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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,521)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (2,521)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1977  (2,521)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (2,521)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 6-11 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Auswertung von PolarisationswiderstandsmessungenMit Hilfe der linearen Polarisationsmethode, der Polarisationswiderstandsmessung, der Dreipunkt- und der Corfit-Methode wurde der Polarisationswiderstand von Stahl AISI 4130 in inhibierter Salzsäure bestimmt. Aus den Ergebnissen der Dreipunkt- und der Corfit-Methode kann man den Korrosionsstrom und die Tafelneigungen direkt erhalten. Ein Vergleich der nach den vier Methoden erhaltenen Ergebnisse wird durchgeführt und die Anwendung dieser Methoden zur on-line-Überwachung der Inhibitorkonzentration in Beizlösungen wird beschrieben.
    Notes: The linear polarization, polarization resistance, threepoint and CORFIT method have been used to determine polarization resistance values for 4130 Steel in inhibited HCl. From the three-point and the CORFIT method the corrosion current and the Tafel slopes are obtained directly. A comparison of the results obtained by the four methods and an application to on-line monitoring of inhibitor levels in pickling baths are given.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carburization of centrifugally cast tubes in the petrochemical industries and explication of this behaviour by laboratory tests with chromium nickel steels and chromium nicked materials in the temperature range 800 to 1150°CThe carburization behaviour of the tubes used under the conditions of petrochemical cracking processes depends in a first line on the temperature. Up to 1000°C carbon pickup is low, but above 1050°C heavy carbon pickup and increasing carburization depth must be counted with. This temperature dependence is due to the fact that at 1050°C equilibrium is attained between chromium oxide and carbide, so that the oxide is no longer stable and the original protective effect of the oxide layer is lost. It is for this reason that pre-oxidation of the tubes has not only favourable effects: during cooling cracks may form in the oxide layer, so that carburization of a surface layer may set in at temperatures as low as 800°C. Carburization is delayed by high Cr, Ni and Si contents: for uses at 1100°C at least 28% Cr, 32% Ni and 2.5% Si are required.
    Notes: Das Aufkohlungsverhalten von unter den Bedingungen der petrochemischen Crackverfahren verwendeten Rohren ist von allem abhängig von der Temperature. Bis 1000°C ist die Kohlenstoffaufnahme gering. ab 1150°C ist jedoch mit starker Kohlenstoffaufnahme und größser werdender Aufkohlungstiefe zu rechne. Ursache dieser Temperaturabhängigkeit ist der Umstand, daß bei 1050°C das Gleichgewicht zwischen Chromoxid und Chromcarbid erreicht wird, so daß das Oxid nicht mehr beständig ist und die ursprünglich vorhandene Schutzwirkung der Oxidschicht verlorengeht. Deshalb ist auch eine Voroxidation der Rohre nur sehr bedingt geeignet: beim Abkühlen kann es zu Rißbildung in der Oxidschicht kommen, wodurch schon bei Temperaturen um 800°c Randaaufkohlung möglich wird. Verzögert wird die Aufkohlung durch hohe Gehalte an Cr, Ni und Si: für Verwendung bei 1100° sind z. B. mindestens 28% Cr, 32% Ni und 2,5% Si erforderlich.
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  • 4
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the area ratio on the current density in galvanic and aeration cellsWith a view to corrosion phenomena on conventional metal combinations the corrosion current density has been studied as a function of the cathode: anode area ratio in aeration cells (Fe/Zn, Fe/Fe, Zn/Zn, with Na-sulfate and NaCl as electrolytes) and in galvanic cells (Cu/Fe, Cu/Zn, with Cu—, ammonium and zinc sulfate as electrolytes). It was the aim of the investigation to find out the extent to which the theoretical ideas of Mansfeld and Akimov concerning film rupture and diffusion control may be applicable. It is found that mansfeld's concept must be extended to include the effective electrode potentials in order to allow an interpretation of corrosion current density in aeration cells. In the case of galvanic cells, however, there is a limitation attributable to the cell resistance which is determined by independent resistance measurements. The corrosion behaviour of the metals studied is interpreted in terms of the measured current densities.
    Notes: Im Hinblick auf die Korrosionsvorgänge an gängigen Metallkombinationen wurde die Korrosionsstromdichte in Abhängigkeit vom Flächenverhältnis Kathode: Anode in Belüftungszellen (Fe/Zn, Fe/Fe, Zn/Zn, mit Na-Sulfat und NaCl als Elektrolyt) und in galvanischen Zellen (Cu/Fe, Cu/Zn, mit Kupfer-, Ammonium- und Zinksulfat als Elektrolyt) untersucht. Dabei sollte festgestellt werden, inwieweit die theoretischen Vorstellungen von Mansfeld und Akimov bezüglich der Durchtritts- und Diffusionskontrolle hierauf anwendbar sind. Es wird gefunden, daß zur Interpretation der Korrosionsstromdichte der Belüftungszellen das Konzept von Mansfeld um die tatsächlichen Elektrodenpotentiale erweitert werden muß. Bei den galvanischen Zellen ergibt sich eine Begrenzung durch den Zellenwiderstand, der durch unabhängige Widerstandsmessungen nachgewiesen wird. Das Korrosionsverhalten der untersuchten Metalle wird auf der Grundlage der gemessenen Stromdichten gedeutet.
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  • 5
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 17-19 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the cation composition of chloride solutions in modelling corrosion effects due to caoastal atmospheresPure sodium chloride solutions cannto be used for accelerated weathering tests in artificial sea atmosphere. A spray liquid suitable for such tests is artificial seawater containing (grams/litre) 27 NaCl, 6 Mg chloride, 1 Ca chloride and 1 KCl. The corrosion behaviour of the two metals studied - iron and zinc - is characterized by typical differences, in particular variations depending on the salt quantity applied. While the corrosion of iron at first increases with the salt concentration applied and achieves a maximum at about 1000 mg/m2d, the losses of zinc increase just to a salt quantity of 200 mg/m2 d and are then practically constant up to about 1000 mg/m2d; at higher concentrations there is again a slight diminuation of corrosion. The corrosion in artificial seawater is more pronounced than in sodium chloride solutions; this fact can be attributed to the hydrolysis of the chlorides in seawater, which gives rise to the formation of anodic and cathodic regions on the metal surface; as a consequence, pH differences are created and corrosion is enhanced. In order to simulate natural conditions as closely as possible the application of the salt spray should be interrupted by extended dry periods.
    Notes: Bei der beschleunigten Bewitterung in Künstilicher Meeresatmosphäre darf keinesfalls mit reinen Natriumchloridlösungen gearbeitet werden. Als Sprühflüssigk eit geeignet ist künstliches Meerwasser mit (g/l) 27 Nacl, 6 Mg-chlorid, 1 Ca-Chlorid und 1 KCL. Das Korrosionsverhalten der beiden untersuchten Metalle - Eisen und Zink- zeigt dabei charakteristische Unterschiede, vor allem in Abhängigkeit von der aufgebrachten Salzmenge. Während die Korrosion des Eisens mit zunehmender Salzkonzentration zunächst ansteigt und bei etwa 1000 mg/m2. Tag ein Maximum durchläuft, steigt die Abtragung von zink nur bis zur Salzdosierung von 200 mg/m2. Tag an und bleibt dann bis etwa 1000 mg/m2. Tag praktisch konstant; bei noch höheren Konzentrationen kommt es wieder zu einem flachen Abfall. Die im Vergleich zu Natriumchloridlösungen höhere Korrosion in künstlichem Meerwasser läßt sich auf die Hydrolysierbarkeit der Chloride zurückführen, wodurch an der Oberfläche des Metalls anodische und kathodische Bereiche mit unterschiedlichem pH entstehen, so daß die Korrosion beschleunigt abläuft. Um die natürlichen Bedingungen möglichst genau nachzuahmen, sollte die Salzaufgabe von längeren Trockenperioden unterbrochen sein.
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  • 6
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the passivation of iron in aqueous solutions of the system “phthalat/oxygen”The passivation properties of dissolved oxygen on iron and mild steel in potassium hydrogenphthalate solutions have been studied by means of potentiodynamic polarisation curves and potential/timemeasurements. It is shown that the critical passivation current in a solution of constant phthalate concentration decreases with increasing dissolved oxygen concentration and the solution pH. The transition from active dissolution to passivation associated with a potential shift toward more noble values depends on critical minimum values of pH and dissolved oxygen concentration in the solution. Under these conditions the oxygen reduction diffusion current is greater than the critical passivation current. This effect is interpreted in terms of interactions of phthalate ions on the interface iron/solution.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von potentiodynamischen Polarisationskurven und Elektrodenpotential - Zeit- Messungen wurden die Passivatoreigenschaften von gelöstem Sauerstoff auf Eisen und Baustahl in Kaliumhydrogenphthalatlösungen untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß die kritische Passivierungsstromdichte in einer Lösung konstanter Phthalatkonzentration mit Zunahme der Sauerstoffkonzentration und des pH-Wertes abnimmt. Der Übergang von der aktiven Auflösung zum Passivzustand ist mit einer Positivierung des Elektrodenpotentials verbunden und hängt von kritischen Mindestwerten des pH und der Sauerstoffkonzentration in der Lösung ab. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist der Sauerstoffdiffusionsstrom größer als die kritische Passivierungsstromdichte. Dieser Effekt wird mit Wechselwirkungen der Phthalationen an der Phasengrenze Eisen/Lösung zu erklären versucht.
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  • 7
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 377-379 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 386-388 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 391-393 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 394-394 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 394-394 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Chromverarmung nichtrostender Stähle beim Glühen im VakuumBei der selektiven Oxidation von Chrom in nichtrostenden Stählen wird das Oxidatinos-verhalten stark von den Veränderungen der Chromkonzentration an der Metalloberfläche und im Metall beeinflußt. Nach den bisherigen Annahmen verhält sich das Chrom bei der selektiven Oxidation ebenso wie bei der Verflüchtigung während des Vakuumerhitzens auf hohe Temperaturen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Verdampfung von Chrom aus Stahl 316 bei Vakuumanlassen bei 1000 °C mittels energiedispersiver Röntgenstrahlen- und Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse untersucht. Es wird festgestellt, daß der Chromverlust aus austenitischen nichtrostenden Stählen durch Interdiffusion in der Legierung kontrolliert wird. Entsprechend der Vorhersage nimmt die Chromkonzentration an der Metalloberfläche mit zunehmender Erhitzungsdauer ab. Das Chromverarmungsprofil im Metall stimmt gut über in mit einem früher obgeleiteten Modell, abgesehen von einer anomalen Zone in Oberflächennähe. Die hohe Auflösung der Neutronenaktivierungstechnik läßt erkennen, daß es sich um eine etwa 2μm dicke Zone handelt, wo die Chromkonzentration steiler absinkt als es den erwartungen entspricht.
    Notes: During selective chromium Oxidation of stainless steels the changes in chromium concentration at the metal surface and in the metal have an important bearing on the overall oxidation performance. It has been proposed that an analogue of chromium behaviour during selective oxidation is obtained from volatilisation of chromium during high temperature vacuum annealing. In the present report the evaporation of chromium from 316 type of steel, vacuum annealed at 1000 °C, has been investigated by menas of energy dispersive X-ray analysis and by neutron activation analysis. It was established that chromium loss from austenitic stainless steels is rate controlled by interdiffusion in the alloy. As predicted the chromium concentration at the metal surface decreased with increasing vacuum annealing time. The chromium depletion profile in the metal was in good agreement with the previously derived model apart from an anomalous region near the surface. Here the higher resolution of the neutron activation technique indicated a zone within ∼2μm of the surface where the chromium concentration decreased more steeply than expected.
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  • 16
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 409-416 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hochreine ferritische CrMo-Stähle - Fünf erfolgreiche Jahre für die Korrosionsbe-kämpfung in der VerfahrensindustrieIm Laufe von 5 Jahren hat der ferritische nichtrostende Stahl E-Brite 26-1 eine beträchtliche Bedeutung innerhalb der für Chemieanlagen infrage kommenden Werk-stoffe erreicht. Als nichtrostende Stähle ist er hinsichtlich seiner Anwendbarkeit mit viel kostspieligeren Legierungen vergleichbar. Der Stahl hat sich als wirtschaftliche Alternative für Anlagen erwiesen, die mit Alkalien, Salpetersäure-Harnstoff, organischen Chemikalien, Zellstofflaugen, Raffinerieprodukten u. v. a. in Kontakt kommen. Das Vertrauen der Verbraucher in die Zuverlässigkeit dieses Stahls ist so stark, daß heute auch große kritische Anlagen auf Routinebasis aus diesem Stahl verlangt werden. Aufgrund der guten Aufnahme des neuen Materials auf dem Markt hat man versucht, Ersatzversionen zu entwickeln. Diese Nachahmungen sind jedoch mit Vorsicht zu betrachten. Ein stabilisierter 26-IS muß noch längere Zeit untersucht werden, um festzustellen, ob er hinsichtlich Korrosionsbeständigkeit, Duktilität, Verarbeitbarkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit der Eigenschaften mit E-Brite 26-1 vergleichbar sein kann.
    Notes: In five years, E-BRITE 26-1 ferritic stainless steel has won an important place in the spectrum of materials suitable for use in chemical process equipment. It provides, in stainless steel, performance-capability characteristics comparable to more expensive alloys. It has demonstrated cost-effectiveness in equipment used for caustic, nitric-urea, organic chemicals, pulping liquors, refinery streams, and elsewhere. User confidence in the reliability and integrity of Grade XM 27 has increased to the point where large critical systems are now routinely specified in the alloy. The market acceptance of this material has attracted attempts to produce substitute versions of the alloy. Imitation, should be viewed with caution. Stabilized 26-IS must be examined over a lengthy period of time to determine if its own corrosion resistance, ductility, fabricability, and reproducibility properties could ever be likened to those of E-BRITE 26-1.
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  • 17
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 429-431 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 431-433 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 447-447 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 448-453 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 455-456 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 459-459 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 459-461 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 462-462 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 475-477 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Lochkorrosionspotentiale von AluminumlegierungenDas Lochkorrosionspotential der folgenden Aluminiumlegierungen wurde in 3%iger NaCl-Lösung potentiodynamisch und potentiostatisch bestimmt: Al-2,7 Mg-(0-,94) Mn; Al-2,7 Mg-0,43 Mn-(d0-0.3) Cr; Al-4,7 Mg-0,13 Cr-0,78 Mn; Al-5,1 Mg-0,1 Sb; al-5,1 Mg-0,3 Sb; Al-2S-1/2H (handelsübliches Aluminum) und hochreines Aluminum (99,99 Al). Die Ergebbisse zeigen, daß die Legierungszusätze das Lochfraßpotential nicht sehr stark beeinflussen. Mit zunehmendem Magnesiumgehalt nimmt das Lochfraßpotential ab, während es mit zunehmendem Mangangehalt bis zu einem bestimmten Punkt zunimmt. Die Art und die Menge der Sekundärphasen scheinen das Lockkorrosionspotential nicht merklich zu beeinflussen.
    Notes: The pitting potential of the following aluminum alloys in 3% sodium chloride solution was measured using potentiodynamic and potentionstatic methods: Al-2.7 Mg with 0-0.47% Cr, Al-2.7 Mg with 0-0.94% Mn, Al-2.7 Mg-0.43 Mn with 0-0.31% Cr, Al-4.7 Mg-0.13 Cr-0.78 Mn, Al-51 Mg with 0.1 and 0.3% Sb, Al 2S-1/2H (commercial aluminum) super pure Al (99,99% Al). The results show that the pitting potential is not much affected by the alloying elements. The pitting potetial decreases with increasing content of magnesium and increases slightly with increasing content of manganese up to a certain point. The nature and amount of secondary phases do not seem to have any marked influence upon the pitting potential.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the passivation effect of organic oxidizing agents on the corrosion of iron in neutral weakly acid solutions. 2nd communication: Aromatic nitrocompoundsThe present communication is con cerned with the corrosion inhibiting properties of aromatic nitro compounds on iron in the neutral range. Nitrobenzenes (m-nitroaniline, p-chloronitrobenzene, M-nitrobenzoic acid, ethylester, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, p-nitrobenzonitrile) in concentrations between 0,25 · 10-2 and 0.5 · 1-2 Mole/litre act as stimulators in airsaturated 20% methanol of pH 6.8. Their combination with a 20% methanolic boric acid/borate solution of pH 6.8 - which, as such, only maintains passivity, yields passivating systems. From these examples as well as from others involving known inhibitors it appears highly probable that the prassivation of iron by corrosion inhibiting addition in the neutral range, too, requires a communication of oxidizing and non-oxidizing agents (combination principle )able to lower the critical passivation current density.
    Notes: Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird über die korrosionshemmenden Eigenschaften aromaintient la passivité, produit des systémes Eisen im Neutralbereich berichtet. Nitrobenzole (m-NH2- p-Cl, m-H5 C2 OOC, p-CH3CO, p-CN) in Konzentrationen zwischen 0,25 · 10-2 und 0,5 10-2 Mol/l wirken in luftgesättigtem 20%igem Methanol bei pH 6,8 als Stimulatioren. Ihre Kombination mit einer 20%ig methanolischen Borsäure-Borax-Lösung, pH 6,8, die selbst nur passivität serhaltend wirkt, führt zur passivierenden Systemen. An diesen sowie an Beispielen bekannter Passivatoren wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, daß sur Passivierung des Eisens durch korrosionshem-mende Zusätze auch im Neurtralbereich die kombinierte Anwendung von Oxydationsmitteln und nichtoxydierend wirkenden Verbindungen, die die kritische Passivierungsstromdichte senken, erforderlich ist (Kombinationsprinzip).
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 490-502 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 503-504 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 506-510 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 514-517 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 517-518 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 520-520 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical corrosion measurements on the aluminium alloy AlMgMn with a view to establishing its corosion behavior.During an experimental investigation AlMgMn-alloy with different surface conditions have turned out to have different resistances to corrosion in ground water (City of Bonn.) The surface conditions used for the test included Boehmite layers obtained in boiling water as well as green and yellow chromatizing layers, oxide layers obtained by anodic polarization and specimens having a high gloss by polishing. Among the surface layers the anodic oxide layeronly can be termed corrosion resistant. It is shown on the base of the results obtained that electrochemical measurements in the laboratory allow a judgement concerning the possibility of pitting corrosion under the particular conditions.
    Notes: Bei Versuchen in Brunnenwasser (Stadt Bonn) erweisen sich verschiedene Oberflächenzustände der AlMgMn-Legierung als unterschiedlich wirksam. Bei den Versuchen wurden in siedendem Wasser erzeugte Boehmit-Schichten sowie Grün- und Gelbchromatierungsschichten, durch anodische Polarisation erzeugte Oxidschichten sowie glanzpolierte Proben verwendet. Von den Deckschichten ist nur die anodische Oxidschicht als beständig anzusehen, alle anderen bieten keinen oder nur zeitweiligen Schutz gegen Lochkorrosion. Es ist aufgrund der Ergebnisse möglich, mit Hilfe von elektrochemischen Messungen im Laboratorium festzustellen, ob unter den gegebenen Bedingungen mit Lochkorrosion zu rechen ist.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 536-543 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosinsbeständigkeit und mechanische Eigenschaften von nickelhaltigen ferritischen stählenZusatz von nickel zu ferritischen Stählen mit 25-28% Cr und 2-4% Mo verbessert die Schlagzähigkeit, vor allem bei Ni-Gehalten oberhalb 2%. Die Wirkung des Nickels nimmt bis zur untersuchten Obergrenze (4%) zu. Niobstabilisierte Stähle haben niedrigere Übergangstemperaturen als entsprechende titanstabilisierte. Stähle mit 4% Nickel müssen bei 1050°C angelassen werden, um Bildung intermetallischer Verbindungen zu vermeiden. Ferner wurde beobachte, dß Nickel die obere Schwellenenergie bei der Kerbschlagprüfung nach Charpy verringert und den scharfen Überzug zäh/spröd aus schalter. Ein deutlicher Einfluß des Nickels auf das Lochkorrosionspotential wurde nicht festgestellt; die Stähle in der Reihe 25 Cr-3,5 Mo-Ni--Ti hatten jedoch durchweg edlere Lochkorrosionspotentiale und besser Spaltkorrosionsbeständigkeit als die Stähle mit 28Cr und 2Mo (Ni Ti) Die Spaltkorrosionsbeständigkeit wird durch 1 order 2% Nickel verbessert, während höhere Gehalte ungünstig zu sein scheinen. Die kritische Passivierungsstromdichte in 1 n Schwefel-und Salzsäure wird durch Nickel stark verringert, weshalb die Beständigkeit dann erhöht ist. Durch 1% Nickel werden die angelassenen Stähle anfällig für Spannungsrißkorrosion in Magnesiumchloridlösung bei 140°C, während geschweißte Stähle mit 4% Nickel in siedender 25%tiger Natriumchloridlösung bei pH l Keine Rißbildung aufweisen.
    Notes: Additions of nickel to ferritic steels containing 25-28% Cr and 2-4% Mo increased the impact toguhness especially when more than 2% Ni was present. The effect of nickel content increased up to 4% Ni, the largest addition studied. Steels stabilized with niobium had lower transition temperatures then did corresponding steels stablizied with titanium. Steels containing 4% Ni required annealing at 1050 C to avoid intermetalic compounds. It was also noted that nickel reduced the upper shelf energy in the Charpy impact test and eliminated a sharp transition from ductile to brittle behaviour.No definite effect of nickel on pitting potential was pound but steels in the series 25Cr-3.5 Mo-Ni-Ti consistenly had more noble pitting potentials and greater resistance to crevice corrosion than the 28 Cr-2Mo-Ni-Ti steels. Nickel contents of 1 or 2% tended to improve crevice corrosion resistance while larger nickel contents were somewhat ditrimental. Nickel strongly reduced critical current densities for passivity both in l N H2SO4 and in l N HCL and yielded corresponding increases in resistance to corrosion by these acids. Although 1% Ni or more caused the annealed steels to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in MgCl2 boiling at 140 C, while the as-Welded steels containing 4% Ni did not crack in boiling 25% Nacl at pH 1.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 556-565 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 552-556 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 579-579 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 579-581 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 581-588 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 591-592 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 592-592 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 595-595 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 602-606 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations concerning stress corrosion crack propagation in a pure AlZnMg3 alloyThe propagation of stress corrosion cracks has been studied (by micro fotography) using potentionstatically polarized specimens notched on one side and held underconstant load in air saturated NaCl solution. According to the results obtained crack propagation is discontinuous; the stop points visible in the crack length-time-curve may be characterized as collisions between crack tips and grain boundary triple points. At - 1100 mV the crack propagation velocity is higher than at -mV provided the particular potential has been given from the very beginning. If, however, the potentials is varies from-1100 to -1300 MV during the measurement the change in crack propagation velocity is negligable (the same applies to potential changes at the time of small crack length). The discontinuity in crack propagation may be explained by assuming hydrogen embrittlement or selective corrosin to occur at the crack tip.
    Notes: Die Ausbreitung von Spannungskorrosionsrissen wurde an potentiostatisch polarisierten, einseitig gekerbten Proben unter konstanter Belastung in luftgesättigter NaCl-Lösung mikrofotografisch verfolgt. Die Risse breiten sich danach diskontinuierlich aus; die in der Rißlänge-Zeit-Kurve erkennbaren. Haltepunkte können als Auftreffen von Rißspitzen auf Korngrenzen-Tripelpunkte identifiziert werden. Bei - 1100 mV breitet sich der Riß schneller aus als bei - 1300 mV, wenn das jeweilige Elektrodenpotential von Anfang an vorgegeben ist. Wird dagegen das Potential von - 1100 auf -1300 mV verändert, so ist die Rißgeschwindipkeit nur geringfügig verändert (gleiches gilt für Potentialveränderungen zum Zeitpunkt kleiner Rißausbreitung). Die diskontinuierliche Rißausbreitung kann da nach mit Hilfe der Annahme erklärt werden, daß an der Rißspitze Wasserstoffversprödung oder selektive Korrosion auftreten.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on corrosion problems during sour gas winningAqueous alkylamine solutions containing large amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are very corrosive for steel 37 Mn 5 at 13°C and 130 bar (N2). Depending on the velocity of flow, corrosion rates of 10 to 45 mm/a were measured at flow rates of 20 to 200 cm/sec. At special flow conditons local attack with much higher corrosion rates were observed. In the presence of polysulfide the corrosion rates are drastically descreased even at extreme flow rates. At flow rates up to 100cm/sec the linear corrosion rates only amount to 0,5 mm/a. At higher flow rates and under special flow conditions some local attack can occur which, however, is much less severe than in polysulfide-free solutions. The different corrosivity in the absence or presence of plolysulfide can be explained by different electrochemical corrosin mechanisms and the formation of differently protecting iron sulfide scales.
    Notes: Der Stahl 37 Mn 5 korrodiert in wäßrigen Alkylaminlösungen, die größere Mengen Schwefelwasserstoff und kohlendioxid enthalten, bei 130°C und 130 bar (N2) in Abhängigkeit von der Fließgeschwindigkeit des mediums mit linearen Abtragsraten von 10-45 mm/a bei Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten von 20-200 cm/sec. Unter besonderen Strömungsbedingungen wird auch lokaler Angriff mit höheren korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten beobachtet. Durch die Gegenwart von polysulfid wird die Abtrasrate auch bei extremen Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten drastisch vermindert. Bei Fließgeschwindigkeiten bis zu 1 m/sec ist lediglich mit linearen Abtragsraten von etwa 0,5 mm/a zu rechnen. Bei höheren Fließgeschwindigkeiten und unter besonderen Strömungsbedingungen kann jedoch auch in polysulfidhaltigen Lösungen lokalkorrosion auftreten, allerdings in weitaus geringerem Maße als in Abwesenheit von Polysulfid. Bei der Deutung der unterschiedlichen korrosivität polysulfidfreier un polysulfidhaltiger Lösungen muß neben unterschiedlichen korrosionsmechanismen auch die Bildung andersartiger Eisensulfidschichten mit verschiedener Schutzwirkung diskutiert werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 610-618 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Causes of metal corrosion under the action of electroinsulation materials - A novel test methodA new method is proposed for the study of corrosive influences of insulating plastics on metals in contact with such materinls. This method enables during one experiment qualitative as well as quantitative results to be obtained; such results could be obtained so far only by using two different methods, the visual observation and the mechanical strength testing. The corrosive influence of the insulating plastics has been studied on copper, aluminium and brass. In this context the extent of corrosion of these metals has been determined as a function of invidual test pammeters such as duration of test, applied current, temperature moisture content. Control tests made with some types of organic plastics have revealed that the new method is quite suitable.
    Notes: Eine neues Verfahren wird vorgeschlagen zur Untersuchung des korrosiven Einflusses organischer lsolierkunststoffe auf Metalle, die mit ihnen in Berührung kommen. Bei Anwendung dieses Verfahrens kann man während eines Versuches sowohl qualitative, wie auch quantitative Ergebnisse erhalten, die man bisher mit hilfe zweier verschiedener Methoden - der visuellen und der Festigkeitsprüfmethode - erchielt. Der korrosive Einfluß der Isolierkunststoffe auf kupfer, Aluminium und Messing ist untersucht worden. Die Abhängig-keit der korrosionsgröße dieser metalle von der Veränderung der einzelnen Versuchsparameter, wie Einwirkungszeit, Gliechstromspannung, Temperature, Feuchtigkeit, wurde fesgestellt. Kontrollprüfungen, die an einigen Sorten organischer kunststoffe angestellt wurden, haben eine gute Suszetibilität des neubearbeiteten verfahrens erwiesen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 845-848 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 834-837 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosions- und Inhibierungsversuche mit Rohren aus Kupferleigierungen in strömenden MedienZur Untersuchung des Korrosionsverhaltens von Rohren aus CuZn15, CuZn29Sn1 und CuZn22Al2 In strömendem synthetischem Meerwasser wurde eine Umlaufapparatur konstruiert; mit dieser können Elektrodenpotentialmessungen durchgeführt und der Polarisationswiderstand der als Elektroden dienenden Rohre aufgenommen werden. Außerdem konnten mit Hilfe einer Impulstechnik Photopotentiale ermittelt werden, wodurch die Veränderung der oxidishcen oder sonstigen Korrosinsproduktschichten auf der Oberfläche unter vershciedenen Bedingungen in situ beobachtet werden konnten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die folgenden Ergebnisse erörtert: a)Wirkung von Bensimidazol-2thiol als organischer Inhibitorb)Einfluß des Oberflächenzustands von metallen auf die Wirkung des inhibitorsc)Einfluß von Verunteinigungen (Sulfid) oder einer Vorbehandlung der Oberfläche (Filmbildung) auf die Wirksamkeit des Inhibitorsd)Möglichkeit der Korrosionsüberwachung durch lineare Polarisationsmessungen
    Notes: A corrosion loop has been asembled to study the behaviour of CuZn15, CuZn29Sn1, CuZn22Al2 tubes in flowing synthetic seawater. The apparatus allowed to carry out electrode potential measurements and to record the polarization resistance on tube electrodes. Moreover, by using a pulse technique of photopotential determination, it was possible to observe “in situ” the modification of surface layers of oxides or of corrosion products in the various experimental conditions. The paper discusses some results concerning: a)the action of thebenzimidazole-2-thiol organic inhibitor;b)the influence of the surface state of the metallic material on the action of the inhibitor;c)the influence of polluting agent (S2-) or a prefilming treatment on the inhibitor efficiency;d)the possibility of corrosion monitoring by linear polarization measurements.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 855-868 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 870-871 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 394-394 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 394-394 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 395-404 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Vergleich des Einflusses geringer Zusätze von Zweitelementen auf die Oxidation von Nickel bei 1200 °CDas Oxidationsverhalten von binären Nickellegierungen mit Mo, W, Al, V und Cr bei 1200 °C in strömendem Sauerstoff wurde nach verschiedenen Methoden bei einem Druck von 1 atm untersucht. Vor allem wurden die Löslichkeit des Zusatzelements im Nickel- oxid sowie die Verteilung im Nickel- oxid sowie die Verteilung im Oxidzunder und der Einfluß der Zweitelemente auf Oxidationsgeschwindigkeit und Zundermorphologie erfaßt. Die Oxidationsgeschwindigkeit aller Legierungen ist größer als die von Nickel; im Falle von Ni 4,2 Mo wird das innere Oxid nicht in den Zunder eingebaut, so dß dieser nicht dotiert wird und die geringe Gewichts-zunahme während der Oxidation nur durch die Bildung von inneren Oxiden bedingt ist. Da sich diese Oxidteilchen an der Grenz- fläche Legierung/Oxid ansammeln, blockieren sie die Diffusion von Nickelionen nach außen, vor allem in den fortgeschritteneren Stadien der Oxidation. Ni4W verhält sich ähnlich, doch werden einige Oxidteilchen in den Zunder eingebaut, und dieser Dotierungseffekt führt dazu, daß die Zunderschicht schneller wächst als auf reinem Nickel und auf NiMo. Die Oxidationsgeschwindigkeiten der sonstigen Legierungen sind wesentlich höher und steigen in der Reihe Ni 2,5 Al, Ni 4,2 V und Ni 5 Cr. Diese erhöhten Geschwindigkeiten sind weitgehend bedingt durch die Zunahme in der Konzentration der Kationenfehlstellen im Zunder, obwohl auch die Bildung von inneren oxiden die Oxidations-kinetik beeinflussen kann. Der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren - Dotierung des Zunders, innere Oxidation, Dissoziation von Nio und Transport von gasförmigem Sauerstoff, Sperrschichteffekt im Oxid und an der Grenz-fläche Legierung/Oxid sowie die Kornvergröberung des Oxids - werden im einzelnen berücksichtigt.
    Notes: The oxidation behaviour of Ni-4.2% Mo, Ni-4.0% W, Ni-2.5% Al, Ni-4.2% V and Ni-5.0% Cr (all wt. %) at 1200 °C in flowing oxygen at 1 atm. pressure has been studied using various techniques. In particular, the solubility of the second element in NiO, its distribution across the NiO scale and the effects of these on the oxidation rates and scale morphologies have been examined. The oxidation rates of all the alloys are greater than that of nickel, although for Ni-4.2% Mo, where incorporation of internal oxide into the scale does not occur and molybdenum does not dope the oxide, the small increase in weight gain during oxidation Compared with that for nickel is due to internal oxide formation only. As the internal oxide particles pileup at the alloy/oxide interface, they exert a blocking effect to outward diffusion of Ni2+ ions, especially in the later stages of oxidation. Ni-4.0% W behaves similarly, although a few internal oxide particles are incorporated into the scale and a small amount of doping of the oxide ensures that it thickens at a slightly faster rate than the scale on nickel and for Ni-4.2% Mo. The oxidation rates of the other alloys are significantly faster than that of nickel and increase in the order Ni-2.5% Al, Ni-4.2% V, Ni-5.0% Cr. These increased rates are largely caused by increases in the total cation vacancy concentrations in the scales, although internal oxide formation can make a significant contribution to the oxidation kinetics. The influence on the oxidation behaviour of a number of factors, namely doping of the scale, internal oxidation, dissociation of NiO and transport of gaseous oxygen within the scale, blocking effects in the oxide and at the alloy/oxide interface, and grain growth of the oxide, are considered in detail.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 417-422 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Passivation of deformed monocrystalline nickel in 1 N sulfuric acidThe results of potentiostatic anodic polarization of nickel single crystals, deformed by tensile strength for 3, 10, 22 and 50%. in 1 n H2SO4 are reported. Metal structure is charakterized too by slip steps and stress-strain-curve. - With rising deformation, critical current density for passivation increases, but passivation potential shifts into cathodic direction. A direct correlation to slip step density exists for deformations about 10%. Passiv current density shows a minimum at 10% deformation. The effects are discussed in terms of substructural changes accompanying tensile deformation and their influence on adsorption processes.
    Notes: Es wird über potentiostatische Untersuchungen an zugverformten Nickeleinkristallproben in 1 n H2SO4 berichtet. Zur Charakterisierung des Strukturzustandes der Proben mit Verformungsgraden η = 3, 10, 22 und 50% werden bei bekannter Schubspannungs-Abgleitungskurve die Gleitlinienbilder herangezogen. Die Passivierungsstromdichten steigen mit zunehmender Kaltverformung an, und die Passivierungspotentiale werden in katodischer Richtung verschoben, dabei besteht ab η = 10% eine Propotionalität zur Gleitliniendichte. Die Passivstromdichten werden bei η 〈50% verringert und erreichten bei 10% ein Minimum. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Berücksichtigung der Veränderungen der Metallstruktur und ihres Einflusses auf Adsorptions-vorgänge diskutiert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 434-446 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 85-87 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Inhibition of unstabilised steel 18 Cr8Ni in cooling water at 50°CUsing the pitting potential determination from the anodic branch of the potentio-dynamic polarisation curves the authors have searched for the most suitable inhibitor and its most appropriate concentration for cooling water system made of unstabilised steel German Werkstoff-Nr. 1.4301. They have found that the conventional inhibitors (the effect of which is based on oxidation and on promotion of passivation) require, in the given medium, high concentrations which cannot be used on an industrial scale, in particular in the case of open recirculation systems with high sludge levels. The system most suitable for the intended purpose was a mixture of sodium sulfate and hexametaphosphate (sulfate: chloride ratio = 3). Because of its synergistic effect this mixture considerably reduces the pitting danger. The hexametaphosphate - because of its ability to bind calcium - yields a removable sludge and at the same time prevents incrustation.
    Notes: Mittels der Methode der Bestimmung der Lochfrßpotentiale aus den anodischen Zweigen potentiodynamischer Polarisationskurven wurde der günstigste Inhibitor und seine günstigste Konzentration für Kühlkreisläufe, die aus nichtstabilisiertem Stahl DIN 4301 konstruiert sind, gesucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die üblichen Oxidations- und Passivierungsinhibitoren im gegebenen Medium nur in Konzentrationen wirksam sind, die besonders im Falle offener Kreisläufe mit hohen Abschlammanteilen, im großtechnischen Maßstab angewendet werden können. Am vorteilhaftesten zeigte sich das Gemisch von Natriumsulfat und Natriumhexamethaphosphat (beim Verhältnis SO42-: Cl- = 3). Dieses Gemisch setzt dank der synergischen Wirkung beträchtlich die Möglichkeit des Auftretens von Lochkorrosion herab. Die Zugabe von hexamethaphosphat verhindert durch das Binden des Kalziums unter Bildung von beweglichem Schlamm auch die Inkrustierung.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 98-99 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 88-89 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation von dünnen Metallschichten bei der Curie-TemperaturAnomalien in der Form der Arrhenius-Kurve bei der Oxidation dünner (102-105 Å) Nickel- und Eisenschichten bei der Curie- Temperatur werden erörtert. Unter den verschiedenen möglichen Theorien wird eine als geeignet zur Erklärung der bei der Oxidation auftretenden Phänomene angesehen. As handelt sich um einen Mechanismus, bei dem sowohl die Bedeutung der Oberflächenladung an der Metall/Oxid-Grenzfläche als auch die der Raumladung im Oxid während der Oxidation nach einem logarithmischen Zeitgesetz berücksichtigt werden.
    Notes: Anomalies in the Arrhenius plot of the thin film (102-105 Å) oxidation of nickel and iron at the Curie temperature are discussed. Amongst the various theories, a mechanism which takes into account the importance of both the surface-state charge at the metal/oxide interface and the space charge int he oxide during the logarithmic oxidation of metals, is considered suitable to explain such anomalies.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 89-97 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion due to the action of industrial emissions on steel structures in the industrial region of Ostrava (ČSSR)In order to obtain  -  at least approximative  -  data allowing a calculation of the financial losses attributable to corrosion the author has undertaken an investigation into such losses; the study is based on an assessment of steel structures, and in particular bridges, gas containers, aerial line lattice poles and mine hauling towers. In this connection the economies have been assessed which may be obtained by coatings (including the periodical renewal of these multilayer systems). It is shown that the periodical repair of the coating systems yields considerable economical advantages when compared to the renewal of the uncoated structure after a service life admissible from security considerations. The useful life could be extended to three times its value by appropriate coatings the cost of which would not exceed one third of the total cost of a structure.
    Notes: Um zumindest Näherungsdaten zu erhalten, welche eine Beurteilung der durch korrosion verursachten finanziellen Verluste ermöglichen, wurden vom Autor entsprechende Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurden Stahlkonstruktionen, vor allem Brücken, Gasbehälter, Leitungsmasten und Fördertürme als Grundlagen für die Beurteilung herangezogen und auch die Einsparungen ermittelt, welche durch Beschichtungen (einschließlich der periodischen Erneuerung der Mehrschichtensysteme) erreicht werden können. Es wird gezeigt, daß die periodische Reparatur der Anstrichsysteme beträchtliche Vorteile im Vergleich zur vollständigen Erneuerung der unbeschichteten Konstruktion bietet, wenn man die aus Sicherheitserwägungen erreichbare Lebensdauer zugrundelegt. Die Lebensdauer konnte durch entsprechende Anstriche auf das Dreifache erhöht werden, wobei die Kosten für die Beschichtungen nur ein Drittel der Kosten einer Konstruktion ausmachten.
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  • 92
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 478-480 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Analytical composition of the corrosion products of iron as a function of time and of the oxygen consumedUsing a modified standard method of analysis it is possible to analyze mixtures containing Fe0, Fe2+ and Fe3+. This method is used to study corrosion systems catalyzed by chlorides. According to the results obtained the amount of Fe2+ is approx constant at pH 7, irrespective of the oxygen quantityt consumed, Fe0 being oxidized to give Fe2+ and the latter being oxidized, at a comparable rate, to give Fe3+. At pH 3, however, Fe2+ is obtained almost exclusively, and beyond pH Fe3+ becomes predominating.
    Notes: Mit einer modifizierten Analysenmethode ist es möglich, Gemische mit Fe0, Fe2+ und Fe3+ zu analysieren. Diese Methode wird zur Untersuchung von Systemen mit chloridkatalysierter Korrosion benutzt. Nach den Ergebnissen ist die Fe2+-Menge bei Ph 7 unabhängig von der verbrauchten Sauerstoffmenge annähernd konstant, da Fe0 zu Fe2+ und dieses weiter zu Fe3+ oxidiert wird. Die Geschwindigkeiten dieser Reaktionen sind vergleichbar. Bei pH 3 erhält man nur Fe2 und ab pH 4 wird Fe3+ vorherrschen.
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  • 93
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 484-488 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 95
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. XIII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 96
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 97
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: AES investigations on passive layers on iron specimensPassive layers on iron specimens (generated in saturated calcium hydroxide solution with and without addition of calcium sulfide and sulfate) are studied with the aid of simultaneous application of Auger electron spectroscopy and ion bombardment. According to the results obtained Fe and Ca are the main constituents of the layers while the quantity of sulfur containg compunds is very low. According to the depth profiles established the concentrations of Fe, Ca and oxygen are relatively constant withing the passive layer, irrespective ot he passivation potential; variations attributed to various passivation times give rise to the assumption of structural influences. Comparisons with mixed oxides point to a passive layer composition of appr. 2 CaO·Fe2O3.
    Notes: Passivschichten auf Eisenproben (erzeugt in gesättigter Calciumhydroxidlösung mit und ohne Zusatz von Calciumsulfid und -sulfat) werden mit Hilfe der gleichzeitigen Anwendung von Auger-Elektronenspekrroskopie und Ionenbeschuß untersucht. Danach sind Fe und Ca Hauptbestandteil der Schichten, während der Anteil der schwefelhaltigen Verbindungen gering ist. Aufgrund der Tiefenprofile sind die Konzentrationen an Fe, Ca und Sauerstoff innerhalb der Passivierungsschicht relativ konstant, und zwar unabhängig von dem beim Passivieren verwendeten Potential; Unterschiede bei verschiedenen Passivierungs-dauern lassen strukturelle Einflüsse vermuten, Aufgrund der mit Mischoxiden durchgeführten Vergleiche dürfte die Passivschicht etwa die Zusammensetzung 2 CaO · Fe2O3 haben.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 226-232 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Angriff von geschmolzenem Zink auf StähleDer Angriff von Zinkschmelzen auf verschiedene Stähle wird mit einer neuentwickelten Prüfmethode untersucht. Für die Untersuchung wurden niedriglegierte Stähle, Werkzeugstähle und nichtrostende Stähle verwendet, die in reiner zinkschmelze und in der Schmelze einer Zinklegierung mit 4% Aluminium untersucht wurden; die Prüftemperaturen lagen bei 400 bis 600 °C. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde auch die Wirkung der oberflächlichen Oxidschicht untersucht, die den Stahl gegen den Angriff durch Zink schützt, und ebenso wurde der Angriffsmechanismus erörtert, wobei die Beziehungen zwischen Angriff, Zeit, und Temperature ermittelt wurden. Während geringe Aluminiumzusätze zur Schmelze die Angriffsgeschwindigkeit nicht beeinflussen, kommt es bei 4% Al zu einer beträchtlichen Verlangsamung des Angriffs, der bei 500 °C einem parabolischen, bei 600 °C einem linearen Zeitgesetzt folgt. In reiner Zinkschmelze ist unlegierter Stahl besser beständig als Werkzeugstahl.
    Notes: A new technology test method has been developed to determine the attack of molten zinc on different steels. The tests were carried out with low-alloy steels, tool steels and stainless steels. These materials were tested in pure molten zinc and in a zinc alloy containing 4% aluminium. The test temperatures were 400-600 °C. The effect of the superficial oxide layer that protects steel against zinc attack has been investigated and the attack mechanism have been discussed. The relationships between zinc attack, time and temperature have been established for low and high-alloy steels. Small additions of aluminium to the zinc melt have no effect on the attack rate. In a zic melt contaning 4% aluminium the rate of the zinc attack on steel is greatly reduced. In this case the time law is found to be parabolic at 500 °C and linear at 600 °C. In a pure zinc melt the unalloyed steel has a better resistance to zinc attack than tool steel.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 232-240 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Some factors concerning the mass losses by erosion corrosionCorrosion erosion depends on mechanical as well as corrosive actions of the particular medium. As is shown by the results of experiments with carbon steel, stainless steels and aluminium alloys the velocity of the solid particle as well as their quantity and sizes play an important part. In cases of turbulent flow the loss depends but little on the hydraulic properties of the liquid (sulfuric, hyrdrochloric acids, sodium chloride solution etc) while corrosion effects may differ considerably. Additions promoting the formation of solid corrosion products give rise to increase erosion corrosion as soon as an existing protective layer has been removed. The relation between local abrasion and circumferential velocity allows the transfer of results from the model to practice; this possibility enables the duration of the experiments to be reduced: abrasion losses found at high velocities can be used to calculate the losses to be counted with a lower velocities.
    Notes: Die Korrosionserosion ist sowohl von den mechanischen als auch von den Korrosions-wirkungen des jeweiligen Mediums abhängig. Wie die mit C-Stahl, nichtrostenden Stählen und Al-Legierungen durchgeführten Versuche zeigen, spielen die Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit der Feststoffteilchen sowie deren Menge und Größe eine wichtige Rolle. Bei turbulenter Strömung ist die Abtragung nur wenig von den hydraulischen Eigenschaften der Flüssig keit (20% Schwefelsäure, 0,3 m Salzsäure, 3% NaCl-Lösung u.a.) abhängig, währen die Korrosionswirkung sich stark unterscheidet. Zusätze, welche die Bildung von festen Korrosionsprodukten fördern, führen zu einer Verstärkung der Korrosionserosion, so bald die vorhandene Schutzschicht abgetragen ist. Die Beziehung zwischen örtlicher Abtragung und Umfangsgeschwindigkeit ermöglicht die übertragung der Ergebnisse vom Modell uaf die Praxis; dadurch ergibt sich auch die Möglichkeit einer Verkürzung der Versuchsdauer: die schnell feststellbaren Abtragungen bei hohen Geschwindigkeiten ermöglichen die Berechnung der Verluste, die bei niedrigen Geschwindigkeiten zu erwarten sind.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 736-738 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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