlargement of the official 1:50.000 map, sheets 214, Sort and 215 Seo de Urgel, which proved to be far from satisfactory. Aerial photographs were not available.\nThe Tornafort area is limited in the north by an important fault, which runs practically in the bed of the Boca del Cant\xc3\xb3. Tins fault forms the southern limit of the axial zone of the Pyrenees, north of it we find the Lower Triassic conglomerates, sandstones and shales covering unconformably strongly microfolded non metamorphic Ordovician. Near the mouth of the Boca del Cant\xc3\xb3 this clastic Trias is covered by the evaporite facies of the Keuper, with ophites and muschelkalk floats. The latter formation forms also the western boundary of our region on the lower slopes of the Tornafort hill towards the Pallaresa river, again separated from the Paleozoic by a north-cast trending fault. Thus the Tornafort area forms the northern border zone of the Nogueras zone as it has been defined by Peter Misch (1934). This Nogueras zone is known to have been strongly deformed by alpine orogeny because a little further south and west we see that the paleozoic has been folded together with the Triassic. A section by de Sitter (1957) crossing the Pallaresa river just west of our region shows a Devonian anticlinal core with Trias in the flanks. Our Tornafort region, however, is separated from the structure given by this section by a thrust along which the Devonian with Silurian at its base has been thrusted on the Triassie. This thrust forms the southwest boundary of our map, and the Tornafort structure does not seem to be connected with the just mentioned anticline, as has been done by de Sitter in his section, where the Tornafort structure is drawn as the core of a second anticline further south.

Description: The results of an investigation of the structure and sedimentology of Upper Westphalian and Lower Stephanian strata in the eastern end of the Cantabrian palaeozoic core (NW Spain), are presented.\nThe sediments, shales, sandstones, limestones and coal seams occur in three main associations: the orthoquartzite-carbonate, the turbidite and paralic associations. Two facies are dstinguished: a western, without turbidites, with relatively many coal seams and an eastern, with turbidites and a few coal seams.\nSome evidence for a zone of less subsidence is present. This zone separates the two facies. The western and eastern facies are represented by the rocks in the Sierra Corisa and Redondo synclines respectively. Between the two synclines occurs a zone of long stretched narrow folds, often upthrusted to the west. Fold axes generally plunge SSE. Some of the structural features are explained by disharmonic folding and extrusion tectonics.\nIn the eastern facies a formation occurs, which consists of graded sandstones alternating with mudstones.\nThickness measurements of the individual sandstone and mudstone beds are analysed with non-parametric statistical methods. Several regularities in the succession of lithological types or thicknesses are revealed. Correlations between thickness or position of variates (i. e. sandstone, mudstone, sideritic concretion) are tentatively explained in the light of the turbidity current hypothesis. Especially the successive sandstone thicknesses show an interdependence expressed in \xe2\x80\x9cfluctuations\xe2\x80\x9d. Sandstone-mudstone thickness-correlation leads to the assumption of a very high mud content of the turbidity current in these cases, and considerable erosion by successive currents.\nSedimentary structures, especially those of the turbidite association, are described in detail. A short annotated bibliography on sole markings is given.\nThe palaeocurrent directions measured from sole markings and cross-bedding are discussed. The sequence of sole-marking-directions on successive turbidite layers indicates interdependence of these dirctions, which could also mean the interdependence of the depositing currents.\nA litho-stratigraphic map, three structural sections and twelve stratigraphic sections are given.

Description: In 1958 werden de karteringen in de Centrale Pyrenee\xc3\xabn en in het noorden van de provincie Leon (zuidrand Ast.-Cantabrisch Gebergte) voortgezet, het werk in Galici\xc3\xab niet.\nIn de Centrale Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd een eerste verkenning in het Ribagorzana dal aangevangen, waarover hier nog niet gerapporteerd wordt. Het werk in het Segre dal werd voortgezet, terwijl de kartering van een klein ingewikkeld gebied in een oostelijk zijdal van de Pallaresa werd begonnen en be\xc3\xabindigd. De karteringen in het noorden van Andorra en over de grens in Frankrijk werden eveneens voortgezet.

Description: In previous publications Bishop & Crisp (1957, 1958) described the distribution of Elminius modestus on the coasts of France, based on surveys made in 1953 and 1954. Further information including some observations made in 1955 was given by Bishop, Crisp, Fischer-Piette & Prenant (1957). Elminius was shown to be centred on three main areas; the Channel coast east of Cap de la Hague, the river systems of North Brittany, and the Rade de Brest. Further south scattered individuals only were to be found, nowhere in sufficient abundance to allow the majority to breed. Bishop & Crisp (1957) pointed aut that the scarcity of Elminius on this part of the Brittany coast was surprising, since there are numerous suitable estuaries and harbours and an abundance of fishing craft which might disseminate the species.\nA further survey was made in August and September 1957. No significant changes had taken place along the coast of the Channel nor in the Rade de Brest itself. However in the vicinity of the important fishing ports of Concarneau and Lorient a marked increase in the population of Elminius had taken place between 1954 and 1957 (fig. 1). Established colonies were found in the harbour at Concarneau, and in the river systems of the Aven, Belon and Laita. The greatest abundance was found at the junction of the Scorff and Blavet near Lorient, while in the adjacent estuary of the Etel the species was quite common. Further south the only evidence of Elminius was a single specimen seen on the harbour wall at Point St. Jacques. No specimens were found anywhere in the inland sea of Morbihan, an area of sheltered water very suitable for this species, nor in the estuary of the Loire. Probably the very exposed Quiberon peninsula is for the time being a barrier to its further spread to the south.

Description: Description of an ulcerated epidermoid carcinoma of the lower lip in an adult male of the Cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus Gill.\nHistologically the tumour was composed of masses and strands of pleomorphic, columnar or polyhedral tumour cells, partly arranged in papillary pegs, which were supported by a vascular connective tissue stroma. The chromatin network of the nuclei was densely structured. The tumour tissue showed an invasive growth and had locally pierced the basement membrane.\nEmboli of tumour cells and metastases were lacking.

Description: Im Jahre 1953 setzten Crisp & Southward auseinander, dass hinsichtlich Arten aus dem Gezeitengebiet, Seestrassen bisweilen eine un\xc3\xbcberwindliche Sperre bilden. Crisp & Southward erl\xc3\xa4uterten diese Annahme u.a. mit den Beispielen der Seepocke Balanus perforatum Brugui\xc3\xa8re und der Napfschnecke Patella intermedia Jeffreys, Arten welche an der englischen S\xc3\xbcdk\xc3\xbcste vorkommen, jedoch in Irland fehlen und von welchen angenommen werden kann, dass es sich hier nicht um rezente Einwanderer handelt. Die Seepocke Elminius modestus Darwin, die sich w\xc3\xa4hrend des Krieges in England ansiedelte (Bishop, 1947) und sich dort schnell verbreitete, ist ein interessantes Objekt um diese Annahme zu pr\xc3\xbcfen. Die s\xc3\xbcdliche Nordsee sowohl wie der Kanal zeigten sich als Sperre nicht un\xc3\xbcberwindlich, obwohl f\xc3\xbcr beide F\xc3\xa4lle in Betracht gezogen werden k\xc3\xb6nnte, dass Elminius mittels des Schiffsverkehrs den Weg nach dem Kontinent fand, und nicht mittels eines Uebergangs der Nauplius-Larven (den Hartog, 1953, 1956). Ansiedlung an der irischen K\xc3\xbcste ist bisher ausgeblieben.\nDie Insel Helgoland in der Deutschen Bucht ist ebenfalls von einer Seesperre vom Festland getrennt; sie liegt ungef\xc3\xa4hr 40 km von den ostfriesischen Watteninseln Wangeroog und Scharnhorn entfernt, und ca. 60 km von Cuxhaven. Im Jahre 1953 wurde Elminius modestus zum ersten Male in Cuxhaven gefunden, vermutlich dahingebracht durch den Schiffsverkehr (K\xc3\xbchl, 1954). Bei einem Besuch an Helgoland im August 1955 zeigte es sich dass diese Art da schon vorhanden sei. Die Ansiedlung von Elminius hatte im Sp\xc3\xa4tjahr 1954 statt gefunden. Auf den st\xc3\xa4hlern Spundw\xc3\xa4nde des D\xc3\xbcnenhafens wurden n\xc3\xa4mlich ziemlich viele Exemplare von 3\xe2\x80\x945 mm gefunden, w\xc3\xa4hrend nur eine geringe Menge einer anderen Gr\xc3\xb6sse-Ordnung, 8\xe2\x80\x9411 mm, anwesend war. Der obere Teil dieser grossen Exemplare war stark mit Rost impr\xc3\xa4gniert, w\xc3\xa4hrend darunter ein breiter weisser Rand vorhanden war. Diese Rostimpr\xc3\xa4gnation deutet auf eine Periode von Hemmung im Wachstumsprozess hin: der Winter 1954\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9955. Diese Tiere hatten alle gut entwickelte Gonaden. Die kleinen Exemplare ware alle sch\xc3\xb6n weiss und noch unfruchtbar. Obwohl wir Elminius auf fast alle geeigneten Stellen auf der D\xc3\xbcneninsel fanden, beschr\xc3\xa4nkten die Funde der mehrj\xc3\xa4hrigen Individuen sich ganz und gar auf die Spundw\xc3\xa4nde und das Holzwerk des D\xc3\xbcnenhafens und deren unmittelbare Umgebung. Auf der Felseninsel Helgoland war Elminius noch sp\xc3\xa4rlich vorhanden. Dort wurden nur einzige jungen, 3\xe2\x80\x944 mm grossen Individuen in dem Nord-Osthafen auf den Landungsbr\xc3\xbccken der D\xc3\xbcnenf\xc3\xa4hre gefunden; weiter auf einigen Stellen an der Schutzmauer.

Description: Since the publication of the Revision of the Genus Dillenia (Blumea 7, 1952, pp. 1\xe2\x80\x94145) a number of additional collections have come to my notice. As is to be expected, the most interesting ones are from Eastern Malaysia, where the genus has developed a high degree of diversity and where the number of collections is still relatively small.

Description: During 1957 two important collections of fishes were obtained from off the coast of Suriname and adjacent regions. The first of these was made by the motor vessel \xe2\x80\x9cCoquette\xe2\x80\x9d, a commercial shrimp trawler which engaged in exploratory work for the Government of Suriname. Mr. JAMES B. HIGMAN of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service was invited to accompany the \xe2\x80\x9cCoquette\xe2\x80\x9d during part of this work, and the collection of fishes which resulted was due largely to his efforts. The second collection was obtained by the motor vessel \xe2\x80\x9cOregon\xe2\x80\x9d, exploratory vessel of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. During November, 1957, the \xe2\x80\x9cOregon\xe2\x80\x9d occupied over a hundred trawl stations along the northern coast of South America between Venezuela and the Equator. Most of these collections are now in the U. S. National Museum and the Chicago Natural History Museum.\nBoth the \xe2\x80\x9cOregon\xe2\x80\x9d and the \xe2\x80\x9cCoquette\xe2\x80\x9d collections contain representatives of a distinctive new species of Lonchopisthus. The definition of this species has required a review of the western Atlantic species of the genus. I take pleasure in naming this new species of Lonchopisthus from Suriname in honour of its collector:

Description: J\xe2\x80\x99ai r\xc3\xa9cemment re\xc3\xa7u du Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK de Utrecht environ 230 exemplaires (larves, nymphes et fourreaux vides) d\xe2\x80\x99un Helicopsyche, recueillis par lui-m\xc3\xaame en 1936 en quelques localit\xc3\xa9s de l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xaele de Margarita (Venezuela). Gr\xc3\xa2ce au fait que les armatures g\xc3\xa9nitales du \xe2\x99\x82 et de la \xe2\x99\x80 purent \xc3\xaatre trouv\xc3\xa9es chez une paire de nymphes, le probl\xc3\xa8me de l\xe2\x80\x99appartenance sp\xc3\xa9cifique de cet insecte p\xc3\xbbt \xc3\xaatre \xc3\xa9lucid\xc3\xa9; il s\xe2\x80\x99agit d\xe2\x80\x99une nouvelle esp\xc3\xa8ce. Nous remercions vivement le Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK pour le mat\xc3\xa9riel et pour les indications \xc3\xa9cologiques, ainsi que le Dr. D. E. KIMMINS du British Museum pour les pr\xc3\xa9cieuses indications qu\'il nous a aimablement donn\xc3\xa9 sur la forme que nous d\xc3\xa9crivons, apr\xc3\xa8s avoir consult\xc3\xa9 nos dessins.

Description: In this article the results of a study on boulder-clay in the neighbourhood of Winschoten (N.E. Netherlands) are communicated (Chapter I).\nThe underlying sediments of the boulder-clay in this area consist of fine preglacial sands and black clay. In the nuclei of the many drumlins a strongly ice-pushed boulder-clay may be encountered (Chapter II).\nPalynological analysis showed the pollen content of the boulder-clay to be very small. In a few samples more pollen was found (Plates I and II), but in these cases there appeared to be an admixture of black clay, obviously picked up by the land-ice. This black clay (the so-called potklei or pottery clay) is very humic and resembles the Lauenburg clay from Germany, but is younger.\nUsing pollen analysis only one would date this clay as Miocene or even older (Plates II and III). This is impossible however, for in borings in this area Pleistocene sediments underneath the potklei are encountered.\nThe solution of the problem is that we are dealing bere with secondary pollen material, originating from the Miocene in N.W. Germany; this pollen was transported by rivers before the land-ice came (Chapter III).\nGranulometric analysis proved the boulder-clay of Winschoten to be the normal Dutch type. As far as we know this boulder-clay was deposited during the Saale glacial (Chapter IV).\nThe erratics in two samples were carefully examined. To this purpose the erratics from 6 mm \xe2\x80\x94 5 cm were counted (according- to the Madsenmethod 1897); the results were arranged in such way that a comparison with the countings from De Waard (1947) in the N.O. Polder could be made. Therefore the percentages of the various groups of erratics taken from the total content of erratics were compared with each other (Chapter V).\nFig. 4 shows the countings. It will be seen that the number of crystalline erratics in the boulder-clay from Bovenburen is considerably smaller, the sandstone and quartzite content far greater than that found in the boulder-clay from the N.O. Polder. In the field too, this was striking. We might speak of a local association of erratics in the grey boulder-clay at Bovenburen.\nThe analysis of the light fraction (Chapter VI) gave the following data: the composition of the samples, the roundness and dullness of the quartz grains correspond with the data from the normal grey boulder-clay (Table VI).\nThis agrees with the fact that the microfossils mentioned in this article were only found in grey boulder-clay. A small admixture of red boulder-clay is possible however, on account of an occasional find of some brown bryozoa and ostracoda characteristic for the red boulder-clay. Moreover the identification of the bryozoa indicated that fine components of the boulder-clay we examined originated from an area (Denmark and S. Sweden) with Danian and Upper Senonian outcrops (Table V).

Description: The present paper deals briefly with the main geological features of the Casavegas area (Northern Palencia, Spain). Though incomplete, the sequence of Carboniferous strata in this region is regarded as a reference-section for correlation purposes within the larger N. Palencia area. A local subdivision on fusulinids of a part of the Carboniferous is proposed. Three zones are distinguished: Protricites Zone F. ex gr. bra\xc3\xb1oserae Subzone Fusulinella Zone F. delepinei Subzone Profusulinella Zone Fusulinella bocki, var. delepinei is brought to species level as F. delepinei Van Ginkel, sp. nov.

Description: This paper deals with the slugs Alderia modesta (Lov\xc3\xa9n) and Limapontia depressa Alder & Hancock, both very common in the intertidal zone of the Dutch salt-marshes.\nVan Benthem Jutting & Engel did not mention them as native species in \xe2\x80\x9eFauna van Nederland\xe2\x80\x9d 8, a monograph on Dutch Opisthobranchia, published in 1936. Alderia and Limapontia do not belong to the order of Nudibranchia, but to a separate order, Saccoglossa (Ascoglossa). They possess an uniseriate radula, the worn teeth of which fall in a pouch (saccus, ascus). Their way of life is different, the Nudibranchs feed mainly on hydroids, sea anemones, bryozoa, sponges, etc.; only a few species e.g. Polycera quadrilineata O. F. M\xc3\xbcller feed on algae, while all west-european Saccoglossa feed exclusively on algae.

Description: Some time ago Mr. G. M. Roding, director of the natural history museum at Enschede, sent me for identification two mandibular fragments with teeth of a large rodent collected in the clay pit at Needse Berg, province of Gelderland, by Mr. Ten Bokkel Huinink, the owner of the pit. The Neede Clay, Needian of Dutch terminology (Van der Vlerk and Florsch\xc3\xbctz, 1950, p. 149), is characterized by the abundance of the freshwater molluscs Viviparus diluvianus (Kunth) and Valvata naticina Menke; the scanty remains of large mammals found in this deposit, representing Elephas antiquus Falconer, Cervus elaphus L., and Dicerorhinus merckii (J\xc3\xa4ger), were described already half a century ago by Rutten (1909).\nThe Neede Clay corresponds to the great Mindel-Riss Interglacial; it is to be correlated with the English interglacial deposits of Clacton-on-Sea, Hoxne, and Swanscombe (Van der Vlerk, 1955, p. 37), and with those of Mauer and the main fauna of Mosbach in Germany (Azzaroli, 1951, p. 169). Both of these two last-mentioned localities yield Trogontherium cuvieri Fischer, an extinct beaver-like rodent, to which the mandibles from Neede should be referred.\nAbundant remains of another species of Trogontherium, T. boisvilletti (Laugel), have been described from the Tegelen Clay, province of Limburg, Netherlands, by Schreuder (1929); this deposit dates either from a G\xc3\xbcnz Interstadial (Schreuder, 1945) or from the G\xc3\xbcnz-Mindel Interglacial (Azzaroli, 1951, p. 169). In her last paper on Trogontherium, Schreuder (1951) refers the Pleistocene remains from the English and continental European localities west of the Rhine to T. boisvilletti, and those from the localities east of the Rhine to T. cuvieri.

Description: Delias benasu Martin ist nicht nur eine der gr\xc3\xb6ssten und auff\xc3\xa4lligsten, sondern auch eine der seltensten Arten ihrer Gattung. Zudem f\xc3\xa4llt ihre Entdeckung reichlich sp\xc3\xa4t, n\xc3\xa4mlich in die erste Oktoberh\xc3\xa4lfte des Jahres 1912, sie fand statt beim Dorfe Boku, ,,wo die drei Landschaften von Mittel-Celebes Kolawi, Benasu und Besoa zusammenstossen". Die Ehre der Entdeckung geb\xc3\xbchrt dem deutschen Milit\xc3\xa4rarzte Dr. Ludwig Martin, im Dienste der fr\xc3\xbcheren Niederl\xc3\xa4ndisch-Indischen Regierung, der sich um die Erforschung der Rhopaloceren von Celebes und von Nord-Ost-Sumatra recht verdienstlich gemacht hat. Er hat die Art zwar nicht selbst gefangen, sondern berichtet bescheiden, dass ,,ein Sanit\xc3\xa4tssoldat mit einer Patrouille von 30 Bajonetten" sie ihm mitgebracht h\xc3\xa4tte, siehe Martin (1) 225. Die ganze Ausbeute bestand nur aus 3 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, welche Martin 1.c. ausf\xc3\xbchrlich beschreibt. Ein Jahr sp\xc3\xa4ter bildet der Autor den Holotypus ab (2). Im Jahre 1919 f\xc3\xbcgt er noch hinzu (3) 63, ,,dass drei M\xc3\xa4nnchen im Jahre 1912 auf dem feuchen Ufersande eines kleinen Fl\xc3\xbcsschens" gefangen wurden. Diese 3 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82 waren die einzigen Exemplare dieser merkw\xc3\xbcrdigen Art, die bis heute bekannt waren.\nSie gelangten mit Martens Sammlung, bei dessen Tod (1924), an die Zoologische Staatssammlung M\xc3\xbcnchen, ein \xe2\x99\x82 hiervon wurde an das Hill Museum abgegeben, das von Talbot in seiner Monographie (1) 29, 294 bearbeitet wurde. Der Holotypus, aus der M\xc3\xbcnchner Sammlung, konnte farbig abgebildet werden, Tafel 60, Figur 1. Das \xe2\x99\x82 aus dem Hill Museum befindet sich jetzt im Britischen Museum (Nat. Hist.).\nDem unerm\xc3\xbcdlichen und vortrefflichen Sammler Dr. L. J. Toxopeus kommt das Verdienst zu, die Art auf einer Sammelreise in Mittel-Celebes wieder entdeckt zu haben. Er hat zwar in seinemReiseberichte, siehe Toxopeus

Description: SCAMANDRA UNDULATA n.sp. \xe2\x99\x82, Ocre brun\xc3\xa2tre plus ou moins fonc\xc3\xa9 suivant les exemplaires; pattes brun noir\xc3\xa2tre. Face sup\xc3\xa9rieure de l\'abdomen plus ou moins rouge, avec au milieu une grande tache un peu plus fonc\xc3\xa9e. Les deux tiers ant\xc3\xa9rieurs des \xc3\xa9lytres sont havane, avec d\'assez nombreuses petites taches d\'un rouge fonc\xc3\xa9 et de tr\xc3\xa8s fins points noirs surtout visibles le long des grosses nervures; entre cette partie et la post\xc3\xa9rieure, une bande rouge p\xc3\xa2le, transversale, ondul\xc3\xa9e, pr\xc3\xa9sentant au milieu de la largeur une large convexit\xc3\xa9 vers l\'avant; la partie post\xc3\xa9rieure est un peu plus claire que l\'ant\xc3\xa9rieure; \xc3\xa0 la face sup\xc3\xa9rieure se voit une bande ros\xc3\xa9e, parall\xc3\xa8le au bord apical; \xc3\xa0 l\'inf\xc3\xa9rieure cette bande est blanche, les nervures sont jaunes ou ocre, sur celles-ci des fins poils noirs.\nAiles rouge ponceau, devenant brun\xc3\xa2tres vers l\'apex; une partie des nervures transversales est ocre p\xc3\xa2le; parall\xc3\xa8lement ou un peu en avant du bord apical, ainsi que le long du bord post\xc3\xa9rieur, une assez large bande blanche. \xe2\x99\x80, Les ailes ont la m\xc3\xaame couleur que les \xc3\xa9lytres, mais un peu moins fonc\xc3\xa9es, avec les m\xc3\xaames bandes blanches qui se voient chez les \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82.\nProlongement c\xc3\xa9phalique assez long, s\'\xc3\xa9tendant jusque pr\xc3\xa8s du bord post\xc3\xa9rieur du vertex, en c\xc3\xb4ne aplati, \xc3\xa0 surface stri\xc3\xa9e transversalement. Sur le front trois car\xc3\xa8nes mousses, la m\xc3\xa9diane visible dans la partie sup\xc3\xa9rieure, disparait un peu au-dessus du milieu de la longueur; la partie m\xc3\xa9diane comprise entre les deux car\xc3\xa8nes lat\xc3\xa9rales est plane et celle externe \xc3\xa0 ces car\xc3\xa8nes est en goutti\xc3\xa8re. Une car\xc3\xa8ne sur le clyp\xc3\xa9us. La protub\xc3\xa9rance de la base des tibias post\xc3\xa9rieurs est en c\xc3\xb4ne mousse, assez court; les tibias portent trois \xc3\xa9pines. Longueur du corps: \xe2\x99\x82, 15 mm, \xe2\x99\x80 17 mm; envergure: \xe2\x99\x82, 43 mm, \xe2\x99\x80, 53 mm.\nType: Sumatra: Poeloe Babi Simaloer; paratypes: ibid et Sinabang Sima-

Description: The following account of the non-marine Mollusca of the Island of Sumatra, the second largest of the Greater Sunda Islands (surface 440.000 km2) is based on the following collections: 1. Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, including the material collected by Prof. Max Weber, Dr. L. P. de Bussy, Jhr. Dr. F. C. van Heurn, Prof. J. C. van der Meer Mohr, Dr. E. Jacobson, and many others. 2. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. 3. Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor (Java). 4. Naturhistorisches Museum, Basle (Switzerland). 5. Zoologisches Museum, Z\xc3\xbcrich (Switzerland). 6. Mus\xc3\xa9um d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Geneva (Switzerland). 7. Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main (Germany). 8. Mr. J. P. van Niel, who lived in Sumatra from 1951 to 1956 and made great efforts to collect molluscs in his leisure time. This material has been presented to the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. 9. Various private cabinet owners in the Netherlands and one in Switzerland who received their material from relations overseas.\nIn the list of localities these collections will be referred to by the following symbols: ZMA Zoological Museum, Amsterdam RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden MBo Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor MBa Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel MZh Zoologisches Museum, Z\xc3\xbcrich MGv Museum d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Geneva SMF Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt Nl Mr. J. P. van Niel Br Mr. A. C. van Bruggen, Leiden Bt Mr. L. J. M. Butot, Haarlem By Dr. P. Bohny, Basle Dr Mr. J. Drijver, Wageningen Ls Dr. F. E. Loosjes, Wageningen Nb Mr. W. H. Neuteboom, Heemskerk Sl Mr. L. van der Slik, Rotterdam Vm Mr. L. A. W. C. Venmans, Moergestel

Description: At the Royal Zoological Gardens \xe2\x80\x9cBlijdorp\xe2\x80\x9d at Rotterdam May 6th 1958 a Father David\xe2\x80\x99s Deer gave birth to a female calf. It was the first young of this three year old doe.\nDuring the days before the day of birth the doe was seen several times leaping upon the buck. Experience with other Ungulates has taught that such behaviour may be regarded as an indication that the time of delivery is approaching. On the day of birth the doe refused her food as has been observed in many other mammals. She lay down very often, gnashed her molar teeth and made movements with her head towards the belly and the udder, the ears flattened to the neck, as if she was suffering from cramps. One had the impression, however, that the expulsion of the young was kept back until the keeper went home and the door of the stable was closed. Apparently a great number of mammals prefer to give birth to their young in the quietest part of the space of 24 hours. For most mammals this is the evening or the night, but bats very frequently give birth during the day which is their time of rest (SLIJPER, 1959). A postponement of birth until all is quiet has frequently been observed in zoological gardens. In natural surroundings the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida Schreb.) and other Seals are said to be able to postpone birth as long as 10 days if the weather is very bad (KRUMBIEGEL, 1947).

Description: 1. Extensors and flexors trochanteris of the second thoracic leg of Periplaneta americana were investigated physiologically and toxicologically. 2. The movements of the separate muscles were recorded with the aid of a special myographic technique. 3. Nerve muscle preparations of a completely fast and a nearly completely slow function type could be studied in this way. Some muscles represent a form in which both function types occur, probably mixed. When analysed, ryanodine appeared to be a valuable expedient. In some types of nerve muscle preparations inhibition could be demonstrated. 4. Linking up with what is known, it is reasonably certain that the action of high dosages of DDT actually takes place on motor axons or myoneural junctions and not on the muscle fibre itself. Not all of the different nerve muscle preparations seemed to be of the same sensitivity to this poison. 5. \xce\xb3-HCH appears to have a very slight influence on the function of the different types of isolated nerve muscle preparations. However, because of the intense motor activity the muscles become greatly fatigued.

Description: The balance of nature is a phenomenon much written about, but of which few people seem to have a clear idea. There are four essential elements in the balance of nature: water, soil, flora and fauna. The latter group also includes man. Each of these components is of fundamental importance for the three others. The balance, as a whole, is immediately influenced by a change in any one of these groups.\nThe factor which most often disturbs this state of equilibrium is man. His actions can be of a more destructive character than sudden natural catastrophes. The latter may, it is true, cause an immediate upheaval, but it is usually of relatively short duration, and a new state of equilibrium is comparatively quickly attained by nature, herself, based, perhaps, on other presumptions than formerly. On the other hand, man\xe2\x80\x99s repeated, and often unnecessary interference, through his stubbornness, press down the scale still deeper, and thereby block nature\xe2\x80\x99s spontaneous attempts to restore the biological equilibrium on which man, too, is dependent.

Description: On account of the reticulate spores with their large area of dehiscence and because of the structure of the pseudo-capillitium the monotypic genus Liceopsis and Enteridium splendens (syn. E. rozeanum) are returned to Reticularia. It is argued that R.? rozeana can not with certainty be identified, but that it can not be regarded as conspecific either with R. lobata or with R. splendens. Of R. lycoperdon a var. americana is separated, differing from the type by its free spores. A new species, R. intermedia, is described. It resembles R. lycoperdon in the dendroid pseudo-capillitium, but differs from the latter in the fragile cortex and in the filamentous structure of the pseudo-capillitium. It is known so far only from the vicinity of Doorwerth, province of Gelderland, the Netherlands.

Description: The new species described below belongs like St. leplocaulis Brem. (in Nova Guinea, new ser., 8: 129. 1957) to the subgenus Telrastichum, which is characterized by the presence in each of the ovary cells of circ. 60 ovules arranged in four rows and by the lower flowers of the inflorescence being subtended by ordinary leaves. The new species is easily distinguishable from St. leptocaulis by its larger and relatively wider leaves and by its obovate-orbicular bracts.\nStaurogyne latibracteata Brem. n. spec. ad subgenus Tetrastichum pertinens, caule ascendente et anthisre appendiculatis ad St. Neesii (Vidal) C. B. Clarke ex Merr., St. rivularem Merr. et St. leptocaulem Brem. accedens, caule pilis capitatis vestito praesertim St. Neesii et St. leptocauli similor sed bracteis multo latioribus ab eis et a speciebus omnibus huius generis hactenus notis faciliter distinguenda.

Description: Rhizome relatively slender, creeping, protostelic (solenostelic only in Dicranopteris pectinata (WILLD.) UND. of tropical America), in Stromatopteris bearing erect irregularly dichotomous branches which bear the fronds, in all other cases bearing fronds directly; young parts covered with peltate fringed scales (scales otherwise in Stromatopteris) or branched hairs. Fronds unbranched in Stromatopteris, in all other cases branched in fully developed plants, the main rachis bearing a series of pairs of branches, its apex periodically dormant while each successive pair of branches develops; each primary branch often bearing a pair of secondary branches and a permanently dormant apex between them, the process sometimes repeated several times; ultimate branches either bipinnatifid or pinnatifid, the lamina (whether of an ultimate branch, or leaflet of an ultimate branch) cut almost to the costa; veins in lamina-segments pinnate, branches simple or forked, free (in some cases apparently joining a thickened non-vascular margin). Sori of 2\xe2\x80\x9415 or more sporangia, attached to a small receptacle on the surface of a vein (except in Stromatopteris, where each sorus is spread along part of both branches of a forked vein), never at the end of a vein, all sporangia in one sorus developing simultaneously; branched hairs or scales often present with sporangia but no indusium. Sporangia with complete oblique annulus, dehiscing vertically, containing c. 200\xe2\x80\x94800 or more spores. Spores monolete or trilete, smooth, translucent, colourless.\nGametophyte (not known in Stromatopteris) at first cordate, then ribbon-like with heavy midrib, finally branching at apex; rhizoids stiff, abundant, usually reddish-brown; two-celled glandular hairs developed by many species in association with archegonia and also on margin; antheridia comparatively large and complex in structure (some more so than others); archegonia with long necks (longest in Gleichenia subg. Gleichenia) directed towards apex of prothallus; no cases of apogamy observed.

Description: Rhizome usually short-creeping with closely-placed fronds, less often widecreeping or somewhat erect, the young parts covered with thick septate hairs (except Mohria, not Malaysian), structure dorsiventral or radial, vascular strand in Malaysian genera a protostele (medullated in Schizaea). Fronds of very varied structure, their branching showing varying gradations from dichotomous to pinnate; veins usually free; sporangia borne on specialized segments of the fronds (sorophores) except in the non-Malaysian Mohria. Sorophores at the ends of veins of fertile leaflets (Lygodium), or in small pinnate groups at the apex of a frond or of its branches (Schizaea), or confined to special branches of the frond (Anemia, not Malaysian). Sporangia arising marginally but becoming superficial due to subsequent extra-marginal growths, large, borne on short massive stalks or sessile, with an almost apical annulus of a single row of elongate thickened cells, dehiscing on a line from annulus to base. Spores trilete or monolete (Schizaea only), without perispore, the surface usually sculptured. Gametophytes filamentous in Schizaea, thalloid in other genera, symmetrical or not.\nDistribution. The Malaysian genera Schizaea and Lygodium are pantropic with a few outlying species of both in temperate regions (U.S.A., S. Africa, Chile, Japan, and New Zealand). Anemia has its main distribution in tropical America, with a few species in Africa and one in southern India. Mohria is confined to southern and eastern Africa and the Mascarene Islands.

Description: Abbayes, Henri des: Quelques Cladonia (Lichens) des r\xc3\xa9gions intertropicales, nouveaux ou peu connus, conserv\xc3\xa9s dans l\xe2\x80\x99Herbier de Kew (Kew Bull. 1956, 259-266). Contains some records from New Guinea, Siam, etc.\nArisz, W.H.: Herinneringen uit drie perioden van plantenphysiologisch onderzoek. Groningen. 1958. 25 pp. Review of his work on plant physiology including his research done in Java by the retiring professor of Groningen University.

Description: Commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the birthday of Linnaeus. In many places academies and societies commemorated this event.\nIn Sweden, Uppsala University, it took place just before the End of Term ceremonies of the University and a number of botanical and zoological taxonomists were invited to a Symposium \xe2\x80\x9dSystematics of To-day\xe2\x80\x9d, to excursions in the vicinity of Uppsala, and to the imposing End of Term ceremonies, attended by His Majesty, The King. On that occasion several famous taxonomists received an honorary doctorate from the University. The festivities were concluded by a dinner and ball in the magnificent Rikssaal of the Uppsala Castle. For those who, like myself, had the privilege to attend and enjoy the abundant hospitality and friendliness in this beautiful country, these spring days will forever linger in the memory as delightful from all points of view. To observe flowers along the same trail the Prince of Botanists took with his students centuries ago, to visit Hammarby under delightful weather conditions, gave a peculiar charm to these days; we feel immensely indebted to our hosts, male and female, all gentle, eager, courteous, dignified, and above all, kind.

Description: 1. Aquatic plants. 2. Plants floating; leaves small, simple or bilobed . . . . . . . . . . Salviniaceae 2. Plants rooted in earth or on rocks; leaves larger, more divided. 3. Leaves 4-partite; sporocarps attached to stipes . . . . . . . . Marsileaceae 3. Leaves not 4-partite; sporangia singly or in sori on lower surface of lamina. 4. Sporangia borne singly, protected by reflexed edges of narrow lamina . Adiantum Group 4. Sporangia grouped in sori, on lower surface of lamina, not protected by reflexed edges. 5. Fern of stream-beds in deep shade; fronds pinnatifid, sori without indusia Polypodiaceae 5. Fern of open swamps; fronds bipinnatifid, sori indusiate .... Thelypteris Group

Description: The work of preparation of a new survey of all the Pteridophytes of Malaysia will occupy a considerable period. It is proposed to publish this work in parts, as studies of particular families or genera are completed, but it is impossible to plan in advance the precise sequence of these studies.\nIt is anticipated that the new information to be recorded, and new ideas based upon it, will throw a good deal of new light on the delimitation of genera, and upon the inter-relationships of genera, especially among the ferns, which are by far the largest of the major groups concerned. Therefore one cannot now predict what final scheme of classification will emerge. But it is necessary to have some sort of conspectus at the start, as a preliminary survey of the ground to be covered, and as a guide for those who wish to consult the parts of the work as they appear. I have therefore drawn up a list of the major groups, with the genera in each, and also a series of keys to the genera of ferns. The nomenclature of the major groups, the generic concepts, and the keys, must all be regarded as tentative.

Description: The author regards the Cyphellaceae as an artificial family. He redefines it for practical purposes, suggesting the gradual removal of those elements that show relationship with other groups; several elements are referable to the Corticiaceae or the agarics. A list of the \xe2\x80\x98cyphellaceous\xe2\x80\x99 generic names tentatively included is given. The genera to be excluded from the family as defined are briefly discussed. The same applies to a long series of specific names that had or have been included. A historic chapter reviews some important developments in regard with some of the older genera, Solenia, Cyphella, Aleurodiscus, as well as the rise of the family. Some species are transferred to Aleurodiscus Rab. ex J. Schroet.; Cytidia Qu\xc3\xa9l. is redefined and Auriculariopsis Maire excluded from it. Other genera reviewed and redefined are Stromatoscypha Donk [Porotheleum (Fr. per Fr.) Fr.], Chromocyphella De Toni & Levi Phaeocyphella Pat.], and Lachnella Fr. Two new monotypic genera are introduced, Cellypha Donk and Pellidiscus Donk. One or more species of the redefined and new genera are discussed. The name Mycena sect. Hirsutae (K\xc3\xbchner) ex Donk is validly published. Several specific names are reduced to the synonymy of other species for the first time. Several types of names published by Persoon and by von Albertini & von Schweinitz were studied. New combinations are made under Hymenochaete L\xc3\xa9v. (1), Favolaschia (Pat.) Pat. (1), Aleurodiscus (2), Cellypha (1), Pellidiscus (1), Chromocyphella (1).

Description: Lichenology in Great Britain nowadays rejoices in increased activity and interest. This is evidenced by the foundation of the British Lichen Society which came into being some time ago, and now runs its own journal, The Lichenologist. The present book is another example, and it certainly appears at an appropriate time.\nThe book which is written in clear and simple language contains a few introductory chapters (on the structure of lichens, the use of reagents and apparatus, and on the ecology), keys to orders and families, a descriptive part, a bibliography, a glossary, and an index, followed by the plates.

Description: Renewed study of the type material of species formerly described under Xylaria necessitates the recognition of a new family, for which the name Sarcostromellaceae Boedijn is proposed. This family comprises two new genera, Sarcostromella Boedijn and Pseudoxylaria Boedijn. Sarcostromella polysticha (Penz. & Sacc.) Boedijn and Pseudoxylaria nigripes (Kl.) Boedijn are new combinations, S. amorpha Boedijn is a new species. Xylaria xanthophaea Penz. & Sacc. appears identical with S. polysticha. Xylaria torrubioides Penz. & Sacc. is a synonym of Pseudoxylaria nigripes.

Description: A new species of Galerina is described, intermediate between Section Physocystis Smith & Singer and Section Inocyboides Singer.

Description: The genus Cryptaspasma comprises moths of moderate or rather large size, mostly of a "dark and earthy appearance", as Edward Meyrick once characterized them. These insects usually are of different shades of purplebrown to bronze-brown, with suffused blackish spots or retination. Although distributed over the Tropics of the whole world the species follow the same type of colouring and markings everywhere. Certain species from Papua, e.g., are surprisingly similar to other from Africa, New Zealand or Peru ! Besides, this type resembles very closely that of an entirely different group of the Microlepidoptera, viz., that of the genus Acrolophus Poey, a Tineoid group from South and Central America. So close is this resemblance that Meyrick even suggested that this might be a case of mimicry. However, Acrolophus does not occur in tropical Asia where Cryptaspasma is most numerous, comparatively speaking.\nThe obscure, monotonous colouring led several students, myself included, to the confusing of certain species, so that a vague and unsatisfactory conception of the systematics of the group resulted. This situation was a challenge for undertaking at last the here following revision, in spite of the obviously premature stage of our knowledge. Greatly would I have welcomed larger series of specimens in better condition, but they were not available.\nI am greatly indebted to several institutions who kindly provided me with materia), from their collections, for identification or for comparison. In the first place I wish to thank Mr. J. D. Bradley, British Museum (Natural History), London, England, for his continuous help and interest, without which this revision certainly would not have been finished; furthermore my

Description: Heterophylly is frequent in Dendrophthora and Phoradendron, and may take many forms. The concepts prophyll, cataphyll, and scale-leaf are briefly discussed and defined as to usage in the Phoradendreae. Various morphological details of patterns of heterophylly, flower orientation and seriation, fusion of prophylls, phyllotaxy, sex distribution and inflorescence position are traced as far as the available material permits. A typology of inflorescences in these two genera is proposed, based on flower seriation. Anatomical observations on a few species of both genera have revealed striking and unsuspected structural differences between the inflorescences of some seemingly related species, but also similarities which cross the intergeneric boundary. The discovery of \xe2\x80\x9cextra-stelar\xe2\x80\x9d vascular proliferations in some species of both genera is of particular interest.

Description: After the publication of the Araceae in the Flora of Suriname 1.2 (1953), p. 1-80, a number of rare and new species have been collected. Some of these were collected by Dr. J. Lindeman between 1953 and 1955, the remaining by the present authors, who visited Suriname from November, 1955, to March, 1956. Field observations by the authors clearly indicated the fragmentary status of our knowledge of Suriname Aroids. The reasons for this are to be sought in the difficulties involved in collecting and preserving. Also, a number of species may not flower over a period of several years. The inflorescences of many lianas are often almost inaccessible. A source of confusion is the variability in the leaves of a species.\nThe following is an enumeration of species collected for the first time in Suriname, in addition to records of re-collections of rare species.

Description: Talrijk zijn de gevallen, dat we met vrij grote zekerheid na kunnen gaan hoe een plant op een nieuwe groeiplaats gekomen is.\nNa extra hoog water van zee of rivieren verschijnt soms Ricinus communis en Impatiens noli-tangere, na het strooien van onkruidzaden uit graan als fasantenvoer verschijnen Muscari comosum, Ornithogalum pyramidale, Medicago falcata, Coronilla varia, e.d.

Description: Onder bovenstaande titel ontvingen wij op 3 februari 1959 een uitvoerig artikel van de heer L. Gr\xc3\xa9goire te Maastricht. Intussen is dit artikel al gepubliceerd in het Nat, Hist. Maandbl. Limburg, waardoor wij voor het Correspondentieblad menen te kunnen volstaan met het volgende korte uittreksel: Als aanvulling op het artikel van Chr.G. van Leeuwen in Corr.bl. no.9, p. 97, geeft Gr\xc3\xa9goire ook nog als oen der mogelijke oorzaken van het verdwijnen van C. calcitrapa de intensieve onkruidbestrijding van de laatste tientallen jaren.\nGr\xc3\xa9goire vermeldt verder, dat hij in 1937 de soort in 20 \xc3\xa0 30 exemplaren aantrof op de Maasmolendijk te Maastricht, langs de westelijke Maasoever. Op dezelfde plaats werd C. calcitrapa reeds omstreeks 1900 door De Wever gevonden, en door deze vermeld in het Jaarb. Hat. Hist. Gen. 1920-\xe2\x80\x9923, p. 30, zodat ze dus de veranderingen in het terrein; verbonden aan de houw van de Wilhelminabrug in 1928-\xe2\x80\x9932 on de inrichting van de Wilhelminakade had overleefd. In de Jaren volgende op 1937 breidde de plant zich weer uit; in 1957 waren er nog 40 \xc3\xa0 50 planten aanwezig. In dat jaar werd ter plaatse steenpuin gestort en een verharde weg aangelegd, waardoor alle vegetatie gedood werd.

Description: Wij ontvingen ter bespreking een overdruk van het hoofdstuk \xe2\x80\x9eDe Flora\xe2\x80\x9d, uit het hoek West-Vlaanderen, uitgegeven onder hoofdredactie van A. Viaene; uitg. Meddens te Brussel? 1959. hit hoofdstuk werd behandeld door apoth P. vande Vyvere te Brugge.\nVanzelfsprekend kon Vande Vyvere in dit artikel van 12 pagina\xe2\x80\x99s geen uitgebreid overzicht van de flora van West-Vlaanderen geven; hij is er echter goed in geslaagd het meest karakteristieke van deze flora naar voren te brengen.

Description: In het Jaarboek van de Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland van 1923-1928, p. 133-142, vermeldt Prof. Stomps een aantal soorten van wieren, die gedurende 40 tochten zijn verzameld. Op een excursie, die op 4 juni jl. door Mevr. A.J. Gorter \xe2\x80\x93 Ter Pelkwijk en mij werd gemaakt, werd geen van deze soorten aangetroffen, tenzij zij nog te vinden zijn onder de tot nu toe niet gedetermineerde Cladophora-, Oedogonium- en Spirogyra-soorten. Op deze excursie werden gevonden: CYMOPHYCEAE: Nostoc sphaericum Vauch. ex Born, & Flah. \xe2\x80\x93 Veertig Morgen, drijvend. Lyngbya k\xc3\xbctzingii Schmidle \xe2\x80\x93 Veertig Morgen, op tussen Ranunculus (Batrachium) drijvende Cladophora. CHLOROPHYCEAE: Chaetophora elegans (Roth) Ag. \xe2\x80\x93 Veertig Morgen, op Bladsteel van Nuphar luteum. Oedogonium grande K\xc3\xbctz, \xe2\x80\x93 Veertig Morgen, drijvend tussen Ranunculus (Batrachium), met epiphytische Lyngbya k\xc3\xbctzingii. Aegagropila fr\xc3\xb6lichiana K\xc3\xbctz, (syn.: Aegagropila holsatica K\xc3\xbctz.) \xe2\x80\x93 Mennegat, hij de oever, drijvend en op de bodem liggend in een laag, ongeveer 1m diep, op een zeer winderige plaats, expositie zuid. CHARACEAE: Chara aspera Willd. \xe2\x80\x93 bij \xe2\x80\x9eDe Elshof\xe2\x80\x9d, op de bodem een zeer dichte vegetatie vormend, 3/4 m en dieper onder water. Deze soort was reeds uit het Naardermeer bekend (zie H.D. Verdam, The Netherlands\xe2\x80\x99 Charophyta, in Blumea 3, 1938, p. 28). P. Leentvaar (D.L.N. 61 , 1958, p. 151-154) nam in april 1958 een aantal monsters uit het Naardermeer. In de op 4 Juni door mij genomen planktonmonsters werden soorten gevonden, die alle ook door Leentvaar vermeld worden, en bovendien Anabaena flos-aquae. Uit het op 4 Juni verzamelde plankton werden gedetermineerd CYAIJOPHYCEAE: Anacystis cyanea (K\xc3\xbctz.) Drouet & Daily (=Microcystis aeruginosa K\xc3\xbctz.); CHLOROPHYCEAE: Pediastrum duplex Meyen, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Br\xc3\xa9b., Mougeotia (steriel); DIATOMEAE; verder Rotatoria en Crustaceae \xe2\x80\x93 Wijde Blik. CHLOROPHYCEAE: Eudorina elegans Ehrenberg, Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh. \xe2\x80\x93 zijtocht van Veertig Morgen. CYANOPHYCEAE: Anabaena flos-aquae Br\xc3\xa9b. ex Born. & Flah.; CHLOROPHYCEAE: Eudorina elegans, Pediastrum boryanum, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Mougeotia (steriel), Spirogyra (steriel)? CHRYSOPHYCEAE: Tribonema; DIATOMEAE; verder Rotatoria en Crustaceae \xe2\x80\x93 parallel-sloot van Hoogtocht (niet schoon gemaakt).\nHet zoutgehalte van het water van het Naardermeer is sinds de afsluiting van de Zuiderzee in 1932 gedaald. Het water, dat, zoals Leentvaar vermeldt, in 1942 nog brak was, is nu volgens hem zeer waarschijnlijk zoet. Prof. Stomps was van mening, dat het zoutgehalte van het Waardermeer toentertijd het voorkomen van Cyanophyceae in de weg stond: \xe2\x80\x9cblauwwieren komen anderzijds in zout water niet voor\xe2\x80\x9d. Indien dit zo was, hoe zouden dan P. Fr\xc3\xa9my zijn 235 pagina\xe2\x80\x99s dikke boek \xe2\x80\x9cLes Cyanophyc\xc3\xa9es des c\xc3\xb4tes d\xe2\x80\x99Europe\xe2\x80\x9d (over op door zeewater overspoelde plaatsen en op zeewieren groeiende blauwwieren) en A. Lindstedt zijn 122 pagina\xe2\x80\x99s tellende werk \xe2\x80\x9cDie Flora der marinen Cyanophyceen der Schwedischen Westk\xc3\xbcste\xe2\x80\x9d hebben kunnen schrijven?

Description: Op 16 mei vond ik in de gemeente Wilnis op de westhelling van de Westveense kade van de Kromme Mijdrecht een vrij dichte vegetatie van Carex reichenbachii.\nVolgens de auteurs van de Flora Neerlandica (I, 3, 1954) \xe2\x80\x9eis de plant zeker vaak over het hoofd gezien.\xe2\x80\x9d Dit is wel aannemelijk, omdat de habitus doet denken aan Carex ligerica of aan een nog niet volgroeide C. brizoides op overeenkomstige standplaatsen. Maar in het onderhavige geval, waarbij een soort van de sectie Arenariae (behalve dan C. disticha) op een kade in het Hafdistrict werd aangetroffen, voelde ik mij door deze merkwaardige groeiplaats wel gedwongen, de plant wat nauwkeuriger te onderzoeken. Onmiddellijk vielen daarbij de gekromde aartjes op, De determinatie gaf, hoewel de urntjes nog niet volledig ontwikkeld waren, geen moeilijkheden. De heer Th.J. Reichgelt bevestigde de juistheid ervan.

Description: De serie door het I.V.O.N. gepubliceerde verspreidingskaartjes van Nederlandse plantensoorten is wederom verkrijgbaar. De prijzen zijn als volgt: afl. 1, 1935, 21 kaartjes van diverse soorten f. 1.35 afl. 2, 1936, 32 kaartjes van diverse soorten \xe2\x80\x9e 2.00 afl. 3, 1936, 18 kaartjes van Potamogeton \xe2\x80\x9e 1.15 afl. 4, 1937, 32 kaartjes van Primulaceae en Orchidaceae f. 2,00 afl. 5, 1938, 16 kaartjes van soorten uit het fluviatiele district \xe2\x80\x9e 1.00 afl. 6, 1939, 32 kaartjes van soorten uit het fluviatiele district, halophyten en akkeronkruiden \xe2\x80\x9e 2.00 afl. 7, 1940, 30 kaartjes van soorten uit het Callunetum, Ericetum en uit Nanocyperion-associaties \xe2\x80\x9e 1.90 afl. 8, 1941, 32 kaartjes van diverse soorten \xe2\x80\x9e 2.00 afl. 9, 1942, 32 kaartjes van Corispermum, Cuscuta en enkele duinen strandplanten \xe2\x80\x9e 2.00 afl. 10, 1951, 16 kaartjes van water- en moerasplanten \xe2\x80\x9e 3.20 afl. 11, 1951, 11 kaartjes van Gramineae \xe2\x80\x9e 2.20 Bestellingen te richten aan het I.V.O.N., Rijksherbarium, afd. Nederland, Nonnensteeg 1, Leiden. Betaling door storting op postrekening 111768 van het Rijksherharium, onder vermelding, \xe2\x80\x9ePlantenkaartees I.V.O.N.\xe2\x80\x9d

Description: Backer, C.A.: Butch-English taxonomic-botanical vocabulary. ed. 2. Bound. Dfl. 12,50; US$ 3.\nSteenis, C.G.G.J. van. Specific and infraspecific delimitation (repr. from Fl. Mal. vol. 5). Dfl. 7,50; US$ 2.

Description: Ferns are by far the largest division of vascular cryptogams, and, for purposes of publication of Flora Malesiana, they will have to be subdivided in a series of parts. This necessarily raises the problem of taxonomic subdivision of ferns into families or other major taxonomic units, a matter on which there is at present no general agreement among pteridologists, except that the more primitive families are generally recognized as distinct groups. As regards the majority of ferns therefore no formal arrangement into families will be attempted.\nThere is however a fairly general agreement that certain groups of genera (e.g. the Davallia group) are natural groups. It is the intention to arrange the genera of ferns in such groups, and to publish the group-revisions in such sequence as may be most practicable. The author of the revision of any particular group must naturally decide the limits he will recognize for the group; and as the whole work will be by more than one author, some differences of opinion as to the delimitations of groups are probably unavoidable. It is believed that such differences of opinion will not be great, and if they occur their existence will be indicated by cross-references.

Description: Alston, A.H.G. 1902-1958 Unfortunately he died suddenly in Spain while on a trip for recovering his health; a serious loss to the British Museum and to the Flora Malesiana as co-editor of the Pteridophyte series.

Description: 1. Sporangia in two rows, embedded in an almost terete spike . . . . . . Ophioglossum 1. Sporangia on branches of the fertile segment of a frond.

Description: As has been done in Series I, Flowering Plants, it seems useful to complete the volume with worthwhile additions and corrections.\nPage numbers are provided with either a or b denoting the left and right columns respectively.

Description: CARL FREDRICK ALBERT CHRISTENSEN (1872-1942) was the founder of modern fern taxonomy. To appreciate the scope of his work, it is necessary to understand the confusions of thought on the subject which persisted through the 19th century and were still evident in the summary prepared (by DIELS) for ENGLER & PRANTL\xe2\x80\x99S Pflanzenfamilien in 1899. CHRISTENSEN\xe2\x80\x99S first great work was his Index Filicum (1905-6) in which he listed all known fern binomials and also relegated many to synonymy. In the main he adopted the classification and nomenclature of DIELS. While preparing the Index he came to realize that many generic concepts accepted in the Index were unnatural or confused. This was especially evident in the great complex of species which he listed under the name Dryopteris. He next made a study of the tropical American species of that complex, and in so doing discovered how to separate them into natural groups (1913, 1920). At the time I first made contact with him (about 1925) he had begun to study ferns of the Old World tropics. I maintained a regular correspondence with him from 1925 to 1940, and sent him many specimens for identification. I also met him in Europe in 1930, 1934 and 1938 and had long discussions with him. I benefited from his wisdom also indirectly through the publications of R. C. CHING, who studied with CHRISTENSEN in 1929-1932 and applied CHRISTENSEN\xe2\x80\x99S ideas to Chinese and Indian ferns in an important series of papers in the 1930s. CHRISTENSEN\xe2\x80\x99S identifications of my collections and his comments upon them were the basis on which my own work was built; in the present Series of Flora Malesiana I have tried to extend his methods and his ideas to a much wider range of species than he could have encountered. To him I am profoundly grateful, and I am concerned also to acknowledge my debt, through him, to some perceptive earlier workers, notably G. H. METTENIUS and JOHN SMITH.\nThe objectives of any scheme of biological classification are to show natural relationships and to provide a means for the identification of individual organisms. It has sometimes been suggested that only the latter objective is important, and that a \xe2\x80\x98practical\xe2\x80\x99 scheme is all that is needed. The history of fern classification has shown that artificial schemes, made without thought as to relationships, do not work; and distribution-maps based on such schemes are meaningless. Fern classification as understood today should be based not only on gross-morphological characters but also on microscopical characters pertaining to the fern\'s anatomy, indument, spores, gametophytes, etc., and on cytotaxonomy.

Description: A fern plant consists of a stem, bearing leaves and roots. The leaves (or some of them) bear dehiscent sporangia, each sporangium containing unicellular spores, which are in most cases Wind-dispersed. A spore germinates to produce a small green plant called a prothallus. The Prothallus bears sexual organs ( archegonia and antheridia). After fertilization by an antherozoid, the female cell in an archegonium grows to form a new fern plant. The life cycle of a fern thus has two phases, asexual (the fern plant) and sexual (the prothallus). These phases are also called the sporophyte and the, gametophyle. The sporophyte is much longer-lived, larger and more diversified than the gametophyte, and its characters are mainly used in taxonomy. The following statement deals with the parts of the sporophyte in turn, with discussion of the kinds of modification of each which occur, and of special terminology. Finally, a note on the gametophyte will be given, including reference to the not infrequent condition in which the sexual process is omitted.\nStem, (a) Shape, size, and habit of growth.\xe2\x80\x94A fern stem may be long and creeping or limbing, in which case it is usually called a rhizome, or it may be short and compact, in which case it is often called a stock, rootstock or caudex. If it grows erect, as in tree-ferns, with a tuft of leaves at its apex, it is called a trunk.

Description: 1. Aquatic plants. 2. Plants floating. Leaves small, simple or bilobed . . . . . . . . . Salviniaceae 2. Plants rooted in earth or on rocks. Leaves larger, more divided. 3. Leaves 4-partite. Sporocarps attached to stipes. . . . . . . . . Marsileaceae 3. Leaves not 4-partite. Sporangia singly or in sori on lower surface of lamina. 4. Sporangia borne singly, protected by reflexed edges of narrow lamina . Adiantum Group 4. Sporangia grouped in sori, on lower surface of lamina, not protected by reflexed edges. 5. Fern of stream-beds in deep shade. Fronds pinnatifid, sori without indusia Polypodiaceae 5. Fern of open swamps. Fronds bipinnatifid, sori indusiate. . . . . Thelypteris Group

Description: A list of books and papers dealing with the taxonomy of Malaysian ferns, published subsequent to Christensen, Index Filicum, Suppl. 3 (1934)

Description: In this paper arguments are put forward to show that Galiella Nannf. & Korf is in no way different from Sarcosoma Casp.

Description: Description et figures de Hydnellum auratile, combinaison nouvelle pour une esp\xc3\xa8ce longtemps oubli\xc3\xa9e, comparaison avec deux autres esp\xc3\xa8ces du m\xc3\xaame groupe et cl\xc3\xa9 de d\xc3\xa9termination.

Description: Plochmopeltis intricata (Ellis & Mart.) Theiss., the type species of the genus Plochmopeltis Theiss. occurs on the underside of leaves of Quercus virginiana var. virescens and Quercus laurifolia. The fungus grows superficially, with flattened ascomata which are not covered with a perithecial wall. The asci are surrounded by paraphysoids, which are brown and furcate into short branches at their apices.\nA new species, collected on leaves of Olea americana is described as Plochmopeltis ellisii v. Arx.\nThe genus Plochmopeltis is related to Schizothyrium Desm. and Phillipsiella Cooke, and should be placed in the Dothiorales.

Description: Bij een inventarisatie van de binnenduinrandbossen der landgoederen van Wassenaar op 13 mei 1959 ontdekten wij tot onze grote verrassing, tezamen met Dr. J. Wilcke en Ir. W.F. Rappard, op bet landgoed Groot Haesebroek een rijke groeiplaats van Poa chaixii, Luzula luzuloides en Luzula maxima.\nDeze soorten komen overigens vrijwel uitsluitend voor in het oosten en zuiden des lands. Poa chaixii, ook in het O. en Z. zeldzaam (met Amersfoort als westelijkste, groeiplaats; door ons alleen gezien hij Oldenzaal, Berg en Dal, Oosterbeek en Gennep), is in het westen tot dusver slechts \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9nmaal waargenomen (Bolnes: wijlen Dr. P. Jansen). Luzula luzuloides, vrij algemeen in Zuid-Limburg en zeldzaam in het subcentreuroop district, is daarbuiten slechts waargenomen in het Haagse Bos, anderhalve eeuw geleden (Van Geuns: zie van Hall, Flora Belgii Septentrionalis); volgens de heer G. Londo te Haarlem (mond. med.) zou zij echter thans nog voorkomen onder beuken aan de binnenduinrand te Bloemendaal. Luzula maxima, eveneens vrij algemeen in Zuid-Limburg en zeldzaam in het subcentreuroop district, is daarbuiten bij ons weten nooit vermeld.

Description: De excursie van de Commissie voor het Floristisch Onderzoek van Nederland uit de K.N.B.V. werd dit jaar gehouden in de omgeving van Steenwijk van 13 tot 18 juli. Het aantal deelnemers bedroeg 16.\nDe volgende tochten werden gemaakt, waarbij in de aangegeven uurhokken werd ge\xc3\xafnventariseerd.

Description: De hoklijsten van 1950 en daarvoor zijn thans ingeboekt in de albums Q 3, R 1/2, R 3, R 4, S 1/2, S 3 en de uurhok-gegevens daaruit zijn alle overgenomen op overzichtsbladon voor heel Nederland schaal 1 : 1.500.000.\nNu zijn in bewerking de albums P 2, P 3, Q 2 en Q 4, waarmee dan de oude gegevens van bet Deltagebied en zijn randen ter raadpleging beschikbaar komen.

Description: Dat er zelfs in het dicht bevolkte westen van ons land nog terreinen zijn, die botanisch nog nooit of slechts zeer onvoldoende onderzocht zijn, bleek o.a. uit het artikel van de heren Kruseman en Westhoff in het Corr. blad no.13 betreffende een tot nu toe onbekende groeiplaats van Poa chaixii, Luzula luzuloides en Luzula maxima bij Wassenaar. Zelf ontdekte ik dit jaar enige dergelijke groeiplaatsen in de omgeving van Haarlem aan de binnenduinrand.\nDe eerste groeiplaats is gelegen aan de Midden Duin- en Daalseweg te Bloemendaal en bestaat uit een voornamelijk met beuken gegroeide steile oostholling, die in de loop der tijd verkaveld is als bouwgrond voor villa\xe2\x80\x99s. Het aspect van de kruidlaag wordt in de voorzomer bepaald door de bier massaal groeiende Hieracia, waarvan drie soorten voorkomen: Hieracium praecox Schultz -Sip,(ssp. cinerascens (Jord.) Sudre?) \xe2\x80\x9e lachenalii C.C. Gmel. ssp. scanicum (Dahlst.) Zahn \xe2\x80\x9e maculatum Sm. ssp, maculatum

Description: Er bestaat op het ogenblik de neiging de kleine waterweegbree Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. te noemen in plaats van Echinodorus ranunculoides (L.) Engelm. In de nieuwste druk van de flora van Heukels-van Ooststroom werd deze naam in de Nederlandse literatuur ge\xc3\xafntroduceerd. In mijn Alismataoeae-bewerking voor de Flora Malesiana (1957) heb ik de naam reeds afgewezen, doch een nadere argumentatie zal de Nederlandse floristen stellig interesseren.\nIn 1854 heeft Parlatore Schinodorus ranunculoides als het type van een nieuw monotypisch genus Baldellia aangevoerd, doch hij werd niet nagevolgd. Volgens Pichon (1946) is er evenwel alle reden voor om dit wel te doen, want hij meende niet minder dan 4 kenmerken gevonden te hebben, waarin E. ranunculoides van de andere Echinodorus-soorten zou afwijken.

Description: Tijdens een bezoek van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Commissie van de voorlopige Natuurbeschermingsraad aan het eiland Rottum op 28 juli 1958 verzamelde Dr. W. Vervoort, Leiden, een 47-tal Phanerogamen. Dit was voor ons aanleiding om na te gaan, wat er tot nu toe over de flora van Rottum in de Nederlandse literatuur gepubliceerd was.\nOude gegevens hierover vinden wij in een artikel van L.A. Cohen in het Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie 7, 1840, p. 445, getiteld Berigten omtrent de natuurlijke geschiedenis van het eiland Rottum. Daarna volgt in 1870 het bekende werk van P. Holkema, De Plantengroei der Nederlandsche Noordzeeeilanden. De volgende publicatie over de flora van Rottum is van W.W. Schipper, on wel in N.K.A. III,1 , 1897, p. 209 en in idem, 1898, p. 358. Vervolgens vinden we nog van J.P. Thijsse enkele in hoofdzaak ornithologische artikelen in De Levende Natuur, waarin echter ook enige gegevens over de plantengroei te vinden zijn en wel in D.L.N. 15, 1911, pp. 385 en 405, D.L.N. 16, 1911, pp. 193, 217 en 241, D.L.N. 17, 1912, p. 193, D.L.N. 21, 1916, p. 215 en D.L.N. 22, 1917, p. 185.

Description: Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. Te Leeuwarden aan een weg langs de spoorlijn. dicht bij Koopmans Meelfabrieken, trof ik, tussen planten van het fluitekruid, een groot exemplaar van Myrrhis odorata aan.\nTuinen zijn niet in de buurt; het zal dus een exemplaar zijn, dat uit aangeveerd zaad is opgeslagen.

Description: Op boomkwekerijen, waar men zaad van deze heester, zowel uit de duinen als uit het Alpengebied uitzaait, ziet men een duidelijk verschil tussen de duin- en do Alpenplanten. Hoewel beide vari\xc3\xabren, zijn die uit de duinen voorzien van meer doornen, breder blad en grotere vruchten.\nOnze landgenoot, Prof. J.L. van Soest heeft ze beschreven als ssp. maritima en ssp. fluviatilis (Mitt. der Florist. -sociolog. Arbeitsgemeinschaft N.F. 1952, Heft 3).

Description: Mijn eerste aantekeningen over Solanum triflorum, die hier plaatselijk veelvuldig groeide, dateren van september 1952. Na 1955 was ik hier echter niet meer geweest en toen ik op 26 juli 1959 met A. Dijkshoorn opnieuw genoemde duinen onderzocht, was ik zeer benieuwd naar het voorkomen van deze soort.\nOp de ons vroeger bekende groeiplaats bleek Solanum triflorum geheel verdwenen te zijn en plaats gemaakt te hebben voor een ruige vegetatie van Calamagrostis epigeios en Hippophae rhamnoides. Op kleine afstand hier vandaan nu is kort geleden een stuk duin gedeeltelijk afgegraven en grote aantallen grote sterns, visdiefjes en meeuwen gebruiken deze zandvlakte als rustplaats. Het droge zand met veel schelpen is gedeeltelijk overdekt met een dun kleilaagje, He klei werd vroeger gebruikt om de dijken bij de monding van het Noordzeekanaal te verstevigen en is waarschijnlijk door verstuiven op deze plaats terecht gekomen, Deze zandvlakte van ongeveer 20 x 50 m bleek vrijwel uitsluitend begroeid te zijn met Solanum triflorum. Stuivend zand hoopte zich op tussen de Solanumpolletjes, die rijkelijk van vogelfaeces voorzien waren.

Description: Hen inwoner van Leiden met belangstelling voor floristiek loopt gevaar om te versomberen. Hij heeft in zijn omgeving de min of meer vaste vindplaatsen van een hoogst bescheiden aantal zeldzame planten, waarmee hij eventuele gasten van elders desgewenst, in het juiste seizoen, kan confronteren, maar overigens leeft hij vrijwel te midden van een tot wanhoop drijvende cultuursteppe, enkele moeilijk toegankelijke terreinen (Kaaggebied!) niet te na gesproken. Wanneer zulk een florist zijn gedrukte stemming eens extra wil accentueren bladert hij in Molkenboer en Kerbert\xe2\x80\x99s Flora Leidensis. Hij verneemt daaruit hoe anders zijn ervaringen zouden zijn uitgevallen indien hij omstreeks 1840 geleefd had. (Zijn gemoedstoestand brengt mee, dat hij daarbij liefst over het hoofd ziet, dat de moderne handige determineerboekjes toen nog niet bestonden). M. & K. toveren hem een fraaie wereld voor. Op de koren- en vlasakkers van de Hoge Mors en langs de legendarische Duifhuislaan was het kennelijk om te watertanden en ook van andere plaatsen worden de in onze ogen vreemdste vondsten vermeld. Wellicht op grond van de schilderachtige naam treft hem daarbij de herhaalde vermelding van de Morsebel-polder onder Oegstgeest. \xe2\x80\x9eCarex caespitosa L.\xe2\x80\x9d, zo leest hij, maar hij troost zich, aan de hand van Flora Neerlandica deel I, afl. 3, blz. 89, met de gedachte, dat het wel Carex nigra (L.) Reichard zal zijn geweest, die er trouwens nu nog staat. Verder stuit hij op Medicago muricata D.C. (wat dat ook raag zijn!), Montia fontana L., Aster tripolium L., Myosurus minimus L. en Fritillaria meleagris L.; de laatste heide \xe2\x80\x9ein menigten\xe2\x80\x9d. Met welbehagen stelt hij daartegenover vast, dat Samolus valerandi L. ter plaatse aan de toenmalige floristen is ontsnapt of zich pas later heeft gevestigd.

Description: Van 4-11 Juli 1959 werd door de B.S.B.I. een excursie gehouden naar N.W.- Frankrijk (Pas de Calais, Somme, Seine-Maritime) onder leiding van Dr. Francis Ros\xc3\xa9 (Londen).\nBehalve door circa 20 Engelsen werd aan de gehele excursie deelgenomen door Prof. Jovet (Parijs), terwijl enige andere Franse botanici, veelal amateurs, gehun durende enkele dagen door hun locale kennis diensten bewezen. Bovendien was Belgi\xc3\xab door \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n deelnemer en Nederland door beide ondergetekenden vertegenwoordigd.

Description: A subdivision of pollen types based only on different dimensions is very dubious. An example is given, taken from the miocene browncoal in the Lower-Rhine area of Germany and the Netherlands.

Description: The Veluwe is a stretch of high ground in the central part of the Netherlands, north of the river Rhine and south of the IJssel Meer, i.e. the former Zuiderzee, and the polders reclaimed from the latter.\nGeologically the area consists of three formations: 1. ridges which owe their origin to the pressure of the land ise, and which consist of sands deposited as river sediments in preglacial times; 2. a fluvioglacial formation; on some of these plains small but steep hills are found; 3. aeolian sediments: l\xc3\xb6ss and cover-sands (cf. VINK, 1949); they were deposited in the late-glacial period.

Description: Het adventiefterrein \xe2\x80\x9cde Dwinger\xe2\x80\x9d tussen Wartena en Eernewoude blijft nog steeds voor nieuwe verrassingen zorgen. In 1958 konden wij het terrein slechts een drietal malen bezoeken; toch werd er weer een aantal nieuwe soorten aangetroffen. Alleen de nieuwe soorten worden hier vermeld; vondsten van 1955, 1956 en 1957 vonden reeds eerder een plaatsje in het Corr.blad (no. 1,4,8).

Description: Bij een bezoek aan Schiermonnikoog, in september 1958, zagen wij een interessant verschijnsel met betrekking tot het kiemen van zaden.\nAan de noordzijde van het eiland, 200 m ten oosten van de Reddingsweg, bevindt zich een duinvlakte, begroeid met een Juncus gerardi-gezelschap met o.a. Potentilla anserina, Agrostis stolonifera, Glaux maritima en Samolus valerandi. Door deze vlakte is vorig jaar een greppel gegraven van ongeveer een halve meter diep. De strekking van de greppelwanden is n.w.-z.o., de helling 45\xc2\xb0.