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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Heat Release Rates of organic materials are studied in many countries, but there is no mathematical formula to represent their shape. We considered a mathematical expression of the Heat Release Rate Curve by a simple equation. And we also derived the index of degree of combustibility, named ‘Burning Index (BI)’. The Heat Release Rate Curve is expressed by the derivative of a probability function of maximum value and has three parameters; an amplitude coefficient, a time width coefficient and an ignition index. BI is in proportion to an amplitude and a time width and in inverse proportion to an ignition index. BI values of cable plastic compounds with flame-retardant material had good relations with the quantity of non-organic ingredients. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper describes results of investigations of conveyor belt flammability in full scale, using the large-scale gallery method and using cone calorimeter. On the basis of oxygen consumption calorimetry, the amounts of heat release during burning of conveyor belts were calculated. A correlation was found between results of conveyor belt flammability obtained using both methods. Criteria for conveyor belt flammability assessment were established for the cone calorimeter method, which define a level that would be equivalent to that for the large-scale gallery test. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The gasification behavior for a wide range of polydimethylsiloxane fluids in a nitrogen atmosphere was investigated. Part 1 of this study addressed the measurement of the energy (global heat of gasification) required for the gasification of a wide range of dimenthylsiloxanes. Several significant corrections were required to reconcile measured gasification energy(s) with calculated heat(s) of gasification based on fundamental thermochemical data. The identification of the dominant mode(s) of gasification via the characterization of pyrolysis products provided a firm basis and rationale for understanding and directing efforts at quantifying these correction factors. In Part 2, the gasification products were identified and quantified at various stages of the gasification process corresponding to ignition, fire growth, and steady-state burning. Pyrolysis of methylated siloxanes occurs via two modes: (1) the volatilization of short chain and intermediate chain length species native to the polymer, and (2) the volatilization of short chain and intermediate chain length species resulting from thermal degradation via siloxane rearrangement. The former process is the dominant gasification mechanism for short chain oligomers and low viscosity fluids (η〈10 cS) and the latter process is dominant in all higher molecular weight polymers (η〉100 cS). Both gasification mechanisms are evident in all polymers (η〉20 cS); the dominant mechanism is dependent upon polymer size and distribution thereof, the gasification stage, and the presence of trace catalysts in the polymer. Because of their structural similarity, the combustion of all gasification products emanating from PDMS regardless of the stage of the pyrolysis process or the dominant mode of gasification will result in virtually identical combustion products, i.e. SiO2, CO2, and H2O. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was written under the auspices of the US Government and is therefore not subject to copyright in the US.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: High-temperature pyrolysis of various classes of polymers have been discussed. For the non-carbonizing polymers it was shown that polymer structure can affect the pyrolysis characteristics. Data on the high-temperature pyrolysis of some polypropylene samples with different crystallinity have been presented. Modification of the standard method allowing one to obtain kinetic data from the single experiment was discussed. A kinetic model for the degradation of char-forming polymers in conditions of high-temperature pyrolysis has been suggested. It has been supposed that pyrolysis of carbonizing polymers proceeds in some (two in present work) parallel stages with different activation energies, temperatures and pyrolysis rates. Questions of the applicability of the suggested model to describe the various types of charring systems have been discussed. High-temperature pyrolysis for a number of epoxy resin-based polymeric compositions have been investigated. Kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis have been computed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The oxygen index (OI) of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) tends to decrease when it is combined with milled-glass fibres either with or without the sizing treatment. This shows that the previously found apparent increase of flammability of PBT glass fibre composites (GFPBT) as compared to PBT is not due to the introduction of the flammable sizing together with the glass fibres in the polymer which was one suggested explanation in the literature, but rather to the wick and anti-dripping effects of glass fibres. The effectiveness of a typical brominated organic compound-antimony trioxide fire retardant system (FR), as measured by OI, is found to be larger in GFPBT as compared to PBT. A linear increase of the temperature index (TI) of PBT and of GFPBT is observed with increasing concentration of the FR. The fire retardant increases the time to ignite while it decreases the maximum rate of heat release and increases the smoke optical density and CO evolution on burning in the cone calorimeter. The dependence of fire risk and hazard assessement on the combustion model of the combustion test method is discussed for OI and cone calorimeter in the case of PBT, GFPBT and FR corresponding materials. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The study presented addresses the fire behaviour of polypropylene compounded with six classes of flame retardants. The application of cone calorimetry for the assessment of the thermal characteristics of the tested materials and their comparison with thermogravimetry are the central point of this research. This study only presents data for 25 kW/m2 of incident heat flux exposure and includes five tests for polypropylene with no additives and five tests for polypropylene with flame retardants based on triglycidylisocyanurate and lignin. The data collected include the rate of heat release, mass loss rate, char yield, time to ignition and time of total combustion. Results represent meaningful comparison between the behaviour of the materials under simulated fire conditions, using the cone calorimeter, and in the slow dynamic environment utilized in thermogravimetric analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire-retardant wood treatment with fire-retardant chemicals consisting of basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid have been thoroughly examined. The fire retardance and endurance of wood were influenced by the treatment method. Here two treatment methods were compared, heat-pressed treatment method improved these qualities more than heat-dried treatment method. Furthermore, to gain lasting fire retardance, it was considered necessary to react basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid with formaldehyde as in the dicyandiamide-formaldehyde-phosphoric acid or melamine-dicyandiamide-formaldehyde-phosphoric acid system. In the treated wood, the concentration of chemicals gradually decreased as it approached the center. The functional fire retardance could be graded in accordance with the chemical content. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study demonstrates the shielding effects of a silica-ash layer on the combustion of silicones and their possible applications on the fire retardancy of organic materials. The deposited silica-ash layer, formed on the surface of silicone materials during combustion, has shielding effects on the combustion of silicones. It insulates the burning surface from the radiant heat of flame, as well as from the radiant heat produced from the burning of adjacent materials. It also restricts the diffusion of fuels into the combustion zone and the access of oxygen to the unburned fuels. The shielding effects provide some of the fundamentals for the development of silicone-based fire retardants. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of six different samples of wood and leaves in nitrogen has been studied by using dynamic thermogravimetry. In the experiments two main weight loss processes took place and the total weight loss at 500°C was over 95% in all six cases. By means of the Doyle method, the two processes were found to fit most closely the plot for the second-order equation in the form dα/dt=k(1-α)2, and each of the weight loss processes was found to be controlled, respectively, by two dominant reactions as the temperature increases. It was inferred that competing reactions occur during the overall temperature interval for all the six samples. By comparing the activation energies using this model with those by the method of Moll et al., and by comparing the experimental and theoretical thermogravimetric curves, the ‘second-order’ model was tested to be able to predict the weight loss processes of the samples with very good accuracy. It can be concluded that the ‘second-order’ kinetic model acts much better than the conventionally adopted first-order model. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ion exchangers prepared from beech sawdust by introduction of weak and strong basic ion-exchanging groups were analysed with thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and limited oxygen index methods to evaluate their thermal stability and flame-retarding properties. By cross-linking with epichlorohydrin in the presence of NH4OH, ion exchangers in free form or in H3BO3 or H3PO4 form were obtained with increased thermal stability in comparison to the starting material. By cross-linking and quaternization of sawdust in one step with 1,3-bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)imidazolium hydrogen sulfate, a material with better thermal stability and flame-retarding properties was obtained than by the previous procedure. This resulted in greater residues at higher temperatures as measured by dynamic thermogravimetry. The values of rate constants and activation energies of gasification calculated from isothermal thermogravimetric measurements decreased with improved thermal resistance similar to heat effects observed with differential scanning calorimetry. Limited oxygen index values up to 35.6% were obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the paper entitled ‘Comparison of the Propensity of Cigarettes to Ignite Upholstered Furniture Fabrics and Cotton Ducks (500-Fabric Study)’ (Fire Mater. 21, 123-141 (1997)) Marcelo M. Hirschler addresses the validity of a test method, proposed by NIST, for smoldering cigarette ignition propensity of upholstery fabrics. The thrust of the study is to establish similarities ‘between the ignition propensity of cigarettes assessed by (1) a set of 500-upholstery fabrics (chosen at random among typical upholstery fabrics) and (2) a test method proposed by NIST (NIST 851) and based on “cotton duck” fabrics’. The conclusion of Hirschler's study is that ‘the overall results obtained from the 500-upholstery fabric study correlate well with those of the “cotton duck” study.’ In addition, the author states that ‘the “cotton duck” can be considered, as a whole, to behave similarly to the majority (estimated at perhaps 80%) of the upholstery fabrics available at the time of the study, and the test is valid’. In an attempt to validate these statements, the ignition patterns generated by the five test cigarettes on each of the 500-upholstery fabrics were compared with the NIST “cotton duck” pattern. Only 6.6% were found to generate a pattern similar to the NIST pattern and 94% of this group were heavyweight (greater than 14 oz/sq yd.) fabrics. Assessment of the test results fails to substantiate Hirschler's statements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This work reports one-dimensional predictions of methane/air fuel combustion in inert porous media using four combustion models: full mechanism (FM, 49 species and 227 elemental reactions), skeletal mechanism (SM, 26 species and 77 elemental reactions), 4-step reduced mechanism (4RM, 9 species) and 1-step global mechanism (1GM). The effects of these models on temperature, species, burning speeds and pollutant emissions are examined. The calculations are compared with available experimental data. It is concluded that the already known limitation of the 1-step global mechanism can be partially eliminated by the present 4-step reduced mechanism. This 4RM model compares very satisfactorily with the full mechanism in the simulation of combustion in porous media. This conclusion is encouraging for the simulation of practical porous media burners because the 4RM model improves the stability of the calculation process and can be used with reduced computational resources and cost. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 16
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A thorough review was recently conducted to verify the correctness of equations being used to calculate heat release rate in standard test methods. The review incorporated 17 different standard test methods from American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Uniform Building Code (UBC), California Technical Bulletin (CA TB), International Standards Organization (ISO), and British Standards (BS). The standard test methods reviewed were ASTM D5424, ASTM D5537, ASTM E1354, ASTM E1537, ASTM E1590, ASTM E1623, ASTM E1822, NFPA 264, NFPA 265, NFPA 266, NFPA 267, CA TB 129, CA TB 133, UBC 8-2, UBC 26-8, ISO 5660, BS 476. Through this review, incorrect equations were found in 12 of the 17 standards with a total of 22 incorrect equations overall. The following paper provides the correct heat release rate equations and a summary of the review. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Silicones comprise a wide variety of materials such as fluids, elastomers, resins, and foams. This paper reports the ignitability of some typical silicones under various external radiant heat fluxes. The ignitability of silicones was studied using a cone calorimeter under radiant heat flux levels of 0.5-60 kW m-2. The time to ignition of the silicones was found to be proportional to a power of the incident heat flux that varies from -1.33 to -2.84. For silicone fluids, viscosity (or molecular size) is the key variable in controlling the ignitability. For silicone elastomers, the fillers play an important role in controlling the ignitability, especially at incident heat fluxes lower than 35 kW m-2. The ignitability of silicone resins depends on the chemical structure of the resins: the pure trifunctional resin has the lowest ignitability. The ignitability of the silicone foams having the same density depends on the foam thickness, especially at incident heat fluxes lower than 30 kW m-2. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire retardant fast-growing wood product was developed by coating with fire retardant and densifying the surface of wood. Trimethylol melamineformaldehyde resin mixed with phosphoric acid was coated on the wood surface, preheated and followed by hot pressing. Effects of the amount of coating, preheating temperature, and densifying ratio on the fire retardancy of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood, and pressing temperature and pressing time on that of albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria Becker) wood were discussed. Bending strength, creep performance under fire and fire retardancy were evaluated. The results showed that the treatments improved the fire retardancy of woods without reduction in the bending strength. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Smoke evolution [in NBS chamber by the ASTM E-622-(1983) method] and ignitability (by the oxygen-index method) was investigated for glass-reinforced polyester (GRP) laminates obtained with unsaturated polyester (UP) resins containing chlorine and bromine in the chain. In these studies, the effect on the properties of such additives as Sb2O3, Al (OH)3, MoO3, Mg(OH)2 and melamine diphosphate in an amount up to 30 mass-% was determined. The most efficient ignition and smoke-evolution retarder of the investigated compounds was Mg(OH)2, whereas an essential reduction in smoke evolution was observed also with MoO3. GRP laminates with these additives meet the fire-safety recommendations concerning smoke evolution from materials used in transportation means and in the building industry. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Transient gasification rates and fluid temperatures were measured for polydimethylsiloxane fluids ranging in viscosity from 0.65 cS to 60 000 cS in a nitrogen atmosphere at external radiant fluxes from 20 kW/m2 to 70 kW/m2. A detailed energy balance for each fluid sample was conducted to determine its global heat of vaporization. Two major energy loss corrections were identified and quantified. The absorption of incident radiation by the volatile products from short chain oligomers was measured and found to substantially reduce the incident flux to the sample surface; the energy loss due to re-radiation was determined to be a substantial factor in reducing the net heat flux to the sample for long chain length fluids. Other energy losses, e.g. heat loss to the substrate, were observed but were less significant. The average gasification rate for each fluid increased linearly with increasing external radiant flux. The global heat of gasification increases with an increase in the chain length (molecular weight) for the siloxane oligomers. These agreed well with calculated values. The global heat of gasification for 50 cS fluid is about 1200 kJ/kg and its value remains nearly constant for all higher molecular weight dimethylsiloxanes. Pyrolysis rates for siloxane fluids are very sensitive to trace catalysts. Measurements of the global heat of gasification for ultra-clean polymers resulted in significantly higher values (3000 kJ/kg). The gasification of siloxanes occurs via two modes or combinations thereof: (1) volatilization of molecular species native to the polymer, and (2) volatilization of thermal degradation products. The former process dominates for low molecular weight siloxanes (η〈10 cS) and the latter process dominates for high molecular weight siloxanes (η〉1000 cS). For the intermediate molecular weight siloxanes, both volatilization and degradation processes occur. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 21
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Although the fire resistance of wood depends on its dimensions, it needs a lot of time and energy to fire retard thick wood. On the other hand, it is easier and takes less time and energy to treat thin materials. The fire resistance of wood was improved by compressed treatment, even untreated wood, and moreover compressed wood loaded with chemicals was improved more. Fire resistance of a laminated board was the same as a solid compressed board, and also fire resistance of a laminated board which was arranged with compressed thin wood on two sides of untreated wood showed similar fire endurance. A laminated lathe veneer board showed better fire resistance than solid untreated wood and a laminated board with treated veneers arranged concentratively showed better fire resistance than it did when arranged dispersively.So it was judged that it was important to retard fire ignition and to form a carbonized layer effectively in a fire by physical and chemical treatment, especially on the surface of a material. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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  • 22
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theory for approximately steady thermal degradation of solids is developed from a superset of nonlinear integral-differential equations. The theory extends previous work, using a degradation model that is more consistent than previously published models and fully accounts for surface radiation losses. The thermal decomposition of the solid is assumed to follow a single-step first-order Arrhenius reaction. A quasi-steady regime is identified and approximate solutions are compared with experimental results for PMMA and numerical results obtained by integrating the full model. The numerical solutions are found to compare well with experimental results and the approximate solutions compare well with the numerics. Furthermore, it is found that the quasi-steady mass loss rate gives a good estimate of the average mass loss rate even during thermally thin degradation. To simplify interpretation and to aid the analysis, the degradation kinetics are re-cast in terms of a critical temperature and a critical temperature range. Application of the theory to practical situations and other modelling approaches is also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 23
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 129-130 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 119-128 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This work compares the fire degradation of ethylene-vinyl acetate 8% copolymer (EVA8) with two flame-retarded formulations, using the cone calorimeter. The first one, EVA8/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) leads to the protection of the material, in the conditions of a fire, by means of blowing up and weak carbonization. The addition of polyamide-6 (PA-6) in EVA8/APP improves the protection by forming an intumescent carbonaceous shield. The fire hazard of the virgin polymer and of the FR systems are quantified, in terms of rate of heat release, weight loss, effective heat of combustion, volume of smoke production and CO and CO2 production. It assesses the effectiveness of the fire retardant additives APP and APP/PA-6 in EVA8-based materials under simulated real fire test conditions.The respective temperatures of the degradation front are deduced from the weight loss data recorded in the course of the cone calorimeter experiments and the results of the invariant kinetic parameters method applied to the different specimens. The addition of APP/PA-6 in EVA8 leads to a superficial phenomenon; the degradation zone is thus located on the upper volume of the specimen during all the exposure to the heat flux. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A set of small-scale experiments was carried out to study the effects of material structural properties on the re-ignition characteristics of solid fuels. The influence of other key parameters, such as the incident heat flux and pre-burn, was also carefully investigated. The experiments were conducted on specimens of wood and PMMA using a cone calorimeter. As expected, the effect of water on the re-ignition time was found to be significant. It was also found that the re-ignition characteristics of charring materials, such as wood, are quite different from non-charring materials, mainly due to the structural differences. Based on the experimental observations two different mathematical models were developed to analyse the data for both wood and PMMA samples. Calculations of the re-ignition time made using these models agree generally well with the measurements and confirm that the material structure plays a vital role in its re-ignition behaviour. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 219-220 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The behaviour of wood with the heat-compressed treatment method was evaluated. Fire retardance and endurance of wood treated with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid were much improved by the compressed method using a hot press. In this way, the concentration of chemical contents and the density of wood were raised at the surface of the treated wood and it increased the specific gravity of the treated wood as a whole. It was recognized that the increase of specific gravity improved fire retardance and endurance, and fire endurance of wood was indicated by the equation of addition of chemicals and specific gravity. It is more effective to increase the specific gravity of wood at the surface to improve fire endurance. Wood treated with chemicals showed a high limiting oxygen index in proportion to the increase in the addition of chemicals regardless of the treatment method, and high fire endurance was not always accompanied by a high limiting oxygen index. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 44-44 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 43-43 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 43-43 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 44-44 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 19-23 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes how a standard polyester cloth was irradiated in the presence of a cross-linking reagent to produce a fabric whose thermoplastic melt-drip behaviour had been modified to that of a charring thermoset material. British Crown Copyright 1998/MoD.
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    Notes: We report here on the results of our continuing effort to study the flame-retardant mechanism of silica gel and potassium carbonate. These additives reduce the flammability of a wide variety of common polymers such as polypropylene, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, poly(vinyl alcohol), and cellulose. In an effort to determine how these additives reduce polymer flammability, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and solid-state 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the combustion chars or residues. These data indicate that, in the case of poly(vinyl alcohol), the additives do not change the type of char formed, but they do change the rate of char formation relative to the rate of fuel generation. We also found that, using only CP/MAS 13C NMR, there can be significant intensity distortions which complicate interpretation, if the char is hydrogen depleted and contains paramagnetic centres. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 95-101 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The dynamics of microgravity concurrent flame spread over thin cellulosic sheets are theoretically investigated. The mathematical model is based on the laminar, reactive Navier-Stokes equations coupled to solid-phase enthalpy and mass conservation equations. Simulations have been made for forced flow velocities in the range 0.25-15 cm/s, by decreasing the oxygen mass fraction of the concurrent flow below the ambient value and by increasing the solid charring rate (fire-retarded cellulose). For air, non-retarded cellulose and flow velocites larger than 5 cm/s, the dynamics of concurrent flame spread are qualitatively similar to those of normal gravity. As the concurrent flow is decreased below 5 cm/s, after short transients, a transition from fast flame spread to slow solid burning and then to flame quenching is predicted. Flame quenching is also observed, for relatively high flow velocities, in vitiated air or for fire-retarded cellulose. Finally, blow-off at the highest velocity considered (15 cm/s) is predicted only for sufficiently low oxygen concentrations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 133-140 
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    Notes: WALL2D, a two-dimensional computer model for predicting heat transfer through uninsulated wood-stud walls protected by gypsum board, has been under development at Forintek for several years. This paper describes major revisions which improve the description of heat transfer through the entire assembly, but, most notably, across the cavity. WALL2D's predictions for time-dependent temperature profiles in wood-stud walls are in very good agreement with the results of both small- and full-scale fire resistance tests. Although further refinement of WALL2D will continue, the model, in its current form, is suitable for application to fire safety engineering design. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 141-148 
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    Notes: The fire retardance of wood treated with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid is improved. It was investigated which chemicals were suitable for the fire retardant treatment of wood and how chemicals influenced fire retardance and endurance from the perspective of chemical reaction and also it was investigated how chemicals and treatment methods influenced fire retardance and endurance from a thermal perspective. Although the fire endurance was improved by a heat-pressed treatment method, the chemical reaction was carried out by heat irrespective of the pressing or drying method. The wood structure would become complex as the cross-linked structure occurred by chemicals and pressure. Its structure would be maintained at combustion. Fire endurance of wood is shown to be related to a cross-linked structure created by a chemical and/or physical reaction rather than thermal factors related to the carbonized product. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 1-6 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The measurements of effective heat of combustion obtained from the Cone Calorimeter test for several wood composites (different types of plywood and particle board) at horizontal configuration are presented. Comparison of the average effective heat of combustion at different irradiation shows no correlation to gross heat of combustion measured in the oxygen bomb calorimeter. It was also found, that for the materials studied, there is no statistically significant correlation of heat of combustion to lignin content, but on the other hand, there is an evidence of correlation to the burning weight loss of the samples, but further investigation is necessary. Additionally, the effective heat of combustion is shown as a function of time for different external radiant heat-flux level for the chosen materials. Similar profiles have been found for remaining samples. Two different types of such curves can be distinguished. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 25-37 
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    Notes: An analysis has been made to compare the repeatability and reproducibility of three tests for cigarette ignition of upholstered furniture composites: ASTM E1352, ASTM E1353 and NIST 851 mock-up. The first two of these tests are traditional methods designed to assess the potential of upholstered furniture components to being ignited by cigarettes while the last one, NIST 851 mock-up, is a new method designed to assess the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture composites. The traditional methods, ASTM E1352 and ASTM E1353 use a single cigarette for each determination and can be run in two ways: to obtain a numerical output of char length on the substrate (following the standard) or to obtain a pass/fail result for the substrate (practical use); the precision was analysed in both fashions. The new method, NIST 851 mock-up, uses 144 cigarettes for each determination (48 each on three substrate composites), and assesses the fraction of substrates that have been ignited (char length exceeding 10 mm), i.e. by a combination of pass/fail data. The analysis for actual char length was made according to ASTM E691 guidelines, while the analysis of the pass/fail was made according to a modification applicable to binary data. The precision of the test methods was as follows (in descending order):NIST 851〉ASTM E1353 P/F〉ASTM E1352 P/F〉ASTM E1353〉ASTM E1352© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 55-60 
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    Notes: The charring of wood studs has been studied in the cone calorimeter at constant heat flux 50 kW/m2 and compared to data from full-scale furnace wall tests. The wood studs were unprotected or protected by gypsum plasterboards on the exposed side. Similar charring depths were found and the data analysed mainly in terms of fire exposure. A simple small-scale technique was developed to measure the heat transfer through protective boards and the charring depth of wood studs. These properties are essential for the load bearing capacity of wood frame structures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 8-8 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 23-29 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: New Sol-Gel Based Coatings as Corrosion- and Wear-Protection On Non-Ferrous MetalsA new composite coating material has been developed for the protection of non-ferrous alloys (e.g. aluminum, magnesium, zinc and brass). The coating materials were prepared by the solgel process from epoxyalkoxysilanes and aromatic diols to act as crosslinking agents. As solvent, alcohols and glycol ethers have been used.The viscosity of the system (7-55 mPas) was established in a way to be used in spray, dip or flow coating processes. The transparent coatings were cured at T = 100-220°C. In corrosion tests, 3000 hours salt-spray climate and 240 hours CASS-test = Copper chloride and Acetic acid added Salt Spray, no infiltration of the metal-coating interface and no „filiform-corrosion“ on A199.5, AlMg3 and AlMgSil was observed. Brass samples showed less than 4 mm extension of a scribe after 500 hours salt-spray-test. The coatings showed no visible traces of abrasion after 1000 cycles taber abrader test and an excellent adhesion (cross cut and tape-test: grade 0). The transparent basic systems were pigmented by 5 - 10 wt.% of colored organic pigments to obtain all kind of colored coatings.
    Notes: Es wurde ein neuer Beschichtungswerkstoff auf Basis von anorganisch-organischen Kompositen zum Schutz von Metalloberflächen, besonders von Aluminium entwickelt. Das Beschichtungsmaterial wurde über den Sol-Gel-Prozeß synthetisiert, ausgehend von Epoxy-funktionalisierten Alkoxysilanen und aromatischen Diolen als Quervernetzer. Als Lösungsmittel wurden Alkohole und Glykolether verwendet.Die Viskosität der Systeme wurde so eingestellt, daß sowohl Sprüh-, als auch Tauch- und Flut-Beschichtungen durchgeführt werden konnten. Sie lag zwischen 7 und 55 mPas. Nach dem thermischen Verdichtungsprozeß bei 100-220°C wurden transparente Beschichtungen mit ausgezeichneter Haftung auf Al-Mg-, Zn-und Messing-Oberflächen (Gitterschnitt- und Tape-Test: Klasse 0) erhalten. Die Korrosionsfestigkeit beschichteter Aluminiumlegierungen (Al 99.5, AlMg3, AlMgSi I) wurde mit dem Salzsprühverfahren (DIN 50021) und dem CASS-Test (NaCl, CuCl2·2H2O, Essigsäure, pH=3) geprüft und auch nach 3000 Stunden trat keine Unterwanderung der Grenzfläche Metall / Schicht auf. Ebenso wurde keine „Filiform“-Korrosion beobachtet. Messingproben zeigten nach 500 h Salzsprühnebel-Test weniger als 4 mm mittlere Unterwanderungsbreite. Darüber hinaus wurde die Abriebbeständigkeit der Proben überprüft. Die Schichten zeigten keine sichtbare Beschädigung nach Prüfung des Abriebes mit dem Reibradverfahren (1000 Zyklen, Räder: CS 10-F).Es konnten stabile Dispersionen von organischen Farbpigmenten im transparenten Basissystem hergestellt werden, wodurch eine große Vielfalt farbiger Beschichtungen erhalten wurde.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A20 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 56-56 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 66a 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 66-71 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Elektrochemische Untersuchungen an mittels ionenstrahlunterstützter Beschichtung (IBAD) abgeschiedenen Schichten mit der „Scanning-Electro-chemical-Microelectrode“In diesem Beitrag wird die Anwendung einer neueren elektrochemischen Methode, der Scanning-Electrochemical Microelectrode (SEME), am Beispiel der Charakterisierung dünner ionenstrahlunterstützter Beschichtungen (IBAD) vorgestellt. Der Trend bei der Entwicklung korrosionschützender dünner Beschichtungen führt zu kombinierten Mehrfach-Schichtsystemen, die bei geringerer Schichtdicke technisch etablierte Verfahren ersetzen Könnten. Aufgrund der geringen Schichtdicke können Verunreinigungen oder Schichtfehler das Korrosionsschutzvermögen erheblich beeinflussen. Die SEME, für die eine Anlage aufgebaut wurde, steht eine geeignete Methode zur Detektion dieser Schichtfehler dar. Die Funktionsweise beruht im wesentlichen auf Potential- und Stromdichte-Messungen, wobei wegen der lateralen Auflösung von ca. 20 μm Potentiale bzw. Stromdichten lokal gemessen werden können. 2-dimensionale Scans führen zu einem elektrochemischen Abbild der Oberfläche. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Methode wird im vorliegenden Artikel am Beispiel von Al/Al2O3 Schichtsystemen auf CK45 demonstriert, wobei die großflächige und lokale elektrochemische Information verglichen werden.
    Notes: In this contribution the application of a modern technique-scanning electrochemical microelectrode - for the evaluation of thin films which were deposited (IBAD) is illustrated. New tendencies in the development of thin films with anticorrosive purpose lead to the development of multi-layer systems acting similar to those commonly, applied in the industry, however, being much thinner. Imperfections and defects are commonly introduced in the coating during the deposition process, and these affect the anticorrosive properties of the film. In order to make a local electrochemical study of these multi-layer systems we have developed equipment in order to perform electrochemical surface-scans (potential and current density) on the basis of a microelectrode with a good lateral resolution (approximately 20 μm). Al-Al2O3 multilayers on steel substrates with differently designed interfaces were investigated to show the variation of uniform and local electrochemical information obtained in dependence on the coating deposition parameters.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 80-84 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The colouring process of the ferritic stainless steel alloy (15.03 Cr) was carried out in pure NaNO3-KNO3 eutectic melt and in presence of Na2O2, NaCl and their mixtures at different temperatures (673-873 K) under open-circuit and galvanostatic anodic polarization conditions. Coloured oxide films can be formed and the colours greatly depend on the thickness which in turn depends on the composition of the molten bath and its temperature. The more attractive, bright, adherent and uniform coloured films can be formed at temperatures of 673, 723 and 773 K in the nitrate melt containing Na2O2 and mixtures of 0.5 M NaCl with Na2O2 additions. The corrosion tests, carried out on the coloured oxide films in 0.1 M HCl solution, show that the corrosion resistance of the coloured films greatly depends on the previous operating conditions of the colouring process such as composition of molten bath and its temperature.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Ceramic Coatings on Light Metals by Plasmachemical TreatmentMagnesium materials are more often used in the motor industries. The specific properties of the material are described.A new surface treatment - Magoxid-Coat - for improved wear and corrosion resistance is introduced.Examples for applications are given.
    Notes: Magnesiumwerkstoffe werden immer mehr in der Industrie insbesondere in der Automobilindustrie eingesetzt.Die spezifischen Eigenschaften dieses Materials werden beschrieben. Ein neues Verfahren zur Oberflächenbeschichtung -Magoxid-Coat-zur Verbesserung des Korrosions- und Verschleißschutzes der Magnesiumwerkstoffe wird vorgestellt.Beispiele für Anwendungen werden gegeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 90-93 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic emission evaluation of the crack growth in a steel under static loading.A method for evaluation of the crack growth as a function of stress intensity factor KI by the acoustic emission signals (AE) of statically loaded high-strength steels has been developed and verified. Prismatic 38HN3MFA steel specimens have been used under three-point bending with simultaneous record of the AE signals. According to the AE data the crack start, its parameters and propagation stages have been defined. It has been shown that the maximum increment in the crack area is observed as the stress intensity factor approaches its maximum value.
    Notes: Zur Bewertung des Rißfortschritts in Abhängigkeit des Spannungsintensitätsfaktors KI in Dreipunktbiegeproben aus dem hochfesten Stahl 38 ChN3MFA durch Parameter der Schallemission (SE) wurde ein geeignetes Verfahren entwickelt und erprobt. Die Schallemissionsdaten gestatten die Erfassung von Rißstart und Rißfortschritt. Mit zunehmender Annäherung von KI an KIC wurde eine rasche Zunahme an neugebildeter Rißfläche beobachtet.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 93-93 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 94-96 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A33 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß der Substratstruktur auf das Erscheinungsbild von Lacken und die relevanten CharakterisierungsmethodenIn diesem Artikel werden die relevanten mechanischen und optischen Methoden (mech. Profilometrie, wave-scan, Autospect) zur Untersuchung der Oberflächenstruktur lackierter und unlackierter Proben vorgestellt. Im ersten Teil des Artikels werden die verschiedenen Methoden diskutiert und verglichen, während in einem zweiten Teil ein Beispiel bezüglich des Einflusses von Substratrauhigkeit und Einbrennposition auf die endgültige Decklackstruktur gezeigt wird. Ein dritter Teil präsentiert eine Studie an verformten und nicht-verformten Substraten verschiedenen Blech-Typs und den Effekt auf das Decklack-Erscheinungsbild. Zusätzlich wird ein Vergleich zwischen zwei Lacksystemen gegeben.
    Notes: In this paper the relevant mechanical and optical measuring methods (mech. Profilometry, wave-scan, Autospect) for studying the surface structure of painted and unpainted samples will be presented. The various methods were discussed and compared in the first part of the paper, while in a second part an example concerning the influence of substrate roughness and baking position on the final topcoat structure will be given. A third part presents a study on deformed and undeformed substrates of different sheet type and the effect on topcoat appearance. In addition, a comparison of two paint systems will be shown.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 137-140 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Entwicklung einer neuen Kriechprobe für Tests bei mittleren und hohen TemperaturenEine neue Kriechprobengeometrie wird vorgestellt, die keine Gewindeköpfe sondern Rundköpfe zur Einspannung verwendet. Dies bietet den Vorteil, daß Hochtemperaturhaftungsprobleme deutlich verringert werden. Darüber hinaus erleichtert diese Geometrie die Herstellung von Proben aus Werkstoffen, die sich nur schwer mechanisch bearbeiten lassen oder teuere Bearbeitungsverfahren erforderlich machen. An Hand von zwei Beispielen wird der erfolgreiche Einsatz dieser Probe demonstriert.
    Notes: A new creep sample geometry is presented which has round heads instead of threads to connect to the grips. This reduces high temperature adhesion problems considerably. In addition, the production of samples from materials which are difficult to machine or which requires expensive machining techniques is made easier using this geometry. The successful use of the sample is demonstrated by means of two examples.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 140-140 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 97-130 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Valve Materials for Combustion EnginesAn overview is being given on production numbers, requirements and properties of valve materials. Their development from the beginning till today's state of the art is reviewed with a focus on Chromium-Manganese-Nitrogen-alloys. Valve materials are grouped by the criteria of density - heavy, lightweight - and alloying elements. The multiple stresses of the material in the valve are being met with a few standardised grades and specific ways of manufacture. The path of the material from bar stock to the finished valve is being followed. Engine development in the past decades increased the load on the valves which could be met by continuously developing their structural strength. Also the strength of all valve materials could be raised to nominal strength above 1100 Mpa by applying specific methods. Higher strength at the surface is being effectuated by work hardening effects. The technology to increase reliability of hollow valves and new aspects of valve seat facing including residual stress is explicitly discussed. General aspects of alloy utilisation is followed by a discussion of lightweight valve materials as Titanium alloys, intermetallic Titaniumaluminide alloys and ceramic materials, spec. Silicon Nitride, which all have a potential as forthcoming valve materials capable of reducing fuel consumption of the engines.
    Notes: Nach einem Überblick über Produktionszahlen, allgemeine Anforderungen und Eigenschaften von Ventilen für Verbrennungsmotoren, wird in einem Rückblick die Werkstoffentwicklung für die Ventilstähle von den ersten Anfängen bis zum heutigen Stand aufgezeigt. Schwerpunktmäßig wird die Gruppe der Chrom-Mangan-Stickstoff-Stähle behandelt. Daneben werden die Ventilwerkstoffe geordnet nach schweren und leichten und innerhalb dieser Gruppen nach Legierungsmerkmalen beschrieben. Es wird über die vielfältigen Werkstoffanstrengungen am Ventil informiert, die mit wenigen genormten Werkstoffgüten und speziellen Fertigungsverfahren problemlos mit niedrigsten Fehlerraten beherrscht werden. Der Weg des Werkstoffes vom Halbzeug bis zum fertigen Ventil wird in allen Schritten verfolgt. Die in den letzten Dekaden forcierte Motorenentwicklung führte zu verschärften Betriebsbedingungen auch für die Ventile, die mit einer kontinuierlichen Weiterentwicklung bestehender Werkstoffgüten und Verbesserungen der Gestaltsfestigkeit der Ventile aufgefangen wurden. In diesem Zusammenhang werden spezielle Lösungen zur Festigkeitssteigerung aller Ventilwerkstoffe bis in den Bereich von über 1100 MPa erläutert, die nach bekannten metallkundlichen Gesetzen ermöglicht wurden. Als wesentliches Prinzip werden ortsabhängig, besonders an der Oberfläche, erhöhte Festigkeits- und Verschleißeigenschaften zur Optimierung der Gestalts- und Betriebsfestigkeit eingesetzt. Über Entwicklungen zur Technologie der Hohlventile und von erweiterten Lösungen beim Auftragschweißen von Ventilsitzen im Zusammenhang mit Eigenspannungen wird ausführlich berichtet. Einer kurzen allgemeinen Betrachtung zum Legierungsaufwand der wichtigsten Ventilwerkstoffe folgt ein Kapitel über Titan, Intermetallische Verbindungen und Keramik, die möglicherweise als zukünftige leichte Ventilwerkstoffe Verwendung finden können.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 152-152 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A45 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A47 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 153-153 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 141-152 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Hartstoffschichten auf Leichtmetall-Komponenten unter mechanischer OberflächenbeanspruchungIn der vorliegenden Studie wurde das Verhalten von hartstoffbeschichteten Leichtmetallkomponenten unter mechanischer Oberflächenbeanspruchung untersucht. Hierzu wurden drei Leichtmetallegierungen (Ti-6Al-4V, A1Si7Mg und AlMgSi0.5) sowie 100Cr6 - Stahl (als Vergleichsmaterial) mit zwei unterschiedlichen PVD-Verfahren beschichtet: radio frequency magnetron sputtering und electron beam evaporation. Als Schichtmaterialien wurden CrN und TiN verwendet. Um die verschiedenen Substrat/Schicht-Kombinationen hinsichtlich ihres Belastungsvermögens zu beurteilen, wurden Standard-Testmethoden angewendet, die jeweils eine andere Lastsituation simulieren: der Härtetest (der eine statische Normalkraft aufbringt), der Ritztest (der eine statische Normalkraft mit einer statischen Tangentialkraft überlagert) und der Impacttest (der eine dynamische Normalkraft aufbringt).Es wurde beobachtet, daß das Belastungsvermögen beschichteter Materialien von der vorherrschenden Lastsituation abhängt. Die beschichteten Aluminiumlegierungen wiesen unter allen getesteten Lastsituationen ein geringes Belastungsvermögen auf. Allerdings zeigten sie eine höhere Oberflächenhärte als unbeschichteter Stahl. Beschichtetes Ti-6Al-4V wies ein hohes Belastungsvermögen auf, vergleichbar mit beschichtetem Stahl. Bei sämtlichen beschichteten Leichtmetallsubstraten war eine signifikante Verbesserung des Belastungsvermögens mit zunehmender Schichtdicke zu erkennen.An den Ergebnissen des Ritztests, welcher weitverbreitet zur Untersuchung der Haftung dünner Schichten eingesetzt wird, war auf den Aluminiumsubstraten ein sofortiger Durchbruch des Prüfdiamanten durch die Schichten zu beobachten. Es traten keinerlei Abplatzungen auf. Aufgrund dieses Verhaltens erscheint der Ritztest nicht geeignet, um die Schichthaftung auf Leichtmetallsubstraten zu untersuchen. Im Gegensatz dazu wies das Schadensbild des Impacttests auch auf den Aluminiumsubstraten Schichtabplatzungen auf, was auf dessen Eignung zur Beurteilung des Haftungsvermögens dünner Schichten auf sehr weichen Substraten schließen läßt.Die Studie zeigt, daß in bestimmten Anwendungsgebieten eine Substitution des Stahls durch hartstoffbeschichtete Leichtmetallegierungen möglich ist.
    Notes: In this work the behaviour of hard coated light-metal components was investigated when they are mechanically loaded. Three lightmetal alloys, Ti-6Al-4V, AlSi7Mg and AlMgSi0.5 and 100Cr6 steel (as a reference material) were coated by two different physical vapour deposition processes: radio frequency magnetron sputtering and electron beam evaporation. The coating materials utilised were CrN and TiN. Standard test methods with different loading conditions were used to evaluate the substrate/coating-combinations: the hardness test (applying a static normal load), the scratch test (applying a combination of a static normal and a static tangential force) and the impact test (applying a dynamic normal load).It was observed that the load support of coated materials depends on the loading conditions. The coated aluminium alloys showed poor load support under all loading test conditions but produced a higher surface hardness than uncoated steel. Coated Ti-6Al-4V showed very good load support properties, similar to coated steel. All coated light-metal substrates demonstrated significant improvement in load support behaviour with an increase in coating thickness.The results of the scratch test, which is commonly used to asses adhesion properties of thin coatings, showed an immediate indenter-breakthrough on the aluminium alloy substrates, but causing no coating delamination. Due to this behaviour, the scratch test is not suitable to evaluate adhesion properties on coated soft light-metals. Yet the impact test allowed assessment of coating delamination on the aluminium alloys, proving its usefulness for adhesion measurement even on soft substrates.The study indicates that substitution of steel with coated lightmetal alloys is a viable proposition for certain applications.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 154-162 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A concept to describe the fatigue lifetime by using statistical methodsIn order to spend time and money, cyclic loading tests have been usually undertaken with a relative small number of specimens. On the other hand, it is well established that fatigue life data, i.e. the cycle number of crack initiation Ni as well as the cycle number of total failure Nf show a scatter for a given load level. Therefore, fatigue live predictions must be undertaken using statistical methods. In this case it has to be taken into account that the quantity Nf consists of two parts, i.e. crack initiation and propagation. The first one has to be calculated in a statistical manner, whereas the second one with deterministic methods. Therefore, a superposition of statistical and deterministic parts has to be taken into account. Up to now it was estimated that in all cases the failure results from the same damage mechanism. In this case a scatter of fatigue life may be described by the Weibull distribution and characterised by the location parameter and the Weibull exponent. By using the correct density function, all fatigue life data Ni can be plotted in a failure probability Pv(Ni) vs. Ni plot. In case of some Al-alloys no linear dependence between Pv and Ni has been found, indicating that more than one type of defect spectrum may initiate the failure. Indeed, in AlMgSi cold worked specimens two types of cracks, e.g. surface as well as corner cracks, have been found that initiate the failure of the specimens. If was possible to correlate each type of crack with an individual Weibull distribution. By using this procedure, fatigue life can be estimated better than before.
    Notes: Zur experimentellen Lebensdauervorhersage an bauteilnahen Proben werden Schwingfestigkeitsuntersuchungen üblicherweise aus Zeit- und Kostengründen mit einer relativ kleinen Anzahl von Proben durchgeführt. Andererseits ist auf einem vorgegebenen Lastniveau grundsätzlich mit einer Streuung der Versuchsergebnisse, d. h. der Anrißlastspielzahl Ni bzw. der Lastspielzahl bis zum Bruch Nf, Zu rechnen. Um Lebensdauervorhersagen auf statistischer Grundlage durchführen zu können, muß beim Merkmalswert Nf in Betracht gezogen werden, daß die Rißausbreitung im Gegensatz zur Rißbildung in vielen Fällen deterministisch bestimmbar ist. Es ist daher abzuschätzen, in wie weit dieser Beitrag die Streuung der Gesamtlebensdauer beeinflußt. Desweiteren wurde bislang vorausgesetzt, daß der Versagensmechanismus immer auf dem selben Schädigungstyp beruht. In diesem Fall kann die Lebensdauer z. B. mit einer zweiparametrigen Weibull-Verteilung durch Angabe des Streu-und Lageparameters statistisch beschrieben werden. Bei der Verwendung einer geeigneten Dichtefunktion lassen sich die Schwingspielzahlen über die Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten auftragen. Im Fall von Al-Basislegierungen hat sich gezeigt, daß diese Auftragung keinen linearen Zusammenhang mehr aufweist, was dafür sprechen könnte, daß mindestens zwei unterschiedliche Defektsorten die Anrißbildung im Bauteil einleiten. Dies konnte für AlMgSi-Bleche anhand von Bruchflächenanalysen direkt nachgewiesen werden. Dazu wurden Ermüdungsrisse klassiert, die sich entweder an den Probenkanten oder direkt an Kratzern der Walzhaut bildeten. Die zwei Ereignisse ließen sich bei sonst gleichbleibenden Versuchsbedingungen in einzelne Weibull-Verteilungen zerlegen. Damit läßt sich im Fall von bauteilnahen Proben die Lebensdauer für kleine Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten genauer abschätzen als dies bislang der Fall ist.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 163-169 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Near surface properties of Mg-alloy AZ 31 after mechanical surface treatmentsNear surface materials properties are investigated for Mg-alloy AZ 31 after different shot peening or deep rolling treatments resp. Surface topography as well as depth distributions of hardness, residual stresses and X-ray interference line half-width values are analysed for individual process parameters. In addition, stability of residual stress distributions during fatigue loading is investigated.
    Notes: Am Beispiel der Magnesiumbasislegierung AZ 31 wird gezeigt, welche randnahen Werkstoffzustände sich nach Kugelstrahl- bzw. Festwalzbehandlungen einstellen. Dazu werden die Oberflächentopographie sowie die Tiefenverteilungen der Härte, der Eigenspannungen und der Halbwertsbreiten von Röntgeninterferenzlinien nach Behandlungen mit unterschiedlichen Verfahrensparametern betrachtet. Außerdem wird die Stabilität der Eigenspannungszustände bei Schwingbeanspruchung an Luft untersucht.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Differences in the cyclic deformation behaviour of quenched and tempered steel 42 CrMo 4 (AISI 4140) due to stress- and strain-controlCyclic stress-strain-curves and Manson-Coffin-plots of quenched and tempered steel 42 CrMo 4 (AISI 4140) strongly depend on whether they are determined under stress- or total-strain-control. At total-strain-controlled experiments, this is caused on the one hand by comparatively high initial stress-amplitudes which lead to distinctive cyclic worksoftening. On the other hand, the occurring differences in the evolution of inhomogeneous deformation patterns at both types of loading, which can be recorded by means of photoelasticity and microscopy, lead to differently distributed plastic deformations and to different integral values of plastic strain.
    Notes: Die bei nennspannungs- und totaldehnungskontrollierter Zug-Druck-Wechselverformung von vergütetem 42 CrMo 4 erhaltenen Zyklischen Spannungs-Dehnungs-kurven und Manson-Coffin-Auftragungen hängen stark von der Versuchsführung ab. Ursachen dafür sind einerseits die bei Totaldehnungskontrolle vergleichsweise großen Anfangsspannungsamplituden, die zu ausgeprägten Wechselentfestigungen führen. Andererseits bilden sich bei beiden Beanspruchungsarten, wie sich spannungsoptisch und lichtmikroskopisch nachweisen läßt, unterschiedliche inhomogene Deformationserscheinungen aus, die voneinander abweichende plastische Dehnungsverteilungen und integrale Dehnungswerte ergeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A117 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A118 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 569-572 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Predicting the fatigue strength of fillet-rolled crankshaftsSince three years Darmstadt University of Technology uses finite element method for simulation of fillet rolling process. Now, together with Daimler-Benz AG, a fracture mechanics based concept has been successfully applied predicting the fatigue strength of fillet-rolled crankshafts. For these parts conventional assessment of fatigue behaviour shows several disadvantages. The new concept reduces time and costs for development and design. It consists of three parts: calculation of residual stresses induced by fillet rolling and affected by crankshaft and roller geometry, rolling load and work hardening data of materialsimulation of residual stress redistribution due to cyclic loadassessment of fatigue cracks starting from notch root and propagating under compressive residual stresses by means of linearelastic fracture mechanics.
    Notes: Nachdem vor drei Jahren an der TU Darmstadt erstmals das Festwalzen erfolgreich mit Finite-Elemente-Methoden simuliert wurde [1], gelang nun in Zusammenarbeit mit der Daimler-Benz AG die rechnerische Abschätzung der Schwingfestigkeit festgewalzter Kurbelwellen mit Methoden der Bruchmechanik. Mit dem auch in der Vorentwicklung einsetzbaren Berechnungskonzept - hier zeigen die klassischen Berechnungsmöglichkeiten für festgewalzte Bauteile deutliche Defizite - können sowohl Entwicklungszeiten als auch Kosten der Versuchserprobung reduziert werden. Die Berechnung erfolgt dabei in drei Stufen: Berechnung der beim Festwalzen induzierten Eigenspannungen mit Hilfe der geometrischen Daten von Kurbelwelle und Festwalzrolle bei vorgegebener Werkstofffließkurve und Festwalzkräften.Berücksichtigung der Umlagerung der Eigenspannungen aufgrund der zyklischen Beanspruchung des Bauteils.Bruchmechanische Bewertung der sich im Radiusbereich der Kurbelwelle bildenden Anrisse und deren Verhalten in der druckeigenspannungsbehafteten Zone.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 594-594 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 573-587 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Quaternary Ceramics in the System Si/B/N/C from Polymeric Carbamid Acid DerivativesSolid polymeric materials can be formed through reaction of the single-source precursor trichlorosilyl-amino-dichloroborane (TADB) with derivatives of carbamic or formic acid. Pyrolysis of these polymers at 1500 °C results in ceramic materials of the composition SiBN2.3Cx with X = 0.4 - 2.5. The high-temperature and oxidation behaviours of the ceramics depend on the starting polymer. The ceramic networks consist of tetrahedrally coordinated silicon and trigonally planar coordinated boron. They are homogeneous with respect to the elemental distribution, and remain in the amorphous state up to at least 1500°C.
    Notes: Aus dem molekularen Einkomponentenvorläufer Trichlorsilyl-amino-dichlorboran (TADB) können durch Umsetzung mit Derivaten der Carbamid- bzw. Ameisensäure polymere Feststoffe gewonnen werden. Durch Pyrolyse dieser Polymere bei 1500 °C erhält man keramische Materialien der Zusammensetzung SiBN2,3Cx mit X = 0,4-2,5. Hochtemperatur- und Oxidationsverhalten der Keramiken sind je nach Ausgangspolymer sehr unterschiedlich. Die keramischen Netzwerke bestehen aus tetraedrisch koordiniertem Silicium und trigonal-planar koordiniertem Bor, sind bezüglich der Elementverteilung homogen und bleiben bis mindestens 1500 °C amorph.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 588-594 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of oxygen additions during gas nitriding on the structure of the nitrided layersThe influence of controlled oxygen additions during gas nitriding of steels on the structure and built-up of the nitrided layers as well as on the nitriding reactions was investigated with metallurgical methods and Mössbauer spectroscopy.The results show that oxygen additions below the oxidising threshold slightly improve the nitriding behaviour of unalloyed steels. Furthermore, it is shown that for alloyed steel, which are tending to passivation starting form chromium concentrations of 3%, the nitriding can be considerably improved by oxygen additions. The passivation layers present for these steels are destroyed by external oxidation during the oxinitriding process. This external oxidation and the internal nitriding occurred parallel in the early stages of the oxinitriding.
    Notes: Die Wirkung kontrollierter sauerstoffhaltiger Zusätze beim Gasnitrieren von Stählen auf den strukturellen Aufbau der Nitrierschichten und den Ablauf der Nitrierreaktion unter technischen Bedingungen wurde mit metallkundlichen Untersuchungsmethoden unter Einbeziehung der Mössbauer Spektroskopie verfolgt.Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigen, daß Sauerstoffzusätze unterhalb der Oxidationsgrenze des reinen Eisens das Nitrierverhalten unlegierter Stähle etwas verbessern können. Weiter konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei legierten Stählen, die schon bei Chromgehalten ab 3% bei der konventionellen Gasnitrierung zur Passivierung neigen, die Nitrierung durch einen Sauerstoffzusatz erheblich verbessert werden kann. Die auf diesen Stählen vorhandenen Passivschichten werden beim Oxinitrieren durch eine äußere Oxidation zerstört. Diese äußere Oxidation und die innere Nitrierung laufen in der Anfangsphase des Oxinitrierens parallel ab.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 605-608 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Grenzflächenverhalten eines mit Stahlkörnern verfestigten Kupfer-Basis-VerbundwerkstoffesEs wird ein neuer, mit Körnern verstärkter, Guß-Verbundwerkstoff vorgestellt. Zur Verstärkung [VZE]dienen grobe Stahlkörner mit einem Durchmesser von 0.6 bis 1 mm in einer Matrix aus Zinnbronze. Der Verschleißwiderstand dieses Verbundwerkstoffes ist zehnmal besser als der der Matrix, die Zugfestigkeit erreicht einen dreifach höheren Wert. In der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung wird schwerpunktmäßig das Grenzflächenverhalten zwischen den Körnern und der Matrix beschrieben. Als Ergebnis wird die Bildung der Grenzfläche durch Diffusion von Eisen und Kupfer, die zu einer Verfestigung führt, beschrieben.
    Notes: A new type of grain reinforcing cast composite is introduced. The reinforcing component is the coarse steel grain (0.6∼1.0mmφ) with the matrix of tin bronze. The wearing resistance of this material is 10 times as much as the matrix and regarding the tensile strength, 3 times. In this paper, the interface behaviour between grains and the matrix is emphasised. The results show the formation of an interface layer, caused by the diffusion of Fe and Cu, which strengthens the bonding.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A59 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 215-228 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Creep-Fatigue Behaviour of the Titanium Alloy IMI 834 at 600 °CIn the present study the creep-fatigue behaviour of the Titanium alloy IMI 834 at 600°C was investigated. A comparison of the crack initiation life behaviour and of the crack propagation as caused by different types of complex creep-fatigue cycles (with hold times into tension and/or into compression direction and with different loading rates into tension and/or into compression direction) showed, that a slow increase of the loadings into tension reduced the life and increased the crack velocity more than hold times at the maximum load. Furthermore, there existed environmental influences.On the basis of the experimental investigations the prediction capability of convenient crack initiation life prediction methods was evaluated. It turned out that the prediction capability of the Strain Range Partitioning Method could be improved if it was frequency modified. The prediction capability of the Frequency Modification Method could also be improved, if mean stresses in the cycles were explicitly accounted for.In the short and long crack stage the propagation behaviour could be correlated well if the effective cyclic J-Integral was used. This is of importance for damage tolerance considerations. Because the strains and the stresses at the crack tip are most important for the crack propagation behaviour, they were analysed on the basis of the Finite Element Method. It was found that the strains and stresses differed for different types of creep-fatigue cycles.
    Notes: Es wurde der Einschluß unterschiedlicher Schwingspielformen auf das Kriech-Ermüdungsverhalten der Titanlegierung IMI 834 bei 600°C untersucht. Zur Berücksichtigung der Wechselwirkung von zeitabhängigen und zeitunabhängigen Anteilen wurden sowohl Schwingspiele mit Haltezeiten in Zug und/oder Druck als auch schwingspiele mit unterschiedlichen Anstiegsgeschwindigkeiten der Beanspruchung in Zug und/oder Druck untersucht. Es zeigte sich eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Anrißlebensdauer und des Rißfortschrittsverhaltens von den unterschiedlichen Schwingspielformen, obwohl die mikroskopischen Erscheinungsbilder der Rißinitiierung und der Rißausbreitung nicht signifikant vom Typ der aufgebrachten Schwingspielform beeinflußt wurden. Als Trend ließ sich erkennen, daß Versuche mit Schwingspielen, bei denen die Beanspruchung langsam anstieg, sich also zeitabhängige und zeitunabhängige Vorgänge im Werkstoff während der Beanspruchungsphase überlagerten, die geringsten Lebensdauerwerte und den schnellsten Rißfortschritt zeigten, Die Umgebung beeinflußte das Werkstoffverhalten zusätzlich.Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Arbeit war die Evaluierung von Lebensdauervorhersagemethoden für das Technische Anrißstadium. Aufgrund der Untersuchungsergebnisse konnte die bekannte strain Range Partitioning Methode durch die Einführung einer frequenzabhängigen Erweiterung in ihrer Aussagefähigkeit verbessert werden. Verbesserungen der Vorhersagen Konnten auch auf Basis der Frequency Modification Methode erzielt werden, wenn auftretende Mittelspannungen explizit berücksichtigt wurden.Im Hinblick auf die Darstellung des Rißfortschrittsverhaltens kurzer und langer Risse bei reiner Ermüdung konnte das effektive zyklische J-Integral erfolgreich angewendet werden. Es war eine einheitliche Darstellung des Verhaltens der Kurzen und langen Risse möglich, was für Schadenstoleranzüberlegungen hilfreich sein kann. Um die Rißausbreitung unter Kriech-Ermüdungsbeanspruchungen besser deuten zu können, wurde eine Analyse der Rißspitzenbeanspruchung mit der finite Elemente Methode (FEM) durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich dabei eine deutlich unterschiedliche Dehnungs- und Spannungsverteilung in der Rißspitzenumgebung, je nachdem welcher Kriech-Ermüdungs-Schwingspieltyp aufgebracht wurde.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A61 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A62 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 253-253 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 254-257 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of three-dimensional residual stresses at rolled bars with high hardnessBars out of 56 Ni Cr Mo V 7, a diameter of 63 mm and a length of 100 mm were rolled with a force of 12 kN and 27 kN. The hardness of the bars was 2150 N/mm2. In 8 different direction along the surface the residual stresses were determined with the help of x-ray diffraction. This was done several times after electrolytic reduction of the material at the measuring zone to get a stress profile in dependence of the depth. Afterwards in two dimensions along the surface and perpendicular to the surface the residual stresses inclusive the shear stresses were determined. High compressive residual stresses were along the surface, but therefore tensile residual stresses were perpendicular to the surface at a zone of around 1.5 mm depth. A comparison of the residual stresses with stresses induced by shot peening is done.
    Notes: Bei der Bestimmung der 3dimensionalen Eigenspannungszustände zeigt sich, daß die einzelnen Eigenspannungsverläufe miteinander korrespondieren. Die Druckeigenspannungsbereich reicht beim Festwalzen bis in eine Tiefe von 2 mm, wobei sich ein Druckeigenspannungsplateau im Bereich ab 0,5 mm Tiefe für mehre Zehntel Millimeter ausbildet. Bei F=27 kN sind die Effekte entsprechend ausgeprägter. Im Vergleich zum Festwalzen ist beim Kugelstrahlen die Druckeigenspannung im Bereich bis 0.5 mm Tiefe zu finden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 258-262 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Strength of Materials in Case of Mechanical ImpactThe resistance of materials to mechanical impact was investigated in the context of safety of guards used in machine tools. Such guards are meant to protect persons from injuries caused by parts which, in the case of technical failure, are projected at high speeds out of the work zone of the machine. Impact tests with blunt, cylindrical projectiles were carried out on steel and aluminium sheets and on polycarbonate and polymethylmetacrylate shields. The measure of impact strength was the ultimate projectile energy which could be applied to the specimen without causing perforation. The impact strength of new 8-mm-polycarbonate shields turned out to be approximately comparable to that of 3-mm-steel sheets St 12.03. Polycarbonate, however, when it is exposed to cooling lubricants as they are used in machining processes, suffers from a strong reduction of its impact strength. In the tests, there was good proportionality between the impact strength of the materials and their thickness, ultimate tensile strength and fracture elongation. In addition, the impact strength increased as the projectile diameter got bigger.
    Notes: Die Festigkeit von Werkstoffen bei Aufprallbeanspruchungen wurde im Hinblick auf deren Verwendung für trennende Schutzeinrichtungen an Werkzeugmaschinen ermittelt. Solche Schutzeinrichtungen sollen Personen vor Verletzungen durch Teile schützen, die im Versagensfall mit hoher Geschwindigkeit aus dem Arbeitsraum der Maschine fortgeschleudert werden. Durch Beschußversuche mit stumpfen, zylindrischen Stahlprojektilen wurde das verhalten von Stahl- und Aluminiumblechen sowie Polycarbonat- und Polymethylmetacrylat-Scheiben bei Aufprallbeanspruchungen untersucht. Als Maß für die Aufprallfestigkeit diente dabei diejenige Geschoßenergie, bei der gerade noch kein Durchriß in den Prüfmustern auftrat. Im Neuzustand entsprach die Aufprallfestigkeit von 8 mm dickem Polycarbonat in etwa derjenigen von 3 mm dickem Stahlblech St 12.03. Unter dem Einfluß von Kühlschmierstoffen, wie sie in der spanenden Fertigung verwendet werden, kann bei Polycarbonat jedoch eine deutliche Minderung der Aufprallfestigkeit eintreten. Die Aufprallfestigkeit der untersuchten Werkstoffe nahm unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen in guter Näherung proportional mit der Dicke, der Zugfestigkeit und der Bruchdehnung zu. Darüber hinaus hatte eine Vergrößerung des Geschoßdurchmessers eine Erhöhung der Aufprallfestigkeit zur Folge.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 277-280 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 726-735 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Developing trends in disc brake technology for rail applicationThe substitution of conventional ferrous materials by light-alloy solutions gives the opportunity for significant reduction of the rotating masses in the bogie and by that a decrease of energy consumption. The potential of conventional Al-cast-alloys is not suitable to solve this. Castable MMC-materials are a high-promising alternative. Under economic pressure MMC-solutions need not to be only superior but also cost effective. And due to the low ductility of those particulate reinforced materials there is a need for new concepts.Locally optimised disks consist of a ductile carrier [body] with wear resistant rubbing surfaces. This led to several prototype disk brakes manufactured by different casting processes.This paper gives an overview about the state-of the-art and newly developed manufacturing routes and materials, metallic and non- metallic, for rail disk brake application.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 720-725 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Coatings for cylinder inner surfaces of aluminium motorunits deposited by MSIP-PVD-ProcessConsumers are making constant increasing demands on technical goods, especially on cars and their driving element, the engine. In Europe the degree of motorization is steadily increasing, but upon a high quality a high power ability is of great importance. The aim of development for a new engine generation are apart from a low fuel consumption, low pollutant emissions, good acoustical behaviour and low weight, the recycling ability and low production costs. There are rapid changes in the area of car development, attendant by consequences for the drive unit. Therefore there is a big need of innovative developments. With the background of intensifying competition in the whole world a innovative, flexible cost and quality effective research and development will be the precondition for business success [1].To an increasing degree modern car engines are made from light metal alloys, above all aluminium. This type of engines are nearly exclusivly equipped with cylinder liners, made from cast iron. Because of the separate production combined with transport and storing this liners cause a lot of costs. Apart from the economic aspect the use of liners increases the weight of the engine and in the end causes a higher fuel consumption [1].The main emphasis of this work is to show the possibilities and the potential, modern PVD coating technologies can do in the area of engine combustion chambers. It will be shown that PVD coating can be deposited on aluminum substrates, if the process control is adaptedwith both, flat cathods and specially developed stick cathods, can be deposited at the interior of cylinders can replace the use of cylinder liners andin principle can hold the loading of combustion engines in a model experiment
    Notes: Ständig werden von den Verbrauchern steigende Ansprüche an alle technischen Güter gestellt. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für das Automobil und seiner Antriebsquelle, den Motor. Der Motorisierungsanteil der Bevölkerung nimmt in Europa stetig zu, wobei neben einer hohen Qualität auch ein hohes Leistungsvermögen von großem Interesse ist. Die Entwicklungsziele für eine neue Fahrzeugmotorengeneration sind neben geringem Kraftstoffverbrauch, niedrigen Schadstoffemissionen, gutem Akustikverhalten und niedrigem Gewicht auch die Recyclingfähigkeit bei gleichzeitig niedrigen Fertigungskosten. Im Umfeld der Pkw-Entwicklung sind dazu rapide Veränderungen zu verzeichnen, deren Auswirkungen auf die Antriebstechnik und dem damit zusammenhängenden innovativen Entwicklungsbedarf als gewaltig anzusehen sind. Vor dem Hintergrund eines sich weltweit verschärfenden Wettbewerbs wird eine innovative, flexible, kosten- und qualitätsbewußte Forschung und Entwicklung zu den wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für den Erfolg eines Unternehmens gehören[1].Moderne Fahrzeugmotoren werden zunehmend aus Leichtmetallegierungen, vornehmlich Aluminium, gefertigt. Diese Motorenart verfügt fast ausschileßlich über Zylinderlaufbuchsen, sogenannte „Liner“, aus Gußeisen. Gerade diese Liner sind wesentliche Kostenverursacher in der Motorenfertigung, da sie neben den Fertigungskosten in ihrer Produktionskette zusätzliche Lagerhaltungs und Transportkosten generieren. Neben diesem wirtschaftlichen Aspekt wird aus technischer Sicht auch das Eigengewicht des Aggregates erhöht, was sich wiederum in einem höheren Kraftstoffverbrauch widerspiegelt [1].Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit soll es sein, die Möglichkeiten und Potentiale aufzuzeigen, die modernste PVD-Beschichtungstechnologien im Bereich der Verbrennungsräume von Motoren leisten können. Es wird gezeigt, daß PVD-Hartstoffbeschichtungen mittels angepaßter Prozeßführung auf Aluminiumsubstraten herstellbar sind;als Innenbeschichtungen sowohl mit Flachkathoden, als auch mit einer speziell entwickelten Stabkathode realisiert werden können;den Einsatz von Zylinderlinern ersetzen können undprinzipiell den Belastungen eines Verbrennungsmotors im Modellprüfstand standhalten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 312-324 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Plasma Pretreatment and Coating of Polymer Films. Part 1: Coating of Non-treated Polymer FilmsThe food packaging industry demands cheap polymer films possessing a high barrier against permeation of gases, moisture and flavor. Candidates for the most successful materials fulfilling these requirements are vacuum web coated biaxial oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films containing a thin inorganic barrier layer. For a good adhesion of the barrier layer on the BOPP films, the polymer film must be pretreated. The industry uses the Corona atmosphere plasma. This work is separated in three parts. The first part describes the experimental setup and the properties of vacuum web coated layers on polymer films. The next part contains the results of the systematic modification of polymer surfaces by atmosphere and low pressure plasmas. The influence of the surface properties on the final functionality of the coated films is given. In the last part, the discussion of the results of the first and second part reveals systematic relations between the production parameters of the high barrier films and their final functionality. These results firstly reveal the adhesion mechanism of the inorganic barrier layers of the polymer films and the necessary surface properties of the polymer films, in order to get cheap high barrier films by vacuum web coating.
    Notes: Die lebensmittelverpackende Industrie verlangt nach immer billigeren Kunststoffolien mit immer höheren Barrieren gegenüber Gasen, Wasserdampf und Aromastoffen. Ein sehr erfolgreicher Schritt, um diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen, besteht in der vakuumtechnischen Beschichtung mit dünnen anorganischen Schichten von biaxial orientierten Polypropylenfolien (BOPP). Um gute Haftungen der aufgedampften Aluminiumschichten zu erzielen, müssen die BOPP-Folie vorbehandelt werden. Industriell steht dafür das Corona-Atmosphärendruckplasma zur Verfügung. In dieser Arbeit aufgeteilt in drei Abschnitte wird zuerst der Versuchsaufbau und die Eigenschaften beschichteter Kunststoffolien allgemein dargestellt. Im nächsten Schritt erfolgt die systematische Modifikation der Folienoberfläche mittels verschiedener Atmosphärendruck- und Niederdruckplasmen. Im letzten Abschnitt werden aus den Ergebnissen der Analysen der unbeschichteten und beschichteten Folien systematische Zusammenhänge zwischen Herstellungsparametern und funktionellen Eigenschaften der beschichteten Folien hergestellt. Daraus lassen sich erstmals die zu einer guten Schichthaftung führenden Mechanismen aufzeigen und die notwendigen Oberflächeneigenschaften der unbeschichteten Folie identifizieren, so daß durch die vakuumtechnische Beschichtung preisgünstige Hochbarrierefolien produziert werden können.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A86 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 338-338 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 424-443 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Deficiency and Surplus of Electrons, a Possibility to explain the most different Phenomenons of Materials Science?The dream to explain all phenomenons with a few principles is very old. It has been tried to explain the transformation and the process of destruction with the help of binding ratios between the atoms at the example of iron, iron-alloys and iron-compounds. The binding ratios depend on the mode, the motion and the distribution of the atoms of a material, on the temperature, on the pressure and on the surrounding (mode, distribution and state of aggregate of the surrounding atoms and particles, redox-potential, fields…).The system „Material and surrounding“ is characterized by deficiency and surplus of electrons in a disequilibrium (in the material as well as in the surrounding). Regardless whether a system is in equilibrium or in disequilibrium, there is a steady exchange of electrons (and also of other particles) between material and surrounding. The ratio of binding electrons to non-binding electrons should be suitable for the characterization of the binding ratios in the material.An universal material testing system for material testing corresponding to load is suggested with the aim of estimation of endurance.The UMTS should allow a better valuation of materials and constructional elements and also a better material sampling and constructing corresponding to load on the basis of Load-Energy-Occurence-Graphs and data files as well as the guarantee of endurance of constructional elements, machines, cars, aircrafts as well as constructions.
    Notes: Der Traum, alle Erscheinungen mit wenigen Prinzipien erklären zu können, ist schon recht alt.Am Beispiel von Eisen, Eisenlegierungen und Eisenverbindungen wird versucht, die Modifikationswechsel, Umwandlungsvorgänge und den Zerstörungsprozeß mit den Bindungsverhältnissen zwischen den Atomen zu erklären. Die Bindungsverhältnissen hängen von der Art, Bewegung und Verteilung der Atome eines Stoffes, von der Temperatur, vom Druck und von der Umgebung (Art, Verteilung und Aggregatzustand der umgebenden Atome und Teilchen, Red-Ox-Potential, Felder…) ab.Das System „Stoff und Umgebung“ ist im Ungleichgewicht (sowohl im Stoff als auch in der Umgebung) durch Elektronenmangel bzw. -überschuß gekennzeichnet. Unabhängig davon, ob sich ein System im Gleichgewicht oder im Ungleichgewicht befindet, findet ein ständiger Austausch von Elektronen (und mit Sicherheit auch von anderen Teilchen) zwischen Stoff und Umgebung statt. Zur Charakterisierung der Bindungsverhältnisse im Stoff sollte das Verhältnis „Bindungselektronen zu nicht an der Bindung beteiligten Elektronen“ beitragen können.Ein universelles Werkstoffprüfsystem zur beanspruchungsgerechten Werkstoffprüfung mit dem Ziel der Lebensdauerabschätzung wird vorgeschlagen. Das UMTS sollte eine bessere Werkstoff- und Bauteilbewertung, eine verbesserte Werkstoffauswahl und ein beanspruchungsgerechtes Konstruieren auf der Grundlage von Belastungs-Energie-Ereignis-Schaubildern und -Dateien sowie die Übernahme von Lebensdauergarantien für Bauteile, Maschinen, Fahr- und Flugzeuge sowie Konstruktionen ermöglichen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 444-446 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 446-446 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 459-465 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Plasma sensor measurement in pulsed PACVD-PlasmasIn order to measure local plasma parameters as electron and ion density, electron and ion temperature or plasma potential of inert plasmas Langmuir sensors are used. In practical applications Langmuir sensors showed significant sensor signs when the sensor surface was modified by coatings or pollution [5 - 16]. This effect will be utilized to measure important coating plasma parameters. Putting the Langmuir electrode to the same coating conditions as the charge will offer information of the progress of the PACVD process.The use of the sensor should especially show events or conditions which conduct to local or generally bad technological coating properties. So in the early stages of coating development the quality can be recognized and possibly corrected or avoided by variation of the process parameters. Sensor controled processing of PACVD-technic will lead to better coating quality and will increase the reproduceability.
    Notes: Langmuirsonden werden seit langem als grundlegendes Plasmadiagnosesystem zur Bestimmung lokaler Plasmaparameter wie Elektronen- und Ionendichte, Elektronentemperatur oder Plasmapotential benutzt. Die Erfahrungen mit Langmuirsonden haben gezeigt, daß Modifikationen der Sondenoberfläche durch Verunreinigungen oder durch Beschichtung zu signifikanten Veränderungen im Sondensignal führen können [5 - 16].Durch den Einsatz dieses Sensors sollen insbesondere jene Vorgänge, die zu einer lokalen oder generellen Verschlechterung der technologischen Schichteigenschaften führen, bereits in der Phase der Schichtentstehung erkannt und durch Variation der Prozeßparameter während der Schichtabscheidung vermieden werden. Eine solche sensorkontrollierte Prozeßsteuerung könnte den industriellen Einsatz der PACVD-Technik auf eine breitere Basis stellen, da die gewünschten technologischen Schichteigenschaften bereits während des Prozesses über eine geeignete Prozeßführung beeinflußt werden können.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 476-483 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress anisotropy and structure of TiN thin filmsIn many sputtering processes the substrate is rotated or periodically moved with respect to the target in order to obtain a homogeneous film deposition. In that case anisotropic conditions of film growth exist which lead to anisotropic mechanical stresses. The stress anisotropy depends on the carrier velocity and can be attributed to the film structure. The stress measurements, therefore, will be related to measurements of composition by SNMS, to determination of stoichiometry by ellipsometry and to investigations of structure by X-ray diffraction.
    Notes: Bei Sputterprozessen wird häufig das Substrat unter dem Sputtertarget rotiert oder hin- und herbewegt, um eine gleichmäßige Beschichtung zu erzielen. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß dabei anisotrope Wachstumsbedingungen bestehen, die zu anisotropen mechanischen Spannungen führen. Die Größe der Spannungsanisotropie hängt von der Transportgeschwindigkeit ab und läßt sich durch die dabei erzeugte Schichtstruktur interpretieren. Die Messungen der Schichtspannungen werden deshalb korreliert mit der Bestimmung der Zusammensetzung mit SNMS, mit Untersuchungen der Stöchiometrie mit Hilfe von ellipsometrischen Messungen sowie mit Untersuchungen der Schichtstruktur mit Hilfe von Röntgenbeugung.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 496-505 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Examination of IBDA-aluminum-layers by electrochemical noise analysisThe quality of extremely thin surface coatings for wear and corrosion protection is significantly influenced by pores and film defects (voids, micro cracks, coated impurities), which can occure in the processing stage. These sites are substantially responsible for a mechanical or chemical degradation of the coating at contact with respective surrounding conditions. To meet the requirements of protection the processing stage is optimized by minimizing pores and flaws. Therefore a suitable testing method is necessary to detect the dissolution of the substrate at voids in the earliest stage and to examine large series with acceptable time expenditure for a statistical accuracy. Investigations for the optimization of coating parameters were carried out by means of Electrochemical noise analysis (ENA) on IBAD-aluminum-layers (ion beam assisted deposition) at mild steel(Ck45).
    Notes: Die Qualität von extrem dünnen Oberflächenbeschichtungen für den Korrosions- und Verschleißschutz wird stark durch das Vorhandensein von Poren und Schichtdefekten (Hohlräume, Mikrorisse, Flimmer etc.)beeinflußt, die infolge des Herstellungsprozesses auftreten können. Diese Stellen sind maßgeblich verantwortlich für eine mechanische oder chemische Degradation der Beschichtung bei Kontakt mit der jeweiligen Umgebung. Um den erforderlichen Schutz durch die Beschichtung zu gewährleisten wird der Beschichtungsvorgang durch eine Minimierung von Poren und Fehlstellen optimiert. dazu ist eine Untersuchungsmethode erforderlich, die die Auflösung des Substrates an diesen Fehlstellen im frühesten Stadium anzeigt, um auch große Probenserien zur statistischen Absicherung mit vertretbarem Zeitaufwand zu untersuchen. An IBAD-Aluminium-schichten (ion beam assisted deposition) auf unlegiertem Stahl (Ck45) wurden mit Hilfe der elektrochemischen Rauschanalyse erfolgreich Untersuchungen zur Optimierung von Beschichtungsparametern duchgeführt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Protective coating systems for fasteners in contact with light weight metalsA review of the recent use of fasteners for light weight alloys in automotive car production is given. Mechanical design, materials selection and protective coating concepts for Magnesium- and Aluminum-alloys are presented. The specific problems caused by galvanic corrosion are discussed by the use of electrochemical data of the protective coating systems on fasteners for joining Magnesium. Experience from outdoor exposure in automotive applications up to date are considered.
    Notes: Es wird ein Überblick über die derzeit im Kraftfahrzeugbau verwendeten Verschraubungselemente für Leichtmetallegierungen gegeben. Dabei werden konstruktive Auslegungen, Werkstoffauswahl und Beschichtungskonzepte für Magnesium- und Aluminiumlegierungen vorgestellt. Die spezielle Problematik der Kontaktkorrosion wird anhand elektrochemischer Messungen f ür verschiedene Beschichtungssysteme im Verbau mit Magnesium diskutiert. Bisherige Felderfahrungen im Automobilbereich fließen jeweils in die Betrachtungen mit ein.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 16-22 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Activation energy of repeated carbide precipitation processes in steelsDispersion microstructures in steels can be formed from the martensitic condition by repeated precipitation and coarsening of M3C (or M6C) particles. The precipitation stage comprehends the nucleation and the growth of one particle generation according to r ∝ t1/2 (r - particle radius, t - time), and already after some minutes it turns into the dominating coarsening according to r ∝ t1/3 (OSTWALD-ripening). The coarsening of the first precipitated particle generation is superposed with the following precipitation of further generations. They can be proved by the coercive field strength, the yield strength, microstructural mean values from scanning electron micrographs and by hardness tests. The occurring maxima of precipitation allow the evaluation of the activation energy for the effective volume diffusion in the α - Fe phase. By including the electronegativity (after L. Pauling ) the covalent bond in the M3C phase is considered. With that is possible to attach the estimated activation energy to the main alloying (and diffusing) element and also to the total composition of the steel.
    Notes: Dispersionsgefüge in Stählen werden aus dem martensitischen Zustand durch wiederholte Ausscheidung und Vergröberung von M3C-Partikeln (oder M6C) gebildet. Das Ausscheidungsstadium umfaßt gemäß r ∝ t1/2 (r - Partikelradius, t - Zeit) die Keimbildung und das Wachstum einer Partikelgeneration und geht schon nach wenigen Minuten in die dominierende Vergröberung gemäß der OSTWALD-Reifung r ∝ t1/3 über. Die Vergröberung zuerst ausgeschiedener Partikelgenerationen überlagert sich mit der nachfolgenden Ausscheidung und Vergröberung weiterer Partikelgenerationen. Sie können mit Hilfe der Koerzitivfeldstärke, der unteren Streckgrenze, mit Gefügemittelwertsdaten rasterelektronenmikroskopischer Abbildungen des Dispersionsgefüges und durch Kleinlasthärteprüfungen nachgewiesen werden. Die auftretenden Ausscheidungsmaxima gestatten die Abschätzung der Aktivierungsenergie für die effektive Volumendiffusion in der α - Fe - Phase. Durch Einbeziehung der Elektronegativitätswerte (hier nach L. PAULING) wird die vorliegende kovalente Bindung der M3C-Partikel berücksichtigt. Durch sie ergibt sich eine Zuordnung der abgeschätzten Aktivierungsenergie zu dem Hauptlegierungselement und darüber hinaus zur Gesamtzusammensetzung eines Stahles.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 50-50 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 48-50 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A19 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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