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  • Nitrogen fixation  (148)
  • Bone  (145)
  • Springer  (293)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1980-1984  (191)
  • 1975-1979  (102)
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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Mineral ; Amorphous calcium phosphate ; X-ray diffraction ; Radial distribution function
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary X-ray diffraction radial distribution function analysis was used to determine if a significant amount of an amorphous solid phase of calcium phosphate exists in bone, and if so, whether the amount varies as a function of age and maturation. Unfractionated cortical bone from embryonic and posthatch chicks of various ages and a low-density fraction of embryonic bone were studied. No evidence was found for the presence of an amorphous solid phase of calcium phosphate in any of the samples studied, including the recently deposited bone mineral of the low density fraction of embryonic bone. As little as 12.5% of synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) added to bone was readily detected by the radial distribution function technique used. The results clearly indicate that the concept that ACP is the initial solid mineral phase deposited in bone, and the major mineral constituent of young bone is no longer tenable. The concept does not provide an accurate description of the nature of the initial bone mineral deposited, or the changes that occur with maturation, nor can it acount for the compositional and X-ray diffraction changes that the mineral component undergoes during maturation and aging.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 392-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Vitamin D ; Chick embryo ; Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Chick embryos were injected in the yolk sac at various ages with various doses of different vitamin D3 metabolites. Serum concentrations of total calcium and inorganic phosphate were determined 24 h after the injection and histological and electron microscopic studies of the tibiae were conducted 3–6 days after. Confirming previous results, the injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to produce significant hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The dose required to produce these effects decreased with age: 100 ng on the 9th day, 50 ng on the 11th, and 10 ng on the 15th. This finding is interpreted as resulting from the fact that the specialized cells in the chorionic epithelium which are considered to be involved in mineral resorption from the shell differentiate between the 11th and 13th days. Although no bone changes were observed in embryos injected before the 11th day, a rim of unmineralized trabeculae (osteoid) was observed at the periphery of the cortex of the tibial diaphysis in the embryos which had been injected after that age. Thus, in embryos injected on the 11th day with 100 ng 1,25(OH)2D3, the trabeculae formed between the 11th and 14th day remained unmineralized until the 15th or 16th day at which time they completed their mineralization. In the embryos injected on the 14th day, the alterations were more severe and could be produced with doses 10 times smaller than those required when the injections were made on the 11th day. At all ages, the doses that produced an osteoid rim also induced hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The electron microscopical study of the osteoid trabeculae showed that osteoblasts and osteocytes had normal cytological characteristics and that the bone matrix did not present changes other than the reduction in mineral deposition. While the above findings do not exclude a direct action of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone cells as the mechanism of osteoid formation, they do underline the importance of the humoral changes at least as partial determinants of this phenomenon. The activities of various vitamin D metabolites were compared using as parameter the threshold-dose required to produce a rim of unmineralized trabeculae in the tibia of 14–15 days embryos (T-D). The most active metabolite appeared to be 1,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 10 ng); it was followed by 1,24,25(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng) and 1,25,26(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng). Vitamin D3 itself (T-D: 100 µg), 25(OH)D3 (T-D: 2.5µg) and 24,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 5 µg) produced similar responses but only when administered in much larger doses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S1 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Functional adaptation ; Bone ; Conference
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The purpose of this contribution is to serve as an introduction to the papers presented at the Kroc Foundation Conference on Functional Adaptation in Bone Tissue, to outline the objective of the conference, and to summarize the discussion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Antler ; Bone ; Collagen ; Tension
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The tensile deformation characteristics of compact bone from deer antler were measured in both the “dry” and “wet” states and compared with published values for bovine compact bone. The tensile strength in the wet state (108±5.1 MN/m2) was comparable to the value for bovine compact bone tested at the same strain rate. The modulus value was very low: 7.5±0.9 GN/m2. The work to fracture was comparatively high, about 3 times that for bovine compact bone. Fractographic examination revealed fibrillar and osteonal shear for samples fractured in the dry state. In the samples tested in the wet state, some regions exhibited pull-out of lamellar segments from within a Haversian system. The results are explained in terms of the higher collagen content and lesser degree of mineralization in the antler.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 337-342 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Histomorphology ; Immobilization ; Quadriplegia ; Multiple sclerosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The cortical bone histomorphometrics, total visible osteon density, and mean osteonal cross-sectional area were determined for the major long bones and sixth ribs of two individuals with neurological deficit. One was a multiple sclerosis patient who had been in a wheelchair for 15 years. The other was a quadriplegic as a result of poliomyelitis. Statistically significant differences in osteon densities occurred only in the case of the quadriplegic. Nevertheless, in that subject, the total visible osteon densities for bones of the right arm were not statistically different from those of their age-matched (control) radii. Medical history records revealed that there had been partial use of this limb. These results support the belief that mechanical stress is an important factor in the maintenance of normal cortical bone remodeling. In addition, since there were subnormal osteon densities and normal mean osteonal cross-sectional areas, immobilization appears to be characterized by reduced activation frequency with a normal amount of bone turnover per BMU.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Diffusion ; H2O ; Ions ; Vitamin D ; Diphosphonate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The rates of diffusion of small ions and neutral molecules through isolated calvaria have been determined. Compared with data published on self-diffusion and diffusion through cartilage, H2O, 3-O-methylglucose, lactate, sulfate, and methylamine diffuse at approximately 2/3 the expected rate. Diffusion of H2O and sulfate was unaffected by the administration of the diphosphonate 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), although phosphate fluxes are markedly diminished. Diffusion of water was nearly doubled by vitamin D deficiency. A 1-week treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on H2O diffusion while returning calcium influx to normal. It is concluded that bone matrix permits a flow of small neutral and ionized molecules nearly comparable to that in cartilage. When changes in calcium and phosphate influx are observed, they can be ascribed to the exchange properties of bone mineral and not to changes in matrix permeability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Periodontal ligament ; Bone resorption ; Aryl sulfatase ; Mineralization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The distribution of aryl sulfatase in the rat periodontal ligament was investigated by ultrastructural histochemistry. In the periodontal ligament aryl sulfatase was localized specifically in osteoclasts and in vicinal perivascular macrophages. Macrophages associated with bone formation did not stain. The authors interpret this specificity as a potential marker for osteoclast differentiation from macrophages — or as a further indication of the capacity of macrophages to modulate their enzymatic complement in response to the environment. To explain the absence of aryl sulfatase in areas of bone formation we suggest that different sulfate esters are mobilized from resorbing and mineralizing matrices, and that only the enzyme associated with bone resorption is histochemically detectable with the artificial substrates currently used.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Paracrystallinity ; Hydroxyapatite ; Bone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary X-ray diffraction patterns from oriented bone sections show that the crystalline apatite content of untreated mature cortical bovine bone has, in fact, a paracrystalline structure (i.e., no long range order). There is anisotropy in both lattice distortions and the sizes of the coherently diffracting domains. The paracrystalline mean distance fluctuations, (g) were found to be 1.5 (±0.1)% and 2.9 (±0.2)% for the basal and prism planes respectively, the corresponding paracrystalline sizes being 220 (±20) and 70 (±10) Å. The paracrystalline structure became more ordered above 600°C, suggesting the association of hydroxyl and possibly carbonate and other ions with the paracrystalline structure. The paracrystalline model for bone apatite helps explain anomalies between X-ray and electron microscope measurements of crystal size and also some of the biological functions of the crystalline apatite.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Resorption ; Osteoclast ; Quantitation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The stimulation of bone resorption, assessed by the release of45Ca from prelabeled bones, was associated with an increase in number of osteoclasts per bone section in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-treated bones, but not in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated bones. By contrast the number of nuclei per osteoclast increased following LPS treatment, but was not affected by PTH. LPS-treated bones had more multinucleated cells, some having as many as 27 nuclei per osteoclast. More osteoclasts were adjacent to the bone collar in bones treated with LPS or PTH than in control bones. In LPS-treated bones this area also contained the largest osteoclasts, as determined by the greatest number of nuclei per osteoclast. The results suggest that LPS and PTH stimulate osteoclastic resorption by different mechanisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 303-305 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Albumin ; Bone ; Hydroxyapatite ; Plasma protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The extractability of125I-labelled plasma albumin from bone pieces and from powdered bone has been compared after both in vivo and in vitro incorporation. The results show that albumin is more readily extracted from bone pieces than from bone powder which implies that tissue disruption exposes additional protein adsorption sites. It is suggested that incorporation of plasma albumin into calcified matrix during bone formation occurs mainly as a result of its strong interaction with bone mineral.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Electron spin resonance ; Crystallinity ; Bone ; Osteons
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Several groups containing 10–15 isolated osteons differing in their degree of maturity were analysed. Samples were isolated from undecalcified human and bovine bone sections. The crystallinity coefficient, defined as the ratio of the number of radiation-induced paramagnetic defects in the crystalline lattice of hydroxyapatite to the total ash content, was calculated. The results were compared with measurements performed on fragments of total cortical bone, primary periosteal bone, and inner circumferential lamellar bone. The results show a higher crystallinity of fully calcified osteons as compared with that found at the initial stage of calcification. No differences in the ash content were observed between human osteons, from different stages of calcification evaluated morphologically and by X-ray absorption. These differences were evident when bovine osteons differing in their stage of calcification were compared. Human fully calcified osteons contain 60% ash and their crystallinity coefficient is 52.1. Human osteons at the initial stage of calcification contain 57% ash and their crystallinity coefficient is 40.6. The same parameters for fully calcified bovine osteons and for bovine osteons at the initial stage of calcification are 59% ash, 62.6 crystallinity coefficient and 46% ash, 43.0 crystallinity coefficient, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Density ; Composition ; Renal osteodystrophy ; Dogs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Bone density and composition were studied in trabecular and cortical bone from control 2 and 4 year old beagles and those which had various degrees of renal failure as a result of perinatal irradiation. Changes in the two types of bone were qualitatively similar but consistently greater in trabecular bone. In a group identified as markedly uremic, the decrease (P〈0.025) from control levels in specific gravity was about 4 times greater in trabecular than in cortical samples. The decrease (P〈0.025) in grams of ash/ml was 9% in trabecular bone and 2% in cortical bone. These changes were associated with an increase (P〈0.001) in water content and, on a percent by volume basis, approximately equal decreases in ash (P〈0.025) and combustible matter (P〈0.025). In a mildly uremic group there were similar trends in mean values but the only significant difference was an increase (P〈0.001) in trabecular bone water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Calcitonin ; Plasma calcium ; Radiocalcium ; Bone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The effect of intravenous salmon calcitonin (SCT) infusion on the net rate of loss from plasma of recently injected45Ca has been studied in conscious fasted rats, some of which had been previously thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX). The45Ca was injected 10 h prior to or 1 or 2 h after the initiation of the infusion. Salmon calcitonin (0.05–0.2 MRC mU/g body weight/h) infusion produced the expected hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The drop in plasma calcium levels produced by the hormone was lowered further by the addition of phosphate to the infusate. Plasma45Ca changes, during SCT infusion, followed a biphasic pattern when the radionuclide injection preceded SCT infusion by 10 h. During the first part of the infusion, the rate of loss of45Ca from plasma was greater in SCT-treated than in control rats. Later, this pattern reversed, and the rate of loss of45Ca from plasma became slower in SCT-treated animals. If45Ca was injected after SCT infusion was initiated only the second phase of the biphasic effect was observed; i.e., disappearance of45Ca from plasma was slower in SCT-infused than in control rats. These data are considered to support the hypothesis that rapid and opposing calcium fluxes exist between bone fluid and plasma, and that calcitonin acts by decreasing the calcium efflux from bone fluid. The calcium moved in this efflux system includes some that has only recently entered bone fluid from plasma. This is the explanation given for the initial decrease in plasma45Ca concentrations following SCT infusion. The reverse effect in the second phase can be explained as the result of a secondary reduction in calcium influx to bone fluid from plasma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Femur ; Strength ; Density ; Age
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary In order to ascertain whether the intrinsic strength of human bone changes with age or not, we have determined the ultimate tensile strength and density of strips of femoral cortical bone. These femora were collected from cadavers varying in age from 13 to 97 years. The results show that both density and intrinsic strength of bone increase up to about the fourth decade of life and then decrease with age. However, the rate of decrease of strength is greater than that of density. This indicates that the density of bone is not the sole determining factor of its strength, and that some other factors play an important part.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 101-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Rickets ; Hypophosphatemia ; Microradiography ; D-resistance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The perilacunar areas of low mineral density in microradiographs from cortical bone of patients with hypophosphatemic (vitamin D-resistant) rickets are not evenly distributed throughout the bone tissue. Their frequency and distribution were determined in bone from 9 patients with this disease. It was found that the lesion was more frequent in haversian bone than in interstitial bone, and along the inner circumference of growing haversian systems as compared with the outer circumference. These findings indicate that the lesion is the result of retarded mineralization, and that mineralization slowly proceeds in these areas as the bone becomes older. A relatively high frequency of the lesion was also found in osteons with an elliptical cross section along the long axis of the ellipse. The cause of the abundance of the lesion at these sites is not clear, but it is possible to explain the uneven distribution in elliptical osteons by assuming an unequal rate of bone formation in these structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Oxygen uptake ; Bone ; Oxygen tension ; Carbon dioxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The present study was carried out to determine the influence of carbon dioxide and oxygen tension on the respiratory activity of bone cells in mouse calvaria in vitro. Five-day-old mouse calvaria were removed aseptically and incubated individually for 1 h at 37° C in a closed reaction chamber containing 1.5 ml of tissue culture medium made up of 60% horse serum in Gey's solution containing 100 unit/ml penicillin and 100µg/ml streptomycin. Before the calvaria were added, the medium in the incubation chamber was equilibrated with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50% oxygen balanced with nitrogen. The effect of CO2 on oxygen utilization by the calvaria was determined by incubating the calvaria in a medium previously equilibrated with either 50% O2 balanced with N2 or 50% O2 and 5% CO2 balanced with N2. At each oxygen tension, the rate of oxygen utilization by the calvaria was measured polarographically by a Clark oxygen electrode. The results showed that the rate of oxygen uptake of bone increased as the oxygen tension increased and carbon dioxide stimulated significantly the rate of oxygen utilization by the bone cells. In view of the previous reports that both carbon dioxide and oxygen tension are implicated in the process of bone resorption, it is suggested that these two factors may affect bone resorption by influencing the oxygen utilization by bone cells and ultimately controlling their energy metabolism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Parathyroid hormone ; Plasma calcium ; Radiocalcium ; Bone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The net rate of loss of45Ca from plasma was monitored in normal, thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX), and nephrectomized rats. Also studied was the effect of a 24 h intravenous infusion of PTH in TPTX rats. The45Ca was injected after an overnight fast and 1 to 4 h prior to the time the first blood sample was obtained. In normal rats, the net rate of loss of45Ca from plasma was slower than in TPTX rats for at least 12 h after radionuclide injection. Nephrectomy did not affect this difference between control and TPTX rats until 8 h after45Ca injection or about 18 h after nephrectomy. At this time a reversal occurred and the net rate of plasma45Ca loss in nephrectomized rats with parathyroids became faster than in TPTX nephrectomized rats. When PTH was infused at a constant rate (3 mU/g body weight/h) plasma calcium concentrations rose gradually for approximately 12 h after which a constant plasma calcium level was maintained with continued PTH infusion. During the period when plasma calcium concentrations were rising, the net rate of loss of45Ca from plasma was slower than in TPTX controls infused only with saline. However, when plasma levels stabilized, plasma45Ca disappearance rates changed such that the rate loss of45Ca from plasma became faster in PTH-infused than in TPTX controls. It is concluded that PTH increases calcium efflux from the same compartment in bone which receives calcium from plasma, thereby returning some recently deposited45Ca to plasma. In the non-equilibrated state, this returns additional45Ca to plasma causing anet decrease in the rate of loss of45Ca from plasma. However, in the equilibrated condition, when both calcium efflux from bone and influx into bone are in balance but at higher flux rates, PTH stimulates the diffusion of45Ca into other bone compartments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Photodensitometry, X-ray ; Radiography ; Spectrophotometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A conventional spectrophotometer was used to do radiographic photodensitometry of bone mass. An experiment to produce osteoporosis in guinea pigs required quantification of changes in bone mass. Lack of a densitometer necessitated finding another method for quantification. The method developed involved using industrial film in a closed X-ray system. Optical density of X-rays was then read in a spectrophotometer at nine femur locations. Highly significant correlations between optical density and femur calcium content and femur dry weight per millimeter were obtained. Histological sections from an animal with low optical density measurements confirmed bone loss by showing decreased cortical width and loss of trabecular bone. In addition to using readily available equipment, this method offers the advantage of being able to detect bone loss in specific areas of the bones. In addition, bones are left intact and can be used for other purposes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 119
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): ESR ; Bone ; Enamel ; CO3-Apatite ; Paramagnetism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite, enamel, and bone were irradiated by an X-ray and investigated between 77° and 350°K by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The ESR spectrum of enamel irradiated at 77°K in vacuum and observed at the same temperature was almost the same as that of the carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite. The temperature dependence of signal intensities confirms a spin-energy exchange between the mineral and organic constituents in bone, but in enamel no or very little spinenergy exchange between the mineral and organic constituents. Considerable similarity among the ESR spectra of enamel, bone, and carbonate-containing apatite was obtained after X-ray irradiation in air at 300°K with both an X-band and a Q-band ESR spectrometer. The Q-band spectrum can be interpreted in terms of two paramagnetic species. One is identified as a CO 3 3− anion radical which has an axial symmetry withg factors of 2.0029 and 1.9972. The other species is found to be centered atg=2.0019.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Anticonvulsants ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Parathyroid hormone ; Bone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Parameters of mineral metabolism were examined in 6 patients with moderately severe anticonvulsant drug-induced osteomalacia. Compared to 15 matched controls, the patients exhibited significantly reduced serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration, reduced intestinal47Ca absorption, reduced urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and reduced forearm bone mass. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D3 was normal. Following 4 months of treatment with vitamin D3 (4000 units/day), serum 25-OHD concentration was increased to 3 times mean normal values and all parameters except serum iPTH, urinary calcium excretion, and forearm bone mass were returned to levels not significantly different from normal. Serum iPTH concentration was reduced by 39% (P〈0.05); 24-h urinary calcium excretion rose by 98% (P〈0.001), and forearm bone mass increased by 5.6% (P〈0.05). It is concluded that moderate-dose vitamin D3 supplementation is effective in normalizing parameters of mineral metabolism in this disorder, despite evidence of resistance to the biologic effects of vitamin D.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Infrared, visible light ; Bone ; Collagen ; Apatite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Photovoltaic effect (infrared and visible light) is observed in bone and its two major components, collagen and apatite, at room temperature. A dimunition in the magnitude of photovoltage is observed after exposure to ultraviolet light in all the cases. The drift mobility of the charge carriers is obtained by measuring I versus V relationships in sandwich samples and relating them to the permitivity of the medium. Lifetime of the injected carriers is measured in the usual way. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects are due to protonic conduction phenomena.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 47-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Matrix vesicles ; Calcospherites ; Mineralization ; Bone ; Dentin ; Cartilage ; SEM
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Mineral particle cluster, corresponding to calcospherites or matrix vesicle-initiated clusters in calcifying cartilage and dentin and to collagen bundle-related mineralization in lamellar bone, have been isolated from NaOCl solutions used to dissolve the organic matrix in preparation of anorganic mineralizing fronts for scanning electron microscopy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Plasma protein ; Glycoprotein ; Bone ; Glucosamine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Plasmaα 2HS-glycoprotein is specifically accumulated in calcified tissues. In the present studies this glycoprotein was isolated from plasma and after iodination with iodine-125 was injected intravenously into young rabbits. The tissue distribution and plasma disappearance rate of this radioactively labeled material were determined. Of the various tissues studied, bone showed the greatest retention of labeled glycoprotein expressed as percentage of the injected dose per gram tissue relative to the plasma content. The rate of loss of iodinatedα 2HS-glycoprotein from plasma was similar to that ofα 2HS-glycoprotein labeled endogenously by using14C-glucosamine or3H-glucosamine. The uptake of exogenously labeled3I-α 2HS-glycoprotein into bone tissue expressed as a percentage of the injected dose was similar to that of endogenously labeled14C-α 2HS-glycoprotein. These results suggest that the125I-labeled material can be used to study further the metabolism ofα 2HS-glycoprotein by bone tissue.
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Osteoclasts ; Macrophage ; Resorption ; Plutonium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Female rats were used to study the kinetics of plutonium transfer from the bone surfaces of the mandibular condyle to osteoclasts and macrophages. This study was made using autoradiographs prepared from plastic sections of the mineralized bones of animals which had been injected with241 Pu citrate. Measurements of the concentration of plutonium in the osteoclasts and macrophages at different times after the injection of plutonium showed that plutonium was concentrated by osteoclasts from bone surfaces and was retained with a half-time of ∼ 70 h. Subsequently, plutonium appeared to be transferred to macrophages. The results showed that plutonium was unlikely to be accumulated by macrophages as a result of their participation in bone resorption.
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Ion influxes ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Exchange
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Quantitative measurements were made of the ion fluxes of calcium and phosphate into and from calvaria (mouse or rat) when clamped in specially designed micro-Ussing chambers. The effects of varying concentrations of calcium were examined on the influx and efflux of calcium and of its counterion, phosphate. A comparable series of experiments was performed with varying phosphate concentrations. Both ions, as their concentrations increased, depressed their own influx, increased their own efflux, and significantly increased the equilibrium concentration, E/K, supported by the calvaria. Similarly, both ions, as their concentrations increased, affected the influx or efflux of their counterion only slightly but did depress the counterion's equilibrium level, E/K, significantly. In spite of these changes it was shown that calvaria effectively buffered the medium at physiological concentrations of calcium and phosphate. The buffering capacity, however, was small, and the balance, E/K, was modified by small uptake or loss of either ion. The small size of the interacting mineral pool was confirmed by direct measurement of the rapidly exchanging fractions of both calcium or phosphate. They were only ∼1% of the total ions present. The significance of these findings is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Osteopetrosis ; Osteoclast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Ectopic bone arising in grafts of compatible normal intact bone marrow in microphthalmic osteopetrotic recipients was examined in the light microscope and was found to be unaffected by the deficiency that curtails resorption of primitive woven bone in osteopetrotic animals.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Dentin ; Bone ; Apposition rate ; Parathyroid hormone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The dose-dependency of the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone and dentin apposition after both intermittent and continuous administration of the hormone was investigated. The purpose was to compare the sensitivity of these two mineralizing tissues to parathyroid hormone and to provide additional information regarding the direct effect of PTH on mineralized tissue formation. Adult rats were thyroparathyroidectomized and 5 groups of 4 or 5 rats each were given daily subcutaneous injections with different doses of bovine parathyroid hormone. Five more groups of 4 rats each were administered equivalent dosages by means of a continuous infusion pump implanted subcutaneously. An additional group of 4 rats served as controls. All animals were labeled with tetracycline injected on days 7, 9, and 11. The animals were killed on day 12 and blood samples were collected for serum calcium determination. The lower metaphysis of the femur and the left and right mandibles were dissected out, and undecalcified sections of plastic-embedded tissues were prepared. The distances between the three tetracycline bands were measured to determine the amount of bone or dentin formation. Results indicated that both dentin and bone apposition increased with higher dosages of hormone. No overall effect of the method of administration was evident. For both methods, bone apposition showed a more pronounced increase over the control levels than dentin apposition. This suggests that, although both osteoblasts and odontoblasts appear to respond directly to PTH, differences do exist in the magnitude and dose-dependency of the response. No causal relationship was found between increases in serum calcium levels and either bone or dentin apposition at the lower dose levels.
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 762-766 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Enamel ; Maturation cycles ; Tetracycline ; Dentine ; Bone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Uptake of tetracycline by enamel in the short-term was studied at an advanced stage of crown formation and after completion of crown formation in deciduous molars in the cat. Both secretory phase enamel and bands of postsecretory, maturation phase enamel labeled rapidly. The pattern of labeling mimicked that seen in the continuously growing, rootless incisor teeth of the rat, with narrow doublets fusing to form narrow bands with wide unlabeled intervals in the short term. This is a physiological demonstration which indicates that cyclical activity and changes may occurin vivo during the maturation phase of amelogenesis in rooted teeth. It is also noted that dentine did not, and that some circumscribed patches of bone did label in the same animals in the same time interval. Short-term tetracycline labels are lost following conventional histological processing, but are retained after freeze-drying or air-drying.
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 197-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Parathyroid hormone ; Calcitonin ; Bone ; Escape ; Irradiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Calcitonin (CT) inhibits hormonally stimulated bone resorption only transiently in vitro. This phenomenon has been termed “escape,” but the mechanism for the effect is not understood. One possible explanation is that bone cell differentiation and recruitment of specific precursor cells, in response to stimulators of resorption, lead to the appearance of osteoclasts that are unresponsive to CT. To test this hypothesis, cell proliferation in neonatal mouse calvaria in organ culture was inhibited by irradiation from a cobalt-60 source. At a dose of 6000 R, [3H]thymidine incorporation into intact calvaria was inhibited approximately 90%. Irradiation had no effect on the resorptive response to 0.1 U/ml parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, irradiation induced a dose-dependent inhibition of the escape response which was maximal at 6000 R. A dose of 6000 R did not affect the binding of125I-salmon CT to calvaria and decreased PTH stimulation of cyclic AMP release from bone without affecting the cyclic AMP response to CT. Although irradiation caused a dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis, the dose-response curves for that effect and inhibition of escape were not superimposable. A morphologic study of hormonally treated calvaria demonstrated that irradiation prevented the early increase in number of osteoclasts in PTH-treated calvaria that had been observed previously in unirradiated bones. Autoradiography showed that irradiation also prevented the PTH-stimulated recruitment of newly divided mononuclear cell precursors into osteoclasts. This may be correlated with the effect of irradiation to prevent the loss of responsiveness to CT in the presence of PTH.
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S7 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Mechanical function
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The variety of different mechanical functions required of whole bones is discussed. Often, the design optimizing the structure for one function is not optimal for another function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Bone Gla protein (BGP) was measured in the plasma by radioimmunoassay (RIA) during treatment of 59 patients with bone diseases including Paget's disease (N=9), primary hyperparathyroidism (N=25), chronic renal failure (N=20), and cancer involving bone (N=5). Plasma BGP was increased above normal in all patients. BGP decreased in the patients with Paget's disease following the acute and chronic administration of salmon calcitonin. Plasma BGP was higher in women then in men with primary hyperparathyroidism. Following parathyroidectomy, BGP decreased in both sexes but the decrease was significant in women only. Plasma BGP was increased in patients with renal osteodystrophy and did not change after hemodialysis. In the patients with bone cancer, plasma BGP decreased during treatment of the attendant hypercalcemia with salmon calcitonin. Although plasma BGP and serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels were generally correlated in these studies, there were examples of dissociation between the two. The measurement of plasma BGP appears to provide a specific index of bone metabolism that may in some circumstances be more sensitive than serum alkaline phosphatase measurement. However, further studies are necessary to establish the clinical value of plasma BGP measurement by RIA in the management of patients with bone diseases.
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S19 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Remodeling ; Microdamage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A conceptual framework is presented for understanding and investigating structural adaptation of cortical bone. The magnitudes, orientations, and sense (tension or compression) of the physiologically incurred cyclic principal strains vary markedly throughout the skeleton. It is probable, therefore, that the strain/remodeling response of bone is site specific. Furthermore, there is some indication that immature bone is more responsive to alterations of cyclic strains than mature bone. Animal experimental studies and complementary stress and strain analyses suggest that the structural adaptation due to changes in cyclic strain fields may be a very nonlinear response. Bone loss in mature animals due to immobilization is sensitive to even small changes in the cyclic bone strains. Under normal conditions, however, there appears to be a broad range of physical activity in which bone is relatively unresponsive to changes in loading history. With severe repeated loading, bone hypertrophy can be pronounced. These observations open the possibility that bone atrophy and hypertrophy are controlled by different mechanisms. Therefore, two (or more) complementary control systems may be involved in the regulation of bone mass by bone cyclic strain histories. It is probable that bone mechanical microdamage is one control stimulus for affecting an increase in bone mass.
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S118 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Strain ; Remodeling ; Adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary For bone to remodel adaptively, the cells responsible should follow some algorithm. Nine different loading situations and structures are discussed. It seems that either algorithm must be extremely complex, or cells in different structures must follow different algorithms.
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  • 134
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 519-522 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Turner's syndrome ; Ovarian dysgenesis ; Osteoporosis ; Bone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The bone mineral status of 17 girls with Turner's syndrome was evaluated by single photon absorptiometry. Bone mineral content (BMC) was 25.4% below that predicted by normalization for age, sex, height, weight, and bone width. Only 25% of this demineralization could be attributed to delayed skeletal maturation. Bones of girls who received estrogen replacement therapy were less demineralized than those of the others. The bone mineral deficit became less pronounced with advancing age. It could not be determined if the apparent effect of estrogens was related to age or if the apparent improvement with age was really due to an effect of estrogen treatment. For 8 subjects followed longitudinally there was no significant change in the BMC deficit.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Aluminum ; Parathyroid hormone ; Bone ; Renal failure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Bone aluminum, quantitative bone histology, and plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) were compared in 29 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Histologic techniques included double tetracycline labeling and histochemical identification of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Bone aluminum was measured chemically by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and histochemically. When measured chemically, the bone aluminum was 67±46 (SD) mg/kg dry weight (normal 2.4±1.2 mg/kg); histochemically, aluminum was present at 2.9±4.4% of trabecular surface. The biochemical and histochemical results agreed well (r=0.80,P〈0.001). No double tetracycline labels were seen at the mineralization front where aluminum was deposited, indicating cessation of mineralization at these sites. The osteoblast surface correlated positively with plasma PTH (r=0.67,P〈0.001) and negatively with bone aluminum level (r=−0.42,P〈0.05). Multiple linear regression showed a correlation of aluminum with osteoblasts additional to that of PTH, consistent with a direct effect of aluminum in depressing osteoblast numbers. Though a relationship between PTH and chemically determined bone aluminum level could not be demonstrated, there was a negative correlation between osteoclast count and aluminum, and the nine patients with severe hyperparathyroid bone disease had lower chemically determined aluminum levels than the other patients. These results suggest that aluminum (a) directly inhibits mineralization, (b) is associated with decreased PTH activity and hence osteoblast numbers, and (c) directly reduces osteoblast numbers. In addition to inducing severe, resistant osteomalacia, aluminum appears to contribute to the mild osteomalacia commonly seen in renal failure, characterized by extensive thin osteoid and low tetracycline and osteoblast surfaces.
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria ; Anabaena ; Hydrogenase ; Hydrogen-uptake ; Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Protection mechanism ; Inhibitors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica is found to consume molecular hydrogen in a hydrogenase dependent reaction. This hydrogen uptake proceeds in the dark and is strictly dependent on oxygen, thus representing a Knallgas reactions. Its rate is almost as high as that of the endogenous respiration in Anabaena. Studies with inhibitors reveal that hydrogen is utilized via the complete respiratory chain providing additional energy for the alga. CO plus C2H2 completely block the Knallgas reaction which explains the previously reported considerable increase in the total H2 formation representing the difference between the nitrogenase-dependent H2-evolution and the reutilization of the gas catalysed by the hydrogenase in intact Anabaena. H2 is able to support the C2H2-reduction in the dark in a reaction again strictly dependent on oxygen. Moreover, H2 is also consumed in experiments carried out under far red light and in the presence of dichlorophenyl-dimenthyl-urea (DCMU) where the energy for nitrogen fixation is no longer provided by respiration but by cyclic photophosphorylation. Under these conditions, H2 is found to supply electrons for the formation of C2H4 from C2H2 in a reaction no longer dependent on the presence of oxygen. Moreover, in these experiments, the presence of H2 stabilizes the C2H2-reduction activity against the deleterious effect of oxygen. Thus, this communication provides evidence for a triplicate function of the H2-uptake catalysed by hydrogenase in intact Anabaena which is (a) to provide energy by the Knallgas reaction, (b) to supply reducing equivalents for nitrogenase, (c) to protect nitrogenase from damage by oxygen.
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 195-196 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Mutation ; Blue-green alga ; Anabaenopsis raciborskii ; Gas vacuole ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract From a bloom forming blue-green alga, Anabaenopsis raciborskii, spontaneous mutants, which had lost the ability to form gas vacuoles have been isolated; the mutant frequency was 4.8×10-3. The filaments of gas vacuole-less mutants settled at the bottom of flasks in liquid culture media unlike the parent alga. The growth and nitrogen fixation were comparatively poor in the mutants.
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria ; Knallgas reaction ; Hydrogenase ; Hydrogen utilization ; Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Isolated heterocysts ; Anabaena cylindrica ; Nostoc muscorum ; Anabaena variabilis ; Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanophora paradoxa
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several blue-green algae were surveyed for the occurrence of the hydrogenase which was assayed by the oxyhydrogen or Knallgas reaction in the intact organisms. In aerobically grown cultures, the reaction was detectable in Anabaena cylindrica, Nostoc muscorum and in two Anabaena variabilis species, whereas virtually no activity was observed in Anacystis nidulans and Cyanophora paradoxa. In these latter two algae, the reaction was, however, found after growth under molecular hydrogen for several days, which drastically increased the activity levels with all the algae tested. In the nitrogen fixing species, the activity of the Knallgas reaction was enhanced when all combined nitrogen was omitted from the media. H2 and hydrogenase could not significantly support the CO2-fixation in photoreduction experiments with all blue-green algae investigated here. Hydrogenase was assayed by the dithionite and methyl viologen dependent evolution of hydrogen and was found to be present with essentially the same specific activity levels in preparations of both heterocysts and vegetative cells from Anabaena cylindrica. Na2S2O4 as well as H2 supported the C2H2-reduction of the isolated heterocysts. The H2-dependent C2H2-reduction did not require the presence of oxygen but was strictly light-dependent where H2 served as an electron donor to photosystem I of these cells. It is concluded that hydrogen can be utilized by two different pathways in blue-green algae.
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  • 139
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Azospirillum ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The interaction between nitrate respiration and nitrogen fixation inAzospirillum lipoferum andA. brasilense was studied. All strains examined were capable of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) under conditions of severe oxygen limitation in the presence of nitrate. A lag phase of about 1 h was observed for both nitrate reduction and nitrogenase activity corresponding to the period of induction of the dissimilatory nitrate reductase. Nitrogenase activity ceased when nitrate was exhausted suggesting that the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, rather than denitrification (the further reduction of nitrite to gas) is coupled to nitrogen fixation. The addition of nitrate to nitrate reductase negative mutants (nr-) ofAzospirillum did not stimulate nitrogenase activity. Under oxygen-limited conditionsA. brasilense andA. lipoferum were also shown to reduce nitrate to ammonia, which accumulated in the medium. Both species, including strains ofA. brasilense which do not possess a dissimilatory nitrite reductase (nir-) were also capable of reducing nitrous oxide to N2.
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  • 140
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 37-45 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria ; Blue-green algae ; Hydrogen metabolism ; Nitrogen fixation ; Isolated heterocysts ; Inhibitors ; Plastoquinone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several natural and artificial electron donors were assayed in the C2H2-reduction of heterocysts isolated from the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. Among these, molecular hydrogen was the most effective one when the assays were performed in the light. The C2H2-reduction and the Knallgas reaction of intact Anabaena filaments as well as the H2-supported C2H2-reduction of isolated heterocysts were compared for their sensitivity towards several inhibitors known to affect the photosynthetic or respiratory electron flow. Among these, dibromothymoquinone (DBMIB) affected all three reactions equally indicating that plastoquinone is a common intermediate of the H2-consumptions by either the respiratory or the photosynthetic electron transport. Metronidazole inhibited the H2-utilization via photosynthesis but did not affect the consumption of this gas by respiration and therefore allows to differentiate between the two pathways of hydrogen utilization. The studies with the inhibitors are suggestive for a segment of electron carriers on the membranes common to both photosynthesis and respiration in heterocysts of Anabaena.
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Gene expression ; Protein synthesis ; Regulation ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Microbial ecology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract At growth temperatures above 37°C, Klebsiella pneumoniae does not grow in a medium containing N2 or NO 3 - as nitrogen sources. However, both the growth in the presence of other nitrogen sources as well as the in vitro nitrogenase activity are not affected at this temperature. The inability to fix N2 at high temperature is due to the failure of the cells to synthesize nitrogenase and other nitrogen fixation (nif) gene encoded proteins. When cells grown under nitrogen fixing conditions at 30°C were shifted to 39°C, there was a rapid decrease of the rate of de novo biosynthesis of nitrogenase (component 1), nitrogenase reductase (component 2), and the nifJ gene product. There was no degradation of nitrogenase at the elevated temperature since preformed enzyme remained stable over a period of at least 3 h at 39°C. Thus, temperature seems to represent a third control system, besides NH 4 + and O2, governing the expression of nif genes of K. pneumoniae.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Fluorescent antibody staining ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Anabaena azollae ; Azolla caroliniana
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Fluorescent antibody staining indicated differences in surface antigenicity in Anabaena azollae cells fresh from the leaf cavities of the fern, Azolla caroliniana, and algae which were isolated and subcultured from this fern. Such results suggest that either changes in antigenicity occur in this phycobiont during culturing or that isolation selects for an antigenically different mutant strain capable of in vitro growth.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; Guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Addition of ammonium to N2 fixing cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium pasteurianum rapidly reduced the intracellular levels of guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) by 70–90%. This change might reflect a regulatory role of ppGpp in nitrogen metabolism.
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodules ; Soybean
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several mutants defective in nodulation were isolated from Rhizobium japonicum strains 3I1b110 and 61A 76. Mutants of class I do not form nodules after incubation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] for 17 days, but will do so by 28 days. When host plants other than G. max are infected with several of these strains, there is no detectable difference in the time of nodulation or size of nodules as compared to the wild type. Two mutants of class I (i. e., SM1 and SM2) have been shown previously to be altered in the lipopolysaccharide portion of their cell wall. Mutants of class II are not slow to nodulate but form fewer nodules than the wild type on all the host plants tested. Mutants of class III are unable to form nodules. Some bacteriophage-resistant mutants, altered in cell surface structure, fall into this class. Two mutants of class III do not bind to soybean roots.
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Anabaena variabilis Kütz ; 14C-prelabeled blue-green algae ; Interaction respiration/photosynthesis ; CO2 exchange ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Prelabeled Anabaena variabilis Kütz. evolves 14CO2 in the light with KCN and DCMU (2,4-dichlorophenyl-1,1-dimethylurea) present, comparable to the dark control without inhibitors added. Double-reciprocal plots of CO2 release vs. light intensity with either KCN or KCN+DCMU present result in two straight lines intersecting at the ordinate. Apparently, reducing equivalents originating from carbohydrate catabolism are channeled into the photosynthetic electron-transport chain, competing for electrons from photosystem II. Under these conditions, the CO2 release is accompanied by a light-dependent oxygen uptake, presumably due to oxygen-reducing photosystem-I activity while ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase is inhibited by KCN. Comparing nine blue-green algae it was shown that only nitrogen-fixing species release substantial amounts of CO2 in the light with KCN or KCN+DCMU present. This release is particularly obvious with Anabaena variabilis Kütz. under nitrogen-fixing conditions, but small when the alga is grown with combined nitrogen. We conclude that nitrogen-fixing species share a common link between respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport. The physiological role may be electron supply of nitrogenase by photosystem I.
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 38-43 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Gene expression ; Regulation ; Messenger RNA ; Transcription ; Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogenase messenger RNA synthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae was determined by labelling cells with (3H)uracil and isolating total RnA, which was then hybridized to filterbound recombinant plasmid pSA30 DNA carrying the nitrogenase structural genes nifH, D, and K. Derepression of nitrogenase mRNA starts 1.5 h before the onset of nitrogenase activity (as measured by acetylene reduction). Exposure of nif-derepressed cultures to either NH 4 + , air, or high temperatures (39° C) results in a rapid decrease of the synthesis rates both of nitrogenase mRNA and nitrogenase polypeptides. Nitrogenase mRNA is remarkably stable. After blocking transcription with rifampicin, hybridizable and actively translatable nitrogenase mRNA survives with an average half-life of 18 min. Half-lives are considerably shorter when rifampicin-inhibited cultures are simultaneously shifted to conditions which are non-permissive for nitrogenase synthesis, pointing to some posttranscriptional influence on nitrogenase mRNA stability. In all experiments performed there was no evidence for uncoupling of nitrogenase mRNA synthesis from nitrogenase mRNA translation, indicating that nitrogenase synthesis is regulated solely by transcriptional control.
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental management 7 (1983), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen ; Model ; Agriculture ; Mass balance ; Ground-water ; Denitrification ; Immobilization ; Dry deposition ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrate ; Florida
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract A detailed nitrogen budget was devised for agricultural activities in the Florida peninsula, based on routine data published by state agricultural agencies. The model demonstrates that important unmonitored fluxes of nitrogen can often be calculated by mass balance on individual model compartments, and that the reasonability of poorly quantified fluxes can be assessed. The results of such models can be very useful in designing and assessing the results of field experiments and in prioritizing environmental monitoring programs.
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  • 148
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ferredoxin ; Iron-sulfur proteins ; Nitrogen fixation ; Electron transport to nitrogenase ; Flavodoxin ; Mycobacterium flavum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract 1. Two ferredoxin-type iron-sulfur proteins have been isolated from Mycobacterium flavum 301 grown under nitrogen-fixing, iron-sufficient conditions. No flavodoxin was observed. 2. These ferredoxins are apparently soluble: they were present in the supernatant fraction after disrupting by decompression. Only small amounts were present in particulate fractions. 3. The two ferredoxins were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex or electrophoresis. 4. Both ferredoxins mediated the transfer of electrons from illuminated spinach chloroplasts to a nitrogenase preparation to reduce acetylene. Ferredoxin II was specifically about five times more active than ferredoxin I. Ferredoxin II was also active in the photosynthetic NADP+-reduction whereas ferredoxin I was not. 5. Both ferredoxins were reversibly reduced by either sodium dithionite, illuminated spinach chloroplasts or hydrogen plus hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum. 6. Attempts to determine the primary electron donor for nitrogen fixation in Mycobacterium flavum were unsuccessful. Acetylene reduction in Mycobacterium extracts was obtained only with sodium dithionite or illuminated spinach chloroplasts as electron donors. The reduction of the electron carrier (e. g. ferredoxin) rather than the transfer of electrons from the reduced carrier to nitrogenase was rate-limiting.
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrogen bacteria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction ; Mycobacterium flavum 301 ; Corynebacterium autotrophicum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Seventeen strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, isolated from different habitats on hydrogen and carbon dioxide as well as on other substrates, morphologically resembled each other. All strains, including Mycobacterium flavum 301, grew autotrophically with hydrogen. The isolate strain 6 was sensitive to oxygen when dependent on N2 as nitrogen source, a consequence of the sensitivity of its nitrogenase towards oxygen. At the same time, strain 6 was sensitive to hydrogen when growing autotrophically on N2 as nitrogen source, but hydrogen did not affect acetylene reduction by these cells.
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodule ; Endophyte vesicle ; Alder ; Alnus ; Freeze-etching
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen-fixing root nodules of Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. were studied by transmission electron microscopy and by freeze-etching technique. Ultrathin sectioning of septate vesicles of the actinomycetal endophyte showed an electron transparent zone, the so-called “void area”, between the vesicle cell wall and its encapsulation material. This void area was not observed in the freeze-etching replicas of cryoprotected nodular tissue. It is suggested that the void area is the result of the coming-off of the vesicle cell wall from the capsule and that its formation reflects difficulty in fixing the voluminous mature vesicle of the root nodule endophyte.
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Anabaena sp. ; Nitrogen fixation ; Heterocysts ; Cyanobacteria ; Marine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A marine filamentous cyanobacterium capable of rapid growth under N2-fixing conditions has been isolated from the Texas Gulf Coast. This organism appears to be an Anabaena sp. and has been given the strain designation CA. Cultures grown on mineral salts medium bubbled with 1% CO2-enriched air at 42°C show a growth rate of 5.6±0.1 generations per day with molecular nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source. This growth rate is higher than any other reported in the literature to date for heterocystous cyanobacteria growing on N2. Under similar growth conditions, 7.5 mM NH4Cl yields a growth rate of 6.6±0.1 generations per day while 7.5 mM KNO3 allows for a growth rate of 5.8±0.4 generations-day. Nitrogen-fixation rates, as measured by acetylene reduction, show maximum activity values in the range of 50–100 nmoles ethylene produced/minxmg protein. These values compare favorably with those obtained from heterotrophic bacteria and are much higher than values reported for other cyanobacteria. Growth experiments indicate that the organism requires relatively high levels of sodium and grows maximally at 42°C. Because of its high growth rate on N2, this newly isolated organism appears ideal for studying nitrogen metabolism and heterocyst development among the cyanobacteria.
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 120 (1979), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Azolla ; Cyanobacteria ; Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiont ; Photoheterotroph ; Algal isolation ; Photosynthesis ; Plant metabolism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A procedure has been developed to isolate cyanobacteria from the aquatic fern Azolla. The method is based upon recovery of cyanobacterial “bundles” from digests of plants and use of this material as a massive inoculum for nitrogen-free media, followed by prolonged incubation in light. The procedure appears to select for those cells capable of growth in vitro. Isolated cyanobacteria were found to resemble Anabaena sp. morphologically but were capable of heterotrophic growth and had high nitrogenase activity when grown on fructose in the dark.
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  • 153
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 153-159 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium japonicum ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Organic acids ; Cell-morphology ; Bacteroids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Rhizobium japonicum 61-A-101 grew and fixed nitrogen more effectively on media containing an organic acid and a pentose sugar than on media containing only one of these carbon sources. Peak specific activities in the range 10–15 nmol C2H4 · h-1 · mg protein-1 were found for these organisms in a spot of growth about 1 cm diameter on agar surfaces exposed to air. Increasing concentrations of the organic acids (succinate or malonate) in a medium containing arabinose resulted in longer lasting activity. The inclusion of a third carbon source, glycerol, gave activity which remained at the maximum from about the 8 to the 18 day after inoculation although no growth of the bacteria occurs during the last 8 or 10 days. At low concentration of organic acid l-arabinose was a much better carbon source for supporting nitrogenase activity of these organisms that the d-form. Both organic acids affected the morphology of the bacteria. Higher concentrations, especially of malonate, gave swollen and distorted cells. When bacteria growing on organic acid-containing agar plates were suspended and plated after appropriate dilution on yeast extract — mannitolglycerol agar there was heterogeneity of colony form, with up to 90% microcolonies after growth on high malonate concentrations. The effects of malonate may be correlated with characteristics of the bacteroid form inside the nodule which contains relatively high concentrations of organic acids, especially malonate.
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrogen evolution ; Hydrogenase ; Nodules ; Bacteroids ; Nitrogenase ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Acetylene reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Pisum sativum ; Legumes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Hydrogen evolution from root nodules has been reported to make N2 fixation by some legume-Rhizobium symbiotic systems inefficient. We have surveyed the extent of H2 evolution and estimated relative efficiencies of nodules of Austrian winter peas formed by 15 strains of R. leguminosarum. Their rates of H2 evolution in air were about 30% of the rates of H2 evolution under an atmosphere in which N2 was replaced by Ar. Relative efficiency values based on C2H2 reduction rates ranged from 0.55 to 0.80. With some of the strains, hydrogenase activities were demonstrated in intact nodules and in bacteroids, but the levels of activity were insufficient to recycle all the H2 evolved by the nitrogenase system. In both intact nodules and bacteroids the hydrogenase is less sensitive to O2 damage than the nitrogenase system, so H2 uptake capacity was observed in intact nodules by suppressing the nitrogenase-dependent H2 evolution with an atmosphere containing a high O2 concentration, and in bacteroids by using aerobically prepared bacteroid suspensions. The hydrogenase activity of both was dependent on O2 consumption. A K mfor H2 of near 4 μM was determined in suspension of bacteroids from nodules formed by strains 128C53 and 128C56.
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 123 (1979), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrogen production ; Nitrogen fixation ; Photosynthesis ; Cyanobacteria ; Enrichment cultures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Seventy-one cyanobacteria containing cultures were enriched from various soil and water locations either under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions on agar medium selective for nitrogen fixation. Kept under argon containing 1% CO2 for 24 and 48 h most of these cultures evolved hydrogen at very variable rates up to 116 μl per mg chlorophyll and hour as a mean value over a time period of 24h. Several samples evolved hydrogen more efficiently compared with known hydrogen producing pure strains from culture collections. Thirty-one of the investigated cultures showed a hydrogen formation higher than 10 μl per mg chlorophyll and hour measured over 24 or 48 h. Among these all the morphological forms of cyanobacteria i.e. unicellular and filamentous with or without heterocysts are found. Hence, selecting for nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria seems to be a practical method to find efficient hydrogen producers.
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 127 (1980), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Arthrobacter ; Corynebacterium ; Anabaena azollae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Coryneform bacteria were found associated with the nitrogen fixing blue-green alga, Anabaena azollae in the leaf cavity of Azolla caroliniana. Plate counts indicated ca. 7,400±1,900 bacterial cells per mature leaf cavity or approximately 1 bacterial cell for every algal cell. No other type of bacterium was found in these cavities.
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 127 (1980), S. 115-118 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Proteus mirabilis ; Serratia marcescens ; Erwinia herbicola ; Nitrogen fixation ; nif genes ; his genes ; Plasmids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Plasmid pRD1, an R plasmid of the P incompatibility group which carries his and nif genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae in addition to drug resistance markers derived from RP4, was transferred to His- mutants of Serratia marcescens, Erwinia herbicola and Proteus mirabilis. His+ transconjugants were obtained at low but different frequencies according to recipient genus. Transconjugants all acquired the drug resistance, and were Nif+ in S. marcescens and E. herbicola, having acetylene-reducing activities of the same order of magnitude as the parent K. pneumoniae and fixing 15N2. No evidence for nif expression in P. mirabilis transconjugants was obtained though the nif genes were present.
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 6-10 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhodospirillaceae ; Rhodopseudomonas globiformis ; Nitrogen metabolism ; Nitrogen fixation ; Glutamine synthetase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Rhodopseudomonas globiformis strain 7950 grew with a variety of amino acids, urea, or N2 as sole nitrogen sources. Cultures grown on N2 reduced acetylene to ethylene; this activity was absent from cells grown on nonlimiting NH 4 + . Glutamate dehydrogenase could not be detected in extracts of cells of strain 7950, although low levels of an alanine dehydrogenase were present. Growth ofR. globiformis on NH 4 + was severely inhibited by the glutamate analogue and glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine. High levels of glutamine synthetase (as measured in the γ-glutamyl transferase assay) were observed in cell extracts of strain 7950 regardless of the nitrogen source, although N2 and amino acid grown cells contained somewhat higher glutamine synthetase contents than cells grown on excess NH 4 + . Levels of glutamate synthase inR. globiformis were consistent with that reported from other phototrophic bacteria. Both glutamate synthase and alanine dehydrogenase were linked to NADH as coenzyme. We conclude thatR. globiformis is capable of fixing N2, and assimilates NH 4 + primarily via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway.
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  • 159
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 312-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Formate metabolism ; Formate dehydrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Bacteroids ; Symbiosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Formate metabolism supported nitrogen-fixation activity in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum. However, formate0dependent nitrogense activity was observed only in the presence of carbon sources such as glutamate, ribose or aspartate which by themselves were unable to support nitrogenase activity. Formate-dependent nitrogenase activity was not detected in the presence of carbon sources such as malate, gluconate or glycerol which by themselves supported nitrogenase activity. A mutant strain of R. japonicum was isolated that was unable to utilise formate and was shown to lack formate dehydrogenase activity. This mutant strain exhibited no formate-dependent nitrogenase activity. Both the wild-type and mutant strains nodulated soybean plants effectively and there were no significant differences in the plant dry weight or total nitrogen content of the respective plants. Furthermore pea bacteroids lacked formate dehydrogenase activity and exogenously added formate had no stimulatory effect on the endogenous oxygen uptake rate. The role of formate metabolism in symbiotic nitrogen fixation is discussed.
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 68-72 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Azotobacter vinelandii ; Continuous culture ; Oxygen control ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiratory protection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Azotobacter vinelandii strain OP was grown in continuous culture at various dissolved oxygen concentrations of air (100% air saturation of the medium=225 ±14 μM O2). Sucrose was added as carbon source and either dinitrogen or ammonia as nitrogen sources. Irrespective of the nitrogen source steady state cultures showed the following general responses with dissolved oxygen concentrations increasing from about 1% to 30% air saturation: (i) cell protein levels, (ii) the amount of cell protein formed per sucrose consumed as well as (iii) nitrogenase activity decreased by at least a factor of two while (iv) cellular respiration increased. At higher oxygen concentrations the parameters changed only slightly, if at all. Increasing the sucrose concentration in the inflowing medium (s R) from 3 g/l to 15 g/l increased the total level of cellular respiration with nitrogen-fixing cultures but was more pronounced with ammonium-assimilating cultures. With nitrogen-fixing cultures cell protein levels increased five-fold while the ratio of protein formed per sucrose consumed as well as cellular nitrogenase activity remained unaffected. With ammonium-assimilating cultures the cell protein level was only doubled and the level of cell protein formed per sucrose consumed was decreased at the higher s R. Increasing the dilution rate at a constant oxygen concentration of 45% air saturation resulted in an almost parallel increase of both cellular respiratory and nitrogenase activity at low and moderate dilution rates. At high dilution rates nitrogenase activity increased steeply over the respiratory activity. Nitrogen-fixing cultures adapted to various oxygen concentrations were subjected to oxygen stress by increasing the oxygen concentration for 7 min. In all cases, this resulted in a complete inhibition (‘switch-off’) of nitrogenase activity. Upon restoration of the original oxygen concentration nitrogenase activity returned to a decreased level. The discussion arrives at the conclusion that some of the results are incompatible with the concept of respiratory protection of nitrogenase.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water stress ; Taxonomy ; DNA ; Plasmids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Two strains of desiccation-tolerant coccoid cyanobacteria, Chroococcus S24, a marine form, and Chroococcus N41, a cryptoendolith isolated from a hot-desert rock, have been characterized. The mol % DNA base compositions of the strains are 47.1 and 48.9% respectively. Plasmid DNA was not detected in either strain. The pigment contents and nutritional characteristics of the strains are identical. Both lack phycoerythrinoid pigments and, in culture, behave as slow-growing halotolerant marine forms with elevated requirements for Na+, Cl−, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Sucrose was the only carbon source of those tested that supported photoheterotrophic growth. Each strain synthesizes nitrogenase under anaerobic conditions but not in air. Morphologically the two strains are indistinguishable. They are considered to be independent isolates of the same cyanobacterial species. Chroococcus N41 was studied in detail with the electron microscope. When brought to equilibrium at matric water potentials of-168 MPa and lower (to-673 MPa=c0.12a w) the protoplast shrinks, but the cells maintain the same size and diameter as those at-2,156 kPa (MN medium; control); the sheath expands and remains attached to the cell wall outer membrane by fibrils. The cell wall, cell membrane, thylakoid membranes, cyanophycin granules and carboxysomes appeared intact in desiccated cells.
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 136 (1983), S. 20-25 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrogen production ; Nitrogen fixation ; Hydrogen recycling ; Hydrogenase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata lacking uptake hydrogenase activity have been isolated among those unable to grow photoautotrophically. Studies with these mutants showed increases in nitrogenase mediated H2 production from all substrates tested. In addition, photosynthetic synthetic growth on N2 with malate as carbon source was not affeced by the block in H2 uptake even under low light. Under these growth conditions hydrogen was observed to accumulate in mutant but not in wild-type cultures. This finding suggested that H2 was evolved by nitrogenase during N2 fixation by this photosynthetic bacterium and was efficiently recycled in the wild type.
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 136 (1983), S. 81-83 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonia production ; Anabaena ; Cyanobacteria ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the filamentous heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain ATCC 33047 dinitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction are mutually exclusive processes. Nitrate promotes nitrate reductase synthesis and represses nitrogenase formation. Inhibition of ammonium assimilation by l-methionine-d,l-sulfoximine (MSX) alleviates the repressive effect of nitrate on nitrogenase synthesis, thus indicating that the nitrate effect is indirect through metabolites generated from the ammonium derived from nitrate reduction. In MSX-treated cells both nitrate reduction and dinitrogen fixation take place simultaneously, although at different sites of the filament, without any apparent competition for the required reducing power. The MSX-treated Anabaena cells generate ammonium from both nitrate and dinitrogen, simultaneously.
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrate respiration ; Denitrification ; Assimilatory nitrate reduction ; Dissimilatory nitrate reduction ; Acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Azospirillum spp. participate in all steps of the nitrogen cycle except nitrification. They can fix molecular nitrogen and perform assimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrate respiration. Culture conditions have been defined under which nitrate is used both as terminal respiratory electron acceptor and as nitrogen source for growth. Nitrate and, possibly to a very limited extent, nitrite, but not sulfate, iron or fumarate support anaerobic respiration. Under anaerobic conditions, nitrate can also supply energy for nitrogen fixation but without supporting growth. Nitrate-dependent nitrogenase activity lasts only for 3–4 h until the enzymes of assimilatory nitrate reduction are synthesized. Nitrite accumulates during this period and inhibits nitrogenase activity at concentrations of about 1 mM.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium trifolii ; Symbiosis ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiotic genes ; Reiterated sequences ; Plasmid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A Rhizobium trifolii symbiotic plasmid specific gene library was constructed and the physical organisation of regions homologous to nifHDK, nifA and nod genes was determined. These symbiotic gene regions were localised to u 25 kb region on the sym-plasmid, pPN1. In addition four copies of a reiterated sequence were identified on this plasmid, with one copy adjacent to nifH. No rearrangement of these reiterated sequences was observed between R. trifolii bacterial and bacteroid DNA. Analysis of a deletion derivative of pPN1 showed that these sequences were spread over a 110 kb region to the left of nifA.
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 115-124 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Alanine dehydrogenase ; Anabaena cylindrica ; Heterocysts ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The l-alanine dehydrogenase (ADH) of Anabaena cylindrica has been purified 700-fold. It has a molecular weight of approximately 270000, has 6 sub-units, each of molecular weight approximately 43000, and shows activity both in the aminating and deaminating directions. The enzyme is NADH/NAD+ specific and oxaloacetate can partially substitute for pyruvate. The K m app for NAD+ is 14 μM and 60 μM at low and high NAD+ concentrations, respectively. The K m app for l-alanine is 0.4 mM, that for pyruvate is 0.11 mM, and that for oxaloacetate is 3.0 mM. The K m app for NH 4 + varies from 8–133 mM depending on the pH, being lowest at high pH levels (pH 8.7 or above). Alanine, serine and glycine inhibit ADH activity in the aminating direction. The enzyme is active both in heterocysts and vegetative cells and activity is higher in nitrogen-starved cultures than in N2-fixing cultures. The data suggest that although alanine is formed by the aminating activity of ADH, entry of newly fixed ammonia into organic combination does not occur primarily via ADH in N2-fixing cultures of A. cylindrica. Ammonia assimilation via ADH may be important in cultures with an excess of available nitrogen. The deaminating activity of the enzyme may be important under conditions of nitrogen-deficiency.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Aerobic hydrogen bacteria ; Oxygen sensitivity ; Efficiency ; Aerobic and anaerobic acetylene reduction ; Corynebacterium autotrophicum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The coryneform hydrogen bacterium strain GZ 29, assigned to Corynebacterium autotrophicum fixed molecular nitrogen under autotrophic (H2, CO2) as well as under heterotrophic (sucrose) conditions. Physiological parameters of nitrogen fixation were measured under heterotrophic conditions. The optimal dissolved oxygen concentration for cells grown in a fermenter with N2 was rather low (0.14 mg O2/l) compared with cells grown in the presence of NH 4 + (4.45 mg O2/l). C. autotrophicum GZ 29 had a doubling time of 3.7 h at 30°C with N2 as N-source and sucrose as carbon source and at optimal pO2. Acetylene reduction reached values of 12 nmoles of ethylene produced/minxmg protein. Although the oxygen concentration in the growing culture was kept constant, the optimal dissolved oxygen tension for the acetylene reduction assay shifted to higher pO2-values. The overall efficiency of nitrogen fixation amounted to 22 mg N fixed/g sucrose consumed; it reached a maximal value of 65 mg N fixed/g sucrose consumed at the beginning of the exponential growth phase. Intact cells reduced acetylene even under anaerobic test conditions; further anaerobic metabolic activity could not be ascertained so far.
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 155-159 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Anabaena ; Cyanobacteria ; Marine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Five strains of heterocystous blue-green algae capable of high rates of growth and nitrogenase activity were isolated from shallow coastal environments. Growth of the organisms was characterized with respect to temperature, NaCl concentration in the medium, and nitrogen source. The temperature optima ranged from 35–42°C, and all but one of the strains displayed a requirement for added NaCl. The generation times under N2-fixing conditions were 5.1–5.9 h, and were as low as 3.4 h for growth on NH4Cl. Nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) was high throughout the logarithmic growth phase of each strain. The maximum value observed for one strain was 65.5 nmoles C2H4 produced/mg protein x min, and the average values for the five strains ranged from 24.5–46.7 nmoles C2H4/mg protein x min. The organisms all belong to the genusAnabaena. The growth and nitrogenase activity of these strains are much higher than those of the heterocystous blue-green algae commonly used for investigation of nitrogen metabolism, and they thus should prove to be useful physiological tools. Their prevalence, as judged by the ease of their enrichment and isolation, in bay and estuarine environments suggests that they are important contributors of combined nitrogen.
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 172-177 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Beggiatoa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction ; Nitrate assimilation ; Microaerobic ; Isolation of marine strains
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Four newly isolated marine strains of Beggiatoa and five freshwater strains were tested for nitrogen fixation in slush agar medium. All strains reduced acetylene when grown microaerobically in media containing a reduced sulfur source and lacking added combined nitrogen. The addition of 2 mmol N, as nitrate or ammonium salts, completely inhibited this reduction. Although not optimized for temperature or cell density, acetylene reduction rates ranged from 3.2 to 12 nmol·mg prot-1 min-1. Two freshwater strains did not grow well or reduce acetylene in medium lacking combined nitrogen if sulfide was replaced by thiosulfate. Two other strains grew well in liquid media lacking both combined nitrogen and reduced sulfur compounds but only under lowered concentrations of air. All freshwater strains grew well in medium containing nitrate as the combined nitrogen source. Since they did not reduce acetylene under these conditions, we infer that they can assimilate nitrate.
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 238-239 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium ; Disaccharide ; Bacteroid ; Transport ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Slow growing strains of rhizobia appear to lack both uptake systems and catabolic enzymes for disaccharides. In the fast-growing strains of rhizobia there are uptake mechanisms and catabolic enzymes for disaccharide metabolism. In Rhizobium leguminosarum WU 163 and WU235 and R. trifolii WU290, sucrose and maltose uptake appears to be constitutive whereas in R. meliloti WU60 and in cowpea Rhizobium NGR234 uptake of these disaccharides is inducible. There is evidence that there are at least two distinct disaccharide uptake systems in fast-growing rhizobia, one transporting sucrose, maltose and trehalose and the other, lactose. Disaccharide uptake is via an active process since uptake is inhibited by azide, dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone but not by arsenate. Bacteroids of R. leguminosarum WU235 and R. lupini WU8 are unable to accumulate disaccharides.
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 136-142 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonia assimilation ; Lichen symbioses ; Nitrogen fixation ; 15N kinetics ; Peltigera canina
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract On following N2-incorporation and subsequent metabolism in the lichen Peltigera canina using 15N as tracer, it was found, over a 30 min period, that greatest initial labelling was into NH 4 + followed by glutamate and the amide-N of glutamine. Labelling of the amino-N of glutamine, aspartate and alanine increased slowly. Pulse-chase experiments using 15N confirmed this pattern. On inhibiting the GS-GOGAT pathway using l-methionine-dl-sulphoximine and azaserine, 15N enrichment of glutamate, alanine and aspartate continued although labelling of glutamine was undetectable. From this and enzymic data, NH 4 + assimilation in the P. canina thallus appears to proceed via GS-GOGAT in the cyanobacterium and via GDH in the fungus; aminotransferases were present in both partners. The cyanobacterium assimilated 44% of the 15N2 fixed; the remainder was liberated almost exclusively as NH 4 + and then assimilated by fungal GDH.
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): RNA polymerase ; Transcription ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract DNA-dependend RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) from Rhizobium japonicum was purified. The subunit structure was found to be ββ′α2σ, with the following apparent molecular weights determined by electrophoresis: M r (β and β') 150,000 each, M r (σ) 96,000, M r (α) 40,000, M r (holoenzyme) 490,000, M r (core enzyme) 380,000. The recovery of σ was 28%. RNA polymerase from aerobically grown R. japonicum cells and from nitrogen-fixing cells have the same electrophoretic properties suggesting that no chemical modification of the enzyme occurs when cells undergo this metabolic differentiation. The enzyme is Mg2+-dependent, rifampicin-sensitive, and has optimal activity at alkaline pH (8–10) and at 35–40° C. It binds strongly to bacteriophage T7 promoters, weakly to antibiotic resistance genes, and not at all to cloned R. japonicum nif DNA. Preliminary in vitro transcription experiments, including nif DNA as template, revealed that additional factors may be required for selective transcription from promoters.
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  • 173
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 136 (1983), S. 219-221 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Xanthobacter ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oxygen sensitivity ; Nitrogen metabolism ; Glutamine synthetase ; Glutamate synthase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract N2-fixation was investigated in the chemoautotrophic hydrogen bacterium Xanthobacter H4-14. N2-fixing batch cultures of this organism could only be grown at pO2 values of around 0.02 bar, and in continuous culture dissolved oxygen tensions above 16 μM were found to inhibit N2-fixation. Xanthobacter H4-14 utilized a variety of amino acids, nitrate and ammonia as nitrogen sources. Cell-free extracts from steady-state continuous cultures of ammonia grown, nitrate grown and N2-fixing Xanthobacter were assayed for the presence of ammonia assimilation enzymes. No alanine dehydrogenase or glutamate dehydrogenase activity was detected. Ammonia was assimilated exclusively via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway, irrespective of the extracellular concentration of ammonia.
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 215-217 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Glutathione reductase ; Cyanobacteria ; Nostoc muscorum ; O2 protection ; Glutathione ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Glutathione reductase activity was detected and characterized in heterocysts and vegetative cells of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. The activity of the enzyme varied between 50 and 150 nmol reduced glutathione· min-1·mg protein-1, and the apparent Km for NADPH was 0.125 and 0.200 mM for heterocysts and vegetative cells, respectively. The enzyme was found to be sensitive to Zn+2 ions, however, preincubation with oxidized glutathione rendered its resistance to Zn+2 inhibition. Nostoc muscorum filaments were found to contain 0.6–0.7mM glutathione, and it is suggested that glutathione reductase can regenerate reduced glutathione in both cell types. The combined activity of glutathione reductase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in heterocysts was as high as 18 nmol reduced glutathione·min-1·mg protein-1. A relatively high superoxide dismutase activity was found in the two cell types; 34.2 and 64.3 enzyme units·min-1·mg protein-1 in heterocysts and vegetative cells, respectively. We suggest that glutathione reductase plays a role in the protection mechanism which removes oxygen radicals in the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 110 (1976), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; NH 4 + excretion ; Photosynthesis ; Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Photosynthetic bacteria ; Enzymes of ammonia assimilation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract NH 4 + excretion was undetectable in N2-fixing cultures ofRhodospirillum rubrum (S-1) and nitrogenase activity in these cultures was repressed by the addition of 10 mM NH 4 + to the medium. The glutamate analog,l-methionine-dl-sulfoximine (MSX), derepressed N2 fixation even in the presence of 10 mM extracellular NH 4 + . When 10 mg MSX/ml was added to cultures just prior to nitrogenase induction they developed nitrogenase activity (20% of the control activities) and excreted most of their fixed N2 as NH 4 + . Nitrogenase activities and NH 4 + production from fixed N2 were increased considerably when a combined nitrogen source, NH 4 + (〉40 μmoles NH 4 + /mg cell protein in 6 days) orl-glutamate (〉60 μmoles NH 4 + /mg cell protein in 6 days) was added to the cultures together with MSX. Biochemical analysis revealed thatR. rubrum produced glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (NADP-dependent) but no detectable NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. The specific activity of glutamine synthetase was observed to be maximal when nitrogenase activity was also maximal. Nitrogenase and glutamine synthetase activities were repressed by NH 4 + as well as by glutamate. The results demonstrate that utilization of solar energy to photoproduce large quantities of NH 4 + from N2 is possible with photosynthetic bacteria by interfering with their regulatory control of N2 fixation.
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 161-167 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Photosynthesis ; Green alga ; Chl a and b ; DCMU ; Light and O2 dependency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A unicellular alga which can grow in the light without a combined nitrogen source was isolated from a hot spring. The cells were almost spherical, usually 5–10 μm in diameter. Absorption spectra of the watersoluble pigments and of the acetone-extracted ones revealed the existence of chlorophyll a and b and the absence of phycobilins. Thin sections examined by electron microscopy revealed an eukaryotic organization with features typical of the coccoid green algae (the Chlorococcales). Cells divided by internal cytokinesis and subsequent liberation of daughter cells from the parental wall, in a way similar to Chlorella. The alga reduced acetylene to ethylene and incorporated 15N2 into cell protoplasm when incubated in a low oxygen atmosphere. Nitrogenase activity was light-dependent, microaerophilic and thermophilic. Although the association of symbiotic nitrogen fixing prokaryotes with the cells may still be possible, any such organisms have not so far been detected.
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  • 177
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase regulation ; Glutamine synthetase ; Methionine suofoximine ; Rhodospirillaceae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Methionine sulfoximine (MSX), an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase of Rhodopseudomonas palustris restored nitrogenase activity to cells in which nitrogenase had been completely inhibited by ammonia switch-off. After addition of MSX, there was a lag period before nitrogenase activity was fully restored. During this lag, glutamine synthetase activity progressively decreased, and near the time of its complete inhibition, nitrogenase activity resumed. Nitrogenase switch-off by ammonia thus required active glutamine synthetase. Glutamine itself caused nitrogenase inhibition whose reversal by MSX depended on the relative ratio of MSX to glutamine. Unlike ammonia, glutamine inhibited nitrogenase under conditions where glutamine synthetase activity was absent. This indicates that glutamine is the effector molecule in nitrogenase switch-off, for instance by interacting with the enzymatic system for Fe protein inactivation. The effects of glutamine and MSX were also dependent on the culture age. Possible explanation for this and for the competitive effects are a common binding site within the regulatory apparatus for nitrogenase, or, in part, within a common transport system. Some observations with MSX were extended to Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and agreed with those in R. palustris.
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  • 178
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria ; Respiration ; Nitrogen fixation ; Heterocysts ; K m for O2 ; Anabaena variabilis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Simultaneous measurements of acetylene reduction by Anabaena variabilis and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the suspension were made using a specially designed vessel which allowed measurements under steady-state conditions. The rate of acetylene reduction in the dark increased with increasing oxygen concentrations until a maximum value was reached at 300 μM O2 (corresponding to 30% O2 in the gas phase at 35°C). This presumably results from a requirement for energy provided by respiration. Measurements of the dependence of respiration rate on dissolved oxygen concentration were made under comparable conditions using an open system to allow conditions close to steady-state to be obtained. The respiration rate of diazotrophically grown Anabaena variabilis had a dependence on oxygen concentration corresponding to the sum of two activities. These had K m values of 1.0 μM and 69 μM and values of V max of similar magnitude. Only the high affinity activity was observed in nitrate-grown cyanobacteria lacking heterocysts, and this presumably represent activity in the vegetative cells. The oxygen concentration dependence of the low affinity activity resembled that for the stimulation of acetylene reduction. We interpret this as the result of oxygen uptake by the heterocysts. The results are consistent with the idea that in intact filaments of cyanobacteria O2 enters heterocysts much more slowly than it enters the vegetative cells.
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 212-216 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Nitrate respiration ; Nitrous oxide reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Azospirillum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrous oxide reduction can consistently be demonstrated with high activities in cells of Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 which are grown anaerobically in the presence of low amounts of nitrite. Azospirillum can even grow anaerobically with nitrous oxide in the absence of any other respiratory electron acceptor. Nitrous oxide reduction by Azospirillum is inhibited by acetylene, amytal and weakly by carbon monoxide. Azospirillum converts nitrous oxide to molecular nitrogen without the formation of ammonia. The cells must, therefore, be supplied with ammonia from nitrogen fixation during anaerobic growth with nitrous oxide. When no other nitrogen compound besides nitrous oxide is available in the medium, the bacteria synthesize nitrogenase from protein reserves in about 2 h. Nitrogenase synthesis is blocked by chloramphenicol under these conditions. In contrast, the addition of nitrate or nitrite to the medium represses the synthesis of nitrogenase. Nitrous oxide reduction by Azospirillum and other microorganisms is possibly of ecological significance, because the reaction performed by the bacteria may remove nitrous oxide from soils.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium export ; Ammonium assimilation ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium sp. 32H1
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between ammonium assimilation and ammonium export has been studied in free-living, N2-fixing Rhizobium sp. 32H1. After 55 to 67 h of microaerobic growth under a gas phase of 0.2% O2 – 1.0% CO2 – 98.8% Ar high levels of nitrogenase were observed concomitant with a slightly adenylylated glutamine synthetase (GSI) and some glutamine synthetase (GSII) activity. However, after growth of 89 h, or longer, GSI became adenylylated and the level of GSII had decreased. When the gas phase was shifted to 0.2% O2 – 1.0% CO2 – 98.8% N2, a lag was observed before ammonium export could be detected in the 55 to 67 h cultures. No lag in ammonium export was observed in the cultures previously grown for 89 h. The onset of ammonium export in the 55 to 67 h cultures was found to correlate with the adenylylation state of GSI. There appeared to be no correlation between the level of GSII and the export of ammonium. Neither an increase in the adenylylation level of GSI nor ammonium export was observed when the 55 to 67 h cultures were maintained under the Ar gas mixture.
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  • 181
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 60 (1982), S. 579-587 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen complexes ; Carbon monoxide complexes ; Electronic effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract MNDO method is used to study the interaction of nitrogen and carbon monoxide molecules with a proton, hydrogen atom, hydride ion, hydrogen molecule ion and hydrogen molecule. Predicted geometries and heats of reaction of different complexes are presented. The wave functions are analyzed in terms of ground state charge distributions and overlap populations. Electronic effects accompanying complexation are also discussed.
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  • 182
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonium assimilation ; Glycine ; Nitrogen fixation ; Proplastid ; Purine synthesis ; Root nodule ; Ureide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Subcellular organelle fractionation of nitrogen-fixing nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) indicates that a number of enzymes involved in the assimilation of ammonia into amino acids and purines are located in the proplastids. These include asparagine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.1), phosphoribosyl amidotransferase (EC 2.4.2.14), phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.95), serine hydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1), and methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.5). Of the two isoenzymes of asparate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) in the nodule, only one was located in the proplastid fraction. Both glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.14) and triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1) were associated at least in part with the proplastids. Glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) and xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) were found in significant quantities only in the soluble fraction. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.6.1) was found mostly in the soluble fraction, although small amounts of it were detected in other organelle fractions. These results together with recent organelle fractionation and electron microscopic studies form the basis for a model of the subcellular distribution of ammonium assimilation, amide synthesis and uredie biogenesis in the nodule.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule development ; Senescence (nodules) ; Vigna
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Vita 3) seedlings inoculated with Rhizobium strain CB756 were cultured with their root systems maintained in air or in Ar: O2 (80:20, v/v) during early nodule development (up to 24 d after sowing). Compared with those in air, seedlings in Ar:O2 showed progressive N deficiency with inhibited shoot growth, reduced ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and total protein levels and loss of chlorophyll in the leaves. Nodule initiation, differentiation of infected and uninfected nodule tissues and the ultrastructure of bacteriod-containing cells were similar in the air and Ar: O2 treatments up to 16 d after sowing. Thereafter the Ar: O2 treatment caused cessation of growth and development of nodules, reduced protein levels in bacteroids and nodule plant cells, and progressive degeneration of nodule ultrastructure leading to premature senescence of these organs. Provision of NO 3 - (0.1–0.2 mM) to Ar: O2-grown seedlings overcame the abovementioned consequences of N2 deficiency on nodule and plant growth, but merely delayed the degenerative effects of Ar: O2 treatment on nodule structure and senescence. Treatment of Ar: O2-grown seedlings with NO 3 - greatly increased the protein level of nodules but the increase was largely restricted to the plant cell fraction as opposed to the bacteroids. By contrast, NO 3 - treatment of air-grown seedlings increased protein of bacteroid and host nodule fractions to the same relative extents when compared with air-grown plants not supplemented with NO 3 - . These findings, taken together with studies of the distribution of N in nodules of symbiotically effective plants grown from 15N-labeled seed, indicate that direct incorporation of fixation products by bacteroids may be a critical feature in the establishment and continued growth of an effective symbiosis in the cowpea seedling.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Glutamine synthetase ; Leghaemoglobin ; Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), nitrogenase and leghaemoglobin were measured during nodule development in Phaseolus vulgaris infected with wild-type or two non-fixing (Fix-) mutants of Rhizobium phaseoli. The large increase in GS activity which was observed during nodulation with the wild-type rhizobial strain occurred concomitantly with the detection and increase in activity of nitrogenase and the amount of leghaemoglobin. Moreover, this increase in GS was found to be due entirely to the appearance of a novel form of the enzyme (GSn1) in the nodule. The activity of the form (GSn2) similar to the root enzyme (GSr) remained constant throughout the experiment. In nodules produced by infection with the two mutant strains of Rhizobium phaseoli (JL15 and JL19) only trace amounts of GSn1 and leghaemoglobin were detected.
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  • 185
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Centrosema leghaemoglobin ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Vigna
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The sequence of events leading up to the establishment of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation were studied in two tropical legumes, Centrosema pubescens Benth, and Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. Parameters measured included fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll and leghaemoglobin contents, as well as the activities of NADH-nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1), and nitrogenase (nitric-oxide reductase-EC 1.7.99.2) in plants that were inoculated with suitable rhizobia or which were watered with potassium nitrate. Dry weight and photosynthetic activity of both species followed the sigmoidal pattern which is characteristic of most plants. Growth was little different in either a qualitative or quantitative sense whether nitrogen was supplied as nitrate or through dinitrogen fixation. Although the biochemical sequence of events was dependent on the limiting sensitivities of the individual assays used, the data suggest that nitrate reductase is the first measurable enzymatic activity in the nodules (and roots), followed by acetylene reduction and leghaemoglobin in that order. It is possible therefore, that low levels of symbiotic nitrogen fixation occur in the nodules in the absence of leghaemoglobin. Nitrate reductase activity in C. pubescens nodules was negatively exponentially correlated with nitrogenase activity of the same nodules, suggesting a changing metabolism in old nodules. These data are discussed in terms of environmental and physical factors known to control nitrogen fixation.
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  • 186
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Leguminosae ; Nitrate-reductase mutants ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of nitrate on the symbiotic properties of nitrate-reductase-deficient mutants of a strain of cowpea rhizobia (32H1), and of a strain of Rhizobium trifolii (TA1), were examined; the host species were Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb. and Trifolium subterraneum L. Nitrate retarded initial nodulation by the mutant strains to an extent similar to that found with the parent strains. It is therefore unlikely that nitrite produced from nitrate by the rhizobia, plays a significant role in the inhibition of nodulation by nitrate. Nitrite is an inhibitor of nitrogenase, and its possible production in the nodule tissue by the action of nitrate reductase could be responsible for the observed inhibition of nitrogen fixation when nodulated plants are exposed to nitrate. However, the results of this investigation show that nitrogen fixation by the plants nodulated by parent or mutant strains was depressed by similar amounts in the presence of nitrate. No nitrite was detected in the nodules. Nodule growth, and to a lesser extent, the nitrogenase specific activity of the nodules (μmol C2H4g−1 nodule fr. wt. h−1), were both affected by the added nitrate.
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 133-141 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Benomyl ; Pesticides ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soybeans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Benomyl applied to the seeds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) inoculated with a benomyl resistant strain ofRhizobium japonicum increased the relative abundance of nodules formed by the inoculum strain and the numbers of the added rhizobium on the roots, the total N content, the percentage N, the yield at one plant density and, in one of four soils, the pod weight of soybeans grown in the greenhouse. Oxamyl applied to the seeds, foliage or both of soybeans inoculated with an oxamyl resistant strain ofR. japonicum increased the yield, N content, percentage N, and weight of nodules, pods and grain and enhanced the relative frequency of nodules formed by the inoculum strain. It is suggested that pesticides or other antimicrobial agents and rhizobia resistant to these inhibitors may provide a new means for increasing nitrogen fixation by soybeans.
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  • 188
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Azospirillum lipoferum ; Grain yield ; N-content ; Nitrogen fixation ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Arkas) was associated withAzospirillum lipoferum under greenhouse and field conditions of a temperate region. Controls were treated with autoclaved bacteria. The soils used were: sand, sandy loam, and a peat-clay mixture. In experiments run over a period of three years, there were increases in grain yield, N-yield of the grains, and 1000 grain weight. Depending from environmental conditions, increase changed from year to year, and within one given year. There was, however, no experiment without positive response to the inoculation. Highest grain yield increase (70%) was found on sand supplemented with P and K only, but up to 32% were also obtained on peat-clay soil containing 0.28% total N. Under greenhouse conditions, one third of technical N-fertilizer could be saved by bacterial activities. With high probability the effects observed have been at least partly due to bacterial N2-fixation, because the N-yield of the grains was increased (up to 33%), and the most pronounced response was found on sand without any N-fertilizer added.
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 315-327 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Breeding ; Competition ; Glycine max ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Phaseolus vulgaris
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary While symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation byG. max andP. vulgaris reduces their need for combined N, N2 fixation under field conditions is rarely maximized. This paper reviews constraints to N2 fixation in these species, then examines the genetic variability recorded for traits affecting N2 fixation and the further work needed in this area. It considers emerging programs for the improvement of N2 fixation inG. max andP. vulgaris and pays particular attention to methodological considerations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 329-335 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Legume breeding ; Medicago sativa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Trifolium repens ; Vicia faba
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary This paper examines evidence which quantifies the relative importance of legume and Rhizobium genotypes as determinants of phenotypic variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. It demonstrates potentially large and unpredictable effects of the Rhizobium genotype. The likely importance of such effects on crop yield is considered. The information is then used to assess ways in which legume breeding programmes may be altered to encompass the effects of genetic variation in Rhizobium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 191
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Co-evolution ; Domestication ; Gene centre ; Genetic variability ; Nitrogen fixation ; Pisum sativum L ; Rhizobium leguminosarum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Soil samples from several European countries; Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Greece, contained rhizobial populations capable of forming an effective symbiosis with the cultivated pea cv. Rondo from the Netherlands. The range of variation among the European Rhizobium strains, as expressed on pea cv. Rondo, was not so large and almost the same variation could be found within the rhizobial population within each country. Superior Rhizobium strains for the Dutch pea were not restricted to soils from the Netherlands but were also found in those from Sweden and Italy. Soils from Turkey and Israel also contained Rhizobium strains capable of nodulating pea cv. Rondo. However, the genetic variation among these Middle East Rhizobium strains was much larger than that of the European strains. When tested on pea cv. Rondo the majority of the Middle East strains belonged to the medium or low effective classes and only a few strains were comparable with European Rhizobium strains. Dutch Rhizobium strains induced effective nodules on both the Dutch pea cv. Rondo and the Swedish cv. L 110. However, in association with a Turkish Rhizobium strain effective nodules were formed on pea cv. Rondo and ineffective nodules on cv. L 110. We suggest that the genetic uniformity of EuropeanR. leguminosarum strains is the result of selection and domestication of Rhizobium strains originally derived from the gene centres of the pea plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Assimilates distribution ; 14CO2 and15N2 labelling ; Glycine max L. Merrill ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration costs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Distribution and use of photoassimilated carbon by nodulated soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in natural conditions have been studied during two consecutive years by successive and simultaneous exposures of the plants to14CO2 and15N2 during one day. This method, together with detailed analysis of CO2 efflux by root systems made it possible to follow the fate of carbon in relation to dinitrogen fixation. The results showed that the stage of development at which the plants were labelled exerted a high influence on the initial distribution of carbon. The growing organs always attracted more of the recently assimilated carbon. So, the reproductive parts accumulated increasing proportions and by day 100 about 70% of the current net production was recovered in pods and seeds. Nodules stored from 3 to 5% of the daily production, from day 50 to day 100, when their fixation activity already dropped by day 85. During the period of optimal fixation the amount of carbon lost as CO2 due to the only process of N2 reduction ranged between 2.5 and 7 mg per mg of N2 fixed. This was equivalent to the amount of carbon directed towards roots and nodules structures during the same time. Secondary transfers by remobilization occurred from leaves and pods to the grains but mainly from the carbon assimilated during the podfilling stage (after day 80). However, these amounts were small indicating that grain development is mainly supported by current assimilates.
    Notizen: Resumé La distribution et l'utilisation du carbone photoassimilé par des sojas (Glycine max L. Merr.) nodulés, cultivés en conditions naturelles ont été suivies durant deux années consécutives par expositions répétées et simultanées de plantes à du14CO2 et15N2 pendant une journée. Cette méthode couplée à une analyse détaillée des flux respiratoires au niveau des systèmes racinaires a permis de suivre le devenir du carbone en relation avec l'activité fixatrice d'azote. Les résultats montrent que le stade de développement des plantes au moment du marquage exerce une forte influence sur la distribution initiale du carbone. Ce sont les organes en forte croissance qui attirent le plus d'assimilats récents. Ainsi les organes reproducteurs, accumulent des quantités croissantes à partir de leur formation si bien qu'aux environs du jour 100, ils attirent près de 70% de la production nette. Les nodules eux stockent da 3 à 5% de cette production journalière entre les jours 50 et 100 alors que leur activité fixatrice chute déjà fortement dès le jour 85. Pendant la phase d'activité fixatrice optimale, les quantités de carbone perdues sous forme de CO2, pour le seul processus de réduction du N2, varient entre 2,5 et 7 mg par mg d'azote fixé. Ceci équivaut à la quantité de carbone destinée aux structures “racines et nodules”. Les transferts secondaires d'organes à organes se font à partir des organes végétatifs et puis des gousses vers les graines, mais essentiellement à partir de carbone assimilé durant la phase de remplissage des gousses (après le jour 80). Cependant, les quantités remobilisées sont faibles, ce qui indique que la croissance des graines dépend surtout d'une alimentation directe à partir de la photosynthèse.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 273-284 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Legume ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; C and N economy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Studies of the C and N economy of a range of temperate and tropical legume/Rhizobium symbioses indicate considerable variation (up to three-fold) in the cost of N2 fixation. Comparisons between and within symbioses indicate that the proportion of net photosynthate utilized in nodule functioning varies almost ten-fold from as low as 3% to as high as 25%. Factors possibly responsible for variation in efficiency of C use in nodules and in the proportioning of translocated photosynthetic products to nodules are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): C2H2 reduction ; Intact-plant assay ; Millet ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase activity ; Sorghum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A non destructive intact-plant assay for estimating nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of pot-grown sorghum and millet plants is described. Plants with intact shoots sustained more activity than plants whose tops were removed prior to the assay. With this technique individual plants can be assayed several times during their life cycle. The C2H2 reduction was linear up to 16h incubation in this assay procedure. More rapid diffusion of C2H2 was achieved by injection through a Suba seal in the bottom of the pot. The equlibration of injected C2H2 in the gas phase of the pots filled with sand and sand:FYM media was completed within 1 h. Significantly higher nitrogenase activity and better growth of sorghum and millet plants occurred when plants were grown in a mixture of sand and farmyard manure (FYM) than when plants were grown in vermiculite, soil, or sand + soil medium. Nitrogenase activity and plant growth were greater in a mixture of sand with 2 and 3% FYM than with 0.5 and 1% FYM. Activity was higher when the plants were incubated at 33°C and 40°C than at 27°C. Activity also increased with increasing soil moisture. There were significant differences amongst 15 sorghum cultivars screened for associated nitrogenase activity. This new technique has good prospects for screening cultivars of millet, sorghum and other grain crops for their nitrogen-fixing ability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 82 (1984), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Azospirillum brasilense ; Azotobacter chroococcum ; Effect on yield ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Setaria italica
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Under controlled conditions in pots filled with sand, vermiculite and field soil, inoculation withA. brasilense-Cd ATCC 29729 or withAzotobacter chroococcum caused increases above controls in the weight and N content of panicles ofSetaria italica. In no case, however, did N increases in test plants exceed the initial total N content. High acetylene reduction activities (1,000–2,000 nmole/h/pot) could be found only in plants inoculated withAzospirillum. Inoculation withAzospirillum (strain-Cd) in the field caused a significant increase above noninoculated controls of 18.5% in shoot dry weight, ofSetaria italica. Azotobacter caused a non significant increase of 8%. No significant differences were found between yields ofSetaria italica grown in soil inoculated withA. chroococcum, and those of plants grown in the presence ofA. vinelandii. A. brasilense-Cd was more effective in the field thanA. brasilense Sp-7 ATCC 29145. The results suggest that Azospirillum may increase yields ofS. italica more efficiently than Azotobacter under local field conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Clover ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; Root nodule ; Selection and plant breeding ; Symbiosis ; Trifolium pratense ; T. subterraneum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary This paper reviews (i) basic studies on the genetics of symbiosis in red clover (a self-sterile species) and subterranean clover (cleistogamous) and (ii) work on selection and plant breeding to increase nitrogen fixation in these hosts. Symbiotic effectiveness in red clover is influenced by many major and minor genes. The highly effective phenotype is inherited in a complex manner associated with early nodulation and the formation of large amounts of persistent bacteroid-containing tissue. Lines bred to fix more nitrogen with one strain ofRhizobium trifolii do so with most but not all other strains examined. They also show slightly increased vigour when grown on nitrate. The highly effective response is correlated with abundant nodulation and an early flowering habit, the evidence from breeding studies indicating that this correlation is not absolute. Normally effective and highly effective nodules have the same specific nitrogenase activities. The expression of the highly effective response is relatively little affected by environmental factors (temperature, light intensity, day length, supplementary carbon-di-oxide). Inbreeding substantially degrades the symbiotic response. Heterosis is shown in crosses between cultivars of subterranean clover but otherwise selection to increase effectiveness in this host was unsuccessful. The relevance of these results (and their physiological aspects) for the improvement of grain legumes is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 11 (1983), S. 263-295 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Mechanical bone properties ; Functional adaptation of bone tissue ; Mathematical models of Hooke's law
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The properties of bone tissue as a material and bones as the structural elements of the skeleton are reviewed and summarized. The first half of this work describes bone tissue microstructure, the stress-strain relations, and the strength and fracture of bone. The second and slightly larger half concerns the adaptation of living bone tissue to its load environment. Some observations and experiments of bone remodeling due to applied stress are described and continuum models for this process are formulated. An example of bone remodeling leading to shape changes in the bone is described as well as an example of bone remodeling leading to changes in the bulk density of the bone tissue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylene reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A method is described to demonstrate nitrogen fixation by free-living Rhizobium cells. After aerobic growth in a nutrient solution, the bacteria are centrifuged. Acetylene reduction by the rhizobial cells in the pellet can be measured within a few days. Hydrogen gas frequently stimulates acetylene reduction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylene reduction ; Actinomycete symbioses ; Datisca cannabina ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The occurrence of root nodules inDatisca cannabina is reported. The nodules are typically of the Alnus type, forming dichotomously-branched coralloid clusters. The enlarged cortical cells contain vesicle clusters of the endophyte. The nodules reduced acetylene to ethylene at a rate of 5.5 μmoles ethylene per g fresh wt of nodules per hour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylene reduction ; Aerobic ; Anaerobic ; Bacillus ; Nitrogen fixation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Among 390 isolates from Egytiian soils initially grown on Brown's N-free agar, 15 facultative Bacillus isolates were able to reduce acetylene in Stanier's N-poor broth under both aerobic and anaerobic (N2 atmosphere) conditions. Some of these isolates were Gram-positive, with unswollen sporangia and thin-walled endospores. Other strains were with slightly or definitely bulged sporangia. Yeast extract (0.01%) was essential for growth stimulation and N2[C2H2] fixation by these isolates. Replacing yeast extract with 20 μg/ml (NH4)2SO4 or biotin, thiamine and amino acids (singly or in combination) resulted in stimulation of growth and N2[C2H2] fixation, though at lower rates than in yeast extract. One isolate was able to grow and reduce C2H2 in Stanier's N-free liquid medium. Nitrogenase [C2H2] activity of the anaerobically grown and incubated cultures was greater than aerobic cultures. Addition of 0.1% CaCO3 to the culture media significantly increased and O2 partially inhibited, N2[C2H2] fixation by these Bacillus isolates. Studies of the characteristics and N2[C2H2] fixing activities of these isolates indicate that at least some of them are new nitrogen-fixingBacillus species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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