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  • Other Sources  (355)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (355)
  • General Chemistry
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (355)
  • 1974  (355)
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  • 1970-1974  (355)
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  • 101
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    Energetic solar proton versus terrestrially trapped proton fluxes for the active years 1977 - 1983 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ratios of solar to trapped proton fluences were computed for circular-orbit, geocentric space missions to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). The ratios are presented as functions of orbit altitude and inclination, mission duration, proton energy threshold, and the chance the mission planner is willing to take that the actually encountered solar proton fluence will exceed the design fluence provided by the statistical solar proton model. It is shown that the ratio is most sensitively dependent on orbit altitude and inclination, with trapped protons dominant for low inclination, low and mid altitude orbits and for high inclination, mid altitude orbits. Conversely, solar protons are dominant for high inclination, low altitude orbits, and for low and high inclination, high altitude orbits.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70716 , X-601-74-221
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  • 102
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    Interplantetary streams and their interaction with the earth (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Plasma and magnetic field observations of interplanetary streams near 1 AU are summarized. Two types of streams have been identified corotating streams and flare-associated, and other flow patterns are present due to interactions among streams. The theory of corotating streams, which attributes them to a high temperature region near the sun, satisfactorily explains many of the effects observed at 1 AU. A correspondingly complete theory of flare-associated streams does not exist. Streams are a key link in the chain that connects solar and geomagnetic activity. The factors that most influence geomagnetic activity are probably related to streams and determined by the dynamics of streams. The evolution of streams on scales of 27 days and 11 years probably determines the corresponding variations of geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70714 , X-692-74-216
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  • 103
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    Trapped particle and solar proton radiation prediction for ISEE (IME): Mother-daughter mission (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The charged particle fluxes incident on spacecrafts in very eccentric orbits were investigated in support of the International Sun-Earth Explorer (International Magnetospheric Explorer) For this purpose, two flightpaths were considered having identical inclinations but different perigee altitudes (240 and 1364 kilometers, respectively). Apogee altitude was approximately the same for both cases (about 22 earth radii). For each of the two perigee altitudes investigated, two nominal trajectories were generated, having identical orbital configurations but with their major axes rotated by 180 deg in the plane of orbit, which resulted in placing the initial apogee into into opposite hemispheres. This was done in order to determine the corresponding variation in the vehicle-encountered particle intensities. Estimates of average energetic solar proton fluxes are given for a one year mission duration at selected integranlenergies ranging from E 10 to E 100 MeV. Results are summarized and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70696 , X-601-74-204
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  • 104
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    Midlatitude electron precipitation: A possible source of contamination of galactic X and gamma-ray measurements (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effect of trapped and precipitated particles in the magnetosphere on the measurement of galactic X-rays and gamma rays is discussed. To minimize contamination caused by electron precipitation, most galactic X-ray and gamma ray measurements are conducted at equatorial or relatively low to middle latitudes where the influence of auroral effects is expected to be small. Substorm-related VLF phase perturbations also affect the measurements. If such perturbation are indicative of electron precipitation at middle to low latitudes, then their relatively high frequency of occurrence, as many as 100 per year, is evidence that electron precipitation at these latitudes may pose a problem to some galactic X-ray and gamma ray measurements. Charts and maps are presented to show: (1) phase recordings from sixteen sub-ionospheric VLF propagation paths, (2) map of great circle propagation paths, (3) ionization rates in the nighttime ionosphere due to several sources, and (4) computer phase variation for the NLK-APL path versus electron flux for different e-folding energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
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  • 105
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    Coordinate transformations for studies of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A graphical procedure is provided for performing coordinate transformations between the geocentric-solar-equatorial, geocentric-solar-ecliptic and geocentric-solar-magnetospheric coordinate systems. The procedure is designed to facilitate intercomparison of previous studies of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields that made use of these coordinate systems. The interaction in the geocentric-solar-magnetosphere system has been shown to give the most consistent results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70684 , X-621-74-179
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  • 106
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    Gravitational-wave bursts from the nuclei of distant galaxies and quasars: Proposal for detection using Doppler tracking of interplanetary spacecraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Supermassive black holes which exist in the nuclei of many quasars and galaxies are examined along with the collapse which forms these holes and subsequent collisions between them which produce strong, broad-band bursts of gravitational waves. Such bursts might arrive at earth as often as 50 times per year--or as rarely as once each 300 years. The detection of such bursts with dual-frequency Doppler tracking of interplanetary spacecraft is considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-145432
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  • 107
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    SAS-2 observations of the galactic gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from a scan of the galactic plane by the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment in the region 250 deg l2 290 deg show a statistically-significant excess over the general radiation from the galactic plane for gamma radiation of energy 100 MeV in the region 260 deg l2 270 deg and -7.5 deg b2 0 deg. If the enhanced gamma radiation results from interactions of cosmic rays with galactic matter, as the energy spectrum suggests, it seems reasonable to associate the enhancement with large scale galactic features, such as spiral arm segments in that direction, or with the region surrounding the Vela supernova remnant, with which PSR 0833-45 is associated. If the excess is attributed to cosmic rays released from this supernova interacting with the interstellar matter in that region, then on the order of 3.10 to the 50th power ergs would be released by that supernova in the form of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72582
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  • 108
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    Steady-state solution to the conduction problem of a spherical balloon radiometer, phases 1 and 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A satellite system proposed for observing the earth's radiation balance employing spherical balloon radiometers is investigated. In the steady-state condition of radiative equilibrium, the magnitudes of absorbed external irradiances are sensed by internal radiometers mounted on the skin of each balloon. The temperatures of the radiometers are monitored as a measure of the balloons' internal irradiances (equal to absorbed external irradiances) and telemetered to earth. The effect of the magnitude of irradiant sources, balloon thickness, and thermal conductivity on the conduction of heat is assessed mathematically in order to determine its impact on measurement accuracy. Results indicate that observations are acceptable during daytime and nighttime modes of operation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132624
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  • 109
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    An investigation of ESSA 7 radiation data for use in long-term earth energy experiments, phases 1 and 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results are presented of an investigation of ESSA 7 satellite radiation data for use in long-term earth energy experiments. Satellite systems for performing long-term earth radiation balance measurements over geographical areas, hemispheres, and the entire earth for periods of 10 to 30 years are examined. The ESSA 7 satellite employed plate and cone radiometers to measure earth albedo and emitted radiation. Each instrument had a black and white radiometer which discriminated the components of albedo and emitted radiation. Earth measurements were made continuously from ESSA 7 for ten months. The ESSA 7 raw data is processed to a point where it can be further analyzed for: (1) development of long-term earth energy experiments; and (2) document climate trends.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132623
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  • 110
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    Pitch-angle scattering of charged particles in a random magnetic field (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A calculation is presented in terms of the pitch angle that determines the conditions under which a Fokker-Planck equation gives a reasonable approximation of the pitch-angle scattering of low rigidity particles to first order in a random magnetic field. The formulation shows that the correlation scale of the fluctuation of the magnetic field about its mean does not enter directly into the approximation. The calculation is carried out for transverse magnetic fluctuations for which the magnetic field magnitude is constant to the order considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 111
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    Cross correlation between cosmic-ray fluctuations and interplanetary magnetic-field fluctuations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Study of the cross-correlation between cosmic-ray intensity fluctuations and the interplanetary magnetic field, using the low-frequency limit of the theory of the interplanetary scintillations of cosmic rays. Cross-spectral analysis of the flux of the Alert neutron monitor and simultaneous values of the interplanetary magnetic field components are presented which support the theory. A model of cosmic-ray fluctuations is described, with effects of gradients and interplanetary sector structure dominating for very low frequencies (less than or about equal to .000005 Hz) and magnetic-field induced interplanetary scintillations of cosmic rays dominating for higher frequencies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 112
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    The comparative spectra of cosmic-ray protons and helium nuclei (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Oct. 197
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  • 113
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    Cosmic ray anisotropies observed late in the decay phase of solar flare events (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data was obtained from instrumentation on Explorers 34 and 41 on cosmic-ray anisotropy and magnetic field vectors during five solar flare events. The analysis was conducted in the energy range from 0.7 to 7.6 MeV, of the late decay phase, to evaluate the dependence of net cosmic-ray anisotropy vector amplitude and direction on the magnetic field azimuth. Results showed that in the late decay phase the direction of the net cosmic-ray anisotropy vector was invariant in relation to the direction of the magnetic field, particle energy, and species. Within the statistical error of the available data the invariant direction was perpendicular to the mean magnetic field direction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 38; Sept
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  • 114
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    Observation of a cosmic gamma-ray burst on Apollo 16. II - X-ray time profile and source location (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A burst of X-rays was detected during the trans-earth coast phase of Apollo 16 on Apr. 27, 1972 at 10:68 UT, simultaneously with the observation of a transient event by a gamma-ray spectrometer aboard the same spacecraft. The two instruments provide a broad energy range of more than three orders of magnitude for describing the spectral distribution of this event. The conclusion that the incident flux was X-rays and not charged particles is based on the fact that the particle flux detectors in the Apollo gamma ray spectrometer and on the Vela 6A, which also observed the event, did not respond. The time variation of the total count rate in the X-ray range before and after corrections for detector geometry and the analysis for source direction is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 115
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    Observation of a cosmic gamma-ray burst on Apollo 16. I - Temporal variability and energy spectrum (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma-ray event occurring April 27, 1972 at 10.68 UT was observed by gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometers on Apollo 16 as well as by Vela 6A. Analysis has yielded a detailed time profile of the entire event, an energy spectrum covering three order of magnitude (2.0 to 7.9 KeV and 0.067 to 5.1 MeV) and a source location. A well-defined onset prior to the main impulse period and a probable precursor are reported. The total energy of the event over the observed range was 2 x 10 to the minus 4th power ergs/sq cm. The data indicate the presence of a hard component which persists during the entire event, with a softer variable component becoming dominant during the most explosive burst portion.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 116
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    Composition of heavy cosmic rays from 25 to 180 MeV per atomic mass unit (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Relative abundances of elements from neon through zinc in the energy range from 25 to 180 MeV per amu have been determined from particle tracks in polycarbonate detectors exposed on the Apollo 16 mission. The ratios of elemental abundances of Ne + Si and 17 less than Z less than 25 to Fe + Co + Ni are found to be 5.8 plus or minus 1.9 and 2.1 plus or minus 0.7, respectively, in agreement with the results from cellulose triacetate detectors by O'Sullivan et al. (1973). These results imply that the heavy particles observed are predominantly galactic in origin. The availability to investigators of unetched plastic detectors exposed to solar-flare particles on the Apollo 16 mission is noted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 117
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    Cosmic-ray exposure history at the Apollo 16 and other lunar sites - Lunar surface dynamics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Concordant Kr-81/Kr exposure ages for four station 11 breccias indicate an age of 50.3 plus or minus 0.8 m.y. for North Ray Crater. Ray structures visible from orbital photography suggest that stations 8 and 9 should contain a substantial amount of South Ray ejecta. Concordant Kr-81/Kr exposure ages at these sites indicate an age for South Ray Crater of 2.04 plus or minus 0.08 m.y. Surface effects show good general agreement with this young age, but discrepancies on a sample-by-sample basis seem to indicate that extensive presurface irradiations must have occurred.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Oct. 197
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  • 118
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    The radiation belts of Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The cloud of relativistic electrons which forms the Jupiter radiation belts at a distance of a few Jovian radii from the planet is considered. The inner belt is shown to consist of electrons with about three times the energy of those in the outer zone, and to have an equatorial density which is about one half the peak density in the outer zone. The pitch angle distribution of the electrons in the outer zone becomes gradually more confined to the magnetic equator with increasing distance from the planet.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
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  • 119
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    Effects of interplanetary shock waves on energetic charged particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental data on the influence of interplanetary perpendicular and oblique shock waves on the ambient energetic protons are presented along with a theoretical analysis of the acceleration of particles in almost perpendicular shock waves. It was found that low-energy protons can be accelerated in perpendicular shock waves by repeated crossings of the shock front up to a maximum energy given by the product of their initial energy times the ratio of the magnetic fields. High-energy protons need to stay at the shock front for longer times than low-energy protons in order to reach the same relative energy gain. In the theoretical study of proton acceleration at almost perpendicular shock waves, it was found that protons reflected at shock waves with the angle between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal greater than about 80 deg achieve large energy gains at the shock front. The larger this angle, the higher the energy gain. However, the reflection and energization of protons at these shock waves is not 'instantaneous', neither is it a one-step process: it is performed through repeated crossings of the shock front.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Oct. 1
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  • 120
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    Modulation of cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei near solar maximum (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Balloon observations of proton and helium spectra in 1970, 1971, and 1972, which extend previous work for the period 1965-1969, reveal a factor of about 1.85 deviation from a single-valued regression at low rigidities. This deviation decreases with increasing rigidity for both species. The period 1969-197 is unique, because time variations at low and high energies were anticorrelated. When satellite observations are used to extend the balloon observations to energies below 100 MeV/nucleon, the proton spectrum shows a steeper slope in 1970 and 1972 than the characteristic J = AT spectrum observed during 1965-1969. The slope of the helium spectrum became continuously flatter during the same period (1970-1972). Computer-generated spectra based on simple two-parameter modulation models describe the basic features of the observations, if one of the variable parameters is used to characterize the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficient. On the other hand, models that do not allow such a variation are not consistent with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Oct. 1
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  • 121
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    The diffusive idealization of charged-particle transport in random magnetic fields (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The uniqueness and accuracy of the equations which describe the transport of charged particles diffusing in a random magnetic field parallel to a relatively large guiding field is examined. With regard to uniqueness, it is found that the same coefficient of diffusion is obtained by three methods that have apparently led to discrepancies in previous work. With regard to accuracy, it is found that two corrections must be added to Fick's law in which the diffusive flux is proportional to the gradient of the density. Explicit expressions are given for a characteristic time and a characteristic length which describe the corrections.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 1
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  • 122
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    Interaction of metagalactic X-UV radiation with galactic hydrogen (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations show that the existence of a metagalactic X-UV flux of the intensity required to explain the high-latitude soft X-ray observations, plus a reasonable extrapolation toward lower energies, is consistent with the existence of neutral hydrogen in galaxies. Shielding by H II slabs can be effective both in the solar neighborhood and in the peripheries of galaxies out to a radius of 30 to 40 kpc. At earlier cosmological epochs shielding is less efficient. The soft X-ray spectrum as observed by Yentis et al. (1972) is difficult to reconcile with a purely extragalactic origin for the flux. A local source of ionization also may be necessary to explain the pulsar dispersion data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 34; 3, Se; Sept
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  • 123
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    Interstellar scattering of pulsar radiation. 1: Scintillation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation of the intensity fluctuations of 28 pulsars near 0.4 GHz indicates that scintillation spectra have a Gaussian shape, scintillation indices are near unity, and the scintillation bandwidth depends linearly on dispersion measure. Observations near 2.5 GHz suggest a strong dependence of the frequency at which scintillation indices fall below unity on dispersion measure. Multistation measurements of scintillation provide values or limits for the scale size of the scattering diffraction pattern. The dependences of scattering parameters on dispersion measure is discussed in terms of the current models. It is suggested that any line of sight through the galaxy encounters increasingly rare, increasingly large deviations of thermal electron density on the scale of 10 to the 11th power cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70789 , X-693-74-316
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  • 124
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    Possible acceleration of charged particles through the reconnection of magnetic field lines in interplanetary space (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Prominent intensity spikes in the flux of protons and alphas with less than 0.5 MeV per charge have been observed in the region several hours behind an interplanetary shock front. The small spatial scale of these events and the high anisotropy of the particle flux suggest local acceleration. The spectra of the particles, which are cut off at equal energy per charge, suggest acceleration through an electric field. The possibility that these events have their origin in active magnetic neutral sheets in the shocked solar wind is examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Aug. 197
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  • 125
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    Rise time in 20-32 keV impulsive X-radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new property of the X-ray impulsive component observed in solar flares is discussed, giving attention to the relation between the slope of the electron power spectrum and the rise time in the 20-32 keV X-ray spike. This particular energy range was chosen because it offered the greatest number of impulsive events while being sufficiently high to avoid contamination by soft X radiation. It is found for the thin-target model that the electron spectrum tends to be softer when the acceleration rate is smaller.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-04-PM , Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 126
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    Charge composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei at energies above 20 GeV per nucleon (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 127
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    High resolution interferometry of the sun at 3.7 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of interferometric solar observations at a wavelength of 3.7 cm with effective resolutions of 7 and 15 sec are discussed. Observations have shown that a small-scale quasi-periodic component was present in solar radio emission from the entire solar disk and that this component contained a circularly polarized fraction of less than 10%. The theory of gyroradiation and gyro-resonant absorption is applied in the interpretation of the S-component of solar radio emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 128
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    Spectrograph, filtergraph and magnetograph observations of the two-ribbon flare of 29 July, 1973 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High-resolution observations of a class-3N two-ribbon flare were conducted at 1324 UT on July 29, 1973, at Big Bear Solar Observatory. The flare occurred in a diffuse bipolar magnetic region completely devoid of sunspots and was associated with a type IV radio burst and a soft X-ray event. Extensive H alpha filtergraph, spectrograph and magnetograph records taken during the main phase of the flare suggest the presence of downfalling and streaming materials for several hours on both ribbons during the growth phase of H alpha emission. Hyder's infall-impact model (1967) is found to be inconsistent with the authors' filtergraph and spectrograph observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 129
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    Non-relativistic solar electrons (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Summary of both the direct spacecraft observations of nonrelativistic solar electrons, and observations of the X-ray and radio emission generated by these particles at the sun and in the interplanetary medium. These observations bear on three physical processes basic to energetic particle phenomena: (1) the acceleration of particles in tenuous plasmas; (2) the propagation of energetic charged particles in a disordered magnetic field, and (3) the interaction of energetic charged particles with tenuous plasmas to produce electromagnetic radiation. Because these electrons are frequently accelerated and emitted by the sun, mostly in small and relatively simple flares, it is possible to define a detailed physical picture of these processes. In many small solar flares nonrelativistic electrons accelerated during flash phase constitute the bulk of the total flare energy. Thus the basic flare mechanism in these flares essentially converts the available flare energy into fast electrons. Nonrelativistic electrons exhibit a wide variety of propagation modes in the interplanetary medium, ranging from diffusive to essentially scatter-free. This variability in the propagation may be explained in terms of the distribution of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-04-OS , Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 130
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    Short duration solar microwave bursts and associated soft X-ray emission (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 37; July 197
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  • 131
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    Fine structure of a solar flare region at 3.7 and 11.1 cm wavelengths (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Jan. 197
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  • 132
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    Measurement of the X-ray emission of the solar atmosphere during a period of low activity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A large-area high-sensitivity X-ray spectrometer has been constructed and used to measure the 1.8- to 5.3-A X-ray emission of the sun under quiescent conditions. The instrument utilizes Bragg reflection from mosaic graphite crystals. The data indicate that the X-ray emission can best be accounted for by a multitemperature model of the solar atmosphere in which both the overall corona and active regions contribute to the X-ray spectrum. Theoretical calculations of the X-ray flux of a hot, optically thin plasma have been used to estimate the solar conditions at the time when the measurements were made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Jan. 197
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  • 133
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    Stably trapped proton fluxes in the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model of the energetic proton fluxes in the Jovian magnetosphere is constructed based on the inward radial diffusion of protons from the solar wind and the plasma turbulent precipitation loss of protons from the radiation belts. Outside 12 Jovian radii the proton fluxes follow a loss-free radial diffusion profile. Inside 12 Jovian radii the proton fluxes should be near the stably trapped limit flux set by convective marginal stability to the electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave and the quasi-electrostatic ion loss-cone wave.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; Apr. 15
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  • 134
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    Resistive diffusion of force-free magnetic fields in a passive medium. III - Acceleration of flare particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A one-dimensional model is considered in which an increasingly large electric field is induced by a rapidly evolving magnetic field. In the case of solar flares, energies are estimated to which protons and electrons may be directly accelerated by such an induced electric field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; Apr. 15
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  • 135
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    Long-term observations of Cygnus X-2 from OSO-7 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of observations of Cygnus X-2 are reported that were made with an X-ray telescope on board the OSO-7 satellite during the three intervals of January 9-16 and 21-26, 1972, and July 8-11, 1972. Random factor-of-two variations were found in the data. No statistically significant periodic variations were found in the range from 10 hours to 2 days.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; Apr. 15
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  • 136
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    Origin of cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model is presented in which cosmic electrons are produced by pulsars, and cosmic protons and alpha particles are accelerated by shock waves in supernova envelopes. It is argued that neither mechanism by itself can produce both the observed protons and electrons at energies above a few hundred MeV. But supernova accelerated electrons could constitute the majority of cosmic electrons with energy below about 10 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-140171 , COO-3071-66 , UPR-0026T
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  • 137
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    Measured and Calculated Neutron Spectra and Dose Equivalent Rates at High Altitudes; Relevance to SST Operations and Space Research (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of the NASA Langley-New York University high-altitude radiation study are presented. Measurements of the absorbed dose rate and of secondary fast neutrons (1 to 10 MeV energy) during the years 1965 to 1971 are used to determine the maximum radiation exposure from galactic and solar cosmic rays of supersonic transport (SST) and subsonic jet occupants. The maximum dose equivalent rates that the SST crews might receive turn out to be 13 to 20 percent of the maximum permissible dose rate (MPD) for radiation workers (5 rem/yr). The exposure of passengers encountering an intense giant-energy solar particle event could exceed the MPD for the general population (0.5 rem/yr), but would be within these permissible limits if in such rare cases the transport descends to subsonic altitude; it is in general less than 12 percent of the MPD. By Monte Carlo calculations of the transport and buildup of nucleons in air for incident proton energies E of 0.02 to 10 GeV, the measured neutron spectra were extrapolated to lower and higher energies and for galactic cosmic rays were found to continue with a relatively high intensity to energies greater than 400 MeV, in a wide altitude range. This condition, together with the measured intensity profiles of fast neutrons, revealed that the biologically important fast and energetic neutrons penetrate deep into the atmosphere and contribute approximately 50 percent of the dose equivalant rates at SST and present subsonic jet altitudes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7715 , L-9389
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  • 138
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    High energy gamma ray results from the second small astronomy satellite (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A high energy (35 MeV) gamma ray telescope employing a thirty-two level magnetic core spark chamber system was flown on SAS 2. The high energy galactic gamma radiation is observed to dominate over the general diffuse radiation along the entire galactic plane, and when examined in detail, the longitudinal and latitudinal distribution seem generally correlated with galactic structural features, particularly with arm segments. The general high energy gamma radiation from the galactic plane, explained on the basis of its angular distribution and magnitude, probably results primarily from cosmic ray interactions with interstellar matter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70761 , X-662-74-304
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  • 139
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    Observations of hydrogen and helium isotopes in solar cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotopic composition of hydrogen and helium in solar cosmic rays provides a means of studying solar flare particle acceleration mechanisms since the enhanced relative abundance of rare isotopes, such as H-2, H-3, and He-3, is due to their production by inelastic nuclear collisions in the solar atmosphere during the flare. Electron isotope spectrometer on an IMP spacecraft was used to measure this isotopic composition. The response of the dE/dx-E particle telescope is discussed, and alpha particle channeling in thin detectors is identified as an important background source affecting measurement of low values of (He-3/He-4). The flare-averaged results obtained for the period October, 1972 November, 1973 are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-140568 , SRL-74-3
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  • 140
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    Relative coronal abundances derived from X-ray observations 3: The effect of cascades on the relative intensity of Fe (XVII) line fluxes, and a revised iron abundance (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Permitted lines in the optically thin coronal X-ray spectrum were analyzed to find the distribution of coronal material, as a function of temperature, without special assumptions concerning coronal conditions. The resonance lines of N, O, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, and Ar which dominate the quiet coronal spectrum below 25A were observed. Coronal models were constructed and the relative abundances of these elements were determined. The intensity in the lines of the 2p-3d transitions near 15A was used in conjunction with these coronal models, with the assumption of coronal excitation, to determine the Fe XVII abundance. The relative intensities of the 2p-3d Fe XVII lines observed in the corona agreed with theoretical prediction. Using a more complete theoretical model, and higher resolution observations, a revised calculation of iron abundance relative to hydrogen of 0.000026 was made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-140513 , SU-IPR-589
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  • 141
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    A calculational approach to electron impact excitation of ions in hot solar plasmas (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The cross section requirements are presented for studying UV and X-ray emission spectra associated with active and flare-produced plasmas in the sun's corona. The general approach to the calculation of the distorted wave approximation problem is also given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70755 , X-602-74-260
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  • 142
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    A comparison of electric and magnetic field data from the OGO-6 spacecraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electric and magnetic field disturbance characteristics from OGO-6 were studied. Examination of simultaneous patterns of disturbance below 600 km over the summer polar cap showed that pattern changes in electric field and in the disturbance in magnetic field magnitude are highly correlated. This correlation extends to pattern shapes boundary locations, and to the amplitudes of the correlated quantities. In the winter hemisphere, at altitudes above 800 km, correlations between boundaries exist, pattern correlations are present, and amplitude correlations are essentially absent. Below 600 km the region of positive delta B, from 2200 to 1000 MLT, has a significant contribution from ionospheric and nonionospheric sources. Above 800 km the nonionospheric sources dominate.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70752 , X-922-74-253
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  • 143
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    Effects of simulated solar radiation on the transmission of magnesium fluoride and cryolite thin films (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Thin films of cryolite magnesium fluoride on fused silica substrates were exposed to 1126 equivalent sun-hours of radiation. The optical transmissions of the samples were measured before and after irradiation. The results indicate that, after the degradation of the silica substrate is accounted for, the cryolite is severely affected by the simulated solar radiation, but the magnesium fluoride is only slightly affected.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7745 , G-7461
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  • 144
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    A time-dependent diffusion convection model for the long term modulation of cosmic rays (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model is developed which incorporates to first order the direct effects of the time dependent diffusive propagation of interstellar cosmic rays in a slowly changing interplanetary medium. The model provides a physical explanation for observed rigidity-dependent phase lags in modulated spectra (cosmic ray hysteresis). The average distance to the modulating boundary during the last solar cycle is estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141146 , TR-74-114
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  • 145
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    4.8-second pulsed X-rays from Centaurus X-3 at energy greater than 7 keV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 146
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    Infrared pumping processes for SiO masers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The J = 2 to 1 transition of the first excited vibrational state (v = 1) Si(28)O(16) has recently been shown to produce maser amplification near 86,245 MHz in Orion A and in several stars. Two possible pumping mechanisms are proposed for such masers. One involves the near coincidence between the frequencies of the 1-0 (RO) and 3-2 (R18) transitions in Si(28)O(16). The other requires emission by SiO and reabsorption without the necessity for an accidental frequency coincidence. Each of these types of mechanisms may occur for other transitions of molecules in a medium illuminated by intense infrared radiation, or with strong temperature gradients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 147
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    Relativistic electron events in interplanetary space (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Review of relativistic electron events observed in interplanetary space. The different types of event are identified and illustrated. The relationships between solar X-ray and radio emissions and relativistic electrons are examined, and the relevance of the observations to solar flare acceleration models is discussed. A statistical analysis of electron spectra, the electron/proton ratio and propagation from the flare site to the earth is presented. A model is outlined which can account for the release of electrons from the sun in a manner consistent with observations of energetic solar particles and electromagnetic solar radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 148
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    Cooling of solar flare plasmas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model for the cooling of solar flare plasmas is considered that makes allowance for atmospheric readjustments and is so formulated that the effects of conduction on the emission measure are evident. This model shows that an increasing emission measure with decreasing temperature is a characteristic feature of those solar flares for which expansion of the cooling volume is negligible. A similar but slower increase in emission measure with decreasing temperature results from pure radiative cooling if the hot region remains isothermal.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 149
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    Meter and decameter wavelength positions of solar bursts of July 31-August 7, 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The positional analysis of solar bursts at meter and decameter wavelengths observed during the period from July 31 to Aug. 7, 1972 is presented. Most of the activity during this period was associated with the active regions McMath 11976 and 11970. Except near the central meridian passage of region 11976, two regions of continuum emission were observed - one a relatively smooth continuum and the other a continuum superimposed with many type III emissions and other fine structure. It seems possible to interpret these continua in terms of plasma waves originating from two sources located at different heights or with different electron density gradients. The angular size of type III sources seems to increase with decreasing frequency. This implies that the open field lines along which the type III electrons travel have larger angular extent at greater heights.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 150
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    Gamma-ray observations from the OSO-3 satellite (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The result on gamma-rays obtained from the analysis of 5800 orbits of data from the University of Rochester telescope on board the OSO-3 satellite are presented. For gamma-rays of energy greater than 100 MeV, an upper limit of .00023 per sq cm per sec std has been placed on the diffuse (assumed isotropic) flux. An upper limit to the flux from the sun is set at .000032 and .000024 per sq cm per sec for energies greater than 50 and 100 MeV, respectively. All flux values are calculated assuming a neutral pion-decay source of gamma-rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 27; Mar. 197
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  • 151
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    First order latitude effects in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Weber-Davis model of the solar wind is generalized to include the effects of latitude. The principal assumptions of perfect electrical conductivity, rotational symmetry, a polytropic relation between pressure and density, and a flow aligned magnetic field in a system rotating with the Sun, are retained. The original three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow problem is reduced to a two dimensional hydrodynamic flow problem. The solution at 1 Au is most sensitive to a latitudinal dependence in the coronal boundary temperature and least sensitive to a latitudinal dependence in the magnetic field magnitude. A solution obtained for an approximate dipolar variation in the coronal magnetic field magnitude predicts that the latitudinal flow is initially toward the equator due to magnetic channeling; however, this effect is rapidly overcome and the latitudinal flow at 1 Au is toward the pole and not significantly different from the solution for constant boundary conditions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Mar. 197
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  • 152
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    A numerical calculation of outward propagation of solar disturbances (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The responses of the solar atmosphere due to an outward propagation shock are examined by employing the Lax-Wendroff method to solve the set of nonlinear partial differential equations in the model of the solar atmosphere. It is found that this theoretical model can be used to explain the solar phenomena of surge and spray. A criterion to discriminate the surge and spray is established and detailed information concerning the density, velocity, and temperature distribution with respect to the height and time is presented. The complete computer program is also included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-120368 , UAH-RR-151
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  • 153
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    Analysis of the 0.511 MeV radiation at the OSO-7 satellite (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of the 0.511 MeV positron annihilation, gamma ray on the OSO-7 satellite are presented. Variables which affect the counting rate are discussed. An upper limit flux of .0076 photons/sq cm/sec is obtained for the quiet sun and a positive solar flux of .063(+ or - .0002) photons/sq cm/sec is obtained for the 3B flare of 4 August 1972. The width of this annihilation line gives an upper limit temperature for the annihilation region of approximately 6 million K. An analysis of the line width and position also shows that the contribution to the line from positronium annihilation is less than 100% at the 99% confidence level. An upper limit is also found for an isotropic cosmic flux.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-139585
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  • 154
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    Gamma radiation from the Crab nebula above 35 MeV (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electromagnetic radiation from the Crab nebula were observed, showing that the Crab is unique among strong X-ray sources in that major component in the low energy range (1 to 10 KeV) shows little or no temporal variation. Observations of the Crab above 35 MeV were made with the high energy gamma ray telescope flown on SAS-2. The detector and technique are described in detail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70734 , X-662-74-236
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  • 155
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    The solar cycle variation of the solar wind helium abundance (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A critical survey was made of the experimental evidence for a variation of the relative abundance by number h, (n alpha/np), of helium in the solar wind. The abundance is found to vary by delta h = 0.01 + or - 0.01 from 0.035 to 0.045 over solar cycle 20. Changes in the average bulk speed during the solar activity cycle was insufficient to account for this increase in h with the solar cycle. The slope of the linear relation between h and the plasma bulk speed is also found to vary, being greatest around solar maximum. An attempt is made to explain the 30% variation in h as the result of the variation in the number of major solar flares over a solar cycle. These obvious transients are apparently not numerous enough to explain the observed variation, but the reasonable expectation remains that the transients observed recently by Skylab which may occur more frequently than major flares could augment those associated with major flares. Since the solar wind flux is not observed to increase at solar maximum, the abundance of Helium cannot be proportional to the proton flux leaving the sun unless the solar wind comes from a smaller area of the sun at maximum than at minimum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70685 , X-690-74-187
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  • 156
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    The geographical distribution of difference 100-keV electrons above the earth's atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Modern soft X-ray astronomical observations are made with large-area proportional counters that have very thin plastic windows. The counters are consequently very sensitive to low energy electrons. An electron with only a few keV of energy can penetrate a typical window, and a flux of approximately 100 electrons per square centimeter sec-ster can double the background counting rate during a typical observation. These electrons produce an undersiable effect which, is impossible to distinguish from X ray data. Consequently, an electron-free region is needed for accurate astronomical observations. Geographical regions of weak electron flux from low altitude satellite data are derived. These regions can be compared with the locations of rocket launching sites. The best sites should be those farthest from electron regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: UCRL-51456 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 6 P
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  • 157
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    Low energy (10eV to 10 keV) equatorial particle fluxes and soft particle fluxes near the equator (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Several spectra are shown that represent one rotation of ISIS-1. Spectra 1, 2, 3, represent particles moving down the field line into northern ionosphere and spectra 4, 5, 6 represent particles moving up field lines towards the magnetic equator. The former are direct fluxes and the latter are albedo fluxes. The spectra observed are remarkably similar to these observed in the auroral zone. The direct fluxes exhibit a relative maximum in the few keV range and the albedo a power low spectrum with increased fluxes at low energies. Examination of concurrent topside sounder data on ISIS-1 revealed a positive correlation between a region of turbulent ionosphere and particle fluxes. This ionospheric condition is referred to as equatorial spread F and has been studied extensively with bottomside ionospheric sounders and backscatter radars. The perigee of ISIS crossed the magnetic equator at four local times (0400, 1000, 1600, 2100) during the lifetime of the particle spectrometer. No fluxes were observed at 0400 and 1000 local time. At 1600 a few instances of particles were observed. At 2100 essentially all passes included detectable equatorial fluxes. This is in agreement with the frequency of occurence of equatorial spread F.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 9 p
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  • 158
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    Radio and gamma ray evidence for a molecular-arm feature at 5 kpc from the galactic centre (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent measurements of the galactic CO distribution as evidenced from 2.6 mm radio observations of the CO emission line intensity are correlated with the SAS-2 measurements of galactic gamma ray emission. Both distributions are indicative of a ring-shaped distribution or arm consisting of cool clouds of molecular hydrogen at a galactocentric distance of approximately 5 kpc. The mean density of H2 in this region is estimated to be between 1 and 5 cu cm. Both a galactic and extra-galactic origin of cosmic rays are consistent with the observations, although the presence of dynamical effects and increased star formation at 5 kpc in the dense molecular clouds may be connected with an increase in cosmic-ray production.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 253-257
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  • 159
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    A cosmic gamma ray burst measured by Apollo 16 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma ray burst at about 1058:21 UT on April 27, 1972, was detected with an omnidirectional scintillation counter on Apollo 16. The event whose energy was approximately 0.0002 erg/sq cm, was pulse height analyzed in 512 channels over the 0.067 less than or equal to E less than or equal to 5 MeV range, and shows a complex, multipeak structure on a 300 msec time scale. The burst was also measured by a collimated X-ray detector on Apollo 16, giving spectral data in the 2 to 8 keV range which, together with a simultaneous observation by Vela 6A, allows a directional determination.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 11-16
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  • 160
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    Measurements of the 0.1-27 MeV cosmic gamma ray spectrum by Apollos 15 and 16 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The spectrum of diffuse cosmic gamma rays over the 0.127 MeV range was measured by a 7 x 7 cm omnidirectional NaI counter on Apollo 15 and 16. Location of the spectrometer on a 7.6 m extensible boom, use of precision pulse-height analysis, and operation in several modes permitted data to be obtained from which spacecraft and other background contributions could be separated. Recent measurements verified the Apollo spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 107-116
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  • 161
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    A burst of energetic gamma rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A burst of gamma rays with energies greater than 1 MeV occurring on May 14, 1972, at 201247 UT (151247 local time) was detected during a balloon flight from Palestine, Texas, at a float altitude of 4g/sq cm residual atmosphere. The detector was a tank of liquid scintillator 1m x 0.5 m x 15 cm surrounded by a 0.6 cm plastic scintillator in anticoincidence. The signal was 60 standard deviations above a steady background of 600 counts/sec. The flux was 0.12 (+0.07 or -0.04) gamma/sq cm, and the time integrated flux 20(+11 or -7) gamma/sq cm. Only one such event was seen during the 8 hours of observation in the daytime on May 14 and 15. Two sub-flares in H alpha occurred during the burst, but not coincident with the start time. A detector on the Solrad satellite observed X-rays on all channels 2 minutes after the gamma ray start time. This event is similar to three earlier reported events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 31-36
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  • 162
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    Observation of low energy protons in the geomagnetic tail at lunar distances (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Three suprathermal ion detectors stationed on the moon were used to detect a region of plasma flowing antisunward along the ordered field lines of the geomagnetic tail, exterior to the plasma sheet. The particle flow displays an integral flux, a bulk velocity, temperatures, and number densities uniquely different from the other particle regimes traversed by the moon. No consistent deviation in the field was found to correspond with the occurrence of the events, which have an angular distribution extending between 50 and 100 deg and a spatial distribution over a wide region in both the Y sub sm and Z sub sm directions. The duration of observable particles varies widely between tail passages, with an apparent correlation between the number of hours of observation and the Kp index averages over these times. It is proposed that these particles may have entered through the cusp region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141732
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  • 163
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    A possible correlation between maxima of the far ultraviolet solar irradiance and central meridian passages of solar magnetic sector boundaries (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A description is given of the relationship observed between enhancements in the far ultraviolet solar irradiance and the position of the solar magnetic sector boundaries. The ultraviolet observations were made with the monitor of ultraviolet solar energy (MUSE) experiments which were launched aboard Nimbus 3 in April 1969 and Nimbus 4 April 1970. A comparison between the positions of solar magnetic sector boundaries and ultraviolet enchancements of the sun seems to show, at least during the year of 1969, that the ultraviolet maxima tend to occur near the times when a solar sector boundary is near the central meridian. An estimate of the magnitude of the variable ultraviolet solar energy input into the atmosphere resulting from the rotation of active solar longitudes is that for wavelengths less that 175 nm and down to H Lyman alpha it exceeds the annual variation whereas at longer wavelengths it is less. The total observed peak to peak variation in the ultraviolet irradiance from 120 to 300 nm over a solar rotation is typically at least 230 ergs/sq cm sec.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70674 , X-912-74-135
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  • 164
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    Two-fluid model of the solar corona (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple model of the lower corona which allows for a possible difference in the electron and proton temperatures is analyzed. With the introduction of a phenomenological heating term, temperature and density profiles are calculated for several different cases. It is found that, under certain circumstances, the electron and proton temperatures may differ significantly.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-138613 , SUIPR-566
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  • 165
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    Charge composition of high energy heavy primary cosmic ray nuclei (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A detailed study of the charge composition of primary cosmic radiation for about 5000 charged nuclei from neon to iron with energies greater than 1.16 GeV/nucleon is presented. Values are obtained after corrections were made for detector dependences, atmospheric attenuation, and solar modulation. New values of 38.5, 32.4, 23.7, and 16.8 g/sq cm for the attenuation mean free paths in air for the same charge groups are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70622 , X-661-74-71
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  • 166
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    Sweet's mechanism in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Sweet's mechanism occurs in the solar wind, at D-sheets near 1 AU. Conductivities on the order of 10,000 esu are obtained, which is on the order of the local plasma frequency. This implies that the effective collision frequency is on the order of the plasma frequency. The lateral extent of D-sheets is approximately 0.01 AU to 0.001 AU. Hundreds of such D-sheets are probably present between the orbits of Venus and Earth at any instant.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70630 , X-692-74-110
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  • 167
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    Regolith history from cosmic-ray-produced isotopes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A statistical model is given for soil development relating meteoroid impacts on the moon to cosmic-ray-produced isotopes in the soil. By means of this model, the average lunar mass loss rate during the past 1.4 aeons is determined to be 170g/sq cm aeon and the soil mixing rate to be approximately 200 cm/aeon from the gadolinium isotope data for the Apollo 15 and 16 drill stems. The isotope data also restrict the time variation of the meteoroid flux during the past 1.4 aeons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-134261 , SAO-404-069
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  • 168
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    High-energy particles associated with solar flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High-energy particles, the so-called solar cosmic rays, are often generated in association with solar flares, and then emitted into interplanetary space. These particles, consisting of electrons, protons, and other heavier nuclei, including the iron-group, are accelerated in the vicinity of the flare. By studying the temporal and spatial varation of these particles near the earth's orbit, their storage and release mechanisms in the solar corona and their propagation mechanism can be understood. The details of the nuclear composition and the rigidity spectrum for each nuclear component of the solar cosmic rays are important for investigating the acceleration mechanism in solar flares. The timing and efficiency of the acceleration process can also be investigated by using this information. These problems are described in some detail by using observational results on solar cosmic rays and associated phenomena.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70655 , X-693-74-116
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  • 169
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    A model of the trapped electron population for solar minimum (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A model is presented of the trapped electron environment of solar minimum conditions. Solar maximum models have been presented for the inner radiation zone (AE-5 1967), and for the outer radiation zone (AE-4 1967). The present solar minimum model consists of an inner zone model (AE-5 1975 Projected) with an epoch of 1975, and an outer zone model with an epoch of 1964. With only minor modifications this latter model is identical to the AE-4 1964 model presented previous. The model, however, has not previously been issued in computer form. AE-4 1964 is based upon satellite data, while the inner zone solar minimum model AE-5 1975 Projected consists entirely of extrapolations from AE-5 1967. While the two components of the solar minimum model have epochs 11 years part, it is assumed that any differences between the successive solar minima are smaller than the model error, and the complete model is associated with an epoch of 1975.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-69909 , NSSDC-74-03
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  • 170
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    Modulation of cosmic-ray protons and helium nuclei near solar maximum (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Balloon observations of proton and helium spectra in 1970, 1971 and 1972, reveal a factor of approximately 1.85 deviation from a single valued regression at low rigidities. This deviation decreases with increasing rigidity for both species. The period 1969-1970 is unique because time variations at low and high energies were anti-correlated. When satellite observations are used to extend the balloon observations to energies below 100 MeV/Nucleon, the proton spectrum showed a steeper slope in 1970 and 1972 than the characteristic J = AT spectrum observed during 1965-1969. The slope of the helium spectrum became continuously flatter during the same period (1970-1972). Computer generated spectra based on simple two parameter modulation models describe the basic features of the observations if one of the variable parameters is used to characterize the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficient. Models which do not allow such a variation are not consistent with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-138513 , TR-74-039
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  • 171
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    Two views of cosmic ray propagation in the solar system (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Diffusion and scatter free cosmic ray propagation theories are discussed in terms of the quality of their alternate viewpoints. A hypothetical model of conditions in interplantary space is described which aids in the comparison. A plot of the intensity of the interplanetary magnetic field over a long period is presented, and the association of these regions with high velocity streams is shown to support the scatter free viewpoint.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70664 , X-693-74-155
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  • 172
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    Pioneer 10 observations of the solar wind interation with Jupiter (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Pioneer 10 Plasma Analyzer experiment flight data during the Jupiter flyby are presented. The observations show that the interaction of Jupiter's magnetic field with the solar wind is similar in many ways to that at earth, but the scale size is over 100 times larger. Jupiter is found to have a detached standing bow shock wave of high Alfven Mach number. Jupiter has a prominent magnetopause which deflects the magnetosheath plasma and excludes its direct entry into the Jovian magnetosphere. The sunward hemisphere of Jupiter's outer magnetosphere is found to be highly inflated with thermal plasma and a high beta region which is highly responsive to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure. Observational arguments are presented which tend to discount a thin disklike magnetosphere but, rather, favor a Jovian magnetosphere, albeit probabily considerably flattened as compared to the earth's magnetosphere, yet still with reasonable thickness. Results concerning the shock jump conditions, the magnetosheath flow field and inferred internal magnetospheric plasma are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-62357
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  • 173
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    The acceleration of heavy nuclei in solar flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The overabundance of heavy nuclei in solar cosmic rays of energy approximately 5 Mev/nucleon is explained by taking into account the pre-flare ionization states of these nuclei in the region where they are accelerated. A model is proposed which considers two-step accelerations associated with the initial development of solar flares. The first step is closely related to the triggering process of flares, while the second one starts with the development of the explosive phase. Further ionization of medium and heavy nuclei occurs through their interaction with Kev electrons accelerated by the first-step acceleration. It is suggested that the role of these electrons is important in producing fully ionized atoms in the acceleration regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70661 , X-693-74-142
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  • 174
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    Spectral irradiance curve calculations for any type of solar eclipse (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple procedure is described for calculating the eclipse function (EF), alpha, and hence the spectral irradiance curve (SIC), (1-alpha), for any type of solar eclipse: namely, the occultation (partial/total) eclipse and the transit (partial/annular) eclipse. The SIC (or the EF) gives the variation of the amount (or the loss) of solar radiation of a given wavelength reaching a distant observer for various positions of the moon across the sun. The scheme is based on the theory of light curves of eclipsing binaries, the results of which are tabulated in Merrill's Tables, and is valid for all wavelengths for which the solar limb-darkening obeys the cosine law: J = sub c (1 - X + X cost gamma). As an example of computing the SIC for an occultation eclipse which may be total, the calculations for the March 7, 1970, eclipse are described in detail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64842
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  • 175
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    A catalogue of solar cosmic ray events: IMPS 4 and 5, May 1967 - December 1972 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This catalogue of solar cosmic ray events has been prepared for the use of solar physicists and other interested scientists. It contains some 185 solar particle events detected by the Goddard Space Flight Center Cosmic Ray Experiments on IMP's IV and V (Explorer 34 and 41) for the period May 1967 - December 1972. The data is presented in the form of hourly averages for three proton energy intervals - 0.9 - 1.6 MeV; 6 - 20 MeV and 20 - 80 MeV. In addition the time histories of .5 - 1.1 MeV electrons are shown on a separate scale. To assist in the identification of related solar events, the onset time of the electron event is indicated. The details of the instrumentation and detector techniques are described. Further descriptions of data reduction procedure and on the time-history plots are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70629 , X-661-74-27
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  • 176
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    Mirroring within the Fokker-Planck formulation of cosmic ray pitch angle scattering in homogeneous magnetic turbulence (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch angle scattering, appropriate for cosmic rays in homogeneous, stationary, magnetic turbulence, is computed from first principles. No assumptions are made concerning any special statistical symmetries the random field may have. This result can be used to compute the parallel diffusion coefficient for high energy cosmic rays moving in strong turbulence, or low energy cosmic rays moving in weak turbulence. Becuase of the generality of the magnetic turbulence which is allowed in this calculation, special interplanetary magnetic field features such as discontinuities, or particular wave modes, can be included rigorously. The reduction of this results to previously available expressions for the pitch angle scattering coefficient in random field models with special symmetries is discussed. The general existance of a Dirac delta function in the pitch angle scattering coefficient is demonstrated. It is proved that this delta function is the Fokker-Planck prediction for pitch angle scattering due to mirroring in the magnetic field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70645 , X-692-74-117
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  • 177
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    A discussion of interplanetary post-shock flows with two examples (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Plasma and magnetometer observations are described for two flare-associated shock flows and the comparison of them with models. One represents a class of flows where the shock is followed by a stream and separated from it by a region in which density temperature and speed decrease monotonically. The other is characterized by a complex region between the shock and the following stream, which has many discontinuities and fluctuations, but in which there is no increase in helium concentration. These two types of flow can be distinguished using ground magnetograms, since the former shows no sudden impulses following the shock, whereas the latter shows many.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70611 , X-692-74-49
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  • 178
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    Primary gamma rays (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Within this galaxy, cosmic rays reveal their presence in interstellar space and probably in source regions by their interactions with interstellar matter which lead to gamma rays with a very characteristic energy spectrum. From the study of the intensity of the high energy gamma radiation as a function of galactic longitude, it is already clear that cosmic rays are almost certainly not uniformly distributed in the galaxy and are not concentrated in the center of the galaxy. The galactic cosmic rays appear to be tied to galactic structural features, presumably by the galactic magnetic fields which are in turn held by the matter in the arm segments and the clouds. On the extragalactic scale, it is now possible to say that cosmic rays are not universal at the density seen near the earth. The diffuse celestial gamma ray spectrum that is observed presents the interesting possibility of cosmological studies and possible evidence for a residual universal cosmic ray density, which is much lower than the present galactic cosmic ray density.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70612 , X-662-74-57
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  • 179
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    Proton fluxes upstream from the earth's bow shock (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Correlated interplanetary and magnetospheric observations; Seventh ESLAB Symposium; May 22, 1973 - May 25, 1973; Saulgau
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  • 180
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    Search for gamma ray lines from supernovae and supernova remnants (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A gamma ray monitor with a NaI crystal shielded with a cup-shaped CsI cover was contained in the rotating wheel compartment of the OSO-7 spacecraft for measuring the gamma ray spectra from 0.3 to 10 MeV in search for gamma ray lines from a possible remnant in the Gum Nebula and the apparent Type I supernovae in NGC5253. A brief analysis of data yielded no positive indications for X-rays, gamma ray lines, or continuum from these sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Conference on Supernovae and Supernova Remnants; May 07, 1973 - May 11, 1973; Lecce; Italy
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  • 181
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    High energy galactic gamma radiation from cosmic rays concentrated in spiral arms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A model for the emission of high energy ( 100 MeV) gamma rays from the galactic disk was developed and compared to recent SAS-2 observations. In the calculation, it is assumed that (1) the high energy galactic gamma rays result primarily from the interaction of cosmic rays with galactic matter; (2) on the basis of theoretical and experimental arguments the cosmic ray density is proportional to the matter density on the scale of galactic arms; and (3) the matter in the galaxy, atomic and molecular, is distributed in a spiral pattern consistent with density wave theory and the experimental data on the matter distribution.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70818 , X-662-75-2 , High energy galactic gamma radiation from commic rays concentrated in spiral arms; Dec 01, 1974; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 182
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    Search for celestial X-ray bursts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Progress in two experimental programs is reported. One program involves the search through satellite data for existing evidence for fast photon intensity bursts with energies exceeding 80 keV. The second program is concerned with the development of very sensitive instrumentation to make possible studies of X-ray and gamma ray bursts in the region from 0.1 to 15 MeV with angular resolution, energy resolution, and time resolution, taking into account the complete dynamic range from several nanoseconds to several hours.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Conference on Supernovae and Supernova Remnants; May 07, 1973 - May 11, 1973; Lecce; Italy
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  • 183
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    Determination of the radial gradient in the region 0.81-1.0 AU using both high- and low-energy /more than 10-GeV and more than 52-MeV/ detectors for the 1-AU monitor (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A determination of the radial gradient for alpha particles (31-46 MeV/nuc) and protons with energies above 7.5 MeV and 44-77 MeV in the region 1.0-0.81 AU is presented for the solar-quiet year 1966. The determinations are based on data from the Pioneer 6 space probe. Two different detectors are used: the Deep River neutron monitor and measurements of low energy protons made on the IMP-C satellite. The average energy response of the Deep River monitor is 16 GeV, whereas the IMP-C data is for protons with energies above 50 MeV. The resulting radial gradient is found to be nearly zero for the alpha particles and slightly negative for the protons. The same qualitative results were found using the IMP-C data and the Deep River neutron monitor to measure the temporal variation in the cosmic ray intensity. The present analysis indicates that detectors over a wide range of energies are suitable for measuring the radial gradient, providing sufficient statistical precision is obtained to evaluate short-term modulation and the azimuthal separation of the detectors is not great.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics; Jun 17, 1974 - Jun 22, 1974; Sao Paulo; Brazil
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  • 184
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    Simulation of pitch angle diffusion of charged particles in a disordered magnetic field (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are reported for computer simulation experiments in which a statistical ensemble of random magnetic field realizations is generated, orbits of charged particles in the random fields are followed, and a pitch-angle diffusion coefficient is derived from the temporal evolution of the orbits. Diffusion coefficients predicted by three nonlinear theories are compared with the derived coefficients for the standard quasilinear theory of velocity diffusion, and the goals of future simulations are outlined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar wind three; Third Conference; Mar 25, 1974 - Mar 29, 1974; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 185
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    Research in particles and fields (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Investigations, by particle-detectors flown on spacecraft, of the astrophysical aspects of cosmic radiation and the radiation environment of the earth are reported along with the research of the interplanetary medium, and planetary magnetic fields. The cosmic ray interactions with the interplanetary and interstellar medium, and radio scintillation theory were also studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-138843
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  • 186
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    A new component of cosmic rays of unknown origin at a few MeV per nucleon (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Recently discovered anomalies in the abundances and energy spectra of quiet time, extraterrestrial hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen require serious revisions of origin theories to account for this new component of cosmic radiation. Abnormally large O/C and N/C ratios, long term intensity variations with time, and radial gradient measurements indicate a non-solar origin for these 2 to 30 MeV/nucleon particles. Ideas suggested to explain these measurements range from acceleration of galactic source material having an unusual composition to local acceleration of particles within the solar cavity. Observations are at present insufficient to choose between these alternate origin models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-138511 , TR-74-097 , 1974 Spring Meeting of the Am. Phys. Soc.; Apr 22, 1974 - Apr 25, 1974; Washington
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  • 187
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    Cosmic ray composition measurements and high energy ionization spectrometers (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Element abundances of cosmic rays Li through Si with energy above 0.8 GeV/amu were measured on a balloon borne instrument containing a total absorption ionization spectrometer. Statistical techniques were used to analyze the five measurements of each particle to determine its charge and energy. The technique allows a determination of systematic errors to be made. Corrections for Landau fluctuations, spark chamber inefficiency, and background particles were included. Comparison with other published results is made. Differences in the shape of the spectrum determined from measurements of different workers indicate that the absolute intensity is still known to only plus or minus 15% between 2 and 10 GV/c rigidity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70802 , X-661-74-335
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  • 188
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    Solar gamma rays (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The theory of gamma ray production in solar flares is treated in detail. Both lines and continuum are produced. Results show that the strongest line predicted at 2.225 MeV with a width of less than 100 eV and detected at 2.24 + or - 2.02 MeV, is due to neutron capture by protons in the photosphere. Its intensity is dependent on the photospheric He-3 abundance. The neutrons are produced in nuclear reactions of flare accelerated particles which also produce positrons and prompt nuclear deexcitation lines. The strongest prompt lines are at 4.43 MeV from c-12 and at approximately 6.2 from 0-16 and N-15. The gamma ray continuum, produced by electron bremsstrahlung, allows the determination of the spectrum and number of accelerated electrons in the MeV region. From the comparison of the line and continuum intensities a proton-to-electron ratio of about 10 to 100 at the same energy for the 1972, August 4 flare. For the same flare the protons above 2.5 MeV which are responsible for the gamma ray emission produce a few percent of the heat generated by the electrons which make the hard X rays above 20 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70808 , X-660-74-368
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  • 189
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    Propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The characteristics of a model for analyzing the propagation of cosmic rays are discussed. The requirements for analyzing the relevant observational data on cosmic rays are defines as: (1) the chemical and isotopic composition of cosmic rays as a function of energy, (2) the flux and energy spectrum of the individual nucleonic components, (3) the flux and energy spectrum of the electronic component, (4) the cosmic ray prehistory, and (5) the degree of isotropy in their arrival directions as a function of energy. It is stated that the model which has been able to bring to pass the greatest measure of success is the galactic confinement model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141190 , TR-75-028
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  • 190
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    Direction finding measurements of auroral kilometric radiation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Direction finding measurements with plasma wave experiments onboard the Hawkeye-1 and IMP-8 satellites were used to locate the source region of auroral kilometric radiation. The radiation exhibits peak intensities between about 100 kHz and 300 kHz, and emits intense sporadic bursts lasting for between one half hour to several hours. The total power emitted in this frequency range exceeds 10 to the 9th power watts at peak intensity. The occurrence of the radiation is known to be closely associated with bright auroral arcs which occur in the local evening auroral regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-140766 , U-OF-IOWA-74-35
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  • 191
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    Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts with IMP-7: Evidence for a single spectrum (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Spectral observation of nine recent cosmic gamma-ray bursts are reported. The average photon number spectra of all nine events are shown to be consistent with a 150-keV exponential from 100 keV to about 400 keV, and a power law of index -2.5 from 400 keV to 1100 keV. The observations also indicate an event rate of 16 in 1972 and 1973, or 8 + or - 2 per year, higher than the 5 + or - 1 per year initially reported. This corresponds to an approximately 40-percent lower effective intensity threshold, attained by using more sensitive detectors in multiple-satellite coincidence.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70778 , X-661-74-296
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  • 192
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    The variation of solar proton energy spectra size distribution with heliolongitude (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A statistical study of the initial phases of 185 solar particle events was carried out using the data from cosmic ray experiments on IMP 4 and IMP 5. Special emphasis was placed on the identification of the associated solar flare, as the parent flare can be determined for 68% of the events. It appears probable that most of the unidentified increases occur on the non-visible disc of the sun. The existence of a 'preferred-connection' longitude between 20 W and 80 W was established by examining the heliolongitude of all the flare associated events. It is demonstrated that the energy spectra determined at the time of maximum particle in the 20 to 80 MeV or 4 to 20 Mev interval range give results identical to that obtained by the 'distance-travelled' method.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70770 , X-660-74-298
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  • 193
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    Order-of-scattering of partially polarized radiation in inhomogeneous, anisotropically scattering atmospheres. I - Fundamentals (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Sept
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  • 194
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    The Compton-Getting effect for low energy particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The traditional first-order Compton-Getting effect, which relates particle distributions as observed in two frames of reference moving with constant relative velocity, is inadequate for the description of low-energy particles (less than a few hundred keV/nucleon) in the solar system. An exact procedure is given for recovering both isotropic and anisotropic distributions in the solar wind frame from observations made in a spacecraft frame. The method is illustrated by analyzing a particle event observed by an experiment on IMP-7 on Oct. 31, 1972.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Aug. 197
    Format: text
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  • 195
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    Thundercloud radio emission from cosmic-ray-shower ionization electrons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The drift of shower ionization electrons in thundercloud fields constitutes a traveling current pulse whose amplitude is modulated by shower development and by the thundercloud field. The radio emission from such a pulse is calculated for a simple modulation model. The response of electric dipole antennas to such pulses is evaluated. To distinguish shower ionization radio pulses from random noise, the use of two receiver bands centered at a common frequency is proposed. It is shown that the ratio of the power in the two bands can be used to distinguish shower ionization radio signals from random noise. For modulated current pulses traveling above the speed of light in a medium, an inverse modulation effect is found. For unmodulated current pulses traveling above the speed of light in a medium, a new class of realizations of the Cerenkov effect is discovered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 10
    Format: text
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  • 196
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    Unknown
    Measurement of the positron-electron ratio in the primary cosmic rays from 5 to 50 GeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 33; July 1
    Format: text
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  • 197
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    Post-shock spikes - A new feature of proton and alpha enhancements associated with an interplanetary shock wave (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Description of the salient characteristics of temporal variations of greater than or about equal to 100 keV/nucleon protons and alpha particles during a ten-hour period associated with the passage of an interplanetary shock wave. In addition to extending measurements to energies considerably below previous observations for energetic storm particle and shock-spike events, the discovery of a new low energy feature, referred to as 'postshock spikes', is reported. The typical width of these spikes is several minutes, but they occur several hours after the passage of the shock front. Evidence is presented that spikes depends on the energy per charge of the particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; June 197
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  • 198
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    The spectrum of diffuse cosmic X-rays observed by OSO-3 between 7 and 100 keV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
    Format: text
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  • 199
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    The reliability of the daily quick look solar wind velocities as indicators of interplanetary activity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is shown that the daily quick look solar wind velocities based on the Ames Research Center solar wind plasma data obtained on the Pioneer spacecraft are surprisingly reliable indicators of interplanetary activity. These velocities can appropriately be used in correlation studies with an average accuracy of plus or minus 5%. This accuracy reflects the 'jitter' in the solar wind velocity during quiescent intervals and across high-speed streams.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 200
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    Jupiter's radiation belts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Fluxes of electrons and protons in Jupiter's radiation belts are calculated with the source (radial diffusion inward from the solar wind) and the loss (synchroton radiation). The calculations are tested against the measured radio-wave wavelength distribution, the radio-wave distribution with distance from Jupiter, and the degree of polarization of the radio waves. The Fokker-Planck equation is solved by using the method of Farley and Walt (1971) with the fixed flux at the outer boundary and the zero flux at Jupiter's surface. It is found, in agreement with Brice and McDonough (1973), Jacques and Davis (1973), and Birmingham et al. (1974), that the usual magnetic and electric diffusions, which vary as L to the 10th power and L to the 6th power, respectively, are insufficient to furnish the required electrons and that the diffusion driven by ionospheric winds of Brice and McDonough is strong enough to furnish Jupiter's belts. An additional loss mechanism close to Jupiter is required to remove the electrons, particularly those at low energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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