ALBERT

Beschreibung: Getting there — Various methods to access canopies are described in Selbyana 16 (1995). Ashton et al. explain a tackle and boom method used for the phenology of Shorea flowering in Malesia. Note the rather funny sketch. Dorrington sketches lighter-than-air powered balloons with which canopies can be explored. Donahue & Wood describe and depict a climbing technique practiced by rock climbers and cave explorers, including equipment lists. Lowman & Bouricus discuss the construction, equipment, and costs of platforms and bridges for durable access. In the latter’s literature list the following reference seems of interest to incipient arborists: Moffett, M. & M.D. Lowman. 1995. Methods of access into forest canopies in M.D. Lowman & N. Nadkami (Eds.), Forest canopies: 1—24. See also Laman, “Safety recommendations for climbing rain forest trees with ‘single rope technique’”, Biotropica 27 (1995) 406—409 (see Bibliography). You would do well to read it! Another instructive paper I have cited previously (FMB 11/6, 1995, 443) is: Dial, R. & S.C. Tobin. 1994. Description of arborist methods for forest canopy access and movement. Selbyana 15: 24—37, ill. Thailand — An expedition by AAU (K. Larsen, S.S. Larsen, R. Morran, C. Tange) and BKF (D. Shookchalerm, C. Niyomdham) was undertaken from 1 August to 15 October, 1995. One month was spent in the southernmost rain forest reserves near the Malaysian border.

Beschreibung: Suprageneric epithets have been entered under the family name to which they belong preceded by the indication of their rank (subfamily, tribe, etc.)- Infrageneric epithets have been entered immediately under the generic name to which they belong, preceded by the indication of their rank (subgenus, sections, etc.). Infraspecific epithets have been entered under the specific name to which they belong preceded by the indication of their rank (subspecies, variety, forma, etc.). Synonyms have been printed in italics. Page numbers in bold type denote main treatment; an asterisk behind a page number denotes the presence of a figure of the concerned taxon.

Beschreibung: One of the small liliaceous families, recently described as separate, formerly included in Luzuriagaceae, Philesiaceae, Smilacaceae, or earlier in Liliaceae. The family has only two monotypic genera, Eustrephus and Geitonoplesium, both occurring also in Malesia. The family and species are described and annotated; there is a key to the genera. A paragraph on palynology is contributed by R.W. J.M. van der Ham. Illustration is by two full-page line drawings.

Beschreibung: On a field trip into the interior of Sabah, Borneo, in 1986, a small Bulbophyllum species (Orchidaceae) without flowers was collected, and transferred to the greenhouse of Mr. P. Jongejan, Amersfoort, the Netherlands. Only after several years the plant rewarded the good care given to it with a few sprigs of flowers. It then appeared to be an undescribed species of great elegance, belonging to the section Hirtula Ridley. It displays an unusual combination of characters: it has a distinctly elongated lip, as is found in B. jolandae J.J. Vermeulen, and B. lasioglossum Rolfe, which both have an elongated inflorescence. The new species, however, has a subumbellate inflorescence, as occurs in B. carinilabium J.J. Vermeulen, and B. hirtulum Ridley, which both have a shorter lip.

Beschreibung: The genera Butea, Meizotropis and Spatholobus (Leguminosae—Papilionoideae), occurring in continental Southeast Asia and the West Malesian Archipelago, are treated phylogenetically with Kunstleria as an outgroup. The genera Spatholobus (29 species), Butea and Meizotropis (each 2 species) are usually placed in the tribe Phaseoleae of the Papilionoideae, whereas Kunstleria belongs to the less advanced tribe Millettieae. Spatholobus is probably basal in the Phaseoleae. An analysis with PAUP of the datamatrix containing 80 macromorphological, 10 leaf anatomical and 7 pollen morphological characters resulted in three most parsimonious trees (MPTs) with a length of 589 steps. As for the method, it turned out that the option ‘addition sequence random’ gave more MPTs than an ‘addition sequence simple’. The standard option ‘addition sequence simple’ with taxon one as reference taxon resulted in trees a few steps longer than the MPTs. One of the three phylogenetic trees has been chosen to be used for the biogeographic analysis. Other genera used for this analysis are Fordia (Leguminosae—Papilionoideae), Genianthus (Asclepiadaceae), and Xanthophytum (Rubiaceae). Within Southeast Asia 29 areas of distribution were recognised. Although they are solely based on the distribution pattern of the species, some areas coincide with geological entities, e.g., E Malaya and SE Sumatra. The biogeographical analysis performed by PAUP (BPA) and CAFCA (CCA) resulted for PAUP in 19 MPTs under assumption 0 with a length of 366 steps and 324 MPTs under assumption 1 with a length of 316 steps; for CAFCA the analysis resulted in 1 MPT (450 steps) under assumption 0 and 1 MPT (417 steps) under assumption 1. In all results more or less the same larger groups of areas were present: the areas recognised on Borneo, those on the Malay Peninsula together with SE Sumatra and W Java, and the areas on the continent of Southeast Asia. Some areas with only one species were found basal to the other nodes, and were considered not informative. After comparing the 19 MPTs, the 50% Majority-rule consensus tree was used to discuss the possible link with the geology. The geology of the region is very complex as there are four major tectonic plates in collision with each other: the Eurasian Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Philippines Sea Plate. A summary of the geology of Southeast Asia is given. It is probable that the general area-cladogram reflects the split (during high sea level) between continental Southeast Asia and Peninsular Malaysia and the Malay Archipelago. Furthermore it is remarkable that the areas in Borneo are splitting off in the order of age, where the youngest areas are at the top and the oldest at the base of the tree. The history of the genus Spatholobus is hypothesised by backtracking the phylogenetic relationships on the general area-cladogram. Probably the history of Spatholobus was influenced by the differences in sea level. During low sea levels the Sundaland Plateau was dry and it was possible to migrate into the Malesian Archipelago, but high sea levels resulted in isolation and speciation. It is impossible to say more about timing than that it could have started at the earliest in the Early Eocene. In the last case the ancestor of the genus was present in an area without the northern parts of Borneo, and with the south arm of Sulawesi still connected to Borneo.

Beschreibung: This project of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh aims to provide regional manuals and on-line identification computer programs to the timber species of Dipterocarpaceae. The Singapore manual is a first trial, later editions should include other islands in the Malay Archipelago. The possibility is also offered to have tailor-made manuals for specific regions against cost price. Many data have been gathered, especially vegetative characters one can readily observe while standing underneath these enormous trees. In this respect the database will be very useful, because due to the very irregular flowering of the Dipterocarpaceae, flowers and fruits are usually unavailable, and even if they are present, they are found high in the tree.

Beschreibung: The knowledge of the macrofungi (mushrooms and toadstools) in Europe, including the Netherlands, is still far from complete. During our studies on this group of organisms in the Netherlands and adjacent Belgium and Germany while preparing a critical identification work, the Flora agaricina neerlandica, a fairly large number of new species has been discovered, and a lot more has become known on the variability, distribution and ecology of the about 2,000 other species that will eventually be included in this Flora. In the period 1987-1996 four volumes have been completed of this standard work (Bas et al., 1988, 1990,1995,1996), three are in preparation, and we hope that early in the twenty-first century, the set of 10 volumes will be finished. The present paper deals with a very striking little Entoloma species recently discovered in Diever, province of Drenthe, the Netherlands.

Beschreibung: Three new taxa in the genus Tournefortia L., T. luzonica I.M.Johnston subsp. angustissima, T. minutiflora, and T. oppositifolia are described from the Philippines, New Guinea, and the Moluccas, respectively. Also T. luzonica var. sublucens I.M. Johnston is raised to subspecific rank.

Beschreibung: A revision of the 17 species of Urochloa Beauv. (Gramineae) in Malesia is given. Because Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. has been nearly completely reduced to Urochloa, 3 new combinations are proposed. A new combination is also required for Urochloa paspaloides Presl. Brachiaria eruciformis (J.E. Sm.) Griseb. has been introduced in a few places in Malesia.

Beschreibung: Two new varietal combinations are proposed under Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don (Asclepiadaceae). The reason for the delay in the publication of Sperlingia Vahl is outlined.

Beschreibung: The first volume of this series was published in 1991, and reviewed in Blumea 38, p. 216. The treatments of volumes 2 and 3 are each based on a doctor’s thesis by the first author, elaborated under supervision of Dr. Panigrahi. Volume 2 contains regional revisions of six genera: Prunus, Prinsepia, Maddenia, Rosa, Malus, and Pyrus. Prunus is taken in the inclusive sense and has 38 species in India, including a number of non-indigenous but cultivated and sometimes naturalized species. Prinsepia and Maddenia have one species each in the region covered. Rosa is a well represented genus in India and 37 species are recognized, including several non-native garden roses. Of the Maloideae only Malus (4 species) and Pyrus (4 species) are treated.

Beschreibung: The genus Anodendron A. DC. is revised. Formosia Pichon is included in synonymy. Seventeen species are recognised including two new species and two new combinations.

Beschreibung: In a revision of the Malesian representatives of the genus Selliguea (Polypodiaceae) several recently collected specimens form Borneo were found to represent a very distinct, but hitherto undescribed species. From the few collections seen so far, it appears that the new species is not a very narrow endemic, and the fact that it has only been collected after 1970 probably is an indication of the increasingly intensive exploration of Borneo in recent times. In so far as the specimens had been identified, the names S. feei Bory and S. heterocarpa (Blume) Blume had been applied. In general habit, the species is closest to S. heterocarpa, but can be distinguished by the following characters: Selliguea heterocarpa — Rhizome 2-4 mm thick; rhizome scales peltate, 5-8.5 by 1-1.4 mm, straw-coloured to dull brown, with a thick, almost spongy pseudocosta, remotely and weakly dentate at base, entire towards the apex. Hydathodes frequent, margin without notches. Sori forming transversal coenosori, slightly to (usually) deeply sunken. Selliguea sri-ratu — Rhizome 4-8 mm thick; rhizome scales pseudopeltate, 7-13 by 1.2-2.5 mm, brown, without pseudocosta, strongly dentate. Hydathodes absent or infrequent, margin regularly notched. Sori round, elongated or sometimes confluent into a transversal coenosorus, superficial.

Beschreibung: Zonariophila semiendophytica is described as a new genus and species from the coast of the East Cape, South Africa. It is characterized by a single large elongate basal cell immersed in the thallus of Zonaria subarticulata (Lamour.) Papenf.; this laterally compressed cell gives rise, on both edges, to several short (up to 2.5 mm), uncorticated, erect, sparingly branched filaments. The position and structure of the procarp (the subapical cell in a determinate female fertile filament bears two sterile pericentral cells and one fertile pericentral cell, the latter with one sterile cell and a four-celled carpogonial filament), and the development of a single involucral filament from the hypogenous cell, put this genus in the immediate vicinity of Pleonosporium, and placement in the tribe Compsothamnieae is proposed.

Beschreibung: Goodyera subregularis (Rchb. f.) Schltr. from New Caledonia and Vanuatu is transferred to Anoectochilus. A non-peloric Anoectochilus, possibly the normal form of A. papuanus (Schltr.) Kittr., is recorded from New Guinea for the first time. Platylepis bombus J.J. Sm. and P. tidorensis J.J. Sm. are transferred to Moerenhoutia. The genus Tubilabium J.J. Sm. is reduced to Myrmechis Blume and the two species of the former are transferred. Cheirostylis quadrilobata Schltr. and C. chalmersii (Schltr.) Schltr. are also transferred to Myrmechis. The genus Myrmechis was not previously recorded from Sulawesi and New Guinea. Papuaea reticulata Schltr. is newly recorded from Irian Jaya; this monotypic genus is here illustrated for the first time. Odontochilus calcaratus Hook. f. is reduced to Pristiglottis uniflora (Blume) Cretz. & J.J. Sm.

Beschreibung: Freshening of high latitude surface water in the North Atlantic can change the poleward oceanic transport of heat and salt with drastic effects on the global climate. The sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation is analyzed with respect to these perturbations. The study is based on coupled ocean-atmosphere (-sea ice) models with different levels of complexity in idealized geometries of the Atlantic ocean.An atmospheric energy balance model (EBM) is constructed which can predict the heat and fresh water fluxes at the surface. The response of the EBM to sea surface temperature anomalies and radiative forcing is consistent with complex atmospheric models.For a range of coupled models it is shown that the atmospheric transports affect the stability of the thermohaline circulation (THC). Coupled atmosphere EBM-ocean circulation model experiments show that the atmospheric heat transport is an important destabilizing effect while changes in fresh water flux are of minor importance for the THC. To understand the sensitivity of the THC for a range of atmospheric boundary conditions, a box model is designed, as it is considered the most simple atmosphere-ocean system. The analytical investigation shows how the stability of the THC is affected by the representation of the atmospheric transport of heat and moisture and the basic state.Depending on the meridional gradient in salinity, self-sustained oscillations do appear in a coupled atmosphere EBM-ocean circulation model caused by strong horizontal salinity gradients. It was found the the oscillatory state is more sensitive to perturbations than basic states with moderate meridional salinity gradients which is consistent with the analytical model.The sensitivity and feedback mechanisms affecting the THC are examined in a coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice system. The EBM is coupled with an ocean circulation model which includes a thermodynamic sea ice model. Due to a perturbation in high latitude salinity, the THC evolves into an other steady state with decreased atmospheric temperature, more sea ice, enhanced atmospheric heat transport, and decreased oceanic heat transport. The formation of intermediate water and cessation of deep convection in the northern North Atlantic is consistent with paleoclimatic findings of well documented climate shifts caused by a fresh water release.

Beschreibung: Surface samples, mostly from abyssal sediments of the South Atlantic, from parts of the equatorial Atlantic, and of the Antarctic Ocean, were investigated for clay content and clay mineral composition. Maps of relative clay mineral content were compiled, which improve previous maps by showing more details, especially at high latitudes. Large-scale relations regarding the origin and transport paths of detrital clay are revealed. High smectite concentrations are observed in abyssal regions, primarily derived from southernmost South America and from minor sources in Southwest Africa. Near submarine volcanoes of the Antarctic Ocean (South Sandwich, Bouvet Island) smectite contents exhibit distinct maxima, which is ascribed to the weathering of altered basalts and volcanic glasses. The illite distribution can be subdivided into five major zones including two maxima revealing both South African and Antarctic sources. A particularly high amount of Mg- and Fe-rich illites are observed close to East Antarctica. They are derived from biotite-bearing crystalline rocks and transported to the west by the East Antarctic Coastal Current. Chiorite and well-crystallized dioctaedral illite are typical minerals enriched within the Subantarctic and Polarfrontal-Zone but of minor importance off East Antarctica. Kaolinite dominates the clay mineral assemblage at low latitudes, where the continental source rocks (West Africa, Brazil) are mainly affected by intensive chemical weathering. Surprisingly, a slight increase of kaolinite is observed in the Enderby Basin and near the Filchner-Ronne Ice shelf. The investigated area can be subdivided into ten, large-scale clay facies zones with characteristic possible source regions and transport paths. Clay mineral assemblages of the largest part of the South Atlantic, especially of the western basins are dominated by chlorite and illite derived from the Antarctic Peninsula and southernmost South America and supported by advection within the Circumantarctic Deep Water flow. In contrast, the East Antarctic provinces are relatively small. Assemblages of the eastern basins north of 30°S are strongly influenced by African sources, controlled by weathering regimes on land and by a complex interaction of wind, river and deep ocean transport. The strong gradient in clay mineral composition at the Brazilian slope indicate a relatively low contribution of tropically derived assemblages to the western basins.

Beschreibung: Abstract. The vertical ozone distribution over the Atlantic Ocean has been measured in situ by shipborne ozone soundings during three RV Polarstern meridional transects in January/February 1993, October/November 1993, and May/June 1994. The low ozone column densities measured by Nimbus 7 and Meteor 3 satellites in 1993 could be confirmed by our investigations. We observed distinct differences in the vertical distribution pattern of tropospheric ozone between the northern and the southern hemisphere: The ozone mixing ratio gradients were flat in the northern hemisphere and ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere never did exceed 80 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) up to the tropopause, while the southern hemisphere exhibited a pronounced vertical gradient. Extremely dry air masses with enhanced ozone amounts up to 120 ppbv have been found in the tropical free troposphere of the southern hemisphere between 0° and 20°S. The vertical ozone stratification in the troposphere of the southern hemisphere was dominated by this large-scale feature. Photochemical ozone production as a consequence of the emissions of natural fires or intrusions of stratospheric air masses are the most probable sources for these ozone-rich layers. On the basis of our results, a stringent differentiation between both alternatives could not be given.

Beschreibung: Abstract.The air chemistry investigations, performed on R/V Polarstern during the expedition ARK X/1 in July/August 1994, comprised a mapping of the vertical ozone distribution by ozone soundings and the surface mixing ratios of H2O2 and NO above the East Greenland Sea between 70°N and 80°N. The observed H2O2 mixing ratios varied from about 100 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) up to around 1000 pptv. Surface ozone concentrations can be correlated with the source region of the advected air masses. Ozone mixing ratios from around 33 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) up to 60 ppbv have been observed in air parcels emanating from industrialized regions. In contrast, pristine Arctic air masses showed low ozone mixing ratios of about 23 ppbv. The tropospheric part of the vertical ozone profiles occasionally exhibited significant maxima above the planetary boundary layer. Apart from cases where intrusions of stratospheric ozone were obvious, photochemical ozone formation along trajectories originating from polluted regions was most probably the reason for layers with enhanced ozone concentrations. The measured surface NO mixing ratios were extremely low, typically between 3 and 8 pptv. Thus local photochemical surface ozone production could be largely ruled out. In conclusion it can be stated that in summer, intrusion of ozone rich stratospheric air and advection of polluted air masses from lower latitudes appeared to be the dominant ozone sources of the marine Arctic troposphere.

Beschreibung: The Idusi Formation forms the basal depositional unit of southwestern Tanzania. It is defined as the rock unit limited by the unconformable contact with underlying Precambrian metamorphics and the base of the overlying, fluviatile Mpera Sandstone Member of the Mchuchuma Formation. The Idusi Formation is subdivided into the Lisimba Member, comprising diamictites, lutites with dropstones, slump-mass deposits and laminates, and the overlying Lilangu Member, consisting of black, pyritic and kerogenous lutites. The type section is at Idusi Gorge, situated 6 km east of Lake Nyasa at 10°17'50''S. The thickness of the formation at the type section is 240 m, with the maxiumum observed thickness being 715 m. Plant fossils and palynological assemblages indicate an Asselian age, probably extending down into the late Carboniferous.The basal diamictites contain striated and facetted clasts, which identify them as glacial deposits. They mainly represent wash-out and slurried till deposits and also, less frequently, lodgment tillites. These are overlain by proximal and distal deposits of proglacial lakes, which were laid down during the retreat of the glaciers. Laminates of the upper Lisimba Member demonstrate progressively stronger seasonal control. Further amelioration of the climate, with substantially increased biological production both on land and in the water, is demonstarted by the black lutites of the Lilangu Member. They represent euxinic lake deposits formed during the final deglaciation phase. Deposition of the overlying, coal-bearing Mchuchuma Formation occurred under a temperate climate. The duration of the late Paleozoic glaciation is estimated at about 20 to 25 Myr. The last quarter of this time span was characterized by climatic amelioration. Global warming was accompanied by an eustatic rise in sea level and a marked decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Beschreibung: The tropical crab Armases miersii breeds in supratidal rock pools, where great salinity variations occur. In laboratory experiments, all larval stages (zoea I-III, megalopa) and the first juvenile were studied as to their tolerance of acute salinity changes (5-55 parts per thousand, intervals of 10 parts per thousand) after preceding adaptation to ambient sea water (32-33 parts per thousand). Our observations suggest that some osmoregulatory capability exists from hatching. Survival was frequently higher and development faster at 15-25 parts per thousand than in sea water (35 parts per thousand), possibly indicating a phylogenetic adaptation of A. miersii to brackish water. Extremely low and high salinities (5, 45-55 parts per thousand) caused prolonged development durations and increased mortality rates. Tolerance of very low salinity, but not that of hypersaline conditions tended to increase during development. This suggests that late stages attain an increasing capability for hyper-osmoregulation in dilute media, but probably remain poor regulators in concentrated media. The megalopa and crab I were, in some experiments, less affected by chronic than by acute exposure to unfavourable salinities, suggesting that non-genetic resistance adaptation (acclimatization) had taken place during earlier development. During continual exposure to extreme salinities, however, effects of severe osmotic stress outweighed those of acclimatization. The range which allowed for successful development through metamorphosis widened with consecutively later change of salinity: 15-35 parts per thousand (exposure from hatching), 15-45 parts per thousand (from zoea II), 5-45 parts per thousand (from zoea III), 5-55 parts per thousand (from megalopa or crab I). It is concluded that tolerance of variable, predominantly low salinities in larval and early juvenile A. miersii has evolved as an adaptation to breeding in a physically unstable environment, where rapidly decreasing or continually low salinities are more likely to occur than hypersaline conditions. The degree of salinity tolerance in its early life-cycle stages shows that this species has reached, within the Grapsidae, a phylogenetically intermediate stage of adaptation to conditions in freshwater and terrestrial environments.

Beschreibung: Auf der Grundlage zweier umfangreicher Grenzschichtmeßprogramme an der deutschenantarktischen Forschungsstation "Neumayer" wird die stabile atmosphärische Grenzschichtuntersucht. Die dort anzutreffenden Bedingungen erlauben die Überprüfung und Erweiterungbekannter hydrodynamischer Theorien und empirischer Gesetze (universelle Funktionen) übereiner horizontal homogenen Unterlage, auf denen fast alle Parametrisierungen des turbulentenAustausches in atmosphärischen Modellen vom Grenzschicht- bis zum globalen Klimamodellbasieren. In dieser Arbeit werden empirische und theoretische Untersuchungen vonParametrisierungsbeziehungen für die Oberflächenflüsse, die turbulenten Flüsse in der gesamtenGrenzschicht und die Grenzschichthöhe durchgeführt.Mit den Daten der "Neumayer"-Station werden universelle Funktionen in dem bislang weniguntersuchten Bereich mäßig bis stark stabiler Schichtung und in verschiedenen Höhen bestimmt.Die üblicherweise verwendete lineare Abhängigkeit der universellen Funktionen von der Stabilität(charakterisiert durch die dimensionslose Höhe z/L) bestätigt sich auch in diesem Bereich,allerdings nur bis zu einem charakteristischen Wert des Stabilitätsparameters (z/L=1). Mitzunehmender Stabilität erreichen die universellen Funktionen konstante Werte. Weiterhin werdendie Oberflächenflüsse aus Profilmessungen berechnet, wobei Methoden der Optimierungstheorieangewandt werden. Die berechneten turbulenten Oberflächenflüsse stimmen gut mit direktgemessenen Flüssen überein.Es wird gezeigt, daß die Höhe der stabilen Grenzschicht an der Neumayer-Station sehr gering ist.Als entscheidende Ursache für dieses Phänomen wird die Stabilität der freien Atmosphäreoberhalb der Grenzschicht ermittelt. Ausgehend von den Bewegungsgleichungen wird eineerweiterte Parametrisierungsbeziehung für die Höhe der stabilen Grenzschicht unter Einbeziehungder Stabilität der freien Atmosphäre abgeleitet und mit Messungen verifiziert. Bei Berücksichtigungdieser Parametrisierungsbeziehung im Turbulenzschließungsschema eines eindimensionalenGrenzschichtmodells wird die beste Übereinstimmung zwischen simulierten und gemessenenGrenzschichtentwicklungen erzielt.\parDie aus den theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen gewonnenen verbessertenParametrisierungsbeziehungen werden in einem eindimensionalen Grenzschichtmodell zurSimulation der stabilen Grenzschicht angewendet. Neben dem stationären Zustand werden dieAuswirkungen verschiedener externer Einflüsse auf die zeitliche Entwicklung einer stabilenGrenzschicht untersucht. Die mit dem Modell berechnete zeitliche Entwicklung der Grenzschichtwird unter Vorgabe variabler Oberflächenrandbedingungen für ausgewählte Fallstudien mitMeßergebnissen verglichen.