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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (486)
  • 1980-1984  (486)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (486)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubulin nucleation and assembly in mitotic cells: Evidence for nucleic acids in kinetochores and centrosomes (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosomes ; kinetochores ; microtubule initiation ; nuclease enzymes ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A lysed cell system was used to study the organelle structure and nucleation of exogenous tubulin at kinetochores and centrosomes in mitotic PtK2 cells. We have used this lysed cell system in conjunction with nuclease digestion experiments to determine which specific nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are involved in either the structure and/or microtubule-initiating capacity of kinetochores and centrosomes. The results indicate that DNase I specifically decondenses the kinetochore plate structure, with the eventual loss in the ability of the chromosomes to nucleate microtubule assembly. DNase I had no effect on either the structure or nucleating capacity of centrosomes. Both RNase T1 and RNase A specifically attacked the amorphous pericentriolar material of the centrosomes, with a concomitant loss in the ability of this material to nucleate microtubule formation. Neither RNase appeared to affect the structure or nucleating capacity of the kinetochore. Therefore, the two types of nucleases appear to exert preferential effects on the different types of microtubule initiation sites in mitotic mammalian cells. The results suggest that DNA is a major component of the kinetochore, while RNA is a major component of the amorphous pericentriolar material. These findings support the concept that microtubule initiation sites in mitotic cells contain nucleic acids which are essential for the structural and functional integrity of the sites.
    Additional Material: 45 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Redistribution of actin and fascin in sea urchin eggs after fertilization (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; fascin ; actin cross-linking proteins ; fertilization ; microvilli ; sea urchin eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following fertilization, the sea urchin egg cortex undergoes a structural change involving the assembly and organization of actin filaments into microvilli. Antifascin localizes this actin cross-linking protein in the microvilli of the fertilized egg cortex but no organized staining is present in the unfertilized cortex. Determination of the actin content of eggs using the DNAase I inhibition assay indicates that actin is about 1.4% of the total protein. Approximately 90% of this actin is soluble in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs while only 60-65% can be recovered in identical extracts of fertilized eggs. Similar measurements for fascin using a radioimmunoassay indicate this molecule represents about 0.3% of the total egg protein, essentially all of which is recovered in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs. After fertilization only 65-70% of this actin cross-linking protein is in the soluble phase. These results demonstrate a markedly different solubility for actin and fascin after fertilization, when the indirect immunofluorescence staining localizes fascin in the microvilli, and are consistent with the idea that fascin organizes newly polymerized actin filaments into the microvillar cores. A consideration of the amounts of actin and fascin incorporated into the cortex after fertilization and the number of microvilli on the egg surface indicates that the measured values are sufficient to account for the observed microvillar elongation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control by calcium of the contractility of Labyrinthula slimeways and of the translocation of Labyrinthula cells (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Ca-ion ; Labyrinthula ; contraction ; glycerination ; Ca-reservoir ; cell movement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colonies of Labyrinthula, a colonial marine protist, expand by protrusive movements of the specialized slimeways. The movements recorded in time-lapse films are of two types - filopodial and lamellipodial - and occur at rates equivalent to those of cell translocation.Evidence is presented that Ca2+ regulates the contraction of the actomyosin system of filaments present in the slimeways of Labyrinthula. In glycerinated models or in colonies exposed to ionophore A23187 contraction is evidenced by the occurrence of periodic contractions of the slimeways, giving them the appearance of strings of beads. Glycerinated slimeways contract on the addition of Ca2+ and ATP while slimeways provided with ionophore A23187 contract on addition of Ca2+ alone. The concentration required is 1.1 × 10-7 M Ca2+ while concentrations of 6.2 × 10-8 or lower were ineffective. Rates of contraction were measured in time-lapse films which provide evidence that contractions and beading occur everywhere in the slimeway system. When beading occurs, the 6-nm filaments transform from an array of parallel single filaments into an interwoven meshwork.We have identified by pyroantimonate-OsO4 fixation, as possible Ca2+ reservoirs, deposits of Ca2+ in bothrosomes - structures through which cell secretions pass into the slimeways. The electron-dense deposits are located at the base of the bothrosome and disappear after incubation with EGTA. We propose that the translocation of cells as well as the movements of slimeways may be regulated by the cells through the local measured liberation of Ca2+ from the bothrosome where it is sequestered.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of spindle ultrastructure during anaphase of micronuclear division in Tetrahymena (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 41-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; mitotic spindle ; kinetochore ; microtubule ; micronucleus ; Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila and data on spindle ultrastructure were obtained from serial, transverse sections. Comparison of data from nuclei at meta- and early anaphase with data from nuclei at late anaphase showed that during anaphase, sister kinetochores move from the equator to the spindle poles, but kinetochore translocation occurs without any apparent change in either the number or length of kinetochore microtubules. This unprecedented result is ascribed significance with regard to the mechanism of kinetochore transport since there are only a limited number of ways that result could be achieved. The organization of the peripheral sheath changes during anaphase as evidenced by gaps in the sheath at late anaphase. Numerous kinetochore and non-kinetochore microtubules are located in polar regions of the spindle at late anaphase, whereas those regions contained only peripherally arranged microtubules at earlier stages. Tracking of individual kinetochore microtubules in late anaphase nuclei showed that some of them appeared to become incorporated into the peripheral sheath near the pole. At early and late anaphase, crossbridges connect adjacent microtubules throughout the spindle poleward to the kinetochores, as well as in the interzone.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physarum myosin light chain binds calcium (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; myosin light chains ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; calcium ; cytoplasmic streaming ; actomyosin ATPase regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myosin from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum contains three sizes of polypeptides: a heavy chain and two light chains, LC-1 and LC-2. Using a simple qualitative test for calcium binding by comparing electrophoretic migration of the polypeptides in sodium dodecy1 sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels in the presence and absence of calcium, we have found that Physarum myosin light chain LC-2 migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 16,900 daltons in the presence of the metal ion chelator ethylene glycol bis (B-aminoethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). However, if calcium chloride is added to the sample prior to electrophoresis, the apparent molecular weight decreases to 16,100. Lanthanide and cadmium ions, but not magnesium, can substitute for calcium. Because the ionic radii of Ca2+, La3+, and Cd2+ are almost identical, we conclude that Physarum myosin LC-2 possesses a very size-specific binding site for calcium. Physarum myosin LC-1 and the heavy chain give no evidence for binding calcium by this test. Since cytoplasmic streaming in the plasmodium of Physarum requires calcium, our evidence indicates that the calcium-binding property of Physarum myosin LC-2 may be important in regulating the production of force by actomyosin in the ectoplasm. Unexpectedly, the myosin light chain in Physarum capable of binding calcium, LC-2, is the essential light chain, while LC-1 is a member of the regulatory class of myosin light chains [V. T. Nachmias, personal communication]. Until now, essential myosin light chains have not been shown to have high affinity divalent cation binding sites. This means a new version of the myosin-based model for actomyosin regulation by calcium may be required to explain cytoplasmic movement in Physarum, and perhaps in other motile systems involving cytoplasmic myosins as well.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the extracellular matrix in cell motility in fibroblast aggregates (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 99-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell motility ; extracellular matrix ; collagen ; glycosaminogly cans ; collagenase ; hyaluronidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of specific components of the extracellular matrix on the motility of tissue cells was studied using organ-cultured aggregates of embryonic fibroblasts. Spherical aggregates of chick embryo heart and skin fibroblasts were fused with [3H]-thymidine-labeled aggregates of the identical cell type. The movement of labeled cells into the unlabeled partner aggregate served as an estimate of cell motility in the cultured tissue-like aggregates. Collagenase treatment decreased the collagen content of heart fibroblast aggregates and increased cell motility; ascorbic acid treatment increased the collagen content of skin fibroblast aggregates and decreased cell motility. Reduction of the glycosaminoglycan content with testicular hyaluronidase had no measurable effect on cell motility in heart fibroblast aggregates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of genetic elements associated with muscle structure in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 73-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: nematodes ; muscle structure ; mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A search for new mutants with altered body-wall muscle cell structure has been undertaken in the nematode C elegans. One-hundred seventeen mutants were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate or ultraviolet light, enrichment by a motility-requiring test, and screening by polarized light microscopy; 102 of these mutants were in ten previously established genes, whereas 15 mutants permitted the identification of seven new complementation groups in C elegans. Two of the new genes map on linkage group I (unc-94 and unc-95) and four genes are sex linked (unc-96, unc-97, unc-98, and unc-99). One complementation group (unc-100) could not be mapped because of the special characteristics of its cohort mutants. Representative mutants of the mapped genes were examined by polarized light and electron microscopy. All of the mutants exhibit disruptions of the normal A and I band organization of thick and thin filaments. Several of the mutants produce collections of thin filament-like structures. In one of these cases, HE177 demonstrated collections of somewhat wider, intermediate-sized filaments as well, and the HE195 mutant produces paracrystalline aggregates of thin filaments amidst looser arrangements of similar structures. The mutants in newly identified genes, as well as the new mutants in previously established genetic loci, have promise as tools in the study of myofibrillar assembly and function. Among the 22 complementation groups associated with body-wall structure in C elegans, it is likely that some genes code for regulatory and morphogenetic functions in addition to the well-studied structural, contractile, and calcium-associated proteins in muscle.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010107
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tubulin content and synthesis in differentiating drosophila cells in culture (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 113-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tubulin ; Drosophila ; β-ecdysterne ; differentiating ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Drosophila Kc cells exposed to physiological doses of the moulting hormone, β-ecdysone, elongate, become motile, and subsequently aggregate. This pattern of morphogenesis was found to require the assembly of a microtubular cytoskeleton. Tubulin content was significantly increased in hormone-treated cells when compared to controls, as measured by a 3H-colchicine-binding assay. However, determinations of rates of tubulin synthesis and breakdown revealed no difference between control and hormone-treated cells for either parameter. When tubulin content was assayed by methods that do not depend on colchicine-binding activity, no difference between hormone-treated and control cells was observed. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which β-ecdysone affects the distribution of tubulin in “assembly-active” and “assembly-inactive” pools.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meeting report (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010112
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation and elongation of filopodia during transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sea urchin coelomocytes ; motility ; filopodial formation and elongation ; ciné film analysis ; scanning electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea urchin coelomocytes were examined during their morphological transformation from petaloid to filopodial forms by scanning electron microscopy and ciné film analysis. Petaloid coelomocytes have a variable morphology but, in general, consist of numerous thin sheets of cytoplasm, the petals, arranged in three dimensions around a central nuclear region. The transition to the filopodial form can occur in either substrate-attached or suspended cells and begins with the formation of several microspikes at the edge of each petal. These become more apparent as the cytoplasm between each microspike/filopodium is retracted centripetally. Concomitantly, the diameter of the flattened cell is increased by as much as twofold as the filopodia actively lengthen at a uniform, average rate of 0.5 μm/minute. The transformation process requires ca 15 minutes and is complete when the cell diameter no longer increases. These filopodia are functionally distinct from the passively produced retraction fibers observed in cultured mammalian cells. The formation of filopodia is biphasic and includes both a cytoplasmic retraction phase and an active extension phase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010110
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invited review: Guidance cue patterns and cell migration in muiticeliuiar organisms (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axon guidance ; chemotaxis ; haptotaxis substrate pathways ; development ; pattern biology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In multicellular organisms, guidance cues are either diffusible molecules or cellular or extracellular surfaces that are found in reproducible locations and that orient migrating cells and cell processes. The pattern of the guidance cues usually determines the complex in vivo migration routes of motile cells and cell processes. Within organisms, guidance cues are found to be organized in two general patterns: (a) broad gradients - such as diffuse chemotactic gradients; (b) discrete routes (substrate pathways) - such as chemotactic gradients confined to long channels, and such as the axon surface which represents a long specific highway for migrating Schwann cells.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010111
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 163-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010113
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statement of purpose (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 167-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010114
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The changes in sperm nuclei after penetrating fish oocytes matured without germinal vesicle material in their cytoplasm (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 121-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: sperm nucleus ; fish oocyte ; germinal vesicle (GV) ; nuclear formation ; chromosome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The processes occurring from sperm penetration to chromosome formation in the cytoplasm of Oocytes matured in vitro, after removal of the germinal vesicle (GV) and before hormonal stimulation, were observed with electron microscope. The dechorionated oocytes, matured without the participation of the GV material, responded to sperm penetration by initiating a cortical reaction within 20 seconds after insemination. The pentrating sperm nuclei transformed to male pronuclei with vesiculation of the nuclear membrane, chromatin decondensation, and formation of a pronuclear membrane. Before cleavage, however, no chromosome formation was observed in these oocytes. Instead, the fully grown pronuclei change to a picnotic chromatin mass without or with an only fragmented nuclear membrane, then disappeared. On the contrary, sperm nuclei that penetrated into the cytoplasm of naked eggs containing GV material during maturation underwent pronuclear and chromosomal formation. Judging from these observation in Oryzias oocytes, the GV material seems to be unnecessary for the formation of pronucleus from the compact sperm nucleus, but is essential for the process of chromosomal formation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030204
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sertoli-germ cell interrelations: A review (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 179-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Sertoli cell ; spermatogenesis ; junction ; germ cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030209
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030301
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actin filaments and mitochondrial movement in vertebrate spermiogenesis (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: actin ; mitochondrial movement ; spermiogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The presence of actin filaments around mitochondria during vertebrate spermiogenesis was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy and by heavy meromyosin decoration. The presence of actin is supposed to be related to mitochondrial rearrangements occurring in the spermatid stage.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030302
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of cumulus cells for rat oocyte maturation and metabolism (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: rat oocytes ; maturation ; oxygen consumption ; cumulus cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oocytes collected from immature PMSG-treated rats on the morning of proestrus were allowed to mature in culture either surrounded by their cumulus cells or after denudation. It was found that the time course of oocyte nuclear maturation was similar whether the cumulus cells were present or not. The oxygen consumption of noncultured oocytes was 0.12 nl/hr/oocyte and increased by 40% after four to eight hours in culture with intact cumulus. Respiration of oocytes cultured without cumulus remained constant throughout the culture, except for a transient decrease after four hours.It is concluted that the cumulus cells do not affect the spontaneous nuclear maturation in vitro, but that the metabolism in oocytes cultured with intact cumulus is different from that of cultured denuded oocytes. Furthermore, it appears that the rise in oocyte oxygen consumption is not a prerequisite for nucler maturation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030205
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical studies on the zona pellucida of cow blastocysts (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: cow blastocysts ; zona pellucida ; stability and location of antigenic material ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Labeling of the zona pellucida of cow blastocysts with zona-specific anti-serum shows that antigenicity is unaffected by abnormal cleavage, in vitro culture, or frozen storage. The uniform labeling in thin sections indicates that the zona pellucida is homogeneous antigenically. Heavier labeling of the inner and outer surfaces of the zona pellucida in thick sections appers to be due to greater porosity of these regions, in which the zona material becomes highly dispersed, or even partly solubilized, thereby permitting the formation of an antigen-antibody matrix.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030206
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Identification and hormonal control of reproductive-tract-specific antigens present in rabbit oviductal fluid (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: oviduct ; oviductal fluid ; mucin ; steroids ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Utilizing the intra-abdominal flask technique to collect oviductal fluid, the presence of two or possibly three reproductive-tract-specific antigens have been observed in rabbit oviductal fluid. Two of these antigens may be accounted for by the two forms of uteroglobin. The other antigen has a molecular weight greater than 200,000 daltons and its concentration in oviductal fluid is under hormonal control. During pseudopregnancy (PSP), when progesterone concentrations are high, or upon progesterone administration, the concentration of this high molecular weight antigen doubles in oviductal fluid. This correlates well with the previously observed increase in release of secretory products from the oviductal epithelia.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030208
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  • 22
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    Ultrastructural studies of spermatogenesis in the anthocerotales. III. Gamete morphogenesis: From spermatogenous cell through midstage spermatid (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 149-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Bryophyta ; Phaeoceros ; spermatid morphogenesis ; spermatogenesis ; ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An ultrastructural examination of spermatogenesis in Phaeoceros has shown nucleoli to be present in spermatogenous cells and to persist until the centrioles become associated with nuclei of young spermatids. At the onset of multilayered structure (MLS) formation, well-defined aggregations of osmiophilic strands begin to form in the nuclei of young spermatids and disappear shortly after chromatin condensation starts in the midstage spermatids. When the centrioles in the young spermatids are orientated perpendicular to the nuclear envelope, the nucleoplasm immediately in front of them is densely stained. Where the spline tubules of the MLS extend over the nucleus, the nuclear envelope is devoid of pores, and the inner nuclear membrane is contacted internally by the local deposition of dense staining nucleoplasm. Chromatin condensation begins with strands extending perpendicularly from the dense staining nucleoplasm beneath the spline and continues with the nuclear beak becoming filled with condensed chromatin. As the MLS lamellae disappear acropetally, the rear portion of the anterior mitochondrion (AM) extends back under the nuclear beak which now narrows to a size that approximates the anterior end of the nucleus of a spermatozoid. By the end of the mid-spermatid stage, the nucleus has coiled approximately one gyre of a helix and the five or six central slpine tubules extend over the plastid which is now located beneath the front end of the AM. Several profiles of endoplasmic reticulum confluent with the nuclear envelope are present. Possible factors which might play a role in determining the morphology of the mid-spermatids are discussed.
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    A new procedure for rapidly scoring acrosome reactions of human sperm (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: acrosome ; human sperm ; lectin ; capacitation ; fertilization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Because the acrosome of human sperm is too small to be directly visualized by phase-contrast microscopy, acrosome reactions (that is loss of the acrosome) are generally not evaluated in studies of human sperm capacitation and fertilization. Nevertheless, it would be useful in such studies to have a technique for easily identifying and quantitating acrosome-reacted sperm. In this paper, we describe a method for labeling the human sperm acrosome with fluorescein-conjugated Ricinus communis agglutinin-60 (FITC-RCA); we show that in sperm without acrosomal caps, FITC-RCA labeling occurs either not at all or only in the equatorial segment of the acrosome. To determine if the absence of FITC-RCA labeling in the acrosomal cap region gives a reliable estimate of acrosome reactions, washed sperm or sperm incubated in a capacitating medium (BWW) were divided into two groups, which were then fixed for FITC-RCA labeling or transmission electron microscopy. Counts of acrosome reactions made by each method were similar, and we observed an increase in the percentage of reactions following incubation in BWW. We conclude that the FITC-TCA labeling technique is a reliable method for accurately scoring the percentage of acrosome-reacted human sperm.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030101
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    Effect of the inhibitors of ion movements, verapamil and tetraethylammonium, on fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: mouse ; in vitro fertilization ; inhibitors of fertilization ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Better than 75% fertilization of C57BL/6 mouse eggs with C57BL/6 sperm is obtained in vitro in a modified Kreb's-Ringer-bicarbonate medium containing 8 mM HEPES. No fertilization of obtained when Ca2+ is omitted from this medium. The drug verapamil, which interferes with Ca2+ channels and blocks the acrosome reaction [Schackmann et al, 1978] and fertilization in the sea urchin, also blocks fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro when included in complete medium at a concentration of 80 μg/ml. Tetraethylammonium, which inhibits delayed axonal potassium currents and prevents the acrosome reaction in sea urchin sperm, also completely inhibits fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro at a concentration of 5 mM. Tetramethylammonium, which does not inhibit potassium movements at the same concentration reduces fertilization by about 50%. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ion movements are necessary for activation of the sperm and/or egg in mouse fertilization.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Quantitation of avian spermatozoan motility: Neurochemical regulation (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: sperm ; motility ; neurochemical ; paraoxon ; acetylcholine ; cholinesterase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The hypothesis that motility of avian sperm is regulated by acetylcholine was examined by treating rooster (Gallus domesticus) sperm with choline analogs and paraoxon, an inhibitor of colonesterases. Acetylcholine chloride (AChCl) was most effective, acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide were less effective, and choline chloride was ineffective in stimulating sperm motility. Histochemical localization of cholinesterase activity with the electron microscope showed enzyme activity to be associated with membranes of the head and within fibrillar components of the tail. Increasing concentrations of paraoxon decreased cholinesterase activity and increased sperm motility. The data provide evidence that the motility of avian sperm, like that of mammal and sea urchins, may be regulated in part by a system with similarities to the cholinergic neurotransmitter system.
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    Artificial fertilization of gametes from the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 45-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: clawed frog ; egg ; fertilization ; jelly coat ; motility ; sperm ; Xenopus laevis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A reproducible and effective method for fertilization eggs of Xenopus laevis was developed based of systematic manipulation of environmental factors. The effects of varying concentrations of individual components of a fertilization medium were tested by measuring jelly swelling, sperm motility, and sperm longevity. Results were used to develop an improved medium for fertilization, consisting of 41.25 mM NaCl, 1.25 mM KCl, 0.25 mM CaCl2, 0.0625 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM Na2HPO4, 2.5 mM HEPES, 1.9 mM NaOH, final pH(2°) 7.8.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Initiation, prolongation, and reactivation of the motility of salmonid spermatozoa (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: spermatozoa (salmonid) ; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in sperm motility ; cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in sperm motility ; reactivation of trout sperm motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The motility of salmonid spermatozoa initiated by dilution of the milt with ovarian fluid or isotonic saline is brief duration; it was believed that it can be activated only once in the life of the spermatozoon. Dilution of the milt with an equal volume of isotonic saline (0.12 M-NaCl) containing 5 mM-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (MIX) prolonged and intensified sperm motiliy. When motility had stopped after initial mobilization with saline or ovarian fluid, it could be reactivated by addition of MIX; reactivated spermatozoa fertilized eggs. Dilution with saline containing K+ (24 mEq/liter) did not initiate sperm motility even in the presence of MIX. The spermatozoa were mobilized by subsequent with 0.12 M-NaCl. The concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in sperm suspensions dropped on dilution with saline and rose as motility ceased, but declined without subsequent recovery following dilution with MIX-saline. The concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) rose and fell sharply on initiation of motility and rose again after motility had declined. While salmonid spermatozoa can be mobilized by dilition with saline alone, the effectiveness of MIX in reactivating “spent” spermatozoa supports the assumption that cAMP plays a role in the initiation of sperm motility.
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    Ovoperoxidase activity in ionophore treated mouse eggs. II. Evidence for the enzyme's role in hardening the zona pellucida (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: ovoperoxidase ; zona hardening ; zona pellucida ; mouse eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: One consequence of fertilization or parthenogenetic activation of mammalian eggs is an altaration in the solubility proprieties of the zona pellucida, known as zona hardening. Several lines of evidence indicate that an ovoperoxidase, which is activated and/or secreted from mouse eggs. Following parthenogenetic activation, corss-links tyrosine residues in the zona pellucida and results in hardening of the zona. First, zona hardening, as determined by decreased solubility of the zona in pronase, is inhibited by several compounds known to inhibit peroxidases. Inhibitors of hardening include phenylhydrazine, sodium sulfite, sodium azide, and glycine ethyl ester. Second, tyrosine analogs inhibit zona hardening, unless the phenolic hydroxyl group or ortho position is blocked. That is, O-methyltyrosine (methyl substitution of phenolic hydroxyl) does not inhibit hardening; o-methyltyrosine (methyl substitution of one ortho position) partially inhibits, whereas tyramine and N-acetyltyrosine (free hydroxyl and ortho positions) effectively block hardening. Finally, exogenous horseradish peroxidasepromotes limited hardening of the zona in unactivated eggs. These results are consistent with a peroxidase catalyzed cross-linking of tyrosines in the zona that results in hardening of the zona pellucida.
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    Fragmentation of condensed chromatin in nuclei of a plant sperm, pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: condensed chromatin ; sperm ; Pteridium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nuclei of pteridium sperm have been dispersed by turbulence in natural or slightly alkaline buffer after stripping off the cytoplasm with nonionic detergent. The nuclei tended to break up into fragments arranged in a linear order. These fragments fluoresced brightly with acridine orange as did intact nuclei. Grounds are given for identifying the smaller fragments with chromosomes. It is proposed that the sperm nucleus of British Pteridium, possibly an autotetrapolid, consists of a sequence of paired homologues.
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    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 307-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030315
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    The spermatozoon. Don W. Fawcet and J. Michael Bedford, eds. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore-Munich, 1979. 40 illustrted chapters. 441 pages. $49.00 (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 305-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030314
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    Partial activation of sea-urchin eggs by bonellin (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: fertilization ; membrane potential ; bonellin ; amino acid incorporation into proteins ; DNA synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We here describe further studies on the action of bonellin on sea-urchin eggs. Bonellin brings about Some of the changes that are known to occur in the egg upon fertilization. In particular, it appears to cause the increased rate of incorporation of amino acids into proteins, the increase of the voltage noise, and the exocytosis of some of the cortical granules. A comparison with the effect of ammonia is discussed.
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    Ultracytochemical localization of 3β-hydroxy-steroid ferricyanide reductase activity in the fetal mouse ovary (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: female meiosis ; estrogen synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: It has been suggested that the production of estrogens by the fetal ovary may modulate the entry or progression of meiosis in the female mammalian fetus. In the present study the possibility that the site of this steroid synthesis is the rete ovarii system was explored in the fetal mouse of gestational ages 12.5 to 18 days. The method of ultracytochemical localization of 3β hydroxy-steroid ferricyanide was used. Reaction product was found in the cytoplasm of the rete ovarii (prefollicular) cells as early as day 14 with increasing amounts seen at later gestational ages. The presence of this essential enzyme system in cells closely applied to oogonia and oocytes during an active meiotic period must be considered in developing concepts of meiotic entry.
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    Decondensation of sperm nuclei of australian marsupials: Effects of air drying and of calcium and magnesium (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 351-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: marsupial ; spermatozoa ; nucleus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Spermatozoa of six species of Australian marsupials have been studied. The nucleus is highly unstable when compared with those of eutherian mammals. When thin films of spermatozoa in buffered saline are air-dried on glass slides, the nucleus disintegrates and flattens, leaving the acrosome, midpiece, and tail intact. This spreading of the nucleus can be inhibited by seminal plasma proteins and by bovine serum albumin, but is potentiated by detergents. The nucleus also decondenses spontaneously in the presence of high concentrations (〉0.25M) of calcium and magnesium salts, leaving the head membranes, acrosome, midpiece, and tail intact. This is inhibited by EDTA. In some species, certain areas of the nucleus appear more resistant t o Ca++/Mg++ treatment, and the initial stages of decondensation are uneven. Ultrastructurally the Ca++/Mg++ dispersed chromatin shows a moderately fine, branching, fibrillar structure, interspersed with dense granules. Treatment with disulphide bond cleaving agents together with detergents results in rapid and complete dispersal of the chromatin and acrosome, and slow digestion of midpiece and tail structures. Treatment with HCl, NaCl, KCl, EDTA, detergents, and sucrose has no effect on nuclear integrity, but treatment with NaOH (0.9-1.0M) results in complete digestion of the whole sperm. These findings are discussed in the light of evolutionary differences between marsupial and eutherian mammals in terms of sperm structure and composition.
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    Comparative ultrastructure of the yolk material in preimplantation stages of the hamster, mouse, and rat embryos (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 369-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: yolk ; preimplantation embryo ; ultrastructure ; hamster ; mouse ; rat ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yolk material of preimplanation stages of embryos of the hamster, mouse, and rat were examined by a standardized electron microscopical procedure. The material was encountered as fibrils, scattered more or less densely in the cytoplasm. In the hamster, the material was present in large masses and the fibrils had a chain-like appearance when cut longitudinally. The ultrastructure of the fibrils was compatible with a helical pattern. The fibrils had a width of about 40 nm and the pitch (the axial distance of the repeating unit) was about 30 nm. In the mouse, the yolk material was dispersed in the cytoplasm forming small plaque-like groups. Also, in this species the fibrils were chain-like but smaller than in the hamster. The fibrils were often closely situated, resulting in images with varying crystalline appearances. In the rat, the yolk appeared as light areas occupying a substantial part of the cytoplasm. The fibrils in the yolk plaques were sparse and diffusely outlined. They were thinner than the fibrils of the mouse-yolk material, did not display any helical pattern at the resolution used, but showed a periodicity.
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    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 405-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120030411
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    Properties of the first and second factors released after hamster sperm make contact with the zona pellucida prior to fertilization in vitro (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 395-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: sperm-zona contact ; fertilization ; peptides ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An investigation was made as to the nature of two of the factors, termed S1, released within the first 30 minutes after contact is made between capacitated hamster sperm and the zona pellucida in vitro. Previous studies showed that these S1 factors were detected two and 20 to 25 minutes after the gametes were combined and that, based on filtration studies, the former possessed a molecular weight of less than 5,000 daltons. The present results show that the quantity of the 20-25-minute S1 factor released into the supernatant increased linearly as a function of the sperm concentration. This factor passed unimpeded through a filter with a 5,000 molecular weight cutoff but only 42% of the activity traversed a filter with a cutoff of 2,000 daltons. The two-minute S1 factor, in the virtual total absence of cells, was stable for 10 to 15 minutes, but lost significant activity upon longer incubation. Under the same conditions, the 20-25-minute factor lost approximately 25% of its activity within 15 minutes, but remained stable at this level for at least 45 minutes of incubation. Both S1 factors were not affected by a mixture of glycosidases, but were inactivated by subtilisin, trypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase which was contaminated with endopeptidases. The activity of the two-minute S1 factor appeared more susceptible to the action of the proteases than that of the 20-25-minute S1 factor. In contrast to previous results obtained with the two-minute S1 factor, the release of the 20-25-minute S1 factor was not inhibited by the inclusion of soybean trypsin inhibitor a t concentrations which are known to inhibit penetration of the zona by the sperm. The results suggest that the two- and 20-25-minute S1 factors are peptides which are not identical.
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    Modification of the repeated acquisition of response sequences in rats by low-level microwave exposure (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: repeated acquisition ; microwave radiation ; lever press ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The acute effects of microwave exposure on a repeated acquisition baseline were investigated in three rats. Each session the animals acquired a different four-member response sequence. Each of the first three correct responses advanced the sequence to the next member, and the fourth correct response produced food reinforcement. Incorrect responses produced a three-second timeout. Baseline and control sessions were characterized by a decrease in errors within each session. The animals were acutely exposed to a 2.8 GHz pulsed-microwave field prior to test sessions, with average power densities ranging from 0.25 to 10 mW/cm2. In comparison to control sessions, 1/2 hour of exposure to microwave radiation at power densities of 5 and 10 mW/cm2 increased errors and altered the pattern of within-session acquisition. Exposure to the 10 mW/cm2 power density decreased the rate of sequence completion in all animals. The results of exposures at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mW/cm2 power densities were generally within the control range. The results are interpreted as indicating a disruption in the discriminative stimulus control of the repeated acquisition behavior.
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    Tests of mutagenesis and reproduction in male rats exposed to 2,450-MHz (CW) microwaves (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 65-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mutagenesis ; reproduction ; rats ; 2,450 MHz ; microwaves ; continuous wave (CW) ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Tests of mutagenesis and reproduction were conducted in male rats which were irradiated by 2,450-MHz, continuous-wave (CW) microwaves, 4 hr/day from day 6 of gestation to 90 days of age at 5 mW/cm2; or 5 hr/day for five days beginning on the 90th day of age at 10 mW/cm2; or 4 hr/day, 5 days/ wk for four weeks, beginning on the 90th day of age. During selected weekly periods after treatment, the rats were bred to pairs of untreated, normal female rats that were examined in late pregnancy by means of the dominant lethal assay. The reproductive efficiency of these males, as reflected in their breeding, was also examined for changes relating to their microwave experience. No significant evidence of germ-cell mutagenesis was detected when data of microwave-exposed males were compared with those of sham-exposed males, even though there were significant increases in rectal and intra-testicular temperatures at a power density of 28 mW/cm2. Temporary sterility, as indexed by fewer pregnancies, was seen at the highest power density.
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    Failure of rats to escape from a potentially lethal microwave field (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 101-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: escape ; microwaves ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Ocularly pigmented rats, all mature females of the Long-Evans strain, were repeatedly presented an opportunity to escape from an intense 918-MHz field (whole-body dose rate = 60 mW/g) to a field of lower intensity (40, 30, 20, or 2 mW/g) by performing a simple locomotor response. Other rats could escape 800-μA faradic shock to the feet and tail by performing the same response in the same milieu, a multimode cavity. None of 20 irradiated rats learned to associate entry into a visually well-demarcated area of the cavity with immediate reduction of dose rate, in spite of field-induced elevations of body temperature to levels that exceeded 41°C and would have been lethal but for a limit on durations of irradiation. In contrast, all of ten rats motivated by faradic shock rapidly learned to escape. The failure of escape learning by irradiated animals probably arose from deficiencies of motivation and, especially, sensory feedback. Whole-body hyperthermia induced by a multipath field may lack the painful or directional sensory properties that optimally promote the motive to escape. Moreover, a decline of body temperature after an escape-response-contingent reduction of field strength will be relatively slow because of the large thermal time constants of mammalian tissues. Without timely sensory feedback, which is an essential element of negative reinforcement, stimulus-response associability would be imparied, which could retard or preclude learning of an escape response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010202
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    Genetic influences on mouse sperm capacitation in vivo and in vitro (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Sperm ; capacitation ; mouse strain differences ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Intial in vivo studies were performed to observe the proportion of eggs fertillized at specific intervals after natural mating and ovulation in our research mouse colony. Proestrous females of the C57BL/10Wt, SJL/Wt inbred strains and the F1 hybrid cross (B10 × SJL or reciprocals) were paired in the after-noon with males of their respective strain and examined for vaginal plugs at the midpoint of the dark period (2400 hours). Oviducts were periodically collected from mated females, and ovulation was first observed at 4, 5.2, and 3 hours after 2400 hours in the B10, SJL, and F1 hyrid, respectively. The clutch of eggs from each ovulating female, was placed in culture, and cleavage oviduct lavage verifying female mating was placed in culture, and cleavage was used as the criterion for fertilizaition. Fifty percent of the eggs were fertilized 2.2, 5.0, and 2.5 hours after ovulation in B10, SJL, and F1 hybrid females, respectively. Because twice the legth of time was required to fertilize a similar proportion of eggs from the SJL strain as the F1 hybrid, these two strains were used for determining their rate of fertilization under more fully controlled conditions in vitro. Forty-nine percent of F1 hybrid eggs were fertilized after 4 hours incubation with SJL epididymal sperm, whereas 53% fo SJL and 56% of F1 hybrid eggs were fertilized after only 2 hours incubation with F1 hybrid epididymal sperm. Thus, using sperm from these two mouse strains, the amount of time required to fertilize approximately 50% of the eggs within a clutch both in vivo and vitro was very similar. These observations demonstrte teh validity of using this in vitro system for fertilization studies and confirm that the temporal events in sperm capacitation and egg penetration are dependent on the genotype of the sperm. Similarities in fertilization rates at specific times after ovulation or insemination in vitro imply that the initiationof sperm capacitation in vivo occurs near the time of ovulation and several hours after mating. We tentatively suggest that follicular fluid may be required for completion of mouse sperm capacitaiton in vivo.
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    Aging of mouse eggs in vivo and in vitro (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 3 (1980), S. 379-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: aging ; ova ; acid phosphatase ; superovulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Morphological and cytochemical (acid phosphatase) changes associated with mouse ova and cumulus cells aged within the oviducts (in vivo) or in culture (in vitro; 1-24 hours postovulation) have been investigated. Structural alterations of cumulus cells were apparent immediately after ovulation and included nuclear pycnosis and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Nevertheless, approximately 30% of the cumulus masses examined contained cells that plated out when cultured and remained viable for up t o three days in vitro. From 12 t o 24 hours postovulation almost all cumulus cells of specimens aged in vivo showed signs of degeneration. Disruption of the meiotic spindle and an increase in acid phosphatase positive organelles were characteristic of in vivo and in vitro aging ova. The percentage of fragmented eggs obtained from super-ovulated (5 IU PMS followed by 5 IU HCG) mice approximately one and 24 hours postovulation was not significantly different. Eggs obtained from superovulated animals and aged in vitro for 24 hours yielded significantly more fragmented ova. Fragmented eggs were not obtained from cycling females on the morning of estrus. When such eggs were cultured in vitro for 24 hours the percent fragmentation was significantly lower than that for aged eggs obtained from super-ovulated mice. These results indicate that 1) similar morphological alterations occur among cumulus cells and eggs aged either in vitro or in vivo, 2) ova from superovulated mice do not constitute a homogeneous population and 3) the method of superovulation employed in this study induces the ovulation of a relatively large group of eggs that are susceptible to fragmentation when cultured in vitro.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    Chronic exposure to a 60-Hz electric field: Effects on synaptic transmission and peripheral nerve function in the rat (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 131-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; rat ; sciatic nerve ; vagus nerve ; superior cervical sympathetic ganglion ; chronic exposure ; 60 Hz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Several reports have suggested that the nervous system can be affected by exposure to electric fields and that these effects may have detrimental health consequences for the exposed organism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic (30-day) exposure of rats to a 60-Hz, 100-kV/m electric field on synaptic transmission and peripheral-nerve function. One hundred forty-four rats, housed in individual polycarbonate cages were exposed to uniform, vertical, 60-Hz electric fields in a system free of corona discharge and ozone formation and in which the animals did not receive spark discharges or other shocks during exposure. Following 30 days of exposure to the electric field, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, vagus and sciatic nerves were removed from rats anesthetized with urethan, placed in a temperature-controlled chamber, and superfused with a modified mammalian Ringer's solution equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Several measures and tests were used to characterize synaptic transmission and peripheral-nerve function. These included amplitude, area, and configuration of the postsynaptic or whole-nerve compound-action potential; conduction velocity; accommodation; refractory period; strength-duration curves; conditioning-test (C-T) response, frequency response; post-tetanic response; and high-frequency-induced fatigue. The results of a series of neurophysiologic tests and measurements indicate that only synaptic transmission is significantly and consistently affected by chronic (30-day) exposure to a 60-Hz, 100-kV/m electric field. Specifically, an increase in synaptic excitability was detected in replicated measurements of the C-T response ratio. In addition, there are trends in other data that can be interpreted to suggest a generalized increase in neuronal excitability in exposed animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010204
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    Microwave effects on energy metabolism of rat brain (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; in vivo ; brain ; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ; creatine phosphate (CP) ; NADH ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rat brain was exposed to 591-MHz, continuous-wave (CW) microwaves at 13.8 or 5.0 mW/cm2 to determine the effect on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) levels. On initiation of the in vivo microwave exposures, fluorimetrically determined NADH rapidly increased to a maximum of 4.0%-12.5% above pre-exposure control levels at one-half minute, then decreased slowly to 2% above control at three minutes, finally increasing slowly to 5% above control level at five minutes. ATP and CP assays were performed on sham- and microwave-exposed brain at each exposure time. At 13.8 mW/cm2, brain CP level was decreased an average of 39.4%, 41.1%, 18.2%, 13.1%, and 36.4% of control at exposure points one-half, one, two three, and five minutes, respectively, and brain ATP concentration was decreased an average of 25.2%, 15.2%, 17.8%, 7.4%, and 11.2% of control at the corresponding exposure periods. ATP and CP levels of rat brain exposed to 591-MHz cw microwaves at 5 mW/cm2 for one-half and one minute were decreased significantly below control levels at these exposure times, but were not significantly different from the 13.8 mW/cm2 exposures. For all exposures, rectal temperature remained constant. Heat loss through the skull aperture caused brain temperature to decrease during the five-minute exposures. This decrease was the same in magnitude for experimental and control subjects. Changes in NADH, ATP, and CP levels during microwave exposure cannot be attributed to general tissue hyperthermia. The data support the hypothesis that microwave exposure inhibits mitochondrial electron transport chain function, which results in decreased ATP and CP levels in brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010207
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    A thermal model of the human body exposed to an electromagnetic field (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 253-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: thermal model ; heat transfer ; dosimetry, 80 MHz ; 200 MHz ; absorption of electromagnetic energy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The human body was modeled by numerical procedures to determine the thermal response under varied electromagnetic (EM) exposures. The basic approach taken was to modify the heat transfer equations for man in air to account for thermal loading due to the energy absorbed from the EM field. The human body was represented in an EM model by a large number of small cubical cells of tissue, and the energy density was determined for each cell. This information was then analyzed by a thermal response model consisting of a series of two-dimensional transient conduction equations with internal heat generation due to metabolism, internal convective heat transfer due to blood flow, external interaction by convection and radiation, and cooling of the skin by sweating and evaporation. This model simulated the human body by a series of cylindrical segments. The local temperature at 61 discrete locations as well as the thermoregulatory responses of vasodilatation and sweating were computed for a number of EM field intensities and two frequencies, one near whole-body resonance.
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    Calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue: Power-density versus internal field-intensity dependencies at 50-MHz RF radiation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium ions ; brain tissue ; radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; amplitude modulation ; power-density window ; 16-Hz modulation ; 50 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In previous experiments changes were found in calcium-ion efflux from chickbrain tissue that had been exposed in vitro to 147-MHz radiation across a specific range of power densities when the field was amplitude modulated at 16 Hz. In the present study, 50-MHz radiation, similarly modulated as a sinusoid, was found to produce changes in calcium-ion efflux from chick brains exposed in vitro in a Crawford cell. Exposure conditions were optimized to broaden any power-density window and to enhance the opportunity to detect changes in the calcium-ion efflux. The results of a power-density series demonstrated two effective ranges: One spanning a range from 1.44 to 1.67 mW/cm2, and the other including 3.64 mW/cm2, which were bracketed by no-effect results at 0.72, 2.17, and 4.32 mW/cm2. Peaks of positive findings are associated with near-identical rates of energy absorption: 1.4 μW/g at 147 MHz, and 1.3 μW/g at 50 MHz, which indicates that the enhanced-efflux phenomenon is more dependent on the intensity of fields in the brain than on the power density of incident radiation. In addition, the phenomenon appears to occur at multiples of some, as yet unknown, rate of radiofrequency (RF) energy absorption. Because of the extremely small increments of temperature associated with positive findings (〈 4 × 10-4°C), and the existence of more than one productive absorption rate, a solely thermal explanation appears extremely unlikely.
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    Studies on microwave and blood-brain barrier interaction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 313-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave ; blood-brain barrier ; Evans blue ; sodium fluorescein ; brain and body temperatures ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This investigation was aimed at correlating changes of blood-brain-barrier permeability with the quantity and distribution of absorbed microwave energy inside the brain of adult Wistar rats anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital. Through use of thermographic methods and a direct-contact applicator at the animal's head, the pattern of absorbed microwave energy was determined. Indwelling catheters were placed in the femoral vein and in the left external carotid artery. Evans blue and sodium fluorescein in isotonic saline were used as visual indicators of barrier permeation. Exposure to pulsed 2,450-MHz radiation for 20 min at average power densities of 0.5, 1, 5, 20, 145 or 1,000 mW/cm2, which resulted in average specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.04, 0.08, 0.4, 1.6, 11.5 or 80.0 mW/g in the brain, did not produce staining, except in the pineal body, the pituitary gland, and the choroid plexus  -  regions that normally are highly permeable. Except for these regions, staining was also absent in the brains of sham-exposed animals. The rectal temperature, as monitored by a copper-constantan thermocouple, showed a maximum increase of less than 0.75°C from a mean pre-exposure temperature of 36.6°C. The highest brain temperature recorded in a similar group of animals using a thickfilm carbon thermistor was less than 41.0°C.
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    Studies of exposure of rabbits to electromagnetic pulsed fields (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic pulsed (EMP) fields ; pentobarbital-induced sleeping time ; serum chemistry ; serum triglycerides ; creatine phosphokinase (CPK) ; Dutch rabbits ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dutch rabbits were acutely exposed to electromagnetic pulsed (EMP) fields (pulse duration 0.4μs, field strengths of 1-2 kV/cm and pulse repetition rates in the range of 10 to 38 Hz) for periods of up to two hours. The dependent variables investigated were pentobarbital-induced sleeping time and serum chemistry (including serum triglycerides, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes, and sodium and potassium). Core temperature measured immediately pre-exposure and postexposure revealed no exposure-related alterations. Over the range of field strengths and pulse durations investigated no consistent, statistically significant alterations were found in the end-points investigated.
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    Electromagnetic absorption in a multilayered slab model of tissue under near-field exposure conditions (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 379-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: near fields ; plane-wave spectrum (PWS) ; energy deposition ; layering resonance ; multilayered slab model ; plane wave ; fast Fourier transform ; 2,450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The electromagnetic energy deposited in a semi-infinite slab model consisting of skin, fat, and muscle layers is calculated for both plane-wave and near-field exposures. The plane-wave spectrum (PWS) approach is used to calculate the energy deposited in the model by fields present due to leakage from equipment using electromagnetic energy. This analysis applies to near-field exposures where coupling of the target to the leakage source can be neglected. Calculations were made for 2,450 MHz, at which frequency the layered slab adequately models flat regions of the human body. Resonant absorption due to layering is examined as a function of the skin and fat thicknesses for plane-wave exposure and as a function of the physical extent of the near-field distribution. Calculations show that for fields that are nearly constant over at least a free-space wavelength, the energy deposition (for the skin, fat, and muscle combination that gives resonant absorption) is equal to or less than that resulting from plane-wave exposure, but is appreciably greater than that obtained for a homogeneous muscle slab model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010404
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    Referees for bioelectromagnetics, 1980 (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 429-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Microwave irradiation and instrumental behavior in rats: Unitized irradiation and behavioral evaluation facility (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 415-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave radiation ; pulse-modulated ; operant behavior ; chronic irradiation ; waveguide exposure ; performance ; microwave dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A facility for the exposure of small animals to pulse-modulated microwave radiation (PM MWR) concurrent with their performance of operant behavioral tasks is described. The computer-managed facility comprises an array of 32 individual waveguide exposure cells, each enclosing instrumental conditioning apparatus within a plastic subhousing. The distribution of the microwave electric field intensity within the waveguide was measured by a nonperturbing probe and the modifications induced by the behavioral apparatus and animal within the waveguide determined. Input and interior voltage standing wave ratios are presented to characterize the design of the chambers and to demonstrate the suitability of the chambers for whole-body irradiation of rat. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is presented utilizing data derived from incremental thermometric examination of saline loads and of selected sites in rat carcasses. This is compared with the whole-body SAR derived from the input/ output energy balance equation for the waveguide. The results of continuous monitoring of the SAR by the latter method, while unrestrained rats were engaged in operant and exploratory behavior within the waveguide, are utilized to derive a relationship between chamber input power and the dose rate for adult rats behaviorally active within the waveguide. From these data, we conclude that the experimental array provides a practical method for exposing a large number of animals to PM MWR for long periods of time and coincident with the establishment and/or performance of complex operant behavior.
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    Observing-responses of rats exposed to 1.28- and 5.62-GHz microwaves (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 183-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: operant behavior ; observing-responses ; microwaves ; vigilance ; dosimetry ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of microwave irradiation at two different frequencies (1.28 and 5.62 GHz) on observing-behavior of rodents were investigated. During daily irradiation, eight male hooded rats performed on a two-lever task; depression of one lever produced one of two different tones and the other lever produced food when depressed in the presence of the appropriate tone. At 5.62 GHz, the observing-response rate was not consistently affected until the power density approximated 26 mW/cm2 at 1.28 GHz, the observing-response rate of all rats was consistently affected at a power density of 15 mW/cm2. The respective whole-body specific absorption rates (SARs) were 4.94 and 3.75 W/Kg. Measurements of localized SAR in a rat-shaped model of simulated muscle tissue revealed marked differences in the absorption pattern between the two frequencies. The localized SAR in the model's head at 1.28 GHz was higher on the side distal to the source of radiation. At 5.62 GHz the localized SAR in the head was higher on the proximal side. It is concluded that the rat's observing behavior is disrupted at a lower power density at 1.28 than at 5.62 GHz because of deeper penetration of energy at the lower frequency, and because of frequency-dependent differences in anatomic distribution of the absorbed microwave energy.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010301
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    Effects of 60-Hz electric fields on avoidance behavior and activity of rats (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF electric field ; 60-Hz ; avoidance behavior ; activity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In repeated short-term tests (four sessions, each of 45-minute duration), and one longer test (a 23.5-hour session), behavior of rats was evaluated in a long, narrow shuttlebox. One side of the box was exposed to an electric field at various strengths, while a visually identical opposite side was shielded from exposure. In the short-term tests, rats generally remained shielded from electric fields of 90 kV/m and greater during the first session, and maintained this response in subsequent sessions. In the longer test, this same preference response was demonstrated at field strengths of 75 kV/m and greater; however, at 25 and 50 kV/m, rats exhibited a statistically significant preference for the exposed region of the shuttlebox, but only during the light portion of a 12-hour light: 12-hour dark cycle. Exposed animals made more traverses than sham-exposed controls between the two ends of the shuttlebox during the first hour of the test. The experimental data support the hypothesis that the observed behavioral effects are the result of direct interaction of the electric field with the animal, and not the result of secondary factors such as electric shock, corona discharge, audible noise, ozone, or vibration of the experimental apparatus.
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    Microwaves modify thermoregulatory behavior in squirrel monkey (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2,450 MHz CW microwaves ; behavioral thermoregulation ; body temperature ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) trained to regulate environmental temperature (Ta) behaviorally were exposed in the far field of a horn antenna to ten-minute periods of 2,450 MHz CW microwaves. Incident power density ranged from 1 to 22 mW/cm2. The corresponding specific absorption rate (SAR), derived from temperature increments in saline-filled styrofoam models, ranged from 0.15 to 3.25 W/kg. Controls included exposure to infrared radiation of equivalent incident energy and no radiation exposure. Normal thermoregulatory behavior produces tight control over environmental and body temperatures; most monkeys select a Ta of 34-36°C. Ten-minute exposures to 2,450 MHz CW microwaves at an incident power density of 6-8 mW/cm2 stimulated all animals to select a lower Ta. This threshold energy represents a whole-body SAR of 1.1 W/kg, about 20% of the resting metabolic rate of the monkey. Thermoregulatory behavior was highly efficient, and skin and rectal temperatures remained stable, even at 22 mW/cm2 where the preferred Ta was lowered by as much as 4°C. No comparable reduction in selected Ta below control levels occurred during exposure to infrared radiation of equal incident power density.
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    Effects of 2.45-GHz microwave radiation on embryonic quail hearts (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 389-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; nonionizing radiation ; embryogenesis ; enzymes ; cardiac muscle ; 2.45 GHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Although exposure to nonionizing electromagnetic radiation has been reported to cause a variety of systemic alterations during embryonic development, there are few reports of the induction of specific physiologic or morphologic changes in the myocardium. This study was designed to examine the effects of microwave radiation on cardiogenesis in Japanese quail embryos exposed during the first eight days of development to 2.45-GHz continuous-wave microwaves at power densities of 5 or 20 mW/cm2. The specific absorption rates were 4.0 and 16.2 mW/g, respectively. The ambient temperature for each exposure was set to maintain the embryonated eggs at 37.5 °C. This did not preclude thermal gradients in the irradiated embryos since microwaves may not be uniformly absorbed. The test exposure levels did not induce changes in either the morphology of the embryonic heart or the ultrastructure of the myocardial cells. Analysis of the enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and creatine phosphokinase failed to reveal any statistically significant differences between the nonexposed controls and those groups exposed to either 5 or 20 mW/cm2. The data indicate that 2.45-GHz microwave radiation at 5 or 20 mW/cm2 has no effect on the measured variables of the Japanese quail myocardium exposed during the first eight days of development.
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    Biologic effects of microwave exposure. II. Studies on the mechanisms controlling susceptibility to microwave-induced increases in complement receptor-positive spleen cells (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 405-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2450-MHz radiation ; complement receptors ; endotoxin ; T cells ; genetic control ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In attempting to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for susceptibility to the inductive increase in splenic complement receptor-positive (CR+) cells following exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves, it was found that sensitivity to microwave-induced CR+cell increases was under genetic control. In particular, evidence was accumulated suggesting that regulation was under the control of a gene or genes closely associated with but outside of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (H-2). All responsive strains of mice tested were of the H-2k haplotype, while mice of the H-2a, H-2b, H-2d and H-2i5 haplotypes were refractory to the microwave-induced increases in CR+ cells. By utilizing certain H-2k strains of mice that were genetically unable to respond to endotoxin, we were able to show that these strains of mice responded to microwaves, but not to endotoxin, by increasing CR+ cells. Microwave-induced increases in CR+cells were not mimicked by the intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone. Athymic mice responded to microwave exposure, indicating that this event was not regulated by the T-cell population. Mice less than eight weeks old were found not to be susceptible to exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves. These studies indicate that microwaves do induce changes in the population of cells with specific cell-surface receptors, that susceptibility to these changes is under genetic control, and that it is unlikely that endotoxin, corticosteroids, or regulatory T cells play a significant role in the mechanisms regulating these increases.
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    Alteration of circulating antibody response of mice exposed to 9-GHz pulsed microwaves (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 397-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: antibody response ; microwaves ; immunology ; 9-GHz pulsed radiation ; infectivity ; mouse ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A significant increase was observed in the circulating antibody titers of mice exposed to 9-GHz pulsed microwaves at an average power density of 10 mW/ cm2, two hours per day for five days compared with sham-irradiated animals. The mice were previously immunized with type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. Following irradiation, a portion of the immunized animals were challenged with virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae, type III. Ten days after challenge, mortality was essentially the same in the two groups, but during the ten day period, there was a noticeable increase in the survival time of the irradiated animals compared with the sham-irradiated animals, suggesting that the increased circulating antibody response afforded some degree of temporary protection to the animals.
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    Microwave-induced pressure waves in a model of muscle tissue (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 45-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed microwaves ; thermoelastic waves ; simulated tissue ; hydrophone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwave-induced mechanical stress waves were studied in simulated muscle tissue. Pulsed microwave energy at 5.655 GHz induced pressure waves that were recorded with a hydrophone transducer. Each pulse produced a peak power density greater than 1.5 kW/cm2. Microwave absorption measurements within the model showed energy deposition to be mostly confined to a region within 2 cm of the irradiated surface. The average specific absorption rate (SAR) at the surface of the sample was about 100 W/kg. The microwave-induced stress wave propagated at a velocity of 1,600 m/sec with peak pressures of approximately 300 pascals and was detectable after having traveled a total distance of 0.61 m on a path that included two reflections at model-container interfaces.
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    Cardiovascular response of rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 60-Hz electric fields ; electrocardiogram (ECG) ; heart rate ; blood pressure ; vascular reactivity ; cold stress ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Recently, it has been reported that exposure to high-strength electric fields can influence electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns, heart rates, and blood pressures in various species of animals. Our studies were designed to evaluate these reported effects and to help clarify some of the disagreement present in the literature. Various cardiovascular variables were measured in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed or sham-exposed to 60-Hz electric fields at 80 or 100 kV/m for periods up to four months. No significant differences in heart rates, ECG patterns, blood pressures, or vascular reactivity were observed between exposed and sham-exposed rats after 8 hours, 40 hours, 1 month, or 4 months of exposure. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements, made during exposure to a 100-kV/m electric field for one hour, revealed no significant differences between exposed and sham-exposed groups. In addition, physiologic reserve capacity, measured in rats subjected to low temperature after exposure to 100 kV/m for one month, showed that electric-field exposure had no significant effect on physiological response to cold stress. Our studies cannot be directly compared to the work of other investigators because of differences in animal species and electric-field characteristics. However, our failure to detect any cardiovascular changes may have been the result of 1) eliminating secondary field effects such as shocks, audible noise, corona, and ozone; 2) minimizing steady-state microcurrents between the mouth of the animal and watering devices; and 3) minimizing electric-field-induced vibration of the electrodes and animal cages.
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    A computer model of temperature distribution inside a lossy sphere after microwave radiation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 337-343 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: computer model ; temperature distribution ; lossy sphere ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The temperature distribution inside a lossy sphere resulting from the absorption of microwave energy was approximated by successive numerical iterations, of the thermal energy equation. Heat transfer within the sphere by conduction was considered. In the model energy was not dissipated by convection but was contained in the sphere for over 200 seconds. Exposure of a 5-cm sphere to 3,000 MHz at 30 mW/cm2 for 200 seconds was calculated to produce a temperature rise of 0.56°C near the front surface.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010401
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    Induction of calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue by radiofrequency radiation: Effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the power-density window (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium ions ; brain tissue ; radiofrequency radiation ; amplitude modulation ; power-density window ; nonionizing radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Changes have been found in calcium-ion binding to brain tissue exposed in vitro to a specific power density (0.83 mW/cm2) of 147-MHz radiation, amplitude modulated by a 16-Hz sine wave. This report replicates and extends this previous work. To define more precisely the range of effective power densities, two different numbers of samples were treated in a Crawford cell. In one series, four brain tissues were exposed at a time; in the other series, four brain tissues plus six dummy loads were exposed together. While the four-sample configuration produced a narrow power-density window, the ten pseudosample configuration resulted in a broader power-density window. The reason for the sample-number dependence is unresolved, but may be due to interactions between samples and field distortions caused by the close spacing. The ten pseudosample configuration was used to test for the presence and range of a power-density window at a sinusoidal modulation frequency of 9 Hz. The response curve at 9 Hz was essentially identical to the results for 16-Hz sinewave modulation.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010201
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    Far-field microwave dosimetry in a rhesus monkey model (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; microwave dosimetry ; rhesus monkey dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Dosimetric measurements were made in a muscle-equivalent model of an adult rhesus monkey subjected to far-field irradiation at 1.29 GHz. Profiles of microwave-induced heating in the model were obtained at eight locations, and a gradient-layer whole-body calorimeter was used to measure total absorbed energy. Average specific absorption rate (SAR) was calculated both from the calorimeter experiments and from the local temperature measurements. Thermographic imaging techniques were used to qualitatively show the microwave-induced surface heating patterns. For this model the calculated average SAR was 0.155 (W/kg)/(mW/cm2) which, at 1.29 GHs, makes the absorption cross section 84% of the geometric shadow cross section. The SAR is about three times that predicted for a prolate spheroidal model of similar mass. A disproportionally high absorption occured in the legs of the model positioned parallel to the E-polarization because of what is believed to be partial-body resonance.
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    Effect of microwaves (2450-MHz) on the immune system in mice: Studies of nucleic acid and protein synthesis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; nonionizing radiation ; lymphoid cell metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: CBA/J adult male mice were given single or triple exposures to 2450-MHz microwaves in an environmentally controlled wave guide facility. The average absorbed dose rate for a single exposure varied from 12 to 15 mW/g. Shamexposed mice served as controls. Lymphoid cells were collected and tested for metabolic activity on days 3, 6, and 9 following a single exposure, and on days 9, 12, and 16 following triple exposures on days 0, 3, and 6. Cells were cultured in vitro for four hours to seven days before their metabolic rates were assayed. Under these conditions, microwaves failed to produce any detectable change in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of methyl(3H)-thymidine (3H-TDR) (DNA substrate), 3H-uridine (3H-UR) (RNA substrate), and 3H-leucine (protein substrate) by spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro. These data suggest that microwave-induced increases in the frequency of complement-receptor (CR)- or surface-immunoglobulin (sIg)-bearing cells were not associated with a concomitant increase in cell proliferation and/or protein synthesis, and favor the concept that microwaves under these conditions stimulate already existing B-cell precursors for maturation.
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    Power density, field intensity, and carrier frequency determinants of RF-energy-lnduced calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium ions ; brain tissue ; radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; complex permittivity (∊r* ; 50 MHz ; 147 MHz ; 450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: To explain a carrier frequency dependence reported for radiofrequency (RF)-induced calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue, a chick-brain hemisphere bathed in buffer solution is modeled as a sphere within the uniform field of the incident electromagnetic wave. Calculations on a spherical model show that the average electric-field intensity within the sample remains the same at different carrier frequencies if the incident power density (Pi) is adjusted by an amount that compensates for the change in complex permittivity (∊r*) and the change of wavelength, as a function of carrier frequency. The resulting formula for transforming Pi is seen to follow the pattern of both positive and negative demonstrations of calcium-ion efflux that have been observed at carrier frequencies of 50, 147, and 450 MHz. Indeed, all results obtained at these three frequencies, when related by Pi's that produce the same average electric-field intensity within the sample, are seen to be in agreement; no prediction is contradicted by an experiment.
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    Millimeter wave absorption spectra of biological samples (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 285-298 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: absorption ; millimeter wave ; biological media ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A solid-state computer-controlled system has been used to make swept-frequency measurements of absorption of biological specimens from 26.5 to 90.0 GHz. A wide range of samples was used, including solutions of DNA and RNA, and suspensions of BHK-21/C13 cells, Candida albicans, C krusei, and Escherichia coli. Sharp spectra reported by other workers were not observed. The strong absorbance of water (10-30 dB/mm) caused the absorbance of all aqueous preparations that we examined to have a water-like dependence on frequency. Reduction of incident power (to below 1.0 μW), elimination of modulation, and control of temperature to assure cell viability were not found to significantly alter the water-dominated absorbance. Frozen samples of BHK-21/C13 cells tested at dry ice and liquid nitrogen temperatures were found to have average insertion loss reduced to 0.2 dB/cm but still showed no reproducible peaks that could be attributed to absorption spectra. It is concluded that the spectral resonances reported by others are likely to be in error.
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    Dosimetry for a study of effects of 2.45-GHz microwaves on mouse testis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 325-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave ; dosimetry ; mouse testis ; 2.45 GHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In order to determine the effects of microwave radiation on the testis, it is necessary to express the physical insult in animal studies in a way that can be replicated elsewhere and ultimately used as a basis for extrapolation to man. However, there is conflict  -  especially in chronic experiments  -  between the desire for precise dosimetry and the need to minimise alteration of the normal physiological functions of the animals. The compromise arrangement used in this study was to house the mice singly, in cages with limited food and water, and to irradiate them for up to 30 days (16 h/day) in an anechoic chamber. The only measurements taken routinely were of power density in the positions normally occupied by the cages. In addition, a series of absorption measurements was made in mouse carcasses: Whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR); energy-deposition patterns (determined thermographically); and local SAR in testis (using a miniature electric (E)-field probe). It was concluded that the SAR in testis was considerably less than the whole-body SAR. Exposure for 16 h at 50 mW/cm2 elevated rectal but not testis temperature, thus demonstrating the ability of the conscious mouse to regulate the temperature of its testis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010308
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    Plane-wave spectrum approach for the calculation of electromagnetic absorption under near-field exposure conditions (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 363-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: near field ; plane-wave exposure ; electromagnetic energy absorption ; homogeneous tissue slab ; fast Fourier transform ; 2450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The exposure of humans to electromagnetic near fields has not been sufficiently emphasized by researchers. We have used the plane-wave-spectrum approach to evaluate the electromagnetic field and determine the energy deposited in a lossy, homogeneous, semi-infinite slab placed in the near field of a source leaking radiation. Values of the fields and absorbed energy in the target are obtained by vector summation of the contributions of all the plane waves into which the prescribed field is decomposed. Use of a fast Fourier transform algorithm contributes to the high efficiency of the computations. The numerical results show that, for field distributions that are nearly constant over a physical extent of at least a free-space wavelength, the energy coupled into the target is approximately equal to that resulting from plane-wave exposure.
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    Microwave radiation (2450 MHz) alters the endotoxin-induced hypothermic response of rats (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 353-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: endotoxin ; hypothermia ; rats ; 2450 MHz ; microwaves ; heating ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The parenteral administration of bacterial endotoxin to rats causes a hypothermia that is maximal after approximately 90 minutes. When endotoxin-injected rats were held in a controlled environment at 22°C and 50% relative humidity and exposed for 90 minutes to microwaves (2450 MHz, CW) at 1 mW/cm2, significant increases were observed in body temperature compared with endotoxintreated, sham-irradiated rats. The magnitude of the response was related to power density (10 mW/cm2 〉 5 mW/cm2 〉 1 mW/cm2). Saline-injected rats exposed for 90 minutes at 5 mW/cm2 (specific absorption rate approximately 1.0 mW/g) showed no significant increase in body temperature compared with saline-injected, sham-irradiated rats. The hypothermia induced by endotoxin in rats was also found to be affected by ambient temperature alone. Increases in ambient temperature above 22°C in the absence of microwaves caused a concomitant increase in body temperature. This study reveals that subtle microwave heating is detectable in endotoxin-treated rats that have an impaired thermoregulatory capability. These results indicate that the interpretation of microwave-induced biological effects observed in animals at comparable rates and levels of energy absorption should include a consideration of the thermogenic potential of microwaves.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010101
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    Real-time measurement of RFR energy distribution in the macaca mulatta head (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 21-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency radiation ; microwaves ; rhesus monkey dosimetry ; microwave dosimetry ; cranial structures ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Temperature increases due to absorption of 1.2 GHz, CW, 70 mW/cm2, radio frequency (RF) energy, were measured in 3.3-cm-radius homogeneous muscle-equivalent spheres, M. mulatta cadaver heads (both detached from and attached to the body) and living, anesthetized M. mulatta heads. Temperatures were measured with a Vitek, Model 101 Electrothermia Monitor and temperature distributions were compared to theoretical predictions from a thermal-response model of a simulated cranial structure. The results show that the thermal response model accurately predicts the temperature distribution in muscle-equivalent spheres, the distribution of temperature in detached M. mulatta heads when exposed from the back of the head, and the distribution of temperature in attached M. mulatta cadaver heads for animals oriented with body parallel to the H-field. The temperature distribution in the detached M. mulatta heads varies markedly with exposure orientation, ie, facing forward, backward, or to the side. The orientation of the M. mulatta cadaver body significantly affects the temperature distribution in the head - with H-field orientation showing high, nonuniform values, and E-field orientation showing low, uniform values. In live animals blood flow produces a significant short-term effect on the temperature distribution in the midbrain, but not the cortex. Midbrain temperatures are both significantly higher and lower than the comparable cadaver measurements, depending on location.
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    Immunologic and hematopoietic alterations by 2,450-MHz electromagnetic radiation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mouse spleen lymphocytes ; marrows ; 2,450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A biphasic modulation of responsiveness of spleen lymphocytes to mitogens was observed in mice exposed to 2,450-MHz radiation at power densities of 5-15 mW/cm2 over various periods ranging between one and 17 days. This modulated phenomenon may be explained on the basis of 1) suppression of lymphocyte response by microwave-activated macrophages which persists throughout the entire course of radiation, and 2) concurrent progressive direct stimulation of lymphocytes which culminates around day 9 of exposure. Tumor cytotoxicity of killer lymphocytes from mice exposed to five or nine days of radiation did not appear different from sham controls. The highly proliferative hematopoietic marrow cells were sensitive to microwave radiation. Nine days of exposure to radiation (15 mW/cm2) reduced the colonyforming units of myeloid and erythroid series by 50%. This observation may offer a new and more sensitive assay for studying biological effects of electromagnetic radiation.
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    Comparison of the coupling of grounded humans, swine and rats to vertical, 60-Hz electric fields (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 117-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; biological effects ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Published and new data for grounded humans, swine, and rats exposed to vertical, 60-Hz electric fields are used to determine field strengths at the surfaces of the bodies and average components of induced-current density along the axes of the bodies. At the tops of the bodies, surface electric fields are increased (enhanced) over the unperturbed field strength present before the subjects entered the field by factors of 17,7, and 4 for humans, swine, and rats, respectively. For an unperturbed field strength of 10 kV/m, average induced axial current densities in the neck, chest, abdomen, and feet are: 550, 190, 250, and 2000 nA/cm2, respectively, for humans; 40, 13, 20, and 1100 nA/cm2, respectively, for swine; and 28, 16, 2, and 1400 nA/cm2, respectively, for rats. These data are used to show that the actual electric fields experienced by animals depend strongly on the shape of the body and its orientation relative to the electric field and ground plane. This fact must be taken into account if biological data obtained with laboratory animals are to be used for the assessment of possible hazards to humans exposed to 60-Hz electric fields.
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    The Bioelectromagnetics Society abstracts of Papers to be presented at second annual meeting, September 14-18, 1980. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 199-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010209
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    Masthead (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100101
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. A4 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100102
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    Neues für Praxis, Labor und Unterricht (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. A4 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100103
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    An unsere Leser (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100104
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    Ökologische Anpassungsstrategien an variable Umwelten (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 2-10 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100105
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    Toxine von Diphtherie und Cholera (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100106
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  • 84
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    Die Evolution erkenntnis-gewinnender Mechanismen (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100107
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  • 85
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    Das Experiment: Abiogene Bildung von Aminosäuren (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100108
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  • 86
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    biuz aktuell (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 29-31 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100109
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  • 87
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    Berichtigung (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 31-31 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100110
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  • 88
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    Milliarden Mikroben. Von Kurt E. Lindner. 368 S., 102 Abbn., 12 Tab. Aulis Verlag Deubner & Co. KG., Köln, 1978. DM 28,- (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 31-31 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100111
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  • 89
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    Genetic Engineering. Principles and Methods. Edited. by Jane K. Setlow and A. Hollaender. Vol. 1, VIII, 269 p., Plenum Press, New York, London, 1979. $35.40 (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 31-31 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100112
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  • 90
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    Verzauberte Welt der Reptilien. Von Klaus Zimniok. 320 Seiten, 32 Farbtafeln. Meyster Verlag, Wien, München, 1979. Geb. DM 38,- (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 32-32 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100114
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  • 91
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    Pareys Reptilien- und Amphibienführer. Von Edwin N. Arnold und John A. Burton; übersetzt von Christian Gross. 270 Seiten, 40 Farbtafeln, 630 Abbildungen. Verl. Paul Parey, Hamburg u. Berlin, 1979. Geb. DM 44,- (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 31-32 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100113
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  • 92
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    Masthead (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100201
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  • 93
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    Die Greifvögel. Ihre Biologie und Ökologie. Von Dr. Leslie H. Brown. Aus dem Englischen übertragen von Dr. Renate van den Elzen. 256 S., 240 Abb., davon 48 farbig. 24,5 × 17,5 cm. Linson geb. Verl. Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin, 1979. DM 39,80 (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 32-32 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100115
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    Neues für Labor und Unterricht (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. A10 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100202
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. A12 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100203
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    Mechanismen der DNA-Reparatur (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 33-38 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100204
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  • 97
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    Polaritätsinduktion und polares Wachstum pflanzlicher Zellen und Organe (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 39-44 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100205
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  • 98
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    Biochemische Genetik der Flavonoide (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 52-56 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100207
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  • 99
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    Altern und Tod aus der Sicht der BiologieLeicht veränderte Fassung eines Vortrags, der im Mai 1978 vor dem Regensburger Hochschulkreis gehalten wurde. (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 45-51 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100206
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    biuz aktuell (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 10 (1980), S. 61-62 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19800100209
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