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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface photovoltage analysis of phase transformation of copper in p-type silicon (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 3756-3758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Surface photovoltage minority carrier lifetime/diffusion length analysis of copper contaminated p-type silicon was performed. It was observed that an optical or low-temperature thermal activation procedure on Cu-doped silicon significantly degrades the diffusion length. Unlike iron doped p-type silicon no recovery of diffusion length was observed following such an activation procedure. It is proposed that the activation procedure dissociates interstitial copper agglomerations and forms extended substitutional defects in silicon, which have much greater recombination efficiency. The change in phase of copper and the formation of associated defects is a function of activation light intensity, annealing time, and temperature. An activation energy of 0.419 eV is obtained for the process, which is in good agreement with copper diffusivity value in silicon. It is thus concluded that the change in phase of copper and the formation of extended defects with activation is a diffusion limited process. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126797
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of copper contamination in silicon by surface photovoltage diffusion length measurements (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 278-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Surface photovoltage minority carrier lifetime/diffusion length analysis of copper contaminated silicon was performed. It was observed that copper and copper associated defects degrade minority carrier lifetime more in n-type than in p-type silicon. This finding is explained by analysis of copper related defect levels identified by other deep level transient spectroscopy studies. In copper contaminated p-type silicon, an optical or thermal activation procedure significantly degrades the diffusion length. A process similar to that of Fe–B in p-type silicon is proposed. The activation process dissociates the Cu–Cu pairs, a weak recombination center in p-type silicon, and the copper forms extended substitutional defects in silicon, which have much greater recombination activity. No recovery of diffusion length was observed following such an activation procedure. The difference in copper and iron diffusion length recovery properties after activation can be used to differentiate iron contamination from copper contamination. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123280
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface photovoltage analysis of copper in p-type silicon (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 2298-2300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Surface photovoltage minority carrier lifetime/diffusion length analysis of copper-doped p-type silicon was performed. Minority carrier recombination behavior of the deep level induced by copper and its thermal stability in the temperature range of 25–300 °C was investigated. This defect is attributed to interstitial copper pairs in p-type silicon. Isochronal annealing to a temperature of 150 °C results in improvement in diffusion length. This change in recombination behavior is attributed to precipitation of copper. At temperatures higher than 150 °C, copper forms extended substitutional defects in silicon, which results in a decrease in diffusion length. Interstitial copper concentration is estimated using the change in recombination behavior with isochronal annealing. Since copper is known to precipitate rapidly during cooling from high temperatures, it is observed that less than 0.01% of the total copper dissolved in silicon occupies an interstitial position. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121341
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iron precipitation in float zone grown silicon (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 589-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Temperature dependent iron precipitation in float zone grown silicon wafers has been experimentally investigated. Results of iron precipitation experiments over a wide thermal process temperature range and time are presented. Precipitation of iron in silicon was analyzed by a quantitative assessment of change in interstitial iron using a surface photovoltage minority carrier lifetime analysis technique. Contamination levels of iron in the range 1011–1013 atoms/cm3 are investigated. It is concluded that maximum iron precipitation occurs in the temperature range of 500–600 °C. Iron precipitation is rapid in this region where more than 90% of the interstitial iron precipitates in a period of 30 min. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365861
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retrieval of aerosol characteristics from scattering and extinction measurements
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Advances in Space Research 2 (1982), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0273-1177
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0273-1177(82)90328-3
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  • 6
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    When an eddy encounters shelf-slope topography (2016)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2016
    Description: Eddies in the ocean move westwards. Those shed by western boundary currents must then interact with continental shelf-slope topography at the western boundary. The presence of other eddies and mean lows complicates this simple picture, yet satellite images show that mesoscale eddies translating near the shelfbreak routinely affect the continental shelves of the Mid-Atlantic Bight, the Gulf of Mexico etc. The consequent cross-shelfbreak transports are currently of unknown importance to shelf budgets of heat, salt and volume. Thus motivated, this thesis uses idealized continuously stratified numerical experiments to explore eddy-slope interactions under four questions: 1. Can the continental slope prevent an eddy from reaching the shelfbreak? 2. What is the structure of the eddy-driven offshore low? 3. How is the continental shelf affected by an eddy at the shelfbreak? 4. Given surface observations, can one estimate the volume of water transported across the shelfbreak? The experiments show that the efficiency of Rossby wave radiation from the eddy controls whether it can cross isobaths: by radiating energy the eddy becomes shallow enough to move into shallower water. For wide continental slopes, relative to an eddy diameter, a slope can prevent an anticyclone from reaching the shelfbreak by shutting down such radiation. For narrow continental slopes, the interaction repeatedly produces dipoles, whose cyclonic halves contain shelf-slope water stacked over eddy water. The formation of such cyclones is explained. Then, the structure of shelf lows forced by the eddy are studied: their vertical structures are rationalized and scalings derived for their cross-isobath scales; for example, the extent to which the eddy influences the shelf. A recipe for estimating cross-isobath transports based on eddy surface properties is put forward. Finally, the findings are tested against observations in the Middle Atlantic Bight of the northeastern United States.
    Description: I acknowledge high-performance computing support from Yellowstone (ark:/85065/d7wd3xhc) provided by NCAR’s Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The research presented here was funded by National Science Foundation grants OCE-1059632 and OCE-1433953. Funding support from the Academic Programs Oice, WHOI is also gratefully acknowledged.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 7
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    Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air-sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry (2022)
    European Geosciences Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Phillips, H. E., Tandon, A., Furue, R., Hood, R., Ummenhofer, C. C., Benthuysen, J. A., Menezes, V., Hu, S., Webber, B., Sanchez-Franks, A., Cherian, D., Shroyer, E., Feng, M., Wijesekera, H., Chatterjee, A., Yu, L., Hermes, J., Murtugudde, R., Tozuka, T., Su, D., Singh, A., Centurioni, L., Prakash, S., Wiggert, J. Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air-sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry. Ocean Science, 17(6), (2021): 1677–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021.
    Description: Over the past decade, our understanding of the Indian Ocean has advanced through concerted efforts toward measuring the ocean circulation and air–sea exchanges, detecting changes in water masses, and linking physical processes to ecologically important variables. New circulation pathways and mechanisms have been discovered that control atmospheric and oceanic mean state and variability. This review brings together new understanding of the ocean–atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean since the last comprehensive review, describing the Indian Ocean circulation patterns, air–sea interactions, and climate variability. Coordinated international focus on the Indian Ocean has motivated the application of new technologies to deliver higher-resolution observations and models of Indian Ocean processes. As a result we are discovering the importance of small-scale processes in setting the large-scale gradients and circulation, interactions between physical and biogeochemical processes, interactions between boundary currents and the interior, and interactions between the surface and the deep ocean. A newly discovered regional climate mode in the southeast Indian Ocean, the Ningaloo Niño, has instigated more regional air–sea coupling and marine heatwave research in the global oceans. In the last decade, we have seen rapid warming of the Indian Ocean overlaid with extremes in the form of marine heatwaves. These events have motivated studies that have delivered new insight into the variability in ocean heat content and exchanges in the Indian Ocean and have highlighted the critical role of the Indian Ocean as a clearing house for anthropogenic heat. This synthesis paper reviews the advances in these areas in the last decade.
    Description: Helen E. Phillips acknowledges support from the Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub and Climate Systems Hub of the Australian Government's National Environmental Science Programme and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes. Amit Tandon acknowledges the US Office of Naval Research. This is INCOIS contribution no. 437.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    Bay of Bengal intraseasonal oscillations and the 2018 monsoon onset (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102(10), (2021): E1936–E1951, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0113.1.
    Description: In the Bay of Bengal, the warm, dry boreal spring concludes with the onset of the summer monsoon and accompanying southwesterly winds, heavy rains, and variable air–sea fluxes. Here, we summarize the 2018 monsoon onset using observations collected through the multinational Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Bay of Bengal (MISO-BoB) program between the United States, India, and Sri Lanka. MISO-BoB aims to improve understanding of monsoon intraseasonal variability, and the 2018 field effort captured the coupled air–sea response during a transition from active-to-break conditions in the central BoB. The active phase of the ∼20-day research cruise was characterized by warm sea surface temperature (SST 〉 30°C), cold atmospheric outflows with intermittent heavy rainfall, and increasing winds (from 2 to 15 m s−1). Accumulated rainfall exceeded 200 mm with 90% of precipitation occurring during the first week. The following break period was both dry and clear, with persistent 10–12 m s−1 wind and evaporation of 0.2 mm h−1. The evolving environmental state included a deepening ocean mixed layer (from ∼20 to 50 m), cooling SST (by ∼1°C), and warming/drying of the lower to midtroposphere. Local atmospheric development was consistent with phasing of the large-scale intraseasonal oscillation. The upper ocean stores significant heat in the BoB, enough to maintain SST above 29°C despite cooling by surface fluxes and ocean mixing. Comparison with reanalysis indicates biases in air–sea fluxes, which may be related to overly cool prescribed SST. Resolution of such biases offers a path toward improved forecasting of transition periods in the monsoon.
    Description: This work was supported through the U.S. Office of Naval Research’s Departmental Research Initiative: Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ministry of Earth Science’s Ocean Mixing and Monsoons Program, and the Sri Lankan National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency. We thank the Captain and crew of the R/V Thompson for their help in data collection. Surface atmospheric fields included fluxes were quality controlled and processed by the Boundary Layer Observations and Processes Team within the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory. Forecast analysis was completed by India Meteorological Department. Drone image was taken by Shreyas Kamat with annotations by Gualtiero Spiro Jaeger. We also recognize the numerous researchers who supported cruise- and land-based measurements. This work represents Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory contribution number 8503, and PMEL contribution number 5193.
    Description: 2022-04-01
    Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Monsoons ; In situ atmospheric observations ; In situ oceanic observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Offshore transport of shelf water by deep-ocean eddies (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 46 (2016): 3599-3621, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0085.1.
    Description: At continental margins, energetic deep-ocean eddies can transport shelf water offshore in filaments that wrap around the eddy. One example is that of Gulf Stream warm-core rings interacting with the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf. The rate at which shelf water is exported in these filaments is a major unknown in regional budgets of volume, heat, and salt. This unknown transport is constrained using a series of idealized primitive equation numerical experiments wherein a surface-intensified anticyclonic eddy interacts with idealized shelf–slope topography. There is no shelfbreak front in these experiments, and shelf water is tracked using a passive tracer. When anticyclones interact with shelf–slope topography, they suffer apparent intrusions of shelf–slope water, resulting in a subsurface maximum in offshore transport. The simulations help construct an approximate model for the filament of exported water that originates inshore of any given isobath. This model is then used to derive an expression for the total volume of shelf–slope water transported by the eddy across that isobath. The transport scales with water depth, radius, and azimuthal velocity scale of the eddy. The resulting expression can be used with satellite-derived eddy properties to estimate approximate real-world transports ignoring the presence of a shelfbreak front. The expression assumes that the eddy’s edge is at the shelf break, a condition not always satisfied by real eddies.
    Description: The research presented here was funded by NSF Grants OCE-1059632 and OCE-1433953. Funding support from the Academic Programs Office, and WHOI is also gratefully acknowledged.
    Description: 2017-06-08
    Keywords: Continental shelf/slope ; Advection ; Dynamics ; Eddies ; Topographic effects
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    The influence of an eddy in the success rates and distributions of passively advected or actively swimming biological organisms crossing the continental slope (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(7), (2020): 1839-1852, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0209.1.
    Description: The Lagrangian characteristics of the surface flow field arising when an idealized, anticyclonic, mesoscale, isolated deep-ocean eddy collides with continental slope and shelf topography are explored. In addition to fluid parcel trajectories, we consider the trajectories of biological organisms that are able to navigate and swim, and for which shallow water is a destination. Of particular interest is the movement of organisms initially located in the offshore eddy, the manner in which the eddy influences the ability of the organisms to reach the shelf break, and the spatial and temporal distributions of organisms that do so. For nonswimmers or very slow swimmers, the organisms arrive at the shelf break in distinct pulses, with different pulses occurring at different locations along the shelf break. This phenomenon is closely related to the episodic formation of trailing vortices that are formed after the eddy collides with the continental slope, turns, and travels parallel to the coast. Analysis based on finite-time Lyapunov exponents reveals initial locations of all successful trajectories reaching the shoreline, and provides maps of the transport pathways showing that much of the cross-shelf-break transport occurs in the lee of the eddy as it moves parallel to the shore. The same analysis shows that the onshore transport is interrupted after a trailing vortex detaches. As the swimming speeds are increased, the organisms are influenced less by the eddy and tend to show up en mass and in a single pulse.
    Description: IR and LP were supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE-1558806. DC was supported by NSF U.S. National Science Foundation’s Physical Oceanography program through Grants OCE-1059632 and OCE-1433953 as well as the Academic Programs Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We acknowledge high-performance computing support from Yellowstone (http://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7wd3xhc) provided by NCAR’s Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Ocean ; Eddies ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Transport
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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