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  • Physics  (491)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (347)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (838)
  • 1981  (838)
  • 101
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    Predictability in a solvable stochastic climate model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A highly idealized atmospheric model is presented for the purpose of examining the limits of predictability for the large scales of the temperature field. The model is of the semiempirical type introduced by Budyko (1968, 1969) and Sellers (1969), but forced by a white noise heating term. The advantage of the considered model is its simplicity and the fact that analytical methods can be used throughout so that each assumption and simplification can be examined explicitly. On the other hand, the model lacks many features expected to be important in the real geophysical system. The predictability problem is illustrated by considering first a simple model for the global temperature. The characteristic time for the decay of a global temperature anomaly is determined by the ratio of the associated heat storage to the radiative loss rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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  • 102
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    Tropical cyclone rainfall characteristics as determined from a satellite passive microwave radiometer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer on Nimbus-5 (ESMR-5) have been used to calculate total tropical cyclone Latent Heat Release (LHR) and rainfall parameters for over 70 satellite observations of 21 tropical cyclones during 1973, 1974, and 1975 in the North Pacific tropical ocean. The data were found to be useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring and making short-term prediction of their intensity. Case studies as well as composite studies indicate that the increase in the ESMR-5 derived LHR corresponds to storm intensification. It also appears that the ESMR-5 derived rainfall parameters can be used to detect the beginning of tropical cyclone intensification.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
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  • 103
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    Numerical simulation of a sudden stratospheric warming with a three-dimensional, spectral, quasi-geostrophic model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis of a sudden stratospheric warming which developed spontaneously during a winter simulation with a three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic model is described. Changes in the circulation and thermal structure of the winter polar stratosphere that occurred during the warming are shown to be in close agreement with observed behavior: enhanced vertical flux of eddy energy into the stratosphere, rapid temperature increase in high latitudes with a reversal of the zonal mean temperature gradient between midlatitude and pole, destruction of the circumpolar cyclonic vortex, and a marked deceleration of the westerly jet and the appearance of zonal mean easterlies. Energies of the warming are also consistent with observed characteristics. Many aspects of the dynamical development of the present model simulation are shown to agree with a previous model simulation, but there are also areas of disagreement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; July 198
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  • 104
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    Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. II Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, dustsondes and airborne lidar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are shown from the first set of measurements conducted to validate extinction data from the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II). Dustsonde-measured number density profiles and lidar-measured backscattering profiles for two days are converted to extinction profiles, and are shown to agree within their respective uncertainties at all heights above the tropopause. Near the tropopause, agreement depends on use of model size distributions with larger particles, having radii greater than 0.6 microns. The presence of such large particles is supported by measurements made elsewhere, is suggested by the in situ size distribution measurements reported, and is likely to have an important bearing on the radiative impact of the total stratospheric aerosol. It is concluded that the SAM II extinction data and uncertainty estimates are supported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; June 198
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  • 105
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    An analysis of intermittent updating for the shallow water equations (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The method of intermittent updating for a model system is analyzed. How updating one variable of the system affects the other variables, what the factors are which influence the rate of convergence of this procedure, and how measurement error affects the procedure are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 74-77
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  • 106
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    Applications of estimation theory to numerical weather prediction (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical weather prediction (NWP) is an initial value problem for a system of nonlinear partial differential equations in which the initial values are known only incompletely and inaccurately. Data at initial time can be supplemented, however, by observations of the system distributed over a time interval preceding it. Estimation theory was successful in approaching such problems for models governed by systems of ordinary differential equations and of linear PDEs. Estimation-theoretic methods for NWP are developed. A model exhibiting many features of large scale atmospheric flow important in NWP is the one governed by the shallow fluid equations. The estimation problem for a linearized formulation of these equations is studied. A finite difference version of the equations is used as a forecast model to simulate the numerical models used in NWP.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981 (SEE N82-25551 16-42)
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  • 107
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    Comparison of observed and computed brightness temperatures for the HIRS2 and MSU sounders on TIROS-N (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Given the radiosonde temperature and humidity profile, brightness temperatures for the temperature sounding IR channels on HIRS 2 were calculated. The temperature profile was interpolated to 53 levels between 1000 and 30 mb assuming temperature to be linear in the logarithm of the pressure between the mandatory levels. The 11 levels above 30 mb were extrapolated according to climatology. The surface was taken to be the climatological sea surface temperature. The specific humidity was interpolated between mandatory levels assuming a p(n) dependence. A specific humidity corresponding to a climatological water vapor mixing ratio of 2 ppmv was assumed at and above 100 mb. Zonally averaged climatological ozone profiles were used to compute the ozone component of the transmittance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 61-67
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  • 108
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    Numerical prediction of the large scale tropical flow (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mean error characteristics of two series of forecasts of the tropical flow were studied. By using as initial conditions analyses made with and without the FGGE special observing system, the impact that initial data has on the accuracy of the forecasts is estimated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 37-45
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  • 109
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    Model verification studies using accurate measurements of spin up (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The reliability and accuracy of the numerical code for spin up flows in a cylinder by comparing the numerical results against high resolution laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurements of the azimuthal flows were checked. A computer code to generate numerical solution for axisymmetric rotating fluid in a cylinder was obtained and amended for routine use at MSFC. The numerical simulations used the Navier-Stokes equations in axisymmetric form and employed finite difference techniques on both constant and variable grids. The numerical solutions are analyzed to gain further insight into the fundamental questions analyzed in rotating fluid dynamics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 40-43
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  • 110
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    The three dimensional spherical model for the AGCE (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of accurate numerical model of the atmospheric general circulation experiment (AGCE) is discussed. The model will serve both as a design and diagnostic tool for the AGCE, as well as for conducting numerical experiments which otherwise cannot be performed by AGCE. The code in its final form will solve the complete three dimensional nonlinear Navier-Stokes energy equations with the Boussinesq approximation. The code will allow for any thermal boundary conditions and any external forcing in the form of rotation and body forces and will allow for variable thermodynamic coefficients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 37-39
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  • 111
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    Shallow water experiments using an improved Kreiss-Oliger 2-4 scheme (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Abarbanel-Gottleib (AG) modification of the Kreiss-Oliger (KO) scheme is applied to a global 1-level shallow water model and the results compared to results obtained using the standard KO scheme. The standard KO scheme consists of the second order leapfrog scheme for time derivatives and fourth order space differencing for spatial derivatives. The AG scheme modifies the KO scheme in a manner similar to that done by Wilson to the multidimensional leapfrog scheme, obtaining a 35-40% improvement of the maximum time step. Application of the AG scheme expands the domain of influence of the KO scheme by including off-axis grid points.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 105-113
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  • 112
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    A variable vertical resolution weather model with an explicitly resolved planetary boundary layer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A version of the fourth order weather model incorporating surface wind stress data from SEASAT A scatterometer observations is presented. The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is used to relate winds at the top of the surface layer to surface wind stress. A reasonable approximation of surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum are obtainable using this method. A Richardson number adjustment scheme based on the ideas of Chang is used to allow for turbulence effects.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 82-83
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  • 113
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    Structure and dynamics of monsoon depressions: The Monex depression (July 1979) (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mechanisms for the formation and movement of monsoon depressions are discussed. The east-west oriented monsoon throughs which move north and south and appear over the Bay of Bengal and move northwest over India are examined. The mechanisms of formation and movement are summarized: (1) monsoon depressions over the Bay of Bengal are caused either by amplification of westward propagating weak disturbances or by downward propagation of the internal jet instability of the easterly jet; (2) the barotropic instability of the low level flow over the Bay of Bengal is conductive to the growth of weak disturbances; (3) the CISK is the primary driving mechanism for the rapid growth for a preexisting weak perturbation; and (4) once the disturbance has attained adequate amplitude in the lower levels, the low level moisture convergence and latent heat condensation is utilized more efficiently for the development of a vertically coupled deep disturbance which along with upper level easterlies contribute to the westward propagation of the disturbance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 217-222
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  • 114
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    Some aspects of southwest monsoon as seen in a GLAS GCM simulation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The GCM simulations to see if they simulate the southwest summer monsoon or aspects of it were studied. In particular, the GLAS GCM simulations have also been studied with monsoon in view. Aspects of the summer monsoon, viz., disturbances in the monsoon flow and periodicities in the monsoon fluctuations as revealed in a simulation were investigated. Results of climate simulation for 50 summer days from June 15, 1979 through August 3, 1979 are reported. Daily mean fields were computed from these data sets for the monsoon region. The monsoon region here is defined as the region bounded by latitudes 30 S - 42 N and longitudes 45 E - 120 E.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 195-197
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  • 115
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    Climate model postprocessing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of new postprocessing software of the climate modeling group is summarized. Code, test, and perform simulations with global general circulation models are described. The models improve understanding and ability to predict the vagaries of weather and climate. To learn from and utilize the model results, it is necessary to create elaborate postprocessing software to allow analysis of the large volume of data produced. The models produce sigma history tapes. The sigma history records are interpolated to pressure history records, which are written on a pressure history tape. The model results are analyzed on pressure surfaces, with snap shots or time averages.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 149-152
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  • 116
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    Preliminary evaluation of the FGGE special effort for data enhancement (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS) terminals were utilized for data evaluation, quality assessment, and satellite data enhancement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 52-60
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  • 117
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    Interactive processing of SEASAT scatterometer data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS), adapted for the interactive processing of satellite-derived temperature soundings and cloud-track winds for the FGGE Special Effort, was adapted for the processing and evaluation of SEASAT data. The implementation of the McIDAS SEASAT processing system required (1) extensive modifications to the data base structure to store and display SASS winds, as well as corroborative level II data, model first guess fields and level III analyses, and (2) the development of software to dealias and analyze SASS wind vectors interactively.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 49-51
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  • 118
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    The effect of varying amounts of satellite data, orography and diabatic processes on the numerical prediction of an intense cyclone (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Descriptive results from a study of cyclone evolution in the DST-6 forecast case from 0000 GMT 19 February 1976 are presented. The effects of satellite data, orography and diabatic processes on the numerical prediction of cyclone development, and displacement are assessed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 7-10
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  • 119
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    Climatology of blocking in the GLAS climate model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The GLAS model's ability to simulate the occurrence of persistent anomalies to be referred to as blocking was examined. The GLAS climate model was integrated with a variety of initial and boundary conditions. Results of winter and summer simulation by the GLAS climate model are discussed. The model shows success in simulating the storm tracks.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 207-216
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  • 120
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    The seasonal-cycle climate model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The seasonal cycle run which will become the control run for the comparison with runs utilizing codes and parameterizations developed by outside investigators is discussed. The climate model currently exists in two parallel versions: one running on the Amdahl and the other running on the CYBER 203. These two versions are as nearly identical as machine capability and the requirement for high speed performance will allow. Developmental changes are made on the Amdahl/CMS version for ease of testing and rapidity of turnaround. The changes are subsequently incorporated into the CYBER 203 version using vectorization techniques where speed improvement can be realized. The 400 day seasonal cycle run serves as a control run for both medium and long range climate forecasts alsensitivity studies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 185-187
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  • 121
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    Large-scale variations in observed Antarctic Sea ice extent and associated atmospheric circulation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The 1974 Antarctic large scale sea ice extent is studied from data from Nimbus 2 and 5 and temperature and sea level pressure fields from the Australian Meteorological Data Set. Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer data were three-day averaged and compared with 1000 mbar atmospheric pressure and sea level pressure data, also in three-day averages. Each three-day period was subjected to a Fourier analysis and included the mean latitude of the ice extent and the phases and percent variances in terms of the first six Fourier harmonics. Centers of low pressure were found to be generally east of regions which displayed rapid ice growth, and winds acted to extend the ice equatorward. An atmospheric response was also noted as caused by the changing ice cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Nov. 198
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  • 122
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    Energy balance climate models (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An introductory survey of the global energy balance climate models is presented with an emphasis on analytical results. A sequence of increasingly complicated models involving ice cap and radiative feedback processes are solved, and the solutions and parameter sensitivities are studied. The model parameterizations are examined critically in light of many current uncertainties. A simple seasonal model is used to study the effects of changes in orbital elements on the temperature field. A linear stability theorem and a complete nonlinear stability analysis for the models are developed. Analytical solutions are also obtained for the linearized models driven by stochastic forcing elements. In this context the relation between natural fluctuation statistics and climate sensitivity is stressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 19; Feb. 198
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  • 123
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    Severe storms and local weather research (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Developments in the use of space related techniques to understand storms and local weather are summarized. The observation of lightning, storm development, cloud development, mesoscale phenomena, and ageostrophic circulation are discussed. Data acquisition, analysis, and the development of improved sensor and computer systems capability are described. Signal processing and analysis and application of Doppler lidar data are discussed. Progress in numerous experiments is summarized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-81 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 51-140
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  • 124
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    Global weather research (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Modeling, prediction, and analysis of global meteorological phenomena influencing the large scale behavior of the atmosphere are summarized. Prediction of global weather phenomena based on satellite data is discussed and models of global phenomena developed. The atmospheric general circulation model (AGCE) is reviewed, axisymmetric flow calculated, and axisymmetric states in cylindrical, spherical, three dimensional, and spin up numerical models for AGCE described. The role of latent heat release in baroclinic waves, latent heat and cyclonic systems, and a theoretical study of baroclinic flow related to the AGCE and the flow regime were studied with a simplified general circulation model. AGCE and the geophysical fluid flow cell (GFFC) instrumentation are discussed. Investigation of solar and planetary convection for GFFC is described. The utilization of satellite cloud observations to diagnose the energy state and transformations in extratropical cyclones is reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-81 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 9-50
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  • 125
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    Spherical models: Basic states and stability (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Steady axisymmetric basic states in a spherical cap and their stability to azimuthally varying perturbations of different wave numbers were numerically investigated. The main features of the planned computer code and numerical methods are outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 33-36
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  • 126
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    Mesoscale aspects of jet streak coupling and implications for the short term forecasting of severe convective storms (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: An analysis of a tornado outbreak in Wichita Falls, Texas was analyzed. The coupling of upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks, leading to severe storm outbreaks is illustrated. The high resolution SESAME data sets indicate that mass and momentum adjustments which couple upper and lower tropospheric jets occur within a 3 to 6 hr time frame over a 100 to 500 km domain, and establish the role of isallobaric forcing in the storm development. It is suggested that the output rate of data from the existing 12 hr network be increased to provide better temporal resolution of wind, mass and moisture data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA Nowcasting: Mesoscale Observations and Short-Range Prediction; p 375-380
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  • 127
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    Upper atmospheric section (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Research, technology and monitoring of the upper atmosphere are summarized. Temperature response and polyatomic molecule decomposition in the stratosphere during a geomagnetic storm and the fabrication and verification of software for the atmospheric emissions photometric imager on Spacelab are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-81 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 1-7
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  • 128
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    Five scales of airflow associated with a series of downbursts on 16 July 1980 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An attempt is made to estimate wind speed in a series of windstorms, which occurred in a 50-km wide zone from Chicago to Detroit on July 16, 1980, based on three types of airborne objects: a 180 kg chimney, a 1000 kg corn storage bin, and lumber from damaged roofs. The maximum wind speed obtained is 63 + or - 10 m/sec, or 140 + or - 25 mph. SMS/GOES pictures show that the parent cloud was oval-shaped, with a lifetime in excess of 12 hours. That the downbursts began when overshooting activities subsided is indicated by the rapid shrinking of overshooting areas enclosed by -66 C isotherms at the onset of the Chicago-area downbursts. Cloud-top features and wind effects on the ground are presented with no attempt to relate them, on the basis of current conceptual models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; July 198
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  • 129
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    Quasi-linear blocks forced by orography in a hemispheric, quasi-geostrophic barotropic model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Stationary linear perturbation responses to Northern Hemisphere orography are calculated in a quasi-geostrophic barotropic model in solid-body rotation. The stationary mountain torque induced by these perturbations is then used to construct graphical solutions to the steady-state wave, mean-flow interaction problem. It is shown that multiple solutions exist in the system and are near either the forcing equilibrium of the zonal forcing or near the resonance points in the system. Some of these near-resonance solutions have block-like configurations with a confluence zone upstream from a large-amplitude structure consisting of a high at high latitudes and a low at low latitudes. These block-like configurations are shown to be near stable solutions of the system. Time-dependent calculations show that the initial state and the zonal forcing equilibrium are important in determining the long-term time evolution of the system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; July 198
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  • 130
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    An atmospheric radiative-convective model with interactive water vapor transport and cloud development (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus; 33; Aug. 198
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  • 131
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    Some Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics for a model stratospheric warming (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Eliassen-Palm (EP) cross sections for the model are discussed. EP cross sections conveniently display the principal eddy fluxes of heat, momentum, and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity on one diagram. The EP diagnostics are used to follow the evolution of the mean flow through into the second stage of the model warming, which includes the reversal of the polar westerlies and which appears to have more in common with observed warmings. The transformed Eulerian-mean equations presented by Andrews and McIntyre (1976, 1978) provide the basis for an investigation in which an especially clear picture of the warming dynamics is obtained. In the second stage of the model warming, the decelerating torque per unit mass is large throughout a deep layer in the middle atmosphere, spanning several scale heights.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
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    A climate model with cryodynamics and geodynamics (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A simplified, zero-dimensional model of the climatic system is presented which attempts to incorporate mechanisms important on the time scale of glaciation cycles: 10,000 to 100,000 years. The ocean-atmosphere radiation balance, continental ice sheet plastic flow, and upper mantle viscous flow are taken into account, with stress on the interaction between the ice sheets and the upper mantle. The model exhibits free, self-sustained oscillations of an amplitude and period comparable to those found in the paleoclimatic record of glaciations, offering mild support for the idea that unforced oscillations can actually exist in the real climatic system itself. The careful study of the interplay between internal mechanisms and external forcing is held to represent an interesting challenge to the theory of ice ages.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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  • 133
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    Sensitivity of wind analyses to barotropic energetics during summer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Three analysis schemes - the extended correction method of the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM), the National Meteorological Center (NMC) Hough analysis, and Sadler's subjective stream analysis (SUB) - were used to obtain grid-point winds using data for a five-day period in late summer, and barotropic energetics computations obtained using the three schemes for six limited regions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans were compared. Few differences were observed between UHM and NMC stream-function analyses, but significant differences were found in the wind fields and energetics obtained using the subjective method and the two objective methods in data-sparse regions. Major features in the local barotropic criteria field were found to be less sensitive to the analysis scheme used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan; vol. 59
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  • 134
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    Alterations of the climate of a primitive equation model produced by filtering approximations and subsequent tuning and stochastic forcing (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A comparison is made of the simulated climates of nonlinear models based on the primitive equations (PE), balance equations (BE), and quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations. The models and numerical procedures are identical in all possible respects. The models are highly truncated spectral forms of Lorenz's (1960) energy preserving two-layer model. Two means of making use of the information contained in the (presumed known) short-term prediction error statistics are investigated. An unrealistically high level of thermal forcing is used so that the model climates are sufficiently different to allow any improvements due to the empirical methods to be observed. The general tuning problem is outlined and the QG model is tuned, using data obtained from a PE model run, to minimize the mean squared short term prediction error.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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  • 135
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    On the Rayleigh-scattering optical depth of the atmosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is pointed out that revised Rayleigh-scattering optical depths published by Hoyt (1977) are not correct, because King's (1923) formula, which was used by Hoyt, requires that the rotational lines be included in the polarization measurement. To exclude them is to exclude the contribution of the Raman-shifted photons to the total molecular extinction. Hoyt's error was repeated by Froehlich and Shaw (1980), who also confused the depolarization for natural light with that for (polarized) laser light. In an effort to clarify basic concepts, attention is given to the origin of the depolarization correction, depolarization ratios, vibrational Raman effects, and extinction measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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  • 136
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    Automatic cloud tracking applied to GOES and Meteosat observations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An improved automatic processing method for the tracking of cloud motions as revealed by satellite imagery is presented and applications of the method to GOES observations of Hurricane Eloise and Meteosat water vapor and infrared data are presented. The method is shown to involve steps of picture smoothing, target selection and the calculation of cloud motion vectors by the matching of a group at a given time with its best likeness at a later time, or by a cross-correlation computation. Cloud motion computations can be made in as many as four separate layers simultaneously. For data of 4 and 8 km resolution in the eye of Hurricane Eloise, the automatic system is found to provide results comparable in accuracy and coverage to those obtained by NASA analysts using the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System, with results obtained by the pattern recognition and cross correlation computations differing by only fractions of a pixel. For Meteosat water vapor data from the tropics and midlatitudes, the automatic motion computations are found to be reliable only in areas where the water vapor fields contained small-scale structure, although excellent results are obtained using Meteosat IR data in the same regions. The automatic method thus appears to be competitive in accuracy and coverage with motion determination by human analysts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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  • 137
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    Anomalous behavior of the atmospheric surface layer over a melting snowpack (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During March, 1978 on a snow-covered field near Lee Vining, California, measurements were made that included: (1) variations above the snow surface of the net radiative flux and the profile of wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity; and (2) variations beneath the snow surface of the conductive heat flux and the temperature profile. The period was marked by clear skies, warm air and calm winds during the day, and cold air and moderate winds at night. During the day, a highly stable sublayer formed near the surface, with a persistent warm layer at approximately 0.5 m above the surface. At night, profiles agreed more with classical log-linear forms found in stable air. Numerical simulation of long and shortwave radiative fluxes near the surface, using observed humidity profiles, produced the daytime warm level in agreement with observations. It was concluded that in the absence of turbulent mixing, strong solar radiation and a supply of moisture from the snow will cause a raised maximum of temperature during the day.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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  • 138
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    Some new worldwide cloud-cover models (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Using daily measurements of day and night infrared, and incoming and absorbed solar radiation obtained from a Tiros satellite over a period of approximately 45 months, and integrated over 2.5 deg latitude-longitude grids, the proportion of cloud cover over each grid each day was derived for the entire period. For each of four 3-month periods, for each grid location, estimates a and b of the two parameters of the best-fit beta distribution were obtained. The (a, b) plane was divided into a number of regions. All the geographical locations whose (a, b) estimates were in the same region in the (a, b) plane were said to have the same cloud cover type for that season. For each season, the world is thus divided into separate cloud-cover types.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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  • 139
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    Barotropic instability of zonal flows (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The barotropic instability of zonal flows due to infinitesimal normal-mode perturbations is considered, with the zonal flow assumed to be continuous and either monotonic or nonmonotonic and allowed to have one or more inflection points. A sufficient condition for instability is derived for this general flow profile that complements that of Arnol'd (1965), which restricted itself to the prediction of stability only.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Feb. 198
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  • 140
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    Wave transience in a compressible atmosphere. I - Transient internal wave, mean-flow interaction. II - Transient equatorial waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Analytical and numerical solutions are obtained in an approximate quasi-linear model, to describe the way in which vertically propagating waves give rise to mean flow accelerations in an atmosphere due to the effects of wave transience. These effects in turn result from compressibility and vertical group velocity feedback, and culminate in the spontaneous formation and descent of regions of strong mean wind shear. The numerical solutions display mean flow accelerations due to Kelvin waves in the equatorial stratosphere, with wave absorption altering the transience mechanism in such significant respects as causing the upper atmospheric mean flow acceleration to be very sensitive to the precise magnitude and distribution of the damping mechanisms. The numerical simulations of transient equatorial waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation are also considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Feb. 198
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  • 141
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    Westward propagating predecessors of monsoon depressions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Sea-level pressure data for the period 1969-1978 are used to investigate the relation between Bay of Bengal lows and depressions and disturbances propagating from the east. Of the 52 lows and depressions studied, 45 were associated with such predecessor disturbances. In 12 cases, the predecessor was associated with a typhoon or named tropical storm in the South China Sea, while the remaining 33 were weaker systems originating over a broad region of land and sea. From examination of time sections over the same period from eastern Thailand to the Burmese coast, 50 westward-moving disturbances with considerable vertical extent were identified, 64% of which developed into lows or depressions on reaching the Bay. In 60% of the 50 instances, the disturbance could be traced to the South China Sea (32% typhoons and 28% weaker circulations). The remaining 40% of the 50 disturbances appeared to originate over land.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Feb. 198
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  • 142
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    Spherical harmonic analysis of a model-generated climatology (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Monthly mean fields of 850 mb temperature (T850), 500 mb geopotential height (G500) and sea level pressure (SLP) were generated in the course of a five-year climate simulation run with a global general circulation model. Both the model-generated climatology and an observed climatology were subjected to spherical harmonic analysis, with separate analyses of the globe and the Northern Hemisphere. Comparison of the dominant harmonics of the two climatologies indicates that more than 95% of the area-weighted spatial variance of G500 and more than 90% of that of T850 are explained by fewer than three components, and that the model adequately simulates these large-scale characteristics. On the other hand, as many as 25 harmonics are needed to explain 95% of the observed variance of SLP, and the model simulation of this field is much less satisfactory. The model climatology is also evaluated in terms of the annual cycles of the dominant harmonics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Feb. 198
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  • 143
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    Satellite estimation of the surface energy balance, moisture availability and thermal inertia (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method for inferring the distribution of surface heat and evaporative fluxes and the ground moisture availability and thermal inertia (ground conductive capacity) is used to analyze two urbanized areas, Los Angeles and St. Louis. The technique employs infrared satellite temperature measurements in conjunction with a one-dimensional boundary-layer model. Results show that there is a marked reduction of evaporation and moisture availability and a corresponding elevation of sensible heat flux over urbanized areas and over cropped areas with low vegetative cover. Conversely, low heat flux and high evaporation characterize vegetated and, especially, forested areas. Warm urban centers appear directly related to a reduction in vegetation, which normally allows for a greater fraction of available radiant energy to be converted into latent heat flux. The distribution of thermal inertia was surprisingly ill-defined and its variation between urban and rural areas was quite small. Thus, the increased heat storage within the urban fabric, which has been proposed as the underlying cause of the nocturnal heat island, may be caused mainly by enhanced daytime surface heating which occurs because of surface dryness, rather than by large spatial variations in the conductivity of the surface.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Jan. 198
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  • 144
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    Analysis of the inversion monitoring capabilities of a monostatic acoustic radar in complex terrain (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A qualitative interpretation of the records from a monostatic acoustic radar is presented. This is achieved with the aid of airplane, helicopter, and rawinsonde temperature soundings. The diurnal structure of a mountain valley circulation pattern is studied with the use of two acoustic radars, one located in the valley and one on the downwind ridge. The monostatic acoustic radar was found to be sufficiently accurate in locating the heights of the inversions and the mixed layer depth to warrant use by industry even in complex terrain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3401
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    A statistical data analysis and plotting program for cloud microphysics experiments (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The analysis software developed for atmospheric cloud microphysics experiments conducted in the laboratory as well as aboard a KC-135 aircraft is described. A group of four programs was developed and implemented on a Hewlett Packard 1000 series F minicomputer running under HP's RTE-IVB operating system. The programs control and read data from a MEMODYNE Model 3765-8BV cassette recorder, format the data on the Hewlett Packard disk subsystem, and generate statistical data (mean, variance, standard deviation) and voltage and engineering unit plots on a user selected plotting device. The programs are written in HP FORTRAN IV and HP ASSEMBLY Language with the graphics software using the HP 1000 Graphics. The supported plotting devices are the HP 2647A graphics terminal, the HP 9872B four color pen plotter, and the HP 2608A matrix line printer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-161663 , SP-81-04
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  • 146
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    Statistical analysis of atmospheric turbulence about a simulated block building (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An array of towers instrumented to measure the three components of wind speed was used to study atmospheric flow about a simulated block building. Two-point spacetime correlations of the longitudinal velocity component were computed along with two-point spatial correlations. These correlations are in good agreement with fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics. The two-point spatial correlations computed directly were compared with correlations predicted by Taylor's hypothesis and excellent agreement was obtained at the higher levels which were out of the building influence. The correlations fall off significantly in the building wake but recover beyond the wake to essentially the same values in the undisturbed, higher regions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3366
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  • 147
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    Assessment of the quality of Gate area rainfall data from a Nimbus-5 radiometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The quality of rainfall intensity estimates derived from passive microwave measurements by the electrically scanned microwave radiometer (ESMR-5) aboard the Nimbus 5 satellite are evaluated. The microwave measurements used are those coincident with the global atmospheric research program Atlantic tropical experiment (GATE). The ESMR 5 derived rainfall intensity estimates are compared with hourly averaged GATE radar rainfall measurements. It is determined from the transfer curves derived using the radar measurements as ground truth, that the ESMR 5 derived data consistently over estimates rainfall by a factor of approximately 1.4.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 148
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    Zero-gravity aerosol behavior (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The feasibility and scientific benefits of a zero gravity aerosol study in an orbiting laboratory were examined. A macroscopic model was devised to deal with the simultaneous effects of diffusion and coagulation of particles in the confined aerosol. An analytical solution was found by treating the particle coagulation and diffusion constants as ensemble parameters and employing a transformation of variables. The solution was used to carry out simulated zero gravity aerosol decay experiments in a compact cylindrical chamber. The results demonstrate that the limitations of physical space and time imposed by the orbital situation are not prohibitive in terms of observing the history of an aerosol confined under zero gravity conditions. While the absence of convective effects would be a definite benefit for the experiment, the mathematical complexity of the problem is not greatly reduced when the gravitational term drops out of the equation. Since the model does not deal directly with the evolution of the particle size distribution, it may be desirable to develop more detailed models before undertaking an orbital experiment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3384
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  • 149
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    An airport wind shear detection and warning system using Doppler radar: A feasibility study (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A feasibility study was conducted to determine whether ground based Doppler radar could measure the wind along the path of an approaching aircraft with sufficient accuracy to predict aircraft performance. Forty-three PAR approaches were conducted, with 16 examined in detail. In each, Doppler derived longitudinal winds were compared to aircraft measured winds; in approximately 75 percent of the cases, the Doppler and aircraft winds were in acceptable agreement. In the remaining cases, errors may have been due to a lack of Doppler resolution, a lack of co-location of the two sampling volumes, the presence of eddy or vortex like disturbances within the pulse volume, or the presence of point targets in antenna side lobes. It was further concluded that shrouding techniques would have reduced the side lobe problem. A ground based Doppler radar operating in the optically clear air, provides the appropriate longitudinal winds along an aircraft's intended flight path.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3379
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  • 150
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    Retrieval and use of high-resolution moisture and stability fields from Nimbus 6 HIRS radiances in pre-convective situations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A moisture-temperature retrieval scheme was developed for lower-tropospheric analysis and forecasting parameters from the Nimbus 6 High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder, in a study of convective development on the Great Plains of the U.S. on four case study days in August 1975. Dew points and temperatures, along with such secondary parameters as total precipitate water and static stability indices, were derived and analyzed at a horizontal resolution of up to 30 km on the four days. Convective development beginning 2.0-2.5 hours after the satellite pass at local noon was found to correlate well with local moisture and instability maxima seen in the satellite-derived analyses. A statistical structure analysis of the satellite-derived parameters gave the highest signal-to-noise values for the moisture and stability parameters, while the temperature parameters showed much lower signal-to-noise content.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Aug. 198
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  • 151
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    On the reliability of hook echoes as tornado indicators (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A study of radar echoes associated with the tornadoes of the 3 April 1974 outbreak was performed to evaluate the usefulness of echo shape as an indicator of tornadic thunderstorms. The hook shape was usually successful in characterizing an echo as tornadic, with a false alarm rate of 16%. Because hook echoes were relatively rare, however, a less restrictive shape called distinctive was more successful at detecting tornadic thunderstorms, identifying 65% of the tornadic echoes. An echo had a distinctive shape if it possessed a marked appendage on its right rear flank or was in the shape of a spiral, comma or line echo wave pattern (LEWP). Characteristics of the distinctive echo are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; July 198
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  • 152
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    Temperature dependent UV absorption cross sections for carbonyl sulfide (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of carbonyl sulfide is investigated in order to assess the importance of the photolytic sink for OCS in the troposphere. Absorption cross sections were measured at wavelengths between 185 and 300 nm in a double-beam spectrometer at temperatures of 295 and 225 K. The results are found to be in good agreement with previous reports in the short wavelength region, but significantly lower than the value of 2 x 10 to the 22nd sq cm/molecule proposed by Rudolf and Inn (1981) between 280 and 300 nm, which may be attributed to trace contaminants or dimerization. A marked temperature effect is noted at wavelengths greater than 240 nm and below 190 nm. As no evidence of absorption at wavelengths greater than 270 nm was found, estimates of the solar photodissociation rate of tropospheric OCS based on the present cross sections yield a value of about 2 x 10 to the -9th/sec, corresponding to a tropospheric lifetime of about 20 years. It is therefore concluded that solar photolysis represents a negligible sink for OCS.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Sept
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  • 153
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    Prediction and monitoring of clear-air turbulence - An evaluation of the applicability of the rawinsonde system (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The importance of sensing turbulent layers in the free atmosphere to further progress in the area of clear air turbulence (CAT) prediction is stressed. The results of an investigation of the applicability of rawinsonde (RW) profiles for the detection of CAT are discussed. It is noted that previous studies have determined that the most significant factor for the existence of turbulent layers is the magnitude of the vertical shear. Certain shear-layer criteria, which are obtained from theoretically consistent statistics of detailed vertical wind profiles, are applied to statistical comparisons of conjunctive rawinsonde and Jimsphere/Jimsonde (J/J) vertical profiles made between 1 and 15 km. It is found that a loose relationship exists between J/J and RW shears. That is, the cross-correlation coefficient that compares their respective shears at the same levels is quite small. This is seen as suggesting that no general statement can be made in consideration of critical shear criteria with respect to RW shears. The suggestion is made that reasons for such a loose empirical relationship include the mesoscale nature of the apparent CAT mechanism.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; June 198
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  • 154
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    Homogeneous condensation - Freezing nucleation rate measurements for small water droplets in an expansion cloud chamber (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experimental data on ice nucleation, presented in an earlier paper, are analyzed to yield information about the homogeneous nucleation rate of ice from supercooled liquid and the heights of energy barriers to that nucleation. The experiment consisted of using an expansion cloud chamber to nucleate from the vapor a cloud of supercooled pure water drops and the observation of the fraction of drops which subsequently froze. The analysis employed standard classical homogeneous nucleation theory. The data are used to extract the first experimental measurement (albeit indirect) of the activation energy for the transfer of a water molecule across the liquid-ice interface at temperatures near -40 C. The results provide further evidence that the local liquid structure becomes more icelike as the temperature is lowered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; June 198
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  • 155
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    Climate sensitivity of a one-dimensional radiative-convective model with cloud feedback (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The potential complexity of the feedback between global mean cloud amount and global mean surface temperature when variations of the vertical cloud distribution are included is illustrated. This is done by studying the behavior of a one-dimensional radiative-convective model with two types of cloud variation: (1) variable cloud cover with constant optical thickness and (2) variable optical thickness with constant cloud cover. The variable parameter is calculated on the assumption that a correlation exists between cloud amount and precipitation or the vertical flux convergence of latent heat. Since the vertical latent heat flux is taken to be a fraction of the total heat flux, modeled by convective adjustment, the sensitivity of the results to two different critical lapse rates is examined. These are a constant 6.5 K/km lapse rate and a temperature-dependent, moist adiabatic lapse rate. The effects of the vertical structure of climate perturbations on the nature of the cloud feedback are also examined. The model results reveal that changes in the vertical cloud distribution and mean cloud optical thickness can be as important to climate variations as are changes in the total cloud cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; June 198
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  • 156
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    Linear and nonlinear aspects of snow albedo feedbacks in atmospheric models (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Namias' hypothesis, that anomalous snowcover on the eastern side of the North American continent can generate an anomalous east coast low pressure system and an anomalous inland high pressure system, is consistent with the time-averaged anomalous response from a nonlinear, primitive equation channel model with an idealized, flat land-sea arrangement. An attempt to understand and describe this anomalous response in the nonlinear model as a linear response to anomalous diabatic heating was largely unsuccessful, primarily because the anomalous eddy fluxes were also important. This unsuccessful attempt to describe the nonlinear model's time averages by linear theory then motivated several comparisons between linear and nonlinear severely truncated quasi-geostrophic models. It was also found in these models that the eddy fluxes were extremely important for forcing or dissipating the stationary eddies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Aug. 20
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  • 157
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    Evidence for wavelike anomalies with short meridional and large zonal scales in the lower stratospheric temperature field (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Global microwave brightness temperature measurements are analyzed to investigate the range of meridional wavelengths 2000-3000 km where spectral studies reveal larger than expected variance. The data, from the TIROS-N Microwave Sounding Unit, are sensitive to lower stratospheric temperatures (30-150 mb). The results reveal striking temperature anomalies with short meridional wavelengths (2000-3000 km) and long zonal wavelengths (zonal wavenumbers 1-4). The anomalies, with amplitudes approximately 1-2 K, extend from the equatorial region to at least as high as 70 deg N and 70 deg S during January 1979. The features exhibit slow eastward movement or else are nearly stationary for several days. In the Northern Hemisphere, comparison with NMC data reveals that the strongest features tend to be associated with major jet streams.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; May 1981
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    Two-stream Maxwellian kinetic theory of cloud droplet growth by condensation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A new growth rate formula (NGRF) is developed for the rate of growth of cloud droplets by condensation. The theory used is a modification of the Lees-Shankar theory in which the two-stream Maxwellian distribution function of Lees is used in Maxwell's method of moments to determine the transport of water vapor to and heat away from the droplet. Boundary conditions at the droplet are the usual conditions set in terms of accommodation coefficients, and the solution passes smoothly into diffusion flow in the far region. Comparisons are given between NGRF and the conventional formula showing close agreement (approximately 0.1%) for large radii with significant difference (approximately 5%) for small radii (not greater than 1 micron). Growth times for haze droplets in a Laktionov chamber are computed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; May 1981
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  • 159
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    Instability of non-zonal baroclinic flows - Multiple-scale analysis (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The linear instability of a non-zonal flow can be reduced to an eigenvalue-eigenfunction problem, governed by a nonseparable partial differential equation (Niehaus, 1980). Approximate solutions, found by the method of multiple scales, are derived here and compared with earlier results found using a spectral method. The amplitude maxima are correctly located. The zonal variations of local wavenumber and of amplitude are qualitatively correct, but not sufficiently extreme. Because the method is oversensitive to local conditions, and less sensitive to global constraints, this comparison provides theoretical limits to the possibility of parameterizing transient eddies in terms of the local time mean state of the atmosphere. The method can be extended easily to flows with more realistic vertical structure.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; May 1981
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    The effects of surface evaporation parameterizations on climate sensitivity to solar constant variations (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of two different evaporation parameterizations on the sensitivity of simulated climate to solar constant variations are investigated by using a zonally averaged climate model. One parameterization is a nonlinear formulation in which the evaporation is nonlinearly proportional to the sensible heat flux, with the Bowen ratio determined by the predicted vertical temperature and humidity gradients near the earth's surface (model A). The other is the formulation of Saltzman (1968) with the evaporation linearly proportional to the sensible heat flux (model B). The computed climates of models A and B are in good agreement except for the energy partition between sensible and latent heat at the earth's surface. The difference in evaporation parameterizations causes a difference in the response of temperature lapse rate to solar constant variations and a difference in the sensitivity of longwave radiation to surface temperature which leads to a smaller sensitivity of surface temperature to solar constant variations in model A than in model B. The results of model A are qualitatively in agreement with those of the general circulation model calculations of Wetherald and Manabe (1975).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; May 1981
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  • 161
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    An analysis of the kinetic energy budget for two extratropical cyclones - The vertically averaged flow and the vertical shear flow (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; June 198
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  • 162
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    An objective isobaric/isentropic technique for upper air analysis (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An objective meteorological analysis technique is presented whereby both horizontal and vertical upper air analyses are performed. The process used to interpolate grid-point values from the upper-air station data is the same as for grid points on both an isobaric surface and a vertical cross-sectional plane. The nearby data surrounding each grid point are used in the interpolation by means of an anisotropic weighting scheme, which is described. The interpolation for a grid-point potential temperature is performed isobarically; whereas wind, mixing-ratio, and pressure height values are interpolated from data that lie on the isentropic surface that passes through the grid point. Two versions (A and B) of the technique are evaluated by qualitatively comparing computer analyses with subjective handdrawn analyses. The objective products of version A generally have fair correspondence with the subjective analyses and with the station data, and depicted the structure of the upper fronts, tropopauses, and jet streams fairly well. The version B objective products correspond more closely to the subjective analyses, and show the same strong gradients across the upper front with only minor smoothing.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; June 198
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  • 163
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    Estimating monthly averaged air-sea transfers of heat and momentum using the bulk aerodynamic method (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Air-sea transfers of sensible heat, latent heat and momentum are computed from 25 years of middle-latitude and subtropical ocean weather ship data in the North Atlantic and North Pacific using the bulk aerodynamic method. The results show that monthly averaged wind speeds, temperatures and humidities can be used to estimate the monthly averaged sensible and latent heat fluxes from the bulk aerodynamic equations to within a relative error of approximately 10%. The estimates of monthly averaged wind stress under the assumption of neutral stability are shown to be within approximately 5% of the monthly averaged nonneutral values.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Physical Oceanography; 11; Apr. 198
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  • 164
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    Mesospheric heating due to convectively excited gravity waves - A case study (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A series of at least daily rocket soundings of the mesosphere at Wallops Island, Virginia (37 deg 50 min N, 75 deg 29 min W), in August and September 1976 reveal near simultaneity between rapid temperature rises and tropospheric convection in the form of squall lines. A multilevel numerical model is developed to test the hypothesis that the convection and warmings are related via internal gravity waves. Some features of the model are (1) the wave energy source is expressed in terms of cloud-base mass flux, plume diameter and buoyant updraft velocity; (2) the turbulent-viscous gravity wave dissipation is limited to above 55 km and is parameterized on the basis of findings by Hines (1965). Significant findings are: (1) mesospheric heating rates of the same order as those observed result for reasonable values of the convective parameters and in situ dissipation time scales; (2) only gravity waves confined to a well-defined wavelength and frequency interval are able to propagate upward to mesospheric altitudes; (3) heating rates are strongly dependent on plume diameter and updraft velocity; and (4) for a given cloud-base mass flux, heating rates are optimized for a plume updraft velocity of 10 m/s.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; May 1981
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  • 165
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    Spectral analysis and diagnosis of nonlinear interactions of large-scale moving waves at 200 mb in the GLAS General Circulation Model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The space-time Fourier spectral analysis and the equations of kinetic energy and momentum transport in the wavenumber-frequency domain proposed by Kao (1968) and modified by Kao and Lee (1977) using Tukey's (1967) numerical spectral analysis are employed to analyze the 200 mb wind fields of a four-month climate experiment of the GLAS atmospheric circulation model. This climate run covers the period from Jan. 1 to Apr. 30, 1975. The current study analyzes a 90-day (Jan. 15-Apr. 14, 1975) wind field of this climate run. A comparison is conducted between the current study and observations reported by Kao and Lee. It is found that the 200 mb latitudinal distributions of model mean zonal wind, zonal and meridional kinetic energy and momentum transport of eddies agree fairly well with the observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; May 1981
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  • 166
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    Verification studies of Seasat-A satellite scatterometer /SASS/ measurements (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two comparisons between Seasat-A satellite scatterometer (SASS) data and surface truth, obtained from the Gulf of Alaska Seasat Experiment and the Joint Air-Sea Interaction program, have been made to determine the behavior of SASS and its algorithms. The performance of SASS was first evaluated irrespective of the algorithms employed to convert the SASS data to geophysical parameters, which was done by separating the backscatter measurements into small bins of incidence and azimuth angles and polarity and regression against wind speed measurements. The algorithms were then tested by comparing their predicted slopes and y intercepts with those derived from the regressions, and by comparing each SASS backscatter measurement with the backscatter derived from the algorithms, and the given wind velocity from the observations. It was shown that SASS was insensitive to winds at high incidence angles for horizontal polarizations. Fairly high correlations were found between backscatter and wind speeds. The algorithms functioned well at mid-ranges of incidence angle and backscattering coefficient.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; July 20
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  • 167
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    On the warming of the polar troposphere during the stratospheric warming of January 1977 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In January 1977, a warming of the polar troposphere occurred following a major stratospheric warming. The temperature increase in the polar troposphere is found to be larger below 400 mb than in the upper troposphere. Analysis of the heat budget of the polar troposphere shows that the eddy heat flux convergence is the major factor responsible for the tropospheric warming.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; July 198
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  • 168
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    Direct measurement of lower atmospheric vertical potential differences (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A high impedance system has been developed to make direct measurements of the atmospheric potential difference up to several thousand feet. A tethered balloon flown from Wallops Island, Virginia was used to loft a high voltage, insulated wire and a conducting collector in a test flight to 550 meters for two days of experiments in October 1980. The balloon was equipped with a payload to measure exact altitude, wind speed and direction, and other meteorological parameters. Electric potentials of 170,000 volts at 550 meters were measured. The collected currents which could be drawn through the wire by grounding the lower end were in the 10 microamp range indicating a system impedance of about 10 to the 10th ohms. This paper describes the apparatus and details of these measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; July 198
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    Analysis of GASP carbon monoxide data (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Atmospheric carbon monoxide in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere for the period March 1977 through October 1978 was analyzed. The CO data are summarized and the distribution and variations in space and time of this gas are presented. The data show that the CO mixing ratios are higher in the troposphere than those in the stratosphere. In the Northern Hemisphere the highest value of CO mixing ratio occurs in spring, although more data are needed to verify these findings. Correlation coefficients among CO, O3, air temperature (T) and winds were calculated for different regions under different seasons. It was found that the CO correlates negatively with O3 above 20 degrees latitude and positively below that latitude. Case studies using the data of CO, O3, and T measured simultaneously were performed. Discussions and suggestions are made. Ozone data on seasonal basis is also summarized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-165356 , IFAORS-175
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    Accommodations assessment: Spaceborne Doppler lidar wind measuring system (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An accommodations analysis performed by the MSFC Preliminary Design Office for a spaceborne Doppler lidar wind measuring system is summarized. A dedicated, free-flying spacecraft design concept is described. Mass and beginning-of-life power requirements are estimated at 2260 kg and 6.0 - 8.5 kW respectively, to support a pulsed, CO2, Doppler lidar having a pulse energy of 10 J, pulse rate of 8 Hz, and efficiency of approximately 5%. Under the assumptions of the analysis, such a system would provide wind measurements on a global scale, with accuracies of a few meters per second.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82435 , PD34
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  • 171
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    A subsynoptic-scale kinetic energy study of the Red River Valley tornado outbreak (AVE-SESAME 1) (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The subsynoptis-scale kinetic energy balance during the Red River Valley tornado outbreak is presented in order to diagnose storm environment interactions. Area-time averaged energetics indicate that horizontal flux convergence provides the major energy source to the region, while cross contour flow provides the greatest sink. Maximum energy variability is found in the upper levels in association with jet stream activity. Area averaged energetics at individual observation times show that the energy balance near times of maximum storm activity differs considerably from that of the remaining periods. The local kinetic energy balance over Oklahoma during the formation of a limited jet streak receives special attention. Cross contour production of energy is the dominant local source for jet development. Intense convection producing the Red River Valley tornadoes may have contributed to this local development by modifying the surrounding environment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3456 , M-355
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    Atmospheric environment for space shuttle (STS-1) launch (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Atmospheric conditions near space shuttle STS-1 launch time on April, 12, 1981, at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, are reported. Values of ambient pressure, temperature, moisture, ground winds, visual observations (cloud), and winds aloft are included. The sequence of prelaunch Jimsphere measured vertical wind profiles is presented. Also presented are the wind and thermodynamic parameters measured at the surface and aloft in the SRB descent/impact ocean area. Final meteorological data tapes for STS-1 vehicle ascent, and SRB descent have been constructed which consist of wind and thermodynamic parameters versus altitude.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82436
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    Atmospheric observations for STS-1 landing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A summary of synoptic weather conditions existing over the western United States is given for the time of shuttle descent into Edwards Air Force Base, California. The techniques and methods used to furnish synoptic atmospheric data at the surface and aloft for flight verification of the STS-1 orbiter during its descent into Edwards Air Force Base are specified. Examples of the upper level data set are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82432
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    Determination of rain rate from a spaceborne radar using measurements of total attenuation (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Studies shows that path-integrated rain rates can be determined by means of a direct measurement of attenuation. For ground based radars this is done by measuring the backscattering cross section of a fixed target in the presence and absence of rain along the radar beam. A ratio of the two measurements yields a factor proportional to the attenuation from which the average rain rate is deduced. The technique is extended to spaceborne radars by choosing the ground as reference target. The technique is also generalized so that both the average and range-profiled rain rates are determined. The accuracies of the resulting estimates are evaluated for a narrow beam radar located on a low earth orbiting satellite.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82153
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    The influence of initial and surface boundary conditions on a model-generated January climatology (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The influence on a model-generated January climate of various surface boundary conditions, as well as initial conditions, was studied by using the GISS coarse-mesh climate model. Four experiments - two with water planets, one with flat continents, and one with mountains - were used to investigate the effects of initial conditions, and the thermal and dynamical effects of the surface on the model generated-climate. However, climatological mean zonal-symmetric sea surface temperature is used in all four runs over the model oceans. Moreover, zero ground wetness and uniform ground albedo except for snow are used in the last experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-164663
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    Charged particle concepts for fog dispersion (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Charged particle techniques hold promise for dispersing warm fog in the terminal area of commercial airports. This report focuses on features of the charged particle technique which require further study. The basic physical principles of the technique and the major verification experiments carried out in the past are described. The fundamentals of the nozzle operation are given. The nozzle characteristics and the theory of particle charging in the nozzle are discussed, including information from extensive literature on electrostatic precipitation relative to environmental pollution control and a description of some preliminary reported analyses on the jet characteristics and interaction with neighboring jets. The equation governing the transfer of water substances and of electrical charge is given together with a brief description of several semi-empirical, mathematical expressions necessary for the governing equations. The necessary ingredients of a field experiment to verify the system once a prototype is built are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3440
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    Lightning detection from Space Science and Applications Team review (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The various needs for lightning data that exist among potential users of satellite lightning data were identified and systems were defined which utilize the optical and radio frequency radiations from lightning to serve as the satellite based lightning mapper. Three teams worked interactively with NASA to develop a system concept. An assessment of the results may be summarized as follows: (1) a small sensor system can be easily designed to operate on a geostationary satellite that can provide the bulk of the real time user requirements; (2) radio frequency systems in space may be feasible but would be much larger and more costly; RF technology for this problem lags the optical technology by years; and (3) a hybrid approach (optical in space and RF on the ground) would provide the most complete information but is probably unreasonably complex and costly at this time.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-161794
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    A study of the extended-range forecasting problem blocking (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Wavenumber frequency spectral analysis of a 90 day winter (Jan. 15 - April 14) wind field simulated by a climate experiment of the GLAS atmospheric circulation model is made using the space time Fourier analysis which is modified with Tukey's numerical spectral analysis. Computations are also made to examine how the model wave disturbances in the wavenumber frequency domain are maintained by nonlinear interactions. Results are compared with observation. It is found that equatorial easterlies do not show up in this climate experiment at 200 mb. The zonal kinetic energy and momentum transport of stationary waves are too small in the model's Northern Hemisphere. The wavenumber and frequency spectra of the model are generally in good agreement with observation. However, some distinct features of the model's spectra are revealed. The wavenumber spectra of kinetic energy show that the eastward moving waves of low wavenumbers have stronger zonal motion while the eastward moving waves of intermediate wavenumbers have larger meridional motion compared with observation. Furthermore, the eastward moving waves show a band of large spectral value in the medium frequency regime.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82343
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    Do initial conditions matter? A comparison of model climatologies generated from different initial states (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A coarse mesh (8 by 10) 7 layer global climate model was used to compute 15 months of meteorological history in two perpetual January experiments on a water planet (without continents) with a zonally symmetric climatological January sea surface temperature field. In the first of the two water planet experiments the initial atmospheric state was a set of zonal mean values of specific humidity, temperature, and wind at each latitude. In the second experiment the model was initialized with globally uniform mean values of specific humidity and temperature on each sigma level surface, constant surface pressure (1010 mb), and zero wind everywhere. A comparison was made of the mean January climatic states generated by the two water planet experiments. The first two months of each 15 January run were discarded, and 13 month averages were computed from months 3 through 15.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82326
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    Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Science, collected reprints 1978-1979, volume 1 (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A ready reference is presented to 61 papers by members of the Laboratory published between January 1, 1978 and December 31, 1979. To avoid unnecessary duplication, only abstracts or introductions of NASA reports and conference proceedings are included with reprints of articles from various journals.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-1788-VOL-1
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    The 1980 direct strike lightning data (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data waveforms are presented which were obtained utilizing the NASA F-106B aircraft specially instrumented for lightning electromagnetic measurements. The aircraft was operated in a thunderstorm environment to elicit strikes. Concurrently recorded electric and magnetic field and lightning current data were obtained.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-81946
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    The President's Day cyclone 17-19 February 1979: An analysis of jet streak interactions prior to cyclogenesis (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The President's Day cyclone, produced record breaking snowfall along the East Coast of the United States in February 1979. Conventional radiosonde data, SMS GOES infrared imagery and LFM 2 model diagnostics were used to analyze the interaction of upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks prior to cyclogenesis. The analysis reveals that a series of complex scale interactive processes is responsible for the development of the intense cyclone. The evolution of the subsynoptic scale mass and momentum fields prior to and during the period of rapid development of the President's Day cyclone utilizing conventional data and SMS GOES imagery is documented. The interaction between upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks which occurred prior to the onset of cyclogenesis is discussed as well as the possible effects of terrain modified airflow within the precyclogenesis environment. Possible deficiencies in the LFM-2 initial wind fields that could have been responsible, in part, for the poor numerical forecast are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-82077
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    Investigation of models for large-scale meteorological prediction experiments (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An attempt is made to compute the contributions of various surface boundary conditions to the monthly mean states generated by the 7 layer, 8 x 10 GISS climate model (Hansen et al., 1980), and also to examine the influence of initial conditions on the model climate simulations. Obvious climatic controls as the shape and rotation of the Earth, the solar radiation, and the dry composition of the atmosphere are fixed, and only the surface boundary conditions are altered in the various climate simulations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-163870
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    Case studies of clear air turbulence using the diagnostic Richardson Number Tendency formulation (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of four case studies of clear air turbulence (CAT) using the diagnostic Richardson number tendency (DRT) formulation are highlighted. The performance of this technique in resolving regions of documented CAT encounters is encouraging. Its operational adaptability appears particularly attractive in that input data can be supplied by the currently operational rawinsonde system. Two CAT indices are calculated deterministically, sensing synoptic scale changes in static stability and vertical wind shear conductive for supporting mesoscale CAT layers. These two indices reveal volumes of the troposphere which act as source regions for patches of CAT. The first, the time to reach the critical Richardson number necessary for the initiation of turbulent conditions, was first used by Oard (1974). A second index is devised which is an adaptation of Roach's (1970) work relating synoptic scale and mesoscale energetical coupling and gives more information on the relative intensity of these source regions. The output from the DRT computer module highlights specific regions of the atmosphere which can be interpreted operationally in terms of a CAT encounter probability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3378 , UDR-TR-80-97
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    A comparative analysis of rawinsonde and NIMBUS 6 and TIROS N satellite profile data (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Comparisons are made between rawinsonde and satellite profiles in seven areas for a wide range of surface and weather conditions. Variables considered include temperature, dewpoint temperature, thickness, precipitable water, lapse rate of temperature, stability, geopotential height, mixing ratio, wind direction, wind speed, and kinematic parameters, including vorticity and the advection of vorticity and temperature. In addition, comparisons are made in the form of cross sections and synoptic fields for selected variables. Sounding data from the NIMBUS 6 and TIROS N satellites were used. Geostrophic wind computed from smoothed geopotential heights provided large scale flow patterns that agreed well with the rawinsonde wind fields. Surface wind patterns as well as magnitudes computed by use of the log law to extrapolate wind to a height of 10 m agreed with observations. Results of this study demonstrate rather conclusively that satellite profile data can be used to determine characteristics of large scale systems but that small scale features, such as frontal zones, cannot yet be resolved.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1070 , M-327
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  • 186
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    Ions and precipitation charging in warm and cold clouds as simulated in one-dimensional time-dependent models (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Nov. 198
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  • 187
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    MSFC Doppler Lidar Science experiments and operations plans for 1981 airborne test flight (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The flight experiment and operations plans for the Doppler Lidar System (DLS) are provided. Application of DLS to the study of severe storms and local weather penomena is addressed. Test plans involve 66 hours of flight time. Plans also include ground based severe storm and local weather data acquisition.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85160 , NAS 1.15:85160
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  • 188
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    On the dynamics of droughts in northeast Brazil - Observations, theory and numerical experiments with a general circulation model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The establishment of a thermally direct local circulation which has its ascending branch at about 10 deg N and its descending branch over northeast Brazil and the adjoining oceanic region is proposed as a possible mechanism for the occurrence of severe droughts over this Brazilian region. The driving for this anomalous circulation is provided by enhanced moist convection due to the effect of warmer sea surface anomalies over the northern tropical Atlantic and cooling associated with colder sea surface temperature anomalies in the southern tropical Atlantic. A simple primitive equation model is used to calculate the frictionally-controlled and thermally-driven circulation due to a prescribed heating function in a resting atmosphere, and a series of numerical experiments are carried out to test the sensitivity of the Goddard Laboratory's model to prescribed sea surface temperature anomalies over the tropical Atlantic.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Dec. 198
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  • 189
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    The transport of trace chemicals by planetary waves in the stratosphere. I Steady waves (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: When dissipation is present a forced planetary wave will interact with the zonal flow in the stratosphere and cause acceleration of the zonal wind, mean-zonal diabatic heating and net transport of trace chemicals. Quasi-geostrophic scaling is used to derive expressions relating the above quantities to each other and to wave statistics for steady-state conditions and Newtonian cooling. Numerical calculations are presented for stationary wavenumber 1 which indicate that in the stratosphere the effect of the wave on the mean-zonal quantities is 1/5 to 1/20 that required by observations and models. In the mesosphere the calculated value is roughly 1/20 the required size. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Dec. 198
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  • 190
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    A synoptic analysis of the first AVE-SESAME '79 period (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Key features of a severe convection observed during April 10-11, 1979 as part of the Atmospheric Variability Experiment-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment (AVE-SESAME) are examined. Three-hourly rawinsonde readings from 23 stations were taken, and vertical motion and divergence parameters are considered. The data were converted into a 127 km grid at the surface, and at 50 mb intervals from 900 mb to 100 mb by an objective analysis scheme, while a kinematic method was used to compute vertical motion. A weak upper tropospheric short wave trough was found to propagate from New Mexico into the Texas panhandle, while a jet maximum propagated eastward. The development of a strong wind maximum over Oklahoma and Kansas was associated with a rapid increase in upper-level divergence and the development of a small-scale pressure perturbation in the Texas panhandle, as well as a low-level jet and convergence, which led to rapid changes over the Red River Valley, where stability was decreased.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
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  • 191
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    The Pennsylvania Barrens - A view from space (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The presence of an anomalous cold area, the Pennsylvania Barrens, which consistently displays temperatures 10-15 C below those of a nearby college weather station on clear, dry, windless nights, was studied by means of IR images from the NASA Heat Capacity Mapping Mission satellite. The Barrens are surrounded by wooded ridges, which have a high thermal inertia, and it is concluded that the movement of cold air from high regions to lower valleys contributes significantly to the thermal differences between sites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
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  • 192
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    Determinations by Seasat of atmospheric water and synoptic fronts (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is shown by means of radiosonde data from the Joint Air-Sea Interaction (JASIN) experiment that the Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) atmospheric water vapor distributions, taken over 600-km wide swaths with a resolution of 54 km, can be used to detect the position of atmospheric fronts in the lower troposphere. In addition to the fact that, unlike visible and IR radiometry, the SMMR determinations are not hampered by extensive cirrus or by a lack of frontal clouds, they use more channels, allowing better discrimination between the effects of liquid water, water vapor and sea state, and show improved spatial resolution. Data analysis results show that the SMMR atmospheric water vapor distributions have an accuracy comparable to that of in situ radiosonde measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 294; Dec
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  • 193
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    Calculations of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields above ground (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Lin et al., (1980) presented a lightning return stroke model with which return stroke electric and magnetic fields measured at ground level could be reproduced. This model and a modified version of it, in which the initial current peak decays with height above ground, are used to compute waveforms for altitudes from 0-10 km and at ranges of 20 m to 10 km. Both the original and modified models gave accurate predictions of measured ground-based fields. The use of the calculated fields in calibrating airborne field measurements from simultaneous ground and airborne data is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Dec. 20
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  • 194
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    Cloud cover archiving on a global scale - A discussion of principles (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Monitoring of climatic variability and climate modeling both require a reliable global cloud data set. Examination is made of the temporal and spatial variability of cloudiness in light of recommendations made by GARP in 1975 (and updated by JOC in 1978 and 1980) for cloud data archiving. An examination of the methods of comparing cloud cover frequency curves suggests that the use of the beta distribution not only facilitates objective comparison, but also reduces overall storage requirements. A specific study of the only current global cloud climatology (the U.S. Air Force's 3-dimensional nephanalysis) over the United Kingdom indicates that discussion of methods of validating satellite-based data sets is urgently required.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
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  • 195
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    Research on electrical properties of severe thunderstorms in the Great Plains (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Techniques, equipment, and results of studies (1978-1980) to determine the relationships between electrical phenomena and the dynamics and precipitation of storms are reported. Doppler and conventional radar, video tapes and movies, and VHF recording devices were used to monitor an area 200 x 100 km, aligned SW to NE. The 23 cm radar and a Doppler radar were employed to acquire radar echoes from lightning. Observations of a squall line, a severe storm, and radar echoes from electrical discharges are described. Positively charged cloud-to-ground lightning was observed during the severe and final stages of severe storms; average lightning rates and total flashes for normal and severe storms are provided. Comparisons of lightning echoes and electric field changes indicated that abrupt increases in radar reflectivity were correlated with return strokes and K-type field changes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
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  • 196
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    The Eulerian- and Lagrangian-mean flows induced by stationary, dissipating planetary waves (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Eulerian- and the Lagrangian-mean flows induced by stationary, dissipating planetary waves are discussed by employing a simple channel model on a beta-plane. It is assumed that the wave is excited by the bottom undulation and dissipated by Newtonian cooling with relaxation time alpha and by Rayleigh friction with (lambda)(alpha), lambda being constant. Three cases where lambda is equal to one are discussed: (1) the basic zonal wind U sub 0 and the dissipation rate alpha are both constant; (2) U sub 0 varies with height while alpha is constant; and (3) U sub 0 and alpha both vary with height. In case (1), the Eulerian- and the Lagrangian-mean fields are shown to depend on the difference between the dissipation scale-height and the density scale-height. In case (2) and case (3), it is shown that the results for case (1) are modified under slightly more realistic situations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan; vol. 59
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  • 197
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    On the nature of the apparent response of the vorticity area index to the solar magnetic field (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The apparent response of the vorticity area index to the solar magnetic field is confined to tropospheric regions of intense circulation. Discussions and calculations that include larger volumes of the troposphere would not be expected to show a significant sun-weather effect. Analysis of the effect in time intervals outside the original 1963-73 is also discussed. An assessment of this sun-weather effect at the present time is given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 198
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    Moisture analysis from radiosonde and microwave spectrometer data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method for analysis of the horizontal and vertical distributions of the moisture field utilizing satellite, upper air and surface data is proposed in this paper. A brief overview of the microwave sensors on board Nimbus 5 and 6 is also presented. A technique is provided utilizing the radiosonde data sets to calibrate the satellite field of total precipitable water. Next, the calibrated satellite-derived field is utilized along with ship and coastal reports of moisture, and a vertical structure function to generate vertical distribution of moisture and thus provide a mapping of specific humidity at several levels in the troposphere. Utilizing these procedures, analyses for several case studies were performed. The resultant maps show detailed distribution of specific humidity along with some interesting climatological features. A reasonable acceptance of the available aerological data sets by the analysis scheme is demonstrated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Oct. 198
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  • 199
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    On the amplitudes reached by baroclinically unstable disturbances (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The maximum eddy energies reached by baroclinically unstable disturbances in some simplified numerical models (Gall, 1976; Simmons and Hoskins, 1978) are compared to a scale-dependent measure of the energy available to the disturbances. It is found that, except for the longest wavelengths, the ratio of the maximum eddy energies to this available energy (the eddy efficiency) tends to remain constant relative to the large variations in the maximum energies. The roles of the growth rate of the initial disturbance and the beta-effect are discussed with reference to results from a maximally simplified model. It is shown that dimensional arguments paralleling Charney (1971) lead to the maximum energy versus scale relationships found in the numerical results.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Oct. 198
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  • 200
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    Baroclinic instability of a rotating Hadley cell (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The stability of a thin fluid layer between two rotating plates which are subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient is investigated. The solution for the stationary basic state is obtained in a closed form. It is pointed out that this solution identifies Ekman and thermal layers adjacent to the plates and interior temperature and velocity fields which are almost linear functions of height. The stability of that basic state with respect to infinitesimal zonal waves is then analyzed via the solution of the complete viscous linear equations for the perturbations. The character of the growth rates is found to be similar to those of the classical baroclinic waves. It is also found that the region of stability depends on the Prandtl number, the vertical stratification parameter, and both the meridional and zonal wavenumbers. The flow is generally unstable for small enough Ekman numbers and for Rossby numbers less than 10.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Oct. 198
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