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  • Chemical Engineering  (583)
  • 1955-1959  (583)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 17-19 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The derived thermodynamic properties of acetylene have been determined over a temperature range of 32 to 500°F. and up to pressures of 2,000 lb./sq. in. abs. The data were calculated from vapor pressure, volumetric, and heat-capacity data by the use of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data were found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate within ±1.0 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to ±0.001 B.t.u./(lb.)(°R.).
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  • 3
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 10-16 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of equilibrium composition for the hydration of ethylene to form ethanol have been calculated for a series of elevated pressures and temperatures by using equilibrium data available from previous low-pressure studies. To obtain satisfactory agreement between these values and those measured experimentally, it is essential (1) to take into account the formation of ethyl ether and (2) to use available vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary ethanol-water system at elevated temperatures, instead of the standard “mixture rules” often employed.Thermochemical data and low-pressure equilibrium data for both the ethylene hydration and ether formation reactions are critically reviewed. Experimentally measured values for the equilibrium concentrations of ethanol and ether in the liquid phase at 221°C. and 273 atm., with dilute sulfuric acid used as catalyst in a lined rocking-bomb reactor, are presented.
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 20-25 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a review of the field of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The three essential steps in the use of this form of thermodynamics are the calculation of the entropy production, the setting up of the linear phenomenological equations, and the use of the Onsager reciprocal relation. The most important applications are to the transport processes, especially to the coupling phenomena which occur when two or more such processes take place in the same system.
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  • 5
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved method is presented for handling isomer groups in the calculation of chemical equilibria in complex hydrocarbon mixtures. The new method reduces the number of simulataneous equations involved and makes practical the rigorous calculation of any hydrocarbon system for which free-energy data are available, no matter how complex.
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  • 6
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 29-30 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although a considerable amount of work has been done on the compressibility of n-hexane, it has been impossible until now to compare or evaluate the work of the various investigators. There has also been a serious lack of information in the region above the critical temperature. It is the purpose of this work to make an extensive study of temperatures of 240° to 300°C. and of pressures up to 225 atm. in order to provide the lacking information and to overlap with the work of other investigators so that a proper evaluation of their work may be made.
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  • 7
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 30-36 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper illustrates the application of the root-locus method in the design of a control system for a theoretical stirred-tank reactor. The merits of control by measuring reactor concentration or temperature were considered at both an unstable and stable steady state reactor condition. The modes of control studied were proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-rate.
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  • 8
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 46-50 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are presented for three ternary systems and the quaternary at pressures of 500 and 1,000 1b./sq. in. abs. and at temperatures of -100° and -200°F. These data along with information in the literature were correlated to give charts of equilibrium ratios as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition.
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is proposed that measurements of reaction rate as a function of position within turbulent flames be the basis of an approach to the problem of turbulent-flame propagation. As a test of the method, measurements of static pressure, impact pressure, and chemical composition were made at several positions within the burning zones of two simulated ramjet combustion chambers. From these measurements a complete mapping of compositions, velocity components, densities, and static pressures could be carried out. By calculation of the appropriate derivatives of the latter quantities, the differential form of the equation of continuity for the species desired could be solved for net reaction rate as a function of position, turbulent diffusion being neglected. By a similar technique the equation of momentum was used to obtain eddy viscosities. The latter results were used to estimate the effect of turbulent diffusion by assuming a turbulent Schmidt number of unity.It is concluded that the method of attack used is a reasonable approach to the problem of turbulent flame propagation, having a special advantage in that it can be used to discover relationships between the rate of reaction and the patterns of the mean flow.
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 290-294 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a determination of the effect of solute concentration on gas-phase mass transfer rates carbon tetrachloride was vaporized at three different concentration levels in a short 4.0-in.-diameter column packed with 0.5-in. Raschig rings.The experimental data indicate that previous mass transfer correlations should be modified to include a term (PBM/PT)2/3 and that the Schmidt number should be evaluated at average film conditions.The correlation found is suitable for predicting gas-phase mass transfer coefficients which can be combined with effective interfacial areas reported previously to obtain volumetric mass transfer coefficients for any gas-liquid-solute system.
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  • 11
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 295-300 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of multicomponent distillation is considered for a column with an arbitrary number of feed streams and an arbitrary number of side-stream withdrawals. The overheads from the side-stream strippers are admitted to the column, introducing the inert stripping medium into the main column. Provisions are made in the calculations for complete heat balancing, inert injection, and internal reflux cooling. The method of computation is that of a previous paper involving the component-by-component technique. Calculations are made on the main column and give first approximations to the side-stream compositions; stripper calculations are then initiated. An alternating procedure is instituted between the main column and the strippers, the successive iterations continuing until a preassigned accuracy in the desired quantities is reached. An extensive numerical problem is worked.
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  • 12
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 310-314 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particulate fluidization and sedimentation data were taken over the Reynolds number range of 0.005 to 1,800 by means of glass spheres in both water and ethylene glycol. Porosities for each series of measurements varied from about 0.50 to 0.91 and larger. The closely sized samples of spheres used were obtained by grinding between glass plates. The data for Reynolds numbers up to about 0.5 are in excellent agreement with the laminar theory of Ruth and the porosity function from Ruth's theory gave a satisfactory correlation of all the data, both laminar and turbulent.
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  • 13
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 319-324 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of air bubbles at constant pressure at submerged orifices was investigated for several liquids. The frequency of formation of the bubbles was determined by the use of a stroboscope, and the rate of gas flow was measured with conventional rotameters. Several orifices having diameters ranging from 0.0794 to 0.397 cm. were employed, and the gas flow rate was varied from about 0.1 cc. (at standard conditions)/sec. to about 150 cc./sec. It was found that the formation of bubbles could be correlated with the physical variables of the system by the application of Newton's second law of motion to the bubble at the instant just prior to its release from the orifice.
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  • 14
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prediction of the transfers of momentum, energy, and material is of ever-pressing concern to the engineer interested in process design. Recently developed facts concerning the transport of momentum which are of particular use in predicting transfers of energy and material are reviewed, as well as the background of thermodynamics associated with transport processes. The more elemental relationships pertaining to thermal and material transfer in flowing streams are considered, and some of the interrelations of the transport processes are presented.
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  • 15
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 135-136 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 136-136 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 10M 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 391-393 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equilibrium data are presented for the exchange of Fe+++ and H+ on a sulfonated polystyrene exchanger. The data cover solution concentrations from 0.05 N to 2 N in total cation for solutions having either nitrate or perchlorate ion as the common anion. The nitrate system shows irregular behavior because of complex ion formation, but for composition where such behavior is absent the equilibrium data can be correlated by equations based on the law of mass action. Equilibrium compositions for the perchlorate system can be correlated over the entire range studied by a single equation based on the law of mass action. Methods based on the law of mass action are presented for correlating or predicting equilibrium compositions for both systems.
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  • 20
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 496-501 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapor-phase reaction between ethylene oxide and water to form glycols has been carried out under a wide range of conditions with particles of polystyrene-sulfonic acid ion exchange resins used as catalysts. The rates observed appeared to be directly proportional to the product of the partial pressure of ethylene oxide and the amount of water sorbed by the resin. By use of the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller equation to describe the amount of water sorbed by the resin, the experimental data were correlated over a sixty-fold range of reaction rates with a mean deviation of 15%.To obtain data of value in elucidating reaction mechanisms, the reactor was usually run under “differential” conditions, that is low conversions. However in a few runs conversions of as high as 54% were obtained for a contact time of 0.02 sec. The ratio of ethylene glycol to higher glycols (selectivity) obtained varied between 73 and 99% but was usually above 80% under conditions of high conversion. However it could also be reduced forcibly to produce higher glycols as the major product, if desired.
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 403-406 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer coefficients have been obtained for natural-convection film boiling of helium I on single wires with a diameter ranging from 5 to 50 μ. The measurements covered temperature differences of 30° to 1,000 °K. between the heating surface and the saturated liquid under atmospheric pressure. The results are correlated in dimensionless from (Nusselt number vs. the product of the Grashof and Prandtl numbers) and compared with data for nitrogen and measurements of other investigators on film boiling of liquefied gases.
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 407-409 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 7S 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 8S 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 412-563 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Void fractions (fraction of the flow cross-sectional area occupied by the gas phase) have been measured for steam-water flows in an adiabatic, horizontal test section of 0.484 in. I.D. at 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 1b./sq. in. gauge. A comprehensive survey of void data for two-phase concurrent flow is included in the paper, and the data, including the Martinelli and homogeneous flow model predictions, are compared. System characteristics, involving one- and two-component flows in horizontal and vertical test sections with and without heat transfer over a range of flow ratios, total flow rates, and pressure, are too complex, and the data available are neither extensive nor precise enough to warrant the generation of over-all correlations. Use of the void data in correlating two-phase frictional pressure drops is discussed. A model has been presented for the prediction of critical flows based upon the void data, and calculations have been made for steam-water critical flows over a range of critical pressures from 15 to 2,000 1b./sq. in. abs.
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 436-439 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The current understanding of the macroscopic (bulk) properties of polar substances in terms of molecular theory, or the correlation of them in terms of corresponding-states principles is summarized.
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 446-452 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An open type of reciprocating-plate extraction column was developed, and it is proposed that the scaling up of such a column should be straightforward; that is, the height of an equivalent theoretical stage (H.E.T.S.) and the throughput per unit area should be independent of the diameter of the column.Plates having 5/8-in.-diameter holes and 62.8% free space were selected to minimize the resistance to countercurrent flow in the column. With this design low H.E.T.S. values were achieved at throughputs much higher than those reported for other columns. Thus for two systems the present column was shown to require the lowest volume of column to accomplish a given extraction job. Data were obtained in a 3-in.-diameter column on two systems, methyl isobutyl ketone-acetic acid-water and o-xylene-acetic acid-water. Throughputs studied on the first system ranged from 547 to 1,837 gal./hr./sq. ft., and the corresponding minimum H.E.T.S. values achieved were 4.3 and 7.5 in. respectively. For the second system minimum H.E.T.S. values of 7.7 and 9.1 in. were attained at throughputs of 424 and 804 gal./hr./sq. ft. respectively.Extraction column design procedures are discussed. The fabrication of the reciprocating-plate column is relatively simple, and this should encourage its use first in pilot-scale sizes and ultimately in large-scale columns.
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 76-79 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel nitrates from aqueous solution would add to the fundamental knowledge of extraction of metal salts. In experiments performed to determine the extractibility of these metals as nitrates from aqueous solutions by organic solvents, normal butanol was found to be the best solvent and gave equilibrium distribution coefficients K for cobalt or nickel nitrate of about 0.3. The presence of nitric acid tended to decrease these at high metal concentrations.In mixtures of the two metals the K value of either metal was found to depend on the total metal concentration. Low separation factors of about 1.3 were obtained. Very high K values of over 5 were obtained for the equilibrium extraction of the nitric acid in the presence of the metal nitrates by the n-butanol an indication of commercial possibilities.
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  • 30
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 458-466 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The work reported in this paper is an outgrowth of an exploratory investigation of the feasibility of spray drying of materials in solution by using direct-contact heat transfer from a hot liquid rather than a gas to vaporize the solvent from the drops. Unexpectedly, it was found that drops suspended in a hot liquid had to be superheated to a very extreme degree in order to initiate vaporization. This effect was of such interest that the investigation was modified to a fundamental study of the vaporization of drops containing no dissolved solids. The results are closely related to problems of bubble formation in boiling, cavitation, and in the evolution of gases from supersaturated solutions. The experimental technique developed in this study is believed to be unique and capable of giving quite accurate data on homogeneous nucleation in superheated drops. After a discussion of the theory of homogeneous nucleation in pure liquids, the theory is extended to the formation of bubbles in superheated drops. The theoretical predictions were found to be in close agreement with the experimental results.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 467-474 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Radiant transfer through fibrous and foamed insulating materials was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Transmission measurements were made under isothermal conditions with a black-body source varying from 200° to 800°F. Bulk density and fiber and pore size were also varied. These data were interpreted successfully in terms of a simple theoretical model. The results provide design information and define the contributions of the several mechanisms of transfer.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 474-482 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Relationships are developed for establishing the most economic values of the major variables of a liquid-extraction process, including the concentrations of solute in recycled solvent and rejected raffinate, the solvent-to-feed ratio, and for mixer-settlers certain of the design features. Consideration is given to costs of extraction and solvent recovery, as well as to the value of unextracted solute and lost solvent. For the design of mixer settlers scale-up relationships are developed to permit prediction of the stage efficiency of a large extractor from experimental data taken on a small scale. These are expressed in terms of a scale-up index relating the relative size of the mixer with the volumetric rates of liquid flow. It is shown that the cost of multistage extractor increases with scale up in a different fashion from the stage efficiency, depending upon the scale-up index used. A detailed study of the costs for a typical case led to the development of economic scale-up indexes which, because they cover nearly a fivefold ratio of fixed to operating costs, are of fairly general utility. The common practice of scaling up with equal holding times on the large and small scale is shown to be amply safe from the point of view of stage efficiency to be realized on the large scale but usually uneconomic.Simplification of the complete system of equations permits rapid estimation of the most economic circumstances for any type of countercurrent extractor of which the cost per stage is proportional to Qg.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 7M 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 565 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 566 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 5D-5D 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 240-244 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The present investigation is concerned with the dynamic characteristics of a 12-in. diameter continuous agitated-tank reactor vessel. Response of the vessel effiuent temperature to a change in coolant flow rate through an internal cooling surface is the subject of theoretical and experimental study. Experimental data were obtained through the use of frequency and transient response techniques. Studies were made for the passage of vessel-charge fluids with widely differing physical properties. Also data were taken for various conditions of fluid turbulence both inside and outside the internal heat transfer coils. Experimental and theoretical results are graphically compared. Recommendations are presented for the development of theoretical dynamic relationships.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Photoggraphic methods have been used to study the behavior of water flowing freely down vertical surfaces under the influence of gravity at Reynolds numbers between 200 and 30,000. The physical appearances of the liquid layers in transitional and fully turbulent flow have been noted. Layer thicknesses have been obtained from high-speed photographs and correlated with liquid Reynolds numbers, the range of experimental data thus being extended into the fully turbulent region. A simple basis of comparison with flow between parallel plates has been developed.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The properties of vapor mixtures and liquid solutions which determine phase equilibria are of special importance in separation processes. They include the vapor-phase imperfections; the liquid-phase activity coefficents; and the excess heat, entropy, and free energy of mixing.Correlation of these properties in nonpolar mixtures is relatively simple, but in mixtures of polar and nonpolar compounds the molecular interactions lead to more complex relations. Semiempirical relations reported earlier (3, 4) have been used to calculate the vapor imperfections and to correlate the liquid-phase activity coefficients.Temperature variations of the activity coefficients can reflect the true heat and entropy effects in solution if sufficient vapor-liquid equilibria are available for a careful and consistent treatment. This is illustrated with binary mixtures of benzene and the n-aliphatic alcohols, methanol to pentanol. The results are compared with calorimetric data available in the literature.The consistent set of cross-correlated coefficients provides a basis for calculating both isothermal and isobaric vapor-liquid equilibria at various conditions for the binaries and for certain ternary and multicomponent mixtures without any additional data.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 267-268 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From time to time, A.I.Ch.E. Journal presents translations of certain technical articles written by our Japanese colleagues in their own language. These translations are made by Kenzi Etani, who received his B.S. in chemical engineering in 1953 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology and his M.S. in 1955 at M.I.T. He is associated with Stone & Webster and is an associate member of American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He is also a member of the Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan, and the Japan Oil Chemists' Society. His offer to help break down the language barrier is acknowledged.Abstracts, notation, literature cited, tables, and figure captions not published here appear in English in the original paper. No figure will be reproduced in these translations.The following article was published in Chemical Engineering (Japan), 21, pages 17-25 (1957).
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 367-372 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: After an extensive literature survey the experimental thermal-conductivity data for twelve diatomic gases were utilized to produce an accurate and expedient means of predicting values over extensive ranges of temperature and pressure. Plotting values of k* against TR on logarithmic coordinates produced similarities pointing to the existence of corresponding states behavior for this family of substances with the exception of hydrogen. Because hydrogen cannot be included in a correlation generalized for the diatomic gases, it has been eliminated from this study. Based on atmospheric pressure data, ratios of k*/k*Tc produced a unique relationship with reduced temperature. To include the effect of pressure, residual thermal conductivities were correlated with density for nitrogen and oxygen, the only substances for which high-pressure data exist. These relationships enabled the determination of the thermal conductivity at the critical point. When the value kc = 8.55 × 10-5 cal./sec. cm. °K. for nitrogen was used, au extensive reduced thermal-conductivity correlation was constructed against reduced temperature for parameters of constant reduced pressure. This chart, extending to reduced pressures of 100 and to reduced temperatures of 85, is recommended for the diatomic gases in their gaseous and liquid states.The developed correlation reproduces experimental nitrogen data to within 1.39%. For the other diatomic gases experimental agreement extends from 1.00 to 3.20%. Such agreement indicates that this correlation is more reliable for the diatomic gases than are other generalized plots presented in the literature.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 384-390 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown in a series of illustrative examples how the conversion efficiency of many reactions can be markedly affected by the type of reactor used, even though the temperatures, catalyst, and basic kinetics are already fixed by the chemistry of the process.For such purpose graphical and analytic criteria are developed which permit the selection of a continuous stirred tank or tubular reactor system to obtain the most advantageous conversion of raw material to desired product. When a continuous stirred tank reactor process is preferable, the optimum number of reactor stages for maximum conversion is one. An example is given of a case where a combination of a continuous stirred tank and a tubular reactor is advantageous.A new graphical method of reactor design for simple or complex reactions is also introduced. This method utilizes continuous stirred tank reactor data directly rather than batch data or kinetics analyses.Reactions are classified according to the kinetic and stoichiometric characteristics which determine the allowable design procedures and the differences in the compostions paths occurring in batch, tubular, or continuous stirred tank reactors.The mathematical analysis of continuous stirred tank reactor systems for complex reactions leads to a set of difference equations. For cases of zero- or first-order reactions these are readily solved as illustrated in examples, even when several independent components influence the reaction kinetics.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 433-435 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: In pipeline design, for which one needs a means of ascertaining whether the flow will be laminar or turbulent, the Reynolds number is the criterion for Newtonian fluids. The principal purpose of this study was to formulate a more general criterion to characterize the flow regime and to test this form in application to non-Newtonian fluids.Intuitive physical arguments suggested the use of a local stability parameter which is a function of the ratio of input energy to energy dissipation for an element of fluid. If the parameter is applied to a Newtonian fluid in laminar pipe flow, one finds that it has a maximum value of 0.385 times the critical Reynolds number, or 808. As the criterion is presumed to be general, it is inferred that the value of 808 defines the boundary between stable laminar and stable turbulent pipe flow for all fluids. The inference has been varified for several pseudoplastic fluids.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 440-445 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental two-phase flow study was made on an air-water system at atmospheric pressure to obtain information on the effect of expansion and contraction of flow area on the relative velocity of the two phases. The data show that the relative velocity and hence the mean void fraction of the air-water mixture changed following either an expansion or contraction; however the magnitude of the change was not great and could be predicted by a semitheoretical equation. The air-water data are also compared with data taken from a steam-water system at 150 to 600 lb./sq. in. In addition, a photographic study was made of the transition zone, and phase distributions were obtained by the use of a radiation attenuation traversing technique.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 174-177 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The free-surface model, successfully employed to predict sedimentation, resistance to flow, and viscosity in assemblages of spherical particles, has been extended to the case of flow relative to cylinders. It is shown to be in good agreement with existing data on beds of fibers of various types and flow through bundles of heat-exchanger tubes for cases where it can reasonably be expected to apply. Close agreement in the dilute range with the only theoretical treatment for flow parallel to a square array of cylinders provides interesting validation of the model.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959) 
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 3-9 
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    Notes: This work considers the importance of vapor-phase nonideal mixing in high-pressure equilibrium and rate-process calculations. New techniques are presented for calculating vapor-phase fugacity coefficients in nonideal mixtures.The equilibrium properties of gaseous mixtures are represented by a virial equation of state which is adequate for the vast majority of chemical engineering problems. Techniques based on an extension of the corresponding-states theory are given for estimating the various coefficients appearing in the equation of state; these estimates appear to be reliable for a large variety of nonpolar or weakly polar systems. Techniques based on the theory of intermolecular forces are also presented for polar systems and for a limited class of mixtures containing hydrogen-bonding components. The proposed methods of calculation are illustrated by a large variety of problems occurring in common chemical engineering calculations, and it is shown that failure to correct for vapor-phase nonideal mixing can, in some cases, lead to very large errors.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 51-54 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Profiles of mean local velocities have been experimentally determined in a smooth, concentric, horizontal annulus having a radius ratio of 0.331. The test fluid was water at room temperature flowing steadily at Reynolds numbers in the viscous, transition, and lower turbulent ranges. The transitional profiles, obtained by means of an impact probe, are summarized and discussed. Limits of the transition zone are established, and variation of the radius of maximum velocity with Reynolds number is confirmed.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 54-60 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some characteristics are reported for the fluidization of an air-microspheroidal catalyst system in a 16-in.-diameter bed equipped with baffles. The back-mixing characteristics and retention-time distributions of gas and solids, allowable gas and solids velocities, entrainment rate, and bed density are studied as functions of baffle design.It is shown that the use of baffles narrows the retention-time spectrum and permits either concurrent or countercurrent flow while not seriously reducing gas or solids throughput or solids holdup.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 69-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Part A of this paper is essentially a continuation of a previous paper on the theoretical plate concept in chromatography (4). It deals with some special cases of eluting conditions and zone shapes. A more general equation, which combines both elution and deposition, is derived, and methods for approximating a continuous zone by means of a discontinuous one are discussed.Part B discusses the effect of the finite size of samples and the dead free volume at the bottom of the column on the shape of elution curves. The effect of representative sample volumes is calculated, and the deviation between the experimental and the true elution curves is illustrated.A simple expression for the number of theoretical plates utilizing the ratio between the maximum concentrations at the top and bottom of the column is derived and corrected for the effect of the finite size of samples.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 73-75 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Laminar forced-convection heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel (flat duct) with uniform heat flux at the walls is analyzed. The velocity and temperature distributions, both uniform at the entrance section, develop simultaneously as the fluid flows through the duct. The heat transfer results, obtained for the Prandtl-number range of 0.01 to 50, include the Nusselt-number variation along the channel and the wall-temperature variation corresponding to the prescribed uniform heat flux.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 79-85 
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    Notes: Experiments of heat and mass transfer from the tube wall to the fluids flowing through the packed beds were carried out separately. In heat transfer air was used as the fluid, and several kinds of solid particles with low and high thermal conductivities were investigated to determine effective thermal conductivities and wall heat transfer coefficients. In mass transfer the dissolution rate of the coated material on the inner wall of the packed tube to the water stream was measured, and wall mass transfer coefficients were analyzed. It was found that a close similarity exists between the JH and JD factor for the wall coefficients in the turbulent-flow region.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 93-97 
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    Notes: Experimental data are presented for two different methods of operating vertical moving fluidized systems of glass spheres and water: free countercurrent fluidization and bottom-restrained nonfed, or batch, fluidization. Data for a lead-shot-and-water system are also reported. A comparison is made of these data with a generalized theoretical analysis of ideal fluidized systems. The validity of a single characteristic holdup vs. slip-velocity relationship is illustrated, and consideration is also given to the prediction of flooding in the free countercurrent systems.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 122-124 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 145-149 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The effect of back mixing of either phase in an extraction column, which decreases the extraction efficiency, is analyzed theoretically by means of an idealized diffusion model that can be characterized by four dimensionless parameters: a Peclet number of each phase, a mass transfer number, and the usual extraction factor. Calculations for a wide range of these parameters were performed on a digital computer.The principal results, presented in a table, will be useful in the design and scale up of extraction columns and in the interpretation of experimental results from extractors and from some reactors in which a first-order reaction occurs.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 139-144 
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    Notes: Mass transfer in packed columns has been investigated for a variety of column and packing sizes but at flow rates restricted to fully developed turbulent conditions. The present work was undertaken to investigate mass transfer at flow-rate conditions in the transition and laminar regions.A dual treatment of experimental data required a knowledge of the variation of concentration and velocity with radial position. A tracer-injection technique was employed which consisted in the introduction of a tracer gas into the center of a bulk gas stream and the measurement of the tracer-gas concentration at various radial positions downstream. The velocity distribution for the packed column was determined by means of a five-loop, circular, hot-wire anemometer. The test column was a vertical 4-in, pipe. packed with 1/4-in. spherical, ceramic catalyst-support pellets.Mass transfer diffusivity and Peclet number were determined from two solutions of the differential-diffusion equation applied in previous investigations. An analytical solution in terms of Bessel functions was used to calculate values of average diffusivity and Peclet number and a seminumerical solution in terms of homogeneous linear-difference equations to calculate values of point diffusivity and Peclet number.Variation of diffusivity and Peclet number with radial position is shown, average diffusivity and Peclet number being correlated with Reynolds number. The interaction of molecular and eddy mass transfer mechanisms with decreasing mass velocity is illustrated by defining a molecular and an eddy Peclet number and correlating with Reynolds number. Eddy diffusivity is correlated as a function of local flow conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 397-402 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In connection with a study of the mechanism of gas absorption the problem arose of predicting absorption rates into laminar liquid jets. A solution to the problem is presented in this paper, which provides an example of the application of fluid dynamics to the analysis of mass transfer in a complex flow system.The water jets considered here issued from circular nozzles of about 1.5-mm diameter, flowed intact downward through an atmosphere of solute gas at average velocities of from 75 to 550 cm./sec. over distances of 1 to 15 cm., and were collected in a receiver slightly larger in diameter than the nozzles. Equations describing the liquid flow near the jet surface are deduced from measurements of jet diameter and analogy to related flow situations. When one uses these equations, absorption rates are predicted from unsteady state diffusion theory with the assumption of interfacial equilibrium. The predicted rates for carbon dioxide at 25°C are in close agreement with experimental determinations over the observed range of contact time of the liquid with gas, namely 0.003 to 0.04 sec.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 502-505 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Pure liquids were evaporated in a wetted-wall column into flowing streams of air to investigate the thickness and transfer resistance of gas films.It was found necessary to express Reynolds number relative to the liquid surface to correlate transfer with gas flow.Laminar and buffer layers in the gas phase were calculated from fluid-flow principles and compared to the effective film thickness calculated from mass transfer and molecular diffusivity. Good agreement was obtained, indicating applicability of fluid mechanics to mass transfer problems.Eddy diffusivity was indicated to have a negligible effect upon the total resistance to transfer. Consequently it might be concluded that in packed towers where distances in the turbulent phase are shorter transfer between phases depends almost entirely upon molecular diffusivity.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 506-509 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: After application of a biochemical technique, size distribution of liquid drops from air bubbles blown through water and a butanol and glycerine solution filled to a certain depth in a glass cylinder 9.6 cm. in diameter and 47 cm. in length was measured.The initial vertical velocity of drops was estimated from the experimental results, with reference to its trajectory.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 510-513 
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    Notes: Measurements were obtained of the interfacial resistance due to thin films of straight-chain higher alcohols and their effect on the evaporation of water. This was done by passing preheated dry air at a constant rate over water in a beaker. Unlike previous studies both phases were stitted. Four alcohols, dodecyl, myristyl, cetyl, and stearyl, were studied. A large reduction in evaporation was observed when 0.00025 gm. of cetyl alcohol was added to 1 liter of water with gas-liquid interfacial area of 0.2015 sq. ft. A much higher amount of stearyl alcohol, 0.0006 g., was needed for commensurate effect. Resistance due to films of dodecyl and myristyl alcohols was neglibible. For the most part cetyl alcohol is the most effective of those tested. Plots are given of the pseudo mass transfer coefficients and interfacial resistances as a function of the amount of the various alcohols.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 514-523 
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    Notes: The origin of interfacial turbulence, spontaneous agitation of the interface between two unequilibrated liquids, has been explained in terms of classical flow, diffusion, and surface processes. The essence of the explanation is the long-known though much neglected Marangoni effect, wherein movement in an interface is caused by longitudinal variations of interfacial tension. It is proposed that interfacial turbulence is a manifestation of hydrodynamic instability, which is touched off by ever present, small, random fluctuations about the interface.A simplified mathematical model has been analyzed in order to detail the mechanism of the “interfacial engine” which supplies the mechanical energy of interfacial turbulence. In its present form the analysis incorporates several drastic simplifications, though ways of removing some of these have been suggested. The groundwork has been laid for the more elaborate analyses that are needed for a decisive test of the theory.The analysis shows how some systems may be stable with solute transfer in one direction yet unstable with transfer in the opposite direction, a striking result. It also suggests that interfacial turbulence is usually promoted by (1) solute transfer out of the phase of higher viscosity, (2) solute transfer out of the phase in which its diffusivity is lower, (3) large differences in kinematic viscosity and solute diffusivity between the two phases, (4) steep concentration gradients near the interface, (5) interfacial tension highly sensitive to solute concentration, (6) low viscosities and diffusivities in both phases, (7) absence of surface-active agents, and (8) interfaces of large extent.That some of these effects have been observed in the laboratory lends credence to the theory.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 524-532 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper illustrates the use of analytical methods for the design of a flow-control system. Linearized equations are derived and a complete analysis is made of the control of the system. The effect of controller modes and process time constants is investigated. The calculations show that there is an optimum value of the process time constant for optimum response.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 539-544 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the reaction rates of mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen to form ammonia over a doubly promoted iron catalyst at 400° and 450°C. and at pressures up to 1,000 atm. In this work particular care has been taken to obtain data representing the true kinetics of the reaction. The reactor used was essentially isothermal, and the effects of diffusion have been reduced to a minimum. The results have been correlated by the use of the mechanism proposed by Temkin and Pyschev (19) with moderate success.
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous publications have shown that for solid spheres fluidized in water a unique relationship exists between the slip velocity and the system holdup. With this work as a model a method is now presented for estimating the behavior of the liquid-in-liquid spray column in which droplets of one phase move through a second quiescent phase.Combining the solids fluidization results with information on the single droplet terminal velocity one can obtain a design estimate of the holdup or interphase contact area for the liquid-liquid spray column. This design estimate includes the particular nature of the liquid droplet of being susceptible to internal circulation, oscillation, and distortion.
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 86-92 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laminar jet method for contracting a liquid with a gas for contact times down to 1 msec. has been developed. A jet is formed with a very thin square-edged orifice to minimize boundary-layer effects, and the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into water is found to depend only upon contact time, an indication that the method is self-consistent.The rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into pure water is 1 to 4% lower than the theoretical rate for absorption into a jet in rodlike flow the surface of which is instantaneously saturated. This indicates that, at most, interfacial resistance in this system is small and justifies the common assumption of interfacial equilibrium.Jets with thick boundary layers were formed with other types of orifices, and the absorption rates into these jets were lower than the theoretical value because of the decreased surface velocity. This effect can be easily mistaken for an interfacial resistance.The presence of a commercial surface-active agent causes an apparent interfacial resistance which is due at least partly to a hydrodynamic effect.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 551-555 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enthalpy of water in the liquid state has been calculated from 32°F. to temperatures approaching the critical and pressures ranging from saturated conditions to 160,000 lb./sq. in. abs. (approximately 11,000 atm). The results of this study are presented graphically and show that the influence of pressure on enthalpy is significant, particularly in the lower temperature region. At these conditions pressure is found to increase the enthalpy of liquid water by as much as 360 B.t.u./lb. above the corresponding enthalpy of the saturated liquid state.A comprehensive literature search disclosed PVT data for water that permitted the construction of a density correlation. This correlation expressed in reduced coordinates extends from the normal freezing point of water to temperatures of 1,870°F. (TR = 2.0) and pressures ranging up to 10,915 atm. (PR = 50). The recent extensive PVT data of Kennedy reported in 1950 supplemented with the earlier data of Amagat and Bridgman allowed the calculation of enthalpies at these elevated temperatures and pressures. For these calculations basic thermodynamic relationships were adapted which utilized this reduced density correlation. This approach has made possible the extension of the thermodynamic properties of liquid water above the highest pressure reported by Keenan and Keys. Below this pressure of 6,000 lb./sq. in abs. good agreement was found to exist between the enthalpy values presented by Keenan and Keyes and those reported in this investigation.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 270-271 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 69
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 273-273 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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  • 70
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to contribute to knowledge of the nature of the phase behavior of partially miscible liquid systems, a study of the benzene-water system was undertaken. The pressures at liquid- and vapor-phase boundaries of fifteen mixtures of benzene and water were determined within the temperature range of 200 to 357°C. Along with a complete numerical tabulation, these data are presented graphically as pressure-temperature, pressure-composition, and temperature-composition phase diagrams to show the nature of the boundaries.Up to the three-phase critical end point, the benzene-water system develops in a manner usually ascribed to a partially miscible system in which the vapor compositin at a point of univariance lies intermediate to the two liquid compositions. The three-phase critical end point occurs at 1,364 1b./sq. in. abs. and 268.3°C., and the composition of the critical phase is 25.8 weight % water, with the remaining liquid phase 92.8 weight % water.The pressure, temperature, and composition of the critical solution end point are deduced as 2,300 1b./sq. in. abs., 306.4°C., and 59 weight % water, respectively. At temperatures between these two critical points the phase behavior is likened to that of a dense gas or fluid dissolved in a liquid. Definite limiting values of temperature and pressure are assignable to this behavior by the extension of the three-phase curve up to the critical solution end point. This extended curve is not a phase boundary, but the temperature and pressure at a given point on the curve represents in a mixture of fixed composition the limit of mutual solubility of the benzene-rich fluid phase and the water-rich phase. At a temperature above or a pressure below the given point the liquid phase begins to vaporize.Above the critical solution end point the vapor-liquid phase boundaries are like those of a normal binary mixture.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 301-303 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volumetric data on gas mixtures and vapor-phase data for gas-liquid equilibria have been correlated within the framework of the theory of corresponding states. An expression based on the London potential for dispersion forces was used to compute characteristic temperatures for various binary systems, and a correlation was developed relating these temperatures to the polarizabilities, ionization potentials, and critical volumes of the pure components. The correlation shows how the molecular shape of a liquid affects its vapor-phase solubility. With the help of this correlation it is possible to make very good predictions of such gas-liquid equilibria as are required in high-pressure distillation, absorption, and petroleum hydrofining operations.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 304-309 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The pyrolysis of ethane (including the equilibrium behavior and the tendency to form secondary products) has been reproduced by calculations based on a reaction mechanism which includes the reverse of the chain propagating reactions as well as other hitherto neglected elementary reactions. Reverse reactions are important even at low conversion (1%); hence previous investigations of initial reaction rate have doubtful fundamental significance. Values of rate constants used in the calculations were taken mostly from the literature. Consideration was limited to reactions of methyl, ethyl, and hydrogen free radicals with ethane and its primary pyrolysis products. The results can be incorporated into reactor performance calculations to replace empirical reaction rate correlations and thus widen the range of conditions over which the calculations are reliable.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 314-318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an investigation of the behavior of an air-fluidized bed of glass spheres under varying interparticle forces, the results obtained are explained by hypothesizing the coexistence of particulate and aggregative fluidization. As interparticle forces are increased, a greater portion of the particles are in aggregative fluidization, resulting in a decrease in bed height. In this study water added to the fluidizing air increased the interparticle forces. Up to 0.5 mass % water was used, with a fluidized bed of glass spheres 0.013 to 0.035 in. in diameter. The resulting decrease in bed height has been correlated by means of a theoretical equation for the increase in interparticle forces due to the added water.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical solution has been obtained for the longitudinal fully developed laminar flow between cylinders arranged in triangular or square array. Numerical results for the pressure drop and the friction factor are given over a wide range of spacing-to-diameter ratios. For large spacings the results can be represented by a single expression independent of the type of array. Plots are also given of velocity distributions and of the variation of the local shear stress around the periphery of a cylinder.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 344-347 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A further analysis of the second falling-rate period in the drying of thick highly porous textile structures is made, this time in the case of drying wool, special attention being paid to the adsorbed water held by the wool in the air-dry region. As the solid-to-void ratio is low, the quantities of adsorbed water are small and have little effect on the general equilibrium. Values of thermal conductivity are calculated for wet wool.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 348-353 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Initiation of the oxidation of hydrocarbons, an important part of many flame systems' remains largely unsolved. This paper reports a study of the oxidation of butane under conditions that yield information on the homogeneous initiation reactions.A sequential reaction mechanism is proposed involving activation of an oxygen molecule followed by attack on a butane. This leads to rate equations which accurately describe the observed butane decomposition rates. Activation energies have been calculated from experimental data with this equation and are found to check values obtained from the literature and from theoretical considerations.The tentative initiation mechanism is used to explain the existence of three classes of products in the exit gases: hydrocarbons other than butene, butene, and oxygenated products.Under some operating conditions periodic cool flame phenomena are observed, and their effect on the course of the reaction has been explained.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 419-426 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results are presented for the solid-catalyzed hydrogenation of ethylene in fixed and fluidized beds. The effect of gas velocity, bed height, catalyst activity, particle size, and internal baffles on fluidized reactor efficiency are given, and Equations derived from a simplified mathematical model correlate the data.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory and calibration procedure for a cylindrical falling body viscometer is presented.Experimental viscosity data are given for liquid methane from -150°C. to the critical point and for liquid propane from -185° to +90°C. The maximum experimental error for methane data is ±8% and for propane data ±5%.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 9M 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The available experimental density data for hydrogen have been complied to produce a reduced density correlation for the liquid and gaseous states. This investigation has utilized fifty-seven sources of data, extending from the early studies of Amagat (1880) to the recent contributions of Johnston, Keller, and Friedman (1954).Based on the concept of a reduced density, a correlation for hydrogen has been developed ranging in temperature from the melting point (14°K.) to 3,300°K. and in pressure as high as 2,550 atm. This correlation provides continuity between the liquid and gaseous phases; whereas existing equations of state fail to describe the experimental behavior in the transitional region, particularly near the critical point.Four hundred and eighty-five experimental points covering the entire region were checked to establish the reliability of this correlation, which reproduced the experimental data to within 0.49%.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 159-160 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on properties which are characteristic of all gases, modifications are developed for an equation of state previously proposed in this journal (1). A specific application of the modified equation is made for the PVT data on carbon dioxide, and considerable improvement over the original equation is shown for densities in the neighborhood of 1.4 times the critical density. The new equation differs from the old equation only by the presence of the A5 and C5 terms, these having originally been taken to be zero.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 165-168 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transient absorption rates of oxygen into water have been measured by passing a laminar jet through the pure gas for contact times varying from 0.8 to 11.8 msec. The absorption rate is significantly lower than the theoretical value corresponding to no interfacial resistance, if a diffusivity of 2.20 × 10-5sq. cm./sec. at 22.2°C. is used for comparison. The available evidence indicates that this diffusivity is about correct and that the lowered rate may be caused by an interfacial resistance described by an interfacial transfer coefficient equal to 0.6 cm./sec. This resistance is small enough to be neglected in most gas absorbers.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow characteristics of dense solid-gas mixtures transported through horizontal pipes were studied with glass beads and coal powders of various sizes (0.0028 to 0.0297 in.) in 1/2-, 3/4- and 1-in. glass pipes and a 1/4-in. steel pipe. Fluidized-bed feeders were utilized, thus permitting solid-gas ratios considerably higher (range 80 to 750) than those possible with conventional pneumatic transport. When such high solid-gas ratios are used, the flow of mixtures in transport lines is characterized by a large amount of slippage between gas and solids. The flow pattern is dicussed on the basis of visual observation through glass pipes.A simple and interesting velocity relationship was noted, namely that the average gas velocity is about twice as large as the average solid-particle velocity. The solid-particle velocities and solid loadings in the pipe line were found to be primary factors affecting pressure drops, and the particle sizes and shapes, on the other hand, exerted a very slight effect on the pressure drops. This is apparently due to the fact that the solids move predominantly in the bottom of the pipes as agglomerated masses rather than as individually suspended particles. A pressure-drop correlation for the dense solid-gas mixtures is proposed, and applications and limitations of the correlation are shown.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 130-133 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From time to time, A.I.Ch.E. Journal presents translations of certain technical articles written by our Japanese colleagues in their own language. These translations are made by Kenzi Etani, who received his B.S. in chemical engineering in 1953 at the Tokyo Institute of Technology and his M.S. in 1955 at M.I.T. He is associated with Stone & Webster and is an associate member of American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He is also a member of the Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan, and the Japan Oil Chemists' Society. His offer to help break down the language barrier is acknowledged.The following article was published in Chemical Engineering (Japan), 21, pages 17-25 (1957).Abstracts, notation, literature cited, tables, and figure captions not published here appear in English in the original paper. No figures will be reproduced in these translations.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The drying of two highly porous thick textiles is studied and compared. Extremes are chosen in that one package is composed of a Terylene (British form of a polyester fiber) net fabric of open structure and the other of a woolen flannel of close structure. The cloths are wound as bobbins and dried by hot air streaming in a wind tunnel, the air flowing parallel to the axis of the cylinder of material. The weight of water as drying progresses is measured by a balance, and thermocouples within the bobbin provide a temperature record.On investigation of the thermal conductivity of the dry structure, it is found that whereas the coefficient for the wool-air mixture is constant throughout, the coefficient for the Terylene-air mixture applies only in the depths, the apparent thermal conductivity growing larger toward the surface and with increasing air speed, as if the heat transfer through the open structure is assisted by some form of air penetration.As the thick textiles dry, the rate of evaporation falls off, since heat and water vapor have to pass through an increasing layer of dry material. While this is occurring, a constant temperature, the “pseudo-wet-bulb temperature,” is established throughout the wet cloth. This state of equilibrium may be expressed as an equation between the rate of heat conduction inward and that required to produce the vapor diffusion outward. From this equation the pseudo-wet-bulb temperature can be calculated.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 115-122 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 134-135 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 483-485 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A brief review is presented of the theoretical solution obtained by the authors to the problem of a rapid second-order reaction in the incompressible laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. An experimental system is described for investigating reactions of this type, specifically the dissolution of plates and cylinders of benzoic and cinnamic acids in aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium hydroxide. Experimental data are reported in terms of a reaction factor, that is the ratio of the transfer rate with reaction to that in the absence of reaction. The reaction factor is independent of position. The theory closely predicts the reaction factor for cylinders as well as for flat plates. Data obtained by other investigators for packed beds can also be correlated although less successfully.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 486-496 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper concerns a study of radiation as a contributing mechanism in the transfer of heat between discrete solid particles. A theory for transfer in such systems is generalized to include planar-, spherical-, and cylindrical-bed geometries; because of the particulate nature of the system the generalization is given in terms of finite-difference equations. Transfer experiments were performed in a quiescent cylindrical bed with an axial heat source and a cylinderical containing-wall sink. Heat fluxes and radial-temperature profiles were measured. As the experiments were arranged, only modest temprature gradients were established between source and sink, but the ambient sink temperature was taken in steps from 100° to 1,000°C. For a bed of 3.8-mm.-diameter alumina spheres the ratio of heat transferred by radiation to that transferred by conduction was estimated to increase with average bed temperature from the order of 0.1 at 100°C., to 1.2 at 1,000°C. The effects of temperature on bed reflectivity and transmissivity and on apparent boundary-temperature discontinuities are discussed.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 161-164 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapor-phase solubilities of carbon tetrachloride, iso-octane, toluene, and n-decane were measured in compressed hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide at 50° and 75°C. and at various pressures between 20 and 90 atm. The virial equation of state was used to describe the volumetric properties of the vapor mixtures, and the second virial cross coefficients were evaluated from the solubility data. The results indicate that the vapor phase departs from ideality very quickly for these systems as the pressure increases, particularly at pressures greater than 10 atm.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 169-174 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of five operating variables on the uniformity of fluidization in a 4-in.-diameter column were determined by a statistically designed experiment. Density fluctuations inside the bed were measured by a capacitance method. Certain parts of the experiment were repeated in a 24-in.-diameter column for comparison with the 4-in.-column data.In the 4-in. column gas velocity had by far the greatest effect on uniformity, with uniformity generally decreasing with an increase in gas velocity. This is consistent with the theory that most gas introduced in excess of the rate for incipient fluidization passes through the bed in the form of various-sized bubbles. Better uniformity at the lower bed level indicates that bubbles grow in size as they proceed up the column. An entirely different gas-flow pattern was indicated in the 24-in. column.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 178-181 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients from 1/2-in. spheres of benzoic and cinnamic acids and 2-napthol to water were measured in the high Reynolds number region of 600 to 140,000. Previous data for liquids extended only to a Reynolds number of 11,000. Three separate and approximately parallel lines of JD vs. Reynolds number were found for the different solutes, and the shape of the curves was found to be similar to the total-drag-coefficient correlation for spheres.Experiments with benzoic acid and 2-napthol showed an effect of driving force and hence flux on the JD values. Mass transfer did occur in saturated solutions having zero driving force. When one subtracted the amount of mass transfer at zero driving force from the values at other driving forces, the corrected JD values at different driving forces were the same for a given solute. Possible explanations may be the effect of extreme turbulence on crystallization or physical attrition.
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    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 189-204 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis for turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids through smooth round tubes has been performed for the first time and has yielded a completely new concept of the attending relationship between the pressure loss and mean flow rate. In addition, the analysis has permitted the prediction of non-Newtonian turbulent velocity profiles, a topic on which the published literature is entirely silent.To confirm the theoretical analysis, experimental data were taken on both polymeric gels and solid-liquid suspensions under turbulent-flow conditions. Fluid systems with flow-behavior indexes between 0.3 and 1.0 were studied at Reynolds numbers as high as 36,000. All the fully turbulent experimental data supported the validity of the theoretical analysis. The final resistance-law correlation represents a generalization of von Karman's equation for Newtonian fluids in turbulent flow and is applicable to all non-Newtonians for which the shear rate depends only on shear stress, irrespective of rheological classification. All the turbulent experimental data for the non-Newtonian systems were correlated by this relationship with a mean deviation of 1.9%.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes general methods for the treatment of binary data which are both precise and convenient. In particular a new and accurate graphical method of determining partial molal quantities is presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 223-224 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To obtain numerical answers for the concentration distribution of solute on a chromatographic column or in the effluent, tables and charts of the Poisson distribution are used. Their use however is limited to a small number of theoretical plates. The transformation of the Poisson to the normal distribution enables the calculations to be performed for any number of theoretical plates through the use of the normal distribution tables.Equations derived previously for columns containing a large number of plates and employing elaborate mathematical procedures and approximations have been simply deduced by applying a limit property of the Poisson distribution to the exact equations.A relationship between the Poisson and normal distribution is derived, and charts are drawn which allow the rapid evaluation of the Poisson in terms of the normal values.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 275-275 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 8S 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The methods of relating parameters in the Arrhenius rate equation to fundamental molecular properties are briefly reviewed. The limited applicability of purely theoretical methods is noted, the use and limitations of the standard semiemprical method are surveyed, and recent work based on empirical molecular structure and spectroscopy is described in detail. The recent method makes no attempt to calculate activation energy, but within a limited range of cases it does provide a reliable method of estimating the preexponential factor in the Arrhenius equation and calculating the kinetic isotope effect. In this way the method provides a check on the credibility of experimental data and on the assignment of mechanism. If the mechanism is correct, it provides a method of estimating activation energy from rate data taken at only one temperature. Further developments of this method are anticipated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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