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  • General Chemistry  (4.740)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (1.972)
  • BIOSCIENCES  (1.698)
  • COMMUNICATIONS  (1.377)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (10.747)
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  • 1
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    Space and man (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The effects of man's entry into space on changes in economics and technology, politics and law, science, philosophy, and art are considered. A single world economy, extracting from the natural resources of the moon and other cosmic bodies raw materials and energy, will avoid terrestrial limitations and improve society by eliminating the inequalities of economic and social status. However, a spacecraft for interplanetary travel require thermonuclear engines that achieve an escape velocity of 0.1 times the speed of light in order to allow an astronaut stellar expedition corresponding to the active life of a single generation.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 128-134
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  • 2
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    Radio communications with extra-terrestrial civilizations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Communications between civilizations within our galaxy at the present level of radio engineering is possible, although civilizations must begin to search for each other to achieve this. If an extra-terrestrial civilization possessing a technology at our level wishes to make itself known and will transmit special radio signals to do this, then it can be picked up by us at a distance of several hundreds of light years using already existing radio telescopes and specially built radio receivers. If it wishes, this civilization can also send us information without awaiting our answer.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 79-82
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  • 3
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    Detection of life in space (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The selection of spacecraft experiments and equipment to detect extraterrestrial life outside earth centers on observations of chemical compounds similar to amino acids and proteins, on signs of metabolism in the form of nutrient absorption, and life form impressions in fossiles or signs of civilization.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820; p 42-52
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  • 4
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    Space psychology (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Psychological selection of astronauts considers mental responses and adaptation to the following space flight stress factors: (1) confinement in a small space; (2) changes in three dimensional orientation; (3) effects of altered gravity and weightlessness; (4) decrease in afferent nerve pulses; (5) a sensation of novelty and danger; and (6) a sense of separation from earth.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 29-41
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  • 5
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    Life in space (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Biotechnological aspects of manned space flight are reviewed and the basic biological problems of training and sustaining man in interplanetary flights are elaborated.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Inhabited Space, Pt. 2 (NASA-TT-F-820); p 17-28
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  • 6
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    Intermediate memory devices (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Several methods of transfer and processing of data whose practical implementation requires operational memory devices are described. Devices incorporating multistable elements are proposed and their main parameters are given. The possibility of using the proposed devices for storing information for transmission in space radio communications channels is examined.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 155-162
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  • 7
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    Possibility of using sources of vacuum ultraviolet irradiation to solve problems of space material science (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: An urgent problem in space materials science is simulating the interaction of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) of solar emission with solids in space conditions, that is, producing a light source with a distribution that approximates the distribution of solar energy. Information is presented on the distribution of the energy flux of VUV of solar radiation. Requirements that must be satisfied by the VUV source used for space materials science are formulated, and a critical evaluation is given of the possibilities of using existing sources for space materials science. From this evaluation it was established that none of the sources of VUV satisfies the specific requirements imposed on the simulator of solar radiation. A solution to the problem was found to be in the development of a new type of source based on exciting a supersonic gas jet flowing into vacuum with a sense electron beam. A description of this gas-jet source, along with its spectral and operation characteristics, is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 102-123
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  • 8
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    Effect of small flares in the neutral component of secondary cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The results are presented of an investigation of the effect of small flares, scale divisions 1 and 1(+), in the neutron component of secondary cosmic radiation from the data of neutron supermonitors at the stations of Kiev, Bukhta Tiksi, and Deep River. It is shown that flares of scale divisions 1 and 1(+) are accompanied by an effect in the neutron component amounting to about 0.4%. A mechanism is presented for calculating the outflow of particles accelerated in small flares, owing to diffusion across the magnetic field of a trap.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 77-85
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  • 9
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    Analysis of the nature of excessive cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at altitudes 250-500km, from Kosmos-225 satellite data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Results are presented from a study of the region of anomalous cosmic radiation in the area of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly at the altitudes 250-500 km, using data measurements taken on the Kosmos-225 satellite (14-29 June 1968). The existence of a stable intensity anomaly discovered in the experiments on the second and third Soviet spacecraft-satellites is confirmed. The total vector of the geomagnetic field at different altitudes was compared with isoline maps. An altitude profile of the South Atlantic anomaly of radiation intensity was obtained, using data from the same instrument. The nature of the anomalies in cosmic radiation intensity over the regions of negative magnetic anomalies is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 86-94
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  • 10
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    Acceleration of solar cosmic rays during chromospheric flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Using the Fokker-Planck equation, an examination is made of the acceleration of charged particles by fluctuational electric fields caused by the propagation of intense radio emission in the long-wave range. Correlation functions of electric fields near the boundary of plasma instability were computed. The interaction of charged particles with these fields is examined. It is shown that due to the interaction of particles with fluctuational fields, solar cosmic rays can be accelerated to energies of E=100 to 1000 MeV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 69-76
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  • 11
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    Chromospheric flares and sudden commencements of geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: A catalogue of flare activity was compiled during 1957-1967 (the solar activity cycle). By comparing all reliable SC during this period with chromospheric flares, the following conclusions are drawn; (1) There is no statistically significant correlation between SC and chromospheric flares. (2) The assumption that a shock wave propagates throughout the entire hemisphere is unjustified and contradicts the fact of recurrence of SC. (3) A statistically significant correlation was established between SC and chromospheric flares, that is, a relationship between a SC and the moment that a flare active region transits the Central Meridian. (4) SC are caused by shock waves or tangential discontinuities formed at the western boundary of the quasisteady directed corpuscular flux or at the boundary between sectors.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3 (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 61-68
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  • 12
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    Electromagnetic processes in the atmosphere of pulsars (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The work consists of two parts. The first deals with the fine structure of radio pulses. Based on kinetic theory, processes occurring in the plasma shell of a pulsar when external electromagnetic radiation is present are investigated. It is shown that electromagnetic waves cause electrons to drift relative to ions, and initiate longitudinal oscillations. A dispersion equation describing the longitudinal oscillations in magnetized plasma is derived. Conditions for excitation of oscillations are found. Correlation functions of electron density are calculated, along with the coefficients of electromagnetic wave scattering. It is shown that variations in the amplitude of pulsar pulses are associated with scintillations caused by fluctuations in the plasma electron density. The second part of the study presents a mechanism for the radio emission of pulsars. The model of a rotating and a pulsating star, a neutron star with dipolar or more complex magnetic field, is examined.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Space Res. in the Ukraine, No. 3, (NASA-TT-F-15537); p 44-53
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  • 13
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    The tropospheric calibration model for Mariner Mars 1971 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The effects of the troposphere on arrival time, range, and range rate measurement of radio signals propagating from spacecraft are examined. A tropospheric calibration model which takes into account seasonal variations, various elevations, and apparent location changes was developed. A comparison was made of the effects before and after calibration. Without calibration, a 16-m change in the distance off the spin axis, is induced for a 10-deg minimum elevation symmetrical pass. Even after calibration with the old model, the error in spin axis is still greater than 1 m. Calibration results and estimated uncertainties of the model are given in tabular form. Test results also show that the model met the required accuracy for the Mariner Mars 1971 mission.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Tracking System Analytic Calibration Activities for the Mariner Mars 1971 Mission; p 61-76
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  • 14
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    Rigidity spectrum of z greater than or equal to 3 cosmic-ray nuclei in the range 4-285 GV and a search for cosmic antimatter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A measurement, using the magnetic emulsion spectrometer system, of the differential rigidity spectrum of Z greater than or equal to 3 nuclei of the galactic cosmic radiation is presented. The system was flown on Aug. 22, 1969, from Palestine, Texas. The instrument floated above 125,000 feet for eight hours. The data in the rigidity range 8-285 GV can be represented by a power-law spectrum in rigidity, J(rho) = A rho to the minus gamma power, with the exponent gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.10. The spectrum in the range 15-285 GV is also described by the same exponent, gamma = 2.6 plus or minus 0.25. The data below 8 GV cannot be described by the same power law without invoking solar modulation. A set of nonunique parameters for modulation are given. Upper limit for the fraction of antimatter in the rigidity range 4-125 GV is .005 with 95% confidence limit.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 15
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma ray line flux as a function of longitude is examined. It is shown that the gamma ray emissivity varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. This enhancement is accounted for in part by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4 to 5 kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the galaxy on the assumption that only an increased cosmic ray flux is responsible for the observed emission. Cosmic ray nucleons, cosmic ray electrons, and ionized hydrogen gas were found to have a strikingly similar distribution in the galaxy according to both the observational data and the theoretical model discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 241-248
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  • 16
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    Observations of discrete gamma ray sources with SAS-2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Compact gamma ray sources centered on the Crab nebula and the Vela X supernova remnant are considered. An excess in the galactic radiation was observed in both regions. Data indicate that a large fraction of this flux is pulsed. The excess from the Vela region could reflect either a large-scale galactic feature, such as a superposition of spiral arm segments, or it could be associated with the Vela supernova remnant. Low-energy gamma ray bursts were observed in the SAS-2 anticoincidence shielding.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 273-277
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  • 17
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    Optical antenna gain. II - Receiving antennas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Expressions are developed for the gain of a centrally obscured, circular optical antenna used as the collecting and focusing optics in a laser receiver, involving losses due to (1) incoming light blockage by central obscuration, (2) energy spillover at the detector, and (3) the effect of local oscillator distribution in the case of heterodyne or homodyne detection. Numerical results are presented for direct detection and for three types of local oscillator distribution (uniform, Gaussian, and matched).
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 18
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    Cosmic electrons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The published literature on cosmic electrons is summarized. The primary and secondary sources of cosmic electrons are discussed, and the propagation of the electrons in the interstellar medium is studied with respect to energy loss mechanisms, age distributions, and spectral modifications during flight. Various portions of the electron and positron spectra are then considered in relation to problems of astrophysics. New information is presented on such topics as the origin of low-energy positrons, the decay kinematics of the pi-mu-e process, the application of age distributions for nuclear cosmic rays to cosmic electrons, and the possibility of nonidentical sources for cosmic electrons and protons.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 19
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    Solar particles /observations, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The major features of the propagation of flare particles in the interplanetary medium are discussed in terms of the classic well-behaved flare having unique impulsive injection and a smooth time profile. Topics include flare events, their frequency of occurrence, development of a typical event, energy spectra, proton and electron types, charge and isotopic composition, solar flares and particle accelerations, radio and X-ray observations, the Fermi mechanism, the betatron mechanism, acceleration models, plasma instabilities, two-stage acceleration, propagation mechanisms, the anisotropic stage, the diffusive stage, and the convection and energy loss stage.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 20
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    Optical antenna gain. I - Transmitting antennas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The gain of centrally obscured optical transmitting antennas is analyzed in detail. The calculations, resulting in near- and far-field antenna gain patterns, assume a circular antenna illuminated by a laser operating in the TEM-00 mode. A simple polynomial equation is derived for matching the incident source distribution to a general antenna configuration for maximum on-axis gain. An interpretation of the resultant gain curves allows a number of auxiliary design curves to be drawn that display the losses in antenna gain due to pointing errors and the cone angle of the beam in the far field as a function of antenna aperture size and its central obscuration. The results are presented in a series of graphs that allow the rapid and accurate evaluation of the antenna gain which may then be substituted into the conventional range equation.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 13; Sept
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  • 21
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    Alterations in left ventricular volumes induced by Valsalva manoeuvre (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Five patients were studied with left ventriculography during different phases of the Valsalva manoeuvre. Small doses of contrast medium allowed adequate repetitive visualization of the left ventricle for volume calculation. During strain phase, the volume of the left ventricle decreased by nearly 50 per cent in each case, and stroke volume and cardiac output also dropped strikingly. Release of straining was attended by a sharp rebound of left ventricular volume to control levels, with a transient surge of increased cardiac output 42 per cent above that of the resting state.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: British Heart Journal; 36; July 197
    Format: text
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  • 22
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    Apollo space crew cardiovascular evaluations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Cardiovascular responses associated with pre- and postflight orthostatic tolerance evaluations of Apollo crewmen are presented with a brief historical survey and a discussion of their implications for future manned space flight. Heart rates were increased while systolic and pulse pressures were decreased during the immediate postflight orthostatic evaluation. A postflight elevation in resting heart rate was a less frequent finding.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Aug. 197
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  • 23
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    Recovery of medically important microorganisms from Apollo astronauts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Microbiological samples were obtained from the crewmembers of the Apollo 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 spaceflights. These specimens were analyzed for the presence of medically important microorganisms with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Tricophyton mentagrophytes, Tricophyton rubrum, and Candida albicans being discussed in detail. Preflight isolation of crewmembers was found to coincide with a complete absence of inflight disease events and is recommended for future spaceflights. No autoinfection response (microbial shock) occurred after any of the reported spaceflights.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Aug. 197
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  • 24
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    Sweet's mechanism in the solar wind (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Sweet (1956, 1958) proposed a mechanism for the rapid, steady-state dissipation of a magnetic field in a resistive plasma. It is shown that Sweet's mechanism operates in the interplanetary medium near 1 AU in structures which Burlaga and Ness (1968) have identified and called D-sheets. The basic equations are considered of a specific mathematical model provided by Parker (1963) for the case of antiparallel fields and incompressible flow. The theoretical conclusions are related to interplanetary observations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; Aug. 1
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  • 25
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    Alteration of pituitary-adrenal dynamics induced by a water deprivation regimen (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Experiments are described which were designed to assess the degree of adaptation that occurs in rats chronically exposed to the stress of a water-deprivation regimen and to determine if that adaptation represents a normalization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. There were no significant differences in mean corticosterone concentrations among control nondeprived rats 1, 4, and 8 weeks after the start of the experiment. The water-deprived rats, however, had significantly elevated plasma steroids 1 and 4 weeks after the onset of deprivation as compared to controls, but not after 8 weeks. Thus, there was a significant decrease in mean plasma corticosterone levels during water deprivation from 1 week to 8 weeks.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Physiology and Behavior; 12; 1974
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  • 26
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    The subsequence weight distribution of summed maximum length digital sequences (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An attempt is made to develop mathematical formulas to provide the basis for the design of pseudorandom signals intended for applications requiring accurate knowledge of the statistics of the signals. The analysis approach involves calculating the first five central moments of the weight distribution of subsequences of hybrid-sum sequences. The hybrid-sum sequence is formed from the modulo-two sum of k maximum length sequences and is an extension of the sum sequences formed from two maximum length sequences that Gilson (1966) evaluated. The weight distribution of the subsequences serves as an approximation to the filtering process. The basic reason for the analysis of hybrid-sum sequences is to establish a large group of sequences with good statistical properties. It is shown that this can be accomplished much more efficiently using the hybrid-sum approach rather than forming the group strictly from maximum length sequences.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-22; Aug. 197
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  • 27
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the gamma-ray intensity in the longitude region less than or equal to 30 deg. These data, when unfolded, imply that the low-energy (1 to 10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. It is further shown that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by first-order Fermi acceleration, compression, and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4- to 5-kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the Galaxy.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 28
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    Origin of QSO absorption lines (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Consideration of the origin of the absorption lines in QSOs with observed absolute redshifts much less than the empirical values. As a possible alternative to the plasmoid mechanism for decreasing the relatively large possible macroscopic or bulk motions in QSO clouds, it is shown that certain large relative bulk motions in QSO clouds can be dissipated without the presence of strong magnetic fields and without large adiabatic expansions. The essence of the argument is that a cloud with convergent internal velocities can coalesce inelastically, because the internal kinetic energy can be dissipated and radiated away. There are thus indications that observed QSO absorption clouds may have their origin in clouds with internal velocities which are convergent.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 250; July 26
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  • 29
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    478-keV and 431-keV line emissions from alpha-alpha reactions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 30
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    1.0 arc second structure on the sun at 3.71 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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    Ionization equilibrium in soft X-ray-emitting solar flares (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Studies of the 1.9-A line produced by highly ionized iron during a solar flare indicate that this emission occurs under conditions approaching a steady-state ionization equilibrium. Time-dependent and steady-state ionization equilibrium values are used for calculation of 1.9 A line fluxes per unit flare emission. The results are compared with those obtained by observations of some four solar flares, showing that the calculations from time-dependent equilibrium values approximate the observed line flux values with the same accuracy as the calculations from steady-state equilibrium values only when the electron densities are equal to or greater than 10 billion per cu cm.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 32
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    Solar longitude dependence of some characteristics of type III radio bursts from metric to hectometric wavelengths (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Using the observed data for metric and hectometric type III radio bursts, the dependence of burst characteristics on the solar longitude has been examined over a wide frequency range. It is found that there exists and east-west asymmetry for the extension of metric type III bursts into the hectometric wavelength range. In particular, hectometric bursts are rarely observed for solar flares associated with metric bursts east of 60 E solar longitude. Furthermore, for east longitudes, the low-frequency radio observations show a large dispersion in drift time interval.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 33
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    On helium-like 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in solar flare spectra (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Expected wavelengths and intensities are computed for 1s2l-1snl prime transitions in helium-like ions of the abundant elements from oxygen to iron under coronal conditions. Probable observations of some of these lines in the spectra of solar flares are discussed, and attention is called to a possible reversal of singlet and triplet intensities as compared to laboratory observations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 36; May 1974
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  • 34
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    Effects of simulated weightlessness on responses of untrained men to +Gz acceleration (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: This study documents bedrest-induced metabolic and physiologic changes in six untrained men exposed, following a two-week period of simulated weightlessness, to possible +Gz acceleration profiles anticipated for Space Shuttle vehicle travel. All subjects demonstrated decreased +Gz tolerance following simulated weightlessness. While only one of six subjects could not tolerate the +Gz profile in the control phase of the study, three of the six could not complete the postbed-rest study. The use of an inflated standard Air Force cutaway G-suit improved +Gz tolerance in all subjects, but two of six subjects still failed to complete the profile. These findings are discussed in reference to the selection of untrained humans for Space Shuttle vehicle travel.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Journal of Applied Physiology; 36; June 197
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  • 35
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    The Fokker-Planck coefficient for pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: For the case of homogeneous, isotropic magnetic field fluctuations, it is shown that most theories which are based on the quasi-linear and adiabatic approximations yield the same integral for the Fokker-Planck coefficient for the pitch-angle scattering of cosmic rays. For example, despite apparent differences, the theories due to Jokipii and to Klimas and Sandri yield the same integral. It is also shown, however, that this integral in most cases has been evaluated incorrectly in the past. For small pitch angles, the errors in previous evaluations are fortuitously of minor importance. For large pitch angles, however, these errors become more significant; and for pitch angles of 90 deg, the actual Fokker-Planck coefficient contains a delta function which has been overlooked in the past. The implications of these corrections on the possibility of relating cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients to observed properties of the interplanetary magnetic field are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 36
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    Empirical solar proton model for orbiting spacecraft applications (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An empirical model for energetic solar proton fluxes is presented. With this model the effects of such protons on geocentric space missions, to be flown during the next solar active period (1977-1983), and with orbits involving partial magnetospheric shielding, may be estimated. A synoptic background review is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the model's use, errors, uncertainties, and limitations, including sample calculations which demonstrate the application of specific or general project missions. Finally, for circular trajectories, percentage exposure maps are presented, depicting fractional mission times spent outside particular L shells as functions of orbit altitude and inclination.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; July 197
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  • 37
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    Solar proton fluences for 1977-1983 space missions (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The probability with which any given solar proton fluence level will be exceeded during a space mission is computed for mission to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). This probability is a function of fluence level, proton energy threshold, and mission duration. Calculations are based on 1966-1972 data only. In estimating mission fluences, a distinction is made between ordinary and anomalously large events. Probable numbers of each type of event are estimated from Burrell's extension of Poisson statistics. Fluences of all anomalously large events are assumed to have a spectrum given by the August 1972 event, while fluences of the ordinary events are assumed to obey a log normal distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; June 197
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  • 38
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    The anomalous abundance of cosmic-ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei at low energies (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent measurements using the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic-ray telescope on the Pioneer 10 spacecraft have revealed an anomalous spectrum of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei relative to other nuclei such as He and C, in the energy range 3-30 MeV per nucleon. The intensity of nitrogen and oxygen nuclei is enhanced by a factor of up to 20 relative to their abundance in galactic or solar cosmic rays. It is argued that this is most likely a new extrasolar component of cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Feb. 1
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  • 39
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    Computer simulation of the Pioneer 10 microwave occultation experiment (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: As Pioneer 10 approaches the planet Jupiter, its trajectory will carry it behind the planet, as seen from the earth. The microwave telemetry signal from the spacecraft will then pass through the Jovian atmosphere on its way to the earth, and analysis of the effects of the atmosphere on the signal should yield information on the atmospheric structure. To help define the capabilities of this experiment and to aid the analysis of the real data, we have simulated the occultation experiment on a computer by using model Jovian atmospheres and a predicted trajectory. The results indicate that the useful depth of penetration of the microwave signal will be governed by ammonia absorption rather than superrefractivity. The experiment is apparently far more sensitive to variations in cloud-top temperature than to variations in the hydrogen-helium ratio. Characteristic 'flashes' in the attenuation record of the signal may yield information on the location of the top of the Jovian convective zone.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; May 1
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  • 40
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    Mutual coupling in a finite planar array of circular apertures (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Equations are presented for the calculation of the interelement mutual coupling in a finite-size planar array of waveguide-fed apertures in an infinite flat conductor. The general mutual admittance expression is evaluated for circular apertures, and the mutual coupling calculations are verified experimentally for two Te-(11) mode excited apertures. Qualitative agreement between calculations for a 183-element array and an infinite array establishes the validity of the finite-array theoretical model.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; Mar. 197
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  • 41
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    Channel simulation for optical communication systems (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A technique is reported for simulating the signal fading that will be experienced by typical optical communication systems. The desired irradiance or amplitude fading statistics can be simulated by incorporating a linearized optical modulator subsystem between the transmitter and receiver. This technique has been implemented in the design and construction of a laboratory channel simulator. The design of the processing electronics is discussed along with the results of tests performed for each mode of operation.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 13; June 197
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  • 42
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    An upper limit on soft X-ray pulsations from the pulsar PSR 0833-45 (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The Vela pulsar PSR 0833-45, located in the Vela X nebula, has the second shortest period of any of the known radio pulsars. Soft X-ray observations are described which place an upper limit of 0.3% on the pulsed fraction of the Vela pulsar relative to the flux from the entire Vela X Nebula, in the 0.5- to 1.0-keV energy band. The present results are about a factor of 7 below the value of 2% measured by Harnden and Gorenstein (1973) for the pulsed fraction relative to the flux from the Vela X Nebula.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 189; May 1
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  • 43
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    On first cycle slip time of phase-locked loops in cascade (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Precise measurement and spacecraft tracking are obtained by using phase-locked loops in cascade in two-way communications links. Statistics on cycle slip time are of vital importance in system planning and design. This paper presents: (1) results of a computer simulation study of the mean time to first cycle slip of cascade phase-locked loops preceded by bandpass limiters, and (2) the determination of probability distributions of cycle slip. Numerical results are obtained for a typical coherent communication system.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; May 1974
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  • 44
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    The helium component of solar wind velocity streams (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Systematic variations of the properties of the helium constituent of the solar wind in the velocity streams are described. It is found that the helium abundance varies by about a factor of 2 as the stream is crossed. The velocity of the helium differs from that of the hydrogen by a few kilometers per second throughout much of the stream structure. This velocity difference is greatest immediately after the proton density peak passes, the helium velocity being typically 20 km/sec faster than the protons at that position in the stream. A sharp dip in the helium to proton temperature ratio is centered on the proton density peak. Although it appears reasonable that at least the velocity and temperature effects are due to the dynamic interactions of the two streams, it is not yet clear exactly what physical processes are directly involved in producing the effects described here.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 45
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    Bistatic scatter from rain (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An experimental investigation of bistatic scatter from rain was conducted, using a 143-km scatter path at frequencies of 4.5 and 7.7 GHz. The ratio of transmitted to received power (transmission loss) was measured for scattering angles ranging from 6 to 130 deg. Simultaneous weather radar observations were made at a frequency of 1.3 GHz. Transmission loss estimates for the bistatic scatter path were computed, using the weather radar data, the bistatic radar equation, and a model for the scattering cross section per unit volume of rain based upon Rayleigh scattering by an ensemble of water spheres. The measured and estimated transmission loss values were compared to test the use of the scattering model for the estimation of interference. The averaged ratio of measured-to-calculated transmission loss for the 4.5 GHz data is 1.2 plus or minus 0.4 dB. The averaged ratio for the 7.7 GHz data is -1.6 plus or minus 0.5 dB.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; Mar. 197
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  • 46
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    Determination of left ventricular size and shape (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Significant advances have occurred over the past 15 years in the ability to measure ventricular dimensions. Angiocardiography still remains the most reliable method for overall determination of chamber size and shape and serves as a standard for calibration or comparison for newer methods. Improvements in the use of radiographic methods over the next few years are anticipated with more extensive use of multiplane studies associated with repeated injections of improved contrast materials that produce fewer physiological effects or with substances that adhere to the endocardial surfaces. It is also anticipated that existing methods for automatically obtaining dimensional information from X rays will be continued and improved.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Circulation Research; 34; Jan. 197
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  • 47
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    Effects of heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The effects of the reduction in the thermal conductivity due to heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind are examined. Large enhancements of heavy ions in the corona appear to be necessary to give appreciable changes in the thermal gradient of the electrons. These enhancements, if they should occur, may contribute to the understanding of some low values of solar wind temperature measurements at 1 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 1
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  • 48
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    Some effects of diffusion on the flow of ions in the solar wind (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The contribution of diffusive effects to the near equality of flow velocities of H+ and heavier ions of the solar wind at 1 AU is examined. Frictional drag on heavy ions from average solar wind fluxes of H+ appears to make an appreciable contribution to equalizing velocities. The frictional drag on H+ due to the presence of heavy ions may make an appreciable contribution to equalizing flow velocities, since compensating increases in coronal temperatures may be required in order to give solar wind velocities for H+. However, rather large enhancements of heavy ions near the sun appear to be required. If appreciable enhancements of heavy ions extend beyond about 2.5 solar radii, significant increases in heavy ion temperatures above H+ temperatures may be produced. This temperature difference may contribute to equalizing flow velocities and may contribute to the explanation of measured temperature differences at 1 AU between H+ and He++.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 49
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    Serotonin and pituitary-adrenal function (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An investigation is conducted to evaluate the response of the pituitary-adrenal system to a stress stimulus in the rat. In the investigation brain serotonin synthesis was inhibited with p-chlorophenylalanine. In other tests the concentration of serotonin was enhanced with precursors such as tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan. On the basis of the results obtained in the study it is speculated that in some disease states there is a defect in serotonergic neuronal processes which impairs pituitary-adrenal feedback mechanisms.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Nature; 248; Mar. 29
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  • 50
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    Life span and fine structural changes in oxygen-poisoned drosophila melanogaster (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Mar. 197
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  • 51
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    Some measurements of the attenuation of solar radiation during BOMEX (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Measurements of the upward and downward flux of solar radiation in two broad wavelength bands defined by glass filters were made at height between about 300 and 12,000 m in the neighborhood of Barbados during the BOMEX experiment in the summer of 1969. These were examined on selected occasions, apparently cloudless, to determine the attenuation (absorption and upward scattering) that could not be attributed to atmospheric gases and must be considered to be caused by particles. Total particle absorption between the lowest and highest flight levels was found to be of order 5%, and upward scatter of order 1% of the incident radiation. Unexplained attenuation above the highest level was of order 2%. The attenuation attributed to particles was approximately the same magnitude as the geometrical cross section deduced by direct particle sampling on the same flights.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 13; Mar. 197
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  • 52
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    Cosmic far ultraviolet background (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The expected intensities of various possible components of the far ultraviolet background are discussed. It is concluded that existing results do not place interesting constraints on the density of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Current techniques and instrumentation for far ultraviolet astronomy are, however, sufficient to achieve vastly improved limits. New observations are required to determine whether the IGM can be detected in the far ultraviolet or whether the extragalactic component of the background is masked by radiation with a more local origin.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 247; Feb. 22
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  • 53
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    Coherent scattering of cosmic neutrinos (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is shown that cosmic neutrino scattering can be non-negligible when coherence effects previously neglected are taken into account. The coherent neutrino scattering cross section is derived and the neutrino index of refraction evaluated. As an example of coherent neutrino scattering, a detector using critical reflection is described which in principle can detect the low energy cosmic neutrino background allowed by the measured cosmological red shift.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 37; 1, De; Dec. 197
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  • 54
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    Search for optical emission from cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Long-exposure films are available for both times and regions of sky for several cosmic gamma-ray bursts. A visual magnitude of no more than 6 was set for optical emission from the well-observed May 14, 1972, event. The corresponding lower limit for the ratio of X-ray to optical energy flux in the burst is greater than 100. This may restrict solar-flare analogy models for the burst sources.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 55
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    The origin of the diffuse background gamma radiation (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent observations provided evidence for diffuse background gamma radiation extending to energies beyond 100 MeV, and evidence of isotropy and implied cosmological origin. Significant features in the spectrum of this background radiation were observed which provide evidence for its origin in nuclear processes in the early stages of big-bang cosmology, and connect these processes with the galaxy formation theory. A test of the theory is in future observations of the background radiation in the 100 MeK to 100 GeV energy range which are made with large orbiting spark-chamber satellite detectors. The theoretical interpretations of present data, their connection with baryon-symmetric cosmology and galaxy formation theory, and the need for future observations are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 147-156
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    Progress in gamma ray burst astronomy (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Spectral observations on nine of the eleven known cosmic gamma ray bursts detected from IMP-7 from late 1972 through 1973 are reported. All nine events were found to have average spectra ranging from 100 to 1100 keV. The hypothesis of a single greater than 100 keV average event spectrum for all gamma ray bursts (inferred from IMP-6 observations) was investigated. In addition to the mutual consistency of these 14 IMP events, all independently reported average event spectra fit the IMP-7 common spectrum. This observed lack of variability of the average event spectrum suggests that the production mechanism is tied to more rigidly fixed source parameters than most celestial or solar hard X-ray phenomena. Other characteristics of gamma ray bursts events, are discussed: a high-energy spectral tail with power-law index -2.5, a rising size spectrum from the earlier event rate, and a hint of clustering of event occurrence in time.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 37-45
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  • 57
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    Gamma radiation from the Crab Nebula above 35 MeV (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 251; Oct. 4
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  • 58
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    Cosmic rays - Astronomy with energetic particles (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: All nuclei in the periodic table of the elements, as well as electrons and positrons, are present in the stream of cosmic-ray particles. The cosmic-ray particles constitute the only sample of matter from outside the solar system which reaches the earth. Some of the most accurate knowledge of the extrasolar-element abundance distribution is based on the study of these particles. Observational data concerning the cosmic rays are discussed along with cosmic-ray sources, questions of particle interactions and propagation, the electron spectrum, and the significance of the positron component. The directions of cosmic ray research in the immediate future are also considered, giving attention to some fundamental questions which have not yet been answered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Physics Today; 27; Oct. 197
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    Irregular bilayer structure in vesicles prepared from Halobacterium cutirubrum lipids (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Fluorescent probes were used to study the structure of the cell envelope of Halobacterium cutirubrum, and, in particular, to explore the effect of the heterogeneity of the lipids in this organism on the structure of the bilayers. The fluorescence polarization of perylene was followed in vesicles of unfractionated lipids and polar lipids as a function of temperature in 3.4 M solutions of NaCl, NaNO3, and KSCN, and it was found that vesicles of unfractionated lipids were more perturbed by chaotropic agents than polar lipids. The dependence of the relaxation times of perylene on temperature was studied in cell envelopes and in vesicles prepared from polar lipids, unfractionated lipids, and mixtures of polar and neutral lipids.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta; 356; 1974
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  • 60
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    Integrated laser/radar satellite ranging and tracking system (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A laser satellite ranging system that is mounted upon and integrated with a microwave tracking radar is reported. The 1-pulse/sec ruby laser transmitter is attached directly to the radar's elevation axis and radiates through a new opening in the radar's parabolic dish. The laser photomultiplier tube receiver utilizes the radar's existing 20-cm diam f/11 boresight telescope and observes through a similar symmetrically located opening in the dish. The laser system possesses separate ranging system electronics but shares the radar's timing, computer, and data handling/recording systems. The basic concept of the laser/radar is outlined together with a listing of the numerous advantages over present singular laser range-finding systems. The developmental laser hardware is described along with preliminary range-finding results and expectations.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 61
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    The abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The relative abundances are treated as a consequence of processes in cosmic ray transport occurring during passage of the radiation through interstellar material at high velocity. Some of the subjects mentioned are nuclear fragmentation and the production of secondary nuclei, nuclear reactions, energy loss and nuclear decay, ionization, the range-energy relation and propagation variables, capture and loss of electrons, the propagation of nuclei, the transport equation, equilibrium solutions, energy-dependent path length distribution, exponential path length distributions, discrete spectra, sources, supernovae, and the origin of the abundances. The connection between the space-time features of the sources, the material traversed, and the effects of magnetic fields is established by describing the particle-field interaction as a diffusive or random-walk process.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 62
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    High energy particles and quanta in astrophysics (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-07
    Beschreibung: The various subdisciplines of high-energy astrophysics are surveyed in a series of articles which attempt to give an overall view of the subject as a whole by emphasizing the basic physics common to all fields in which high-energy particles and quanta play a role. Successive chapters cover cosmic ray experimental observations, the abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation, cosmic electrons, solar modulation, solar particles (observation, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium), radio astronomy, galactic X-ray sources, the cosmic X-ray background, and gamma ray astronomy. Individual items are announced in this issue.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 63
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    Cosmic ray experimental observations (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The current experimental situation in cosmic ray studies is discussed, with special emphasis on the development of new detector systems. Topics covered are the techniques for particle identification, energy measurements, gas Cerenkov counters, magnet spectrometers, ionization spectrometers, track detectors, nuclear emulsions, multiparameter analysis using arrays of detectors, the Goddard ionization spectrometer, charge spectra, relative abundances, isotope composition, antinuclei in cosmic rays, electrons, the measurement of cosmic ray arrival directions, and the prehistory of cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 64
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    Human radiation tolerance (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The acute radiation syndrome in man is clinically bounded by death at high dose levels and by the prodromal syndrome of untoward physiological effects at minimal levels of clinically effective exposure. As in lower animals, man experiences principally three acute modes of death from radiation exposure (Bond et al., 1965). These are known collectively as the lethal radiation syndromes: central nervous system death, gastrointestinal death, and hematopoietic death. The effect of multiple exposure on lethality, the effect of multiple exposure on hematopoietic recovery, and quantitative aspects of cell and tissue repair are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
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  • 65
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    Ultrastructural response of rat lung to 90 days' exposure to oxygen at 450 mm Hg (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Young Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 100% oxygen at 450 mm Hg in constant environment capsules for 90 days. Lung tissue examined by electron microscopy revealed a number of changes, many similar to those observed after exposure to oxygen at 760 mm Hg for shorter periods of time. Alterations in vesicle size and number and in mitochondrial matrix and cristae appear in both the endothelial and epithelial cells. Blebbing and rarefication of cytoplasm occur in both cell layers of the alveolo-capillary wall. Also seen are fluid in the basement membrane, platelets in the capillaries, and alveolar fluid and debris. All of these alterations occur at 1 atm exposure. However, after exposure to 450 mm Hg the changes are not as widespread nor as destructive as they are at the higher pressure.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Sept
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  • 66
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    A discussion of interplanetary postshock flows with two examples (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Plasma and magnetometer observations of two types of flare-associated shock flows are described and compared with present models. One type represents a class of flows in which the shock is followed by a stream and separated from it by a region in which density, temperature, and speed decrease monotonically. Neither the blast wave model nor the two-stage model, in which the stream and the shock are attributed to the same flare, can quantitatively describe this class. The other type is characterized by a complex region between the shock and the following stream, which has many discontinuities and fluctuations but in which there is no increase in helium concentration. This class of event is not describable in terms of the conventional pictures presented, for example, by Hundhausen (1972). These two types of flow can be distinguished by using ground magnetograms, since the first type shows no sudden impulses following the shock, whereas the second type shows many.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 67
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    Possible evidence for structured acceleration of cosmic rays on a galactic scale from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the region below 30 deg. These data, as unfolded here, imply that the low-energy (1-10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with the radial distance from the galactic center and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region for radial distances between 4 and 5 kpc. We further show that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by Fermi acceleration and compression caused by a hydrodynamic shock driven by the expanding gas in the 3-kpc arm and invoked in some versions of galactic structure theory.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Mar. 1
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  • 68
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    Microbial detection method based on sensing molecular hydrogen (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An approach involving the measurement of hydrogen evolution by test organisms was used to detect and enumerate various members of the Enterobacteriaceae group. The experimental setup for measuring hydrogen evolution consisted of a test tube containing two electrodes plus broth and organisms. The test tube was kept in a water bath at a temperature of 35 C. It is pointed out that the hydrogen-sensing method, coupled with the pressure transducer technique reported by Wilkins (1974) could be used in various experiments in which gas production by microorganisms is being measured.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Applied Microbiology; 27; May 1974
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  • 69
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    Shortwave telemetric system (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The application of frequency modulation when constructing a telemetric system in the shortwave band. The operating principles, the construction of the system and the decision making device are described and experimental data are presented. The equipment can be used on sounding balloons.
    Schlagwort(e): COMMUNICATIONS
    Materialart: Technol. for the Production of Space Equipment (NASA-TT-F-15766); p 59-65
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  • 70
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    Solar flux and its variations (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Current knowledge of the electromagnetic solar spectrum and radiant energy output for conditions of quiet and active sun is summarized. Discussed are temporal behavior and occurrence of solar phenomena such as active regions, calcium plages and flares, X-rays, UV and other energetic emissions, and their relationships to 11- and 22-year solar cycles.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 143-187
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  • 71
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    A possible correlation between maxima of the far ultraviolet solar irradiance and central meridian passages of solar magnetic sector boundaries (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Satellite observations of the sun over almost five years have shown that principally two UV active longitudes have persisted over a significant portion. A comparison between the position of solar magnetic sector boundaries and UV enhancements of the sun indicates that the UV maxima tend to occur near the times when a solar sector boundary is near central meridian. An estimate of the magnitude of the variable UV solar energy input into the atmosphere resulting from the rotation of active solar longitudes is that for wavelengths less than 175 nm and down to H. Lyman-alpha it exceeds the annual variation, whereas at longer wavelengths it is less. The total observed peak-to-peak variation in the UV irradiance from 120 to 300 nm over a solar rotation is typically at least 230 ergs/sq cms.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 116-121
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  • 72
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    Treatment of the external epicondylitis of the humerus with a magnetic field (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The therapeutic effect of a constant and varying magnetic field on epicondylitis of the humerus is studied on ninety patients. Good results are obtained from the treatment (recovery of 80%, considerable improvement in 14.5%). The method is recommended for clinical application.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 191-197
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  • 73
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    Effect of magnetic bracelets on the coagulation and anticoagulation systems of the blood of patients with hypertension (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The data which have been obtained on the influence of magnetic bracelets on the coagulation and anticoagulation systems of the blood indicate that the wearing of magnetic bracelets results in a decrease in the coagulation activity of the blood and an increase in the activity of the anticoagulation system. These changes must be viewed as favorable for patients with cardiovascular pathology.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 167-190
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  • 74
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    Changes in the fibrinogen-fibrin system following a 20-hour exposure of rabbits to a magnetic field (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Prolonged exposure of animals to a constant magnetic field resulted in a sharp increase in the amount of fibrinogen. The addition of EACA to the plasma of experimental rabbits as well as protamine sulfate caused an additional increase in the amount of fibrinogen. A 20-hour exposure was accompanied by phenomena of paralysis of the pelvic limbs and death of some of the animals.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 163-166
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  • 75
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    Influence of a constant magnetic field on the fibrinogen-fibrin system (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The effect of a constant magnetic field with a strength of 2500 oersteds on the fibrinogen-fibrin system was studied in the organism of healthy rabbits with exposure times of 1 and 5 hours. The results obtained indicate disruptions in the stage of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and an increase in the amount of fibrinogen.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 157-161
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  • 76
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    Influence of a constant magnetic field on thrombocytes (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: In an experiment on white mice it was found that a constant electromagnetic field with strength of 250-275 oersteds is biologically active at an exposure of 55 minutes. Qualitative and morphological changes in thrombocytes 1-3 days following exposure reduced their numbers, prolonged blood coagulation time and increased the number of leucocytes.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 141-147
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  • 77
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    The protective effect of a constant magnetic field (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The protective effect of a constant magnetic field sharply reduced spontaneous lysis of E. coli cells when subjected to ultraviolet radiation. A protective effect of a CMF was found in a study of tissue cultures of normally growing cells (kidney epithelium) and cancer cells (cells from a cancer of the larynx). The protective effect of a CMF is also seen in a combined exposure of tissue cultures to X-rays and CMF energy (strength of the CMF was 2000 oersteds with a gradient of 500 oersteds/cm). The data obtained are of interest to experimental oncology (development of new methods of treating malignant tumors).
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 148-156
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  • 78
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    Method of magnetobiological indication in clinical laboratory practice (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Data are presented on the use of the method of magnetobiological indication for defining the immunobiological state of patients with very serious diseases. It has been found that the enzymes of a patient react more sensitively to the energy from a magnetic field. It is important that the magnetoreactivity of the enzymes, like the cell forms of the blood in the patients, have a certain relationship to the clinical-nosological forms and the dynamics of the illness of the subject.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 129-140
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  • 79
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    Influence of a constant and variable magnetic field on the coagulation of human blood in vitro and in vivo (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The influence of constant and varying magnetic fields on the coagulation of the blood was studied in experiments performed in vitro and vivo. In the in vitro tests it was found that a constant magnetic field with a strength of 100 or 200 oersteds influences the coagulation of the blood, retarding it in some cases and speeding up the coagulation time in others. In the in vivo studies, both retarding and accelerating effects were likewise observed with respect to the coagulation of the blood, but the nature of the change was a function of the background. A normalizing effect of the magnetic field on the coagulation of the blood was observed.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 124-128
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  • 80
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    Change in fibrinolytic activity under the influence of a constant magnetic field (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The fibrinolytic activity of plasma changes under the influence of a constant magnetic field (CMF) with a strength of 250 or 2500 oersteds. CMF shows a tendency toward normalization of fibrinolytic processes in the presence of pathological disturbances in fibrinolysis activation.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 117-123
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  • 81
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    Change in blood coagulation indices as a function of the incubation period of plasma in a constant magnetic field (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The influence of a constant magnetic field (CMF) with a strength of 250 and 2500 oersteds on the recalcification reaction and the tolerance of plasma to heparin was studied as a function of the exposure time of the plasma to the CMF. The maximum and reliable change in the activation of the coagulatory system of the blood was observed after a 20-hour incubation of the plasma in a CMF. As the exposure time increased, the recalcification reaction changed insigificantly; the difference between the mean arithmetic of the experiment and control values was not statistically reliable. The tolerance of the plasma to heparin as a function of the exposure time to the CMF of the plasma was considerably modified, an was statistically reliable.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 109-116
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  • 82
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    Repeated action of a constant magnetic field on the blood coagulation system in artificially produced anemia (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Changes are discussed in the coagulatory system of the blood in rabbits under the influence of a constant magnetic field of an intensity of 2500 oersteds against the background of artificially induced anemia. Reversibility of the changes produced and the presence of the adaptational effect are noted. Taking all this into consideration, the changes involving the coagulatory system of the blood which arise under the influence of a constant magnetic field may be considered to have a nerve-reflex nature.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 97-108
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  • 83
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    The influence of a constant magnetic field on the coagulatory system of the blood in an experiment (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The influence of a constant magnetic field with a strength of 2500 oersteds on the coagulatory system of the blood in rabbits was studied; the animals were subjected to this field for one and five hours. The magnetic field acts on the coagulatory system of the blood after only one hour exposure. Repeated 5-hour exposures cause activation of the anticoagulatory system in the blood and causes distinctive effects on the subsequent changes in the coagulatory system of the blood. It is quite likely that in this instance the adaptational properties of the organism make themselves felt.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 82-96
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  • 84
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    Effect of a magnetic field of extremely low intensity on the coagulatory system of the blood (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The influence of a magnetic field of 10,000 gamma on the conditions of the coagulatory system of rabbits was studied. The results from a number of experiments indicate that the action of a very weak magnetic field produces an increase in the coagulatory activity of the blood.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 73-81
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  • 85
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    Reactions of the nervous system to magnetic fields (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: This magnetobiological survey considers sensory, nervous, stress and genetic effects of magnetic fields on man and animals. It is shown that the nervous system plays an important role in the reactions of the organism to magnetic fields; the final biological effect is a function of the strength of the magnetic fields, the gradient, direction of the lines of force, duration and location of the action, and the functional status of the organism.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 59-72
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  • 86
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    Results of comparison of the dynamics of the epidemic process with changes in the planetary index of magnetic disturbance (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Possible pathways for the action of factors related to solar activity and its magnetic effects on the epidemic process are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 31-38
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  • 87
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    Statistical evaluation of the significance of the influence of abrupt changes in solar activity on the dynamics of the epidemic process (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Statistical evaluations of the significance of the relationship of abrupt changes in solar activity and discontinuities in the multi-year pattern of an epidemic process are reported. They reliably (with probability of more than 99.9%) show the real nature of this relationship and its great specific weight (about half) in the formation of discontinuities in the multi-year pattern of the processes in question.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 49-58
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  • 88
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    The problem of the periodicity of the epidemic process (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: An analysis of data from epidemics makes it possible to determine their principal causes, governed by environmental factors (solar activity, etc.) The results of an analysis of the periodicity of the epidemic process in the case of diphtheria are presented which was conducted with the aid of autocorrelation and spectral methods of analysis. Numerical data (annual figures) are used on the dynamics of diphtheria in 50 regions (points) with a total duration of 2,777 years.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 39-48
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  • 89
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    The influence of weather on fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Analysis of fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis indices by month showed an increase in the activity of these processes from winter to summer (1967-1968). At all seasons of the year, fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis increase during weather of the cyclonic type with passage of fronts and sharp fluctuations in meteorological factors in the atmosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 24-30
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  • 90
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    Fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis on magnetically-active days (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: On magnetically-active days, activation of fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis is observed. The increase in fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis begins on the day of the onset of a magnetic storm, reaching a maximum in 24 hours. Activation is higher on days with magnetic storms with a sudden onset and a C index of 1.5-2.0.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 16-20
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  • 91
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    Influence of synoptic processes on fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis in healthy persons (1974)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: It is shown that on days with frontal activity in the atmosphere the levels of fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis are increased. The reactions of fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis to the passage of warm and cold fronts varies with the season of the year.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 20-23
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
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    Influence of solar activity on fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: During periods of high solar activity fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis are increased. A direct correlative relationship is established between the indices of fibrinolysis, fibrinogenolysis and solar flares which were recorded two days before the blood was collected for analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 12-15
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
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    Notes on the concept of normal values employed in clinical practice (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The question of the considerable variations in various blood parameters under the influence of changes in environmental factors is discussed. Recommendations are given that so-called normal values should be given special attention. Fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activity studies on the blood in healthy human beings revealed significant differences for individual months and even on specific days. Changes in the activity of fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis show a correlation with changes in the meteorological conditions, seasonal variations and changes in solar activity.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 9-11
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
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    Heliobiology, its development, successes and tasks (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Heliobiology studies the influence of changes in solar activity on life. Considered are the influence of periodic solar activity on the development and growth of epidemics, mortality from various diseases, the functional activity of the nervous system, the development of psychic disturbances, the details of the development of microorganisms and many other phenomena in the living world.
    Schlagwort(e): BIOSCIENCES
    Materialart: Studies in Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Solar Phys. (NASA-TT-F-15862); p 1-8
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
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    The particle background observed by the X-ray detectors onboard Copernicus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The design and characteristics of low energy detectors on the Copernicus satellite are described. The functions of the sensors in obtaining data on the particle background. The procedure for processing the data obtained by the satellite is examined. The most significant positive deviations are caused by known weak X-ray sources in the field of view. In addition to small systemic effects, occasional random effects where the count rate increases suddenly and decreases within a few frames are analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
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    Geomagnetic background events observed by Uhuru (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Problems due to sporadic background events observed by Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite - A) do not compromise the study of discrete X-ray sources. Nevertheless, direct particle effects and auroral type X-ray events in the atmosphere may occasionally occur. Therefore, even on the geomagnetic equator, an experiment must be prepared to recognize and eliminate such events when the ultimate level of sensitivity is desired. The test equipment contained in the satellite and the orbital mechanics of Small Astronomy Satellite - A are described. The sporadic events which were observed by the satellite are analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron. Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 18 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
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    Electron contamination in a mid-latitude soft X-ray astronomy experiment during an intense magnetic storm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A large area X-ray sky survey payload was launched from White Sands Missile Range (106 deg W 32 deg N) on 1 Nov. 1972 at 0530 hours U.T. The launch time coincided with intense geomagnetic activity (3 hour K sub p index = 8) following a solar flare. The data have been analyzed to determine possible contamination of X-ray data by large fluxes of low energy electrons that can precipitate down to low altitudes during magnetic storms. There is clear evidence in the data for low energy electrons of 10 - 50 keV contributing appreciably at about 200 km altitude in the 1 - 10 keV X-ray energy channels of the proportional counters used for the X-ray observations. The McIlwain parameters L and B for this altitude at White Sands are 1.25 and 0.46G, respectively.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 21 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
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    AE-LEE measurements at low and mid latitude (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Shortly after the Low Energy Electron Experiment (LEE) on the Atmosphere Explorer-C was turned on following launch, an unexpected phenomenon was encountered at mid-latitudes, a counting rate was acquired with one maximum per roll. Recent analysis shows that these counting rates occur when the detectors are looking in the ram direction of the spacecraft and the spacecraft is near perigee, and are indeed not due to properly analyzed charged particles. After showing the probable cause of these counting rates, some upper limits to true fluxes at low altitudes in the energy range 200 eV to 25 keV from the LEE experiment are shown. OGO-4 data taken at mid-latitudes are included.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
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    Quasitrapped electrons in the low L region. Preliminary results of a rocket observation on 22 January 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Suprathermal electrons in the energy range 5 - 100 keV were measured with thin-window proportional counters on board a sounding rocket. The flux of the electrons was found to increase with altitude in the range .100 - 550 km, corresponding to L = 1.15 - 1.22, the angular distribution to be peaked in the direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic line of force, and the energy to be represented by a power law.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
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    Observation and explanation of a 0.3% sunward radial streaming of 1 to 5 GV cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A high-energy proton telescope on board the HEOS-1 satellite obtained quiet-time anisotropy data between December 1968 and April 1970. Analysis of the data showed an integral radial streaming component towards the sun of 0.3% for particles of rigidity greater than 1 GV. This value is not explicable in terms of any experimental defect, the effect of the earth's magnetosphere or energy loss effects under spherical symmetry in the solar cavity. An explanation in terms of a falling off ecliptic gradient in cosmic ray density most affecting the 1-5 GV range would seem to be the most compelling.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 39; Nov. 197
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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