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  • General Chemistry  (13,773)
  • Chemical Engineering  (4,876)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (3,357)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (3,100)
  • 1975-1979  (8,409)
  • 1970-1974  (9,466)
  • 1960-1964  (7,231)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Prediction of energetic particle disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The prediction of fluxes of energetic particles of solar or magnetospheric origin is addressed. Topics include the prediction of the properties of the particle populations generated by magnetospheric storms and substorms, and the prediction of long term variations in the populations of magnetospheric particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 415-432
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  • 2
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    Source position loci for the gamma-ray bursts recorded October 20 and November 10, 1977 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Further constraints are imposed on the sites of the gamma-ray bursts recorded Oct. 20 and Nov. 10, 1977 with the Prognoz 6 satellite and the Helios 2 spacecraft. The loci of the burst sources are 1.7-arcmin-wide bands in which no X-ray sources, pulsars, supernova remnants, or galaxies brighter than 13m occur.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 3
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    Diffuse fluxes of cosmic high-energy neutrinos (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Production spectra of high-energy neutrinos from galactic cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar gas and extragalactic ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray interactions with microwave blackbody photons are presented and discussed. These production processes involve the decay of charged pions and are thus related to the production of cosmic gamma rays from the decay of neutral pions. Estimates of the neutrino fluxes from various diffuse cosmic sources are then made, and the reasons for significant differences with previous estimates are discussed. Small predicted event rates for a DUMAND (deep underwater muon and neutrino detector) type detection system, combined with a possible significant flux of prompt neutrinos from the atmosphere above 50 TeV, may make the study of diffuse extraterrestrial neutrinos more difficult than previously thought.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 4
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    Modeling of electron time variations in the radiation belts (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A review of the temporal variation in the trapped electron population of the inner and outer radiation zones is presented. Techniques presently used for modeling these zones are discussed and their deficiencies identified. An intermediate region is indicated between the zones in which the present modeling techniques are inadequate due to the magnitude and frequency of magnetic storms. Future trends are examined, and it is suggested that modeling of individual magnetic storms may be required in certain L bands. An analysis of seven magnetic storms is presented, establishing the independence of the depletion time of the storm flux and the storm magnitude. Provisional correlation between the storm magnitude and the Dst index is demonstrated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 5
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    A possible closure relation for heat transport in the solar wind (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The objective of the present paper is to search for an empirical closure relation for solar wind heat transport that applies to a microscopic scale. This task is approached by using the quasi-linear wave-particle formalism proposed by Perkins (1973) as a guide to derive an equation relating the relative drift speed between core-electron and proton populations to local bulk flow conditions. The resulting relationship, containing one free parameter, is found to provide a good characterization of Los Alamos Imp electron data measuring during the period from March 1971 through August 1974. An empirical closure relation is implied by this result because of the observed proportionality between heat flux and relative drift speed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 6
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    A search for low energy gamma rays from CG 195+4 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 13-deg-wide region of sky containing the high-energy gamma-ray source CG 195+4 was searched for X-ray and gamma-ray emission in the energy interval from 0.035 to 8.737 MeV. The balloon-altitude measurements were undertaken on October 4, 1977, at Palestine, Texas, and used an actively collimated scintillation counter. As a result of the measurements, low upper limits have been found for the spectrum from the source. Combined with the positive detections made with satellites at high energies, the measurements show that the photon number spectrum must have a spectral index harder than 2.0. The data appear inconsistent with models of the source in which the presumed neutron star is surrounded by a cloud thick to X-rays. Negative results of the search for periodicity are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 79; 1-2,; Oct. 197
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  • 7
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    X-ray emission from gamma-ray sources in the galactic anticentre region (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An X-ray survey of three high energy gamma-ray sources in the galactic anticenter region conducted using the large area sky survey instrument on HEAO 1 is presented. The sensitivity of this survey is highest reported, and two, and possibly three, X-ray sources were detected in the vicinity of gamma 195+5. Three new X-ray sources have been discovered within a few degrees of CG176-7, but none overlaps the gamma-ray error box. These results demonstrate that gamma-ray sources like CG195+4 and CG176-7 have emission characteristics different from the Crab pulsar, but may be similar to the Vela pulsar. Alternatively, the lack of detectable X-ray flux suggests that the gamma-ray emission arises from cosmic-ray interactions in dense interstellar clouds. An interesting feature of the new X-ray sources is that four of them may be associated with early-type stars which exhibit emission lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 282; Dec. 13
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  • 8
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    The mean intensity of radiation at 2 microns in the solar neighborhood (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the value of the mean intensity at 2 microns in the solar neighborhood, and it is found that it is likely to be a factor of four greater than previously estimated on theoretical grounds. It is noted however, that the estimate does agree with a reasonable extrapolation of the results of the survey of the Galactic plane by the Japanese group. It is concluded that the mean intensity in the solar neighborhood therefore probably peaks somewhat longward of 1 micron, and that this result is important for understanding the temperature of interstellar dust and the intensity of the far infrared background. This means specifically that dark clouds probably emit significantly more far infrared radiation than previously predicted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 20; 3, 19; 1979
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  • 9
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    Galactic plane gamma-radiation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of the SAS 2 data together with the COS B results shows that the distribution of galactic gamma-radiation has several similarities to that of other large-scale tracers of galactic structure. The radiation is primarily confined to a thin disc which exhibits offsets from b = 0 degrees similar to warping at radio frequencies. The principal distinction of the gamma-radiation is a stronger contrast in intensity between the region from 310 to 45 degrees in longitude and the regions away from the center that can be attributed to a variation in cosmic-ray density as a function of position in Galaxy. The diffuse galactic gamma-ray energy spectrum shows no significant variation in direction, and the spectrum seen along the plane is the same as that for the galactic component of the gamma-radiation at high altitudes. The uniformity of the galactic gamma-ray spectrum, the smooth decrease in intensity as a function of altitude, and the absence of any galactic gamma-ray sources at high altitudes indicate a diffuse origin for bulk of the galactic gamma-radiation rather than a collection of localized sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 10
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    The annihilation of galactic positrons (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The annihilation of galactic positrons is studied in order to evaluate the probabilities of various channels of annihilation and to calculate the spectrum of the resulting radiation. The narrow width (FWHM less than 3.2 keV) of the 0.511-MeV line observed from the galactic center by Leventhal, McCallum, and Stang (1978) implies that a large fraction of positrons should annihilate in a medium of temperature less than 100,000 K and ionization fraction greater than 0.05. H II regions at the galactic center could be possible sites of annihilation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 11
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    Charge equilibrium and radiation of low-energy cosmic rays passing through interstellar medium (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The charge equilibrium and radiation of an oxygen and an iron beam in the MeV per nucleon energy range, representing a typical beam of low-energy cosmic rays passing through the interstellar medium, are considered. Electron loss of the beam has been taken into account by means of the first Born approximation, allowing for the target atom to remain unexcited or to be excited to all possible states. Electron-capture cross sections have been calculated by means of the scaled Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers approximation, taking into account all atomic shells of the target atoms and capture into all excited states of the projectile. The capture and loss cross sections are found to be within 20%-30% of the existing experimental values for most of the cases considered. Radiation of the beam due to electron capture into the excited states of the ion, collisional excitation, and collisional inner-shell ionization, taking into account the fluorescence yield of the ions, has been considered. Effective X-ray production cross sections and multiplicities for the most energetic X-ray lines emitted by the Fe and O beams have been calculated, and error estimates made for the results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 12
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    Helios 2-Vela-Ariel 5 gamma-ray burst source position (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The gamma-ray burst of January 28, 1976, one of 18 events thus far detected in interplanetary space with Helios 2, was also observed with the Vela 5A and 6A and the Ariel 5 satellites. A small source field is obtained from the intersection of the region derived from the observed time delays between Helios 2 and Vela 5A and 6A, with the source region independently found with the Ariel 5 X-ray detector. This area contains neither any steady X-ray source as scanned by HEAO 1 nor any previously cataloged X-ray, radio, or infrared sources, X-ray transients, quasars, Seyferts, globular clusters, flare stars, pulsars, white dwarfs, or high enery gamma-ray sources. The region is, however, within the source field of a gamma-ray transient observed in 1974 by Jacobson et al. (1978) which exhibited nuclear gamma-ray line structure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 13
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    The dynamical halo and the variation of cosmic-ray path length with energy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that the dynamical halo model offers a natural explanation for the form of the variation of the cosmic-ray path length with energy. The variation above about 1 GeV per nucleon can be understood as due to the variation of the diffusion coefficient, and hence the resident time, with energy. The flattening of the curve below 1 GeV per nucleon is seen to mark a transition to a convection-dominated regime where the diffusion coefficient is no longer the determining parameter. A fit to the observations yields a halo outflow velocity of 8 km/s. An attempt is made to determine the overall scale of the halo and the diffusion coefficient using recent Be-10 flux measurements, but the data do not agree well enough to pin down these variables to within less than four or five orders of magnitude.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 14
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    Correlated ground based observations in support of the HEAO-1 X-ray observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Using X-ray and optical photometry of UBVRI fluxes, energetic compact extragalactic sources were studied, such as BL Lacerta (Lac) and BL Lac objects-Markarian (Mrk) 421, Mrk 501, and B2 1308+32. BL Lac and BL Lac objects were found to have predominantly nonthermal spectrums. Photometric and spectroscopic properties of X Persei, an unusual Be star associated with an intrinsically weak X-ray source, were also studied. Both its X-ray and optical emission show complex variability on many different time scales.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 214-222
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  • 15
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    Optical identification and spectroscopy of X-ray sources precisely positioned with A-3 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Using a scanning modulation collimator, the optical identification of X-ray sources by means of precise positioning was carried out. Two galactic identifications (4U2129+47 and 2A0311-227) and two extragalactic identifications (NGC 526a and Parkes H2155-304) are described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 251-260
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  • 16
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    Diffuse X-ray emission from Abell clusters (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Abell clusters of galaxies, specifically Abell 401 and Abell 399 regions, are discussed. Two sets of satellite observations were made. One was a lunar occultation pointed observation where there were two orbits in which to look at the regions while the moon scanned over it. The other was a scanning observation through the area. Two diffuse models of the X-ray emission were developed. Also, during the investigation three binary cluster systems were found where at least one member was an X-ray source. They were Abell 508, 509, 2177, 2178, 2204, and 2210.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 209-213
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  • 17
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    X-ray emission from the region of gamma 195+5 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: X-ray observations of nineteen unidentified discrete celestial gamma ray sources are discussed. Results show some indication of X-rays from the gamma ray source region. On the assumption that the results are valid, it is concluded that the source error box is smaller than what it was.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 201-208
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  • 18
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    Einstein observations of extended galactic X-ray sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Features of the X-ray pictures taken aboard the space observatory are presented. Imaging proportional counter pictures in three broad X-ray energy ranges were obtained. The X-ray spectrum of supernova remnants is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 368-389
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  • 19
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    X-ray iron-line emission from the SN 185 remnant (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Radio and optical research was carried out in order to show that the supernova remnant RCW86 is a remnant of the earliest supernova event ever recorded in history (185 AD). The results are as follows: (1) an iron-line emission was found at 6.7 keV; (2) the temperature measured from HEAO-1 was approximately 6 keV; and (3) the equivalent width was consistent within the uncertainties with a cosmic iron abundance. These results support the identification of the supernova remnant RCW86 (it's X-ray source) with the historic supernova event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 244-250
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  • 20
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    Effects of particle drift on the transport of cosmic rays. III - Numerical models of galactic cosmic-ray modulation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 21
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    Southern Hemisphere measurements of the anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background radiation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A recent airborne measurement of the large-angular-scale anisotropy in the cosmic background radiation from the Southern Hemisphere (Lima, Peru) is in essential agreement with previous measurements from the northern hemisphere. The net anisotropy from the combined data can be described by a first-order spherical harmonic (Doppler) anisotropy of amplitude 3.1 plus or minus 0.4 mK with a quadrupole component of less than 1 mK. Additional ground-based measurements of the linear polarization yield an upper limit of l mK, or one part in 3000, at 95% confidence level for the amplitudes of any spherical harmonic through third order.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 22
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    Detection of 6.13 MeV gamma-rays within and at the top of the atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A measurement of the 6.13 MeV gamma-radiation from excited O-16 in the atmosphere has been made with a high-resolution Ge(Li) spectrometer flown from Palestine, Texas, 1974 June 10, on a high-altitude balloon. This measurement, made both within and near the top of the atmosphere, is found to have the same general profile as predicted by a semiempirical model, but gives a flux about a factor of 2 higher than predicted. Certain variations in the intensity at float altitude have led to the hypothesis of an extraterrestrial source of 6.13 MeV gamma-radiation from the galactic anticenter. The 3 sigma upper limits for a number of other astrophysically significant line fluxes are also given. The data presented here are consistent with either a source or a no-source hypothesis.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 23
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    Gradient and curvature drifts in magnetic fields with arbitrary spatial variation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is shown that, for a magnetic field of arbitrary spatial variation, a nearly isotropic distribution of charged particles drifts with a velocity given by the usual first-order orbit theory drifts averaged over pitch angle. It is assumed that the near-isotropy brought about by scattering, but conclusions concerning drift are insensitive to the details of the scattering process. It is found that this drift velocity is correct even for arbitrarily large ratios of particle gyroradius to magnetic spatial scale, although this velocity must, like all drift effects, be viewed on a scale larger than a gyroradius. Hence for many astrophysical applications, such as cosmic rays, where anisotropies are small, the usual drift velocities provide a valid approximation to convective motions even if the magnetic field scales are very small.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 24
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    Far-ultraviolet studies. V - Rocket observation of the diffuse cosmic background (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A far-ultraviolet spectrometer and several far-ultraviolet photometers have been carried to an altitude of 347 km to measure the spectrum of three regions at high galactic latitudes. After correction for O I airglow and for stars in the field of view, a nearly uniform residual intensity of 285 plus or minus 32 photons per (sq cm s sr A) is found over the spectral range 1230-1680 A, along with some evidence for a sharp rise in intensity longward of 1680 A. It is argued that the signal is not likely to be due to light scattering from interstellar dust. The flat spectrum could represent the integrated light of distance galaxies. The sharp rise must be due to some other phenomenon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 25
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    Joule heating in the high-latitude mesosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The contribution made by Joule dissipation to heating of the daytime high-latitude upper mesosphere is discussed. During solar proton precipitation events in regions of large electric fields, Joule dissipation can be substantially larger than the local solar heating rate. Altitude profiles of Joule dissipation are presented for the polar cleft region for the August 4, 1972, solar proton event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 26
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    A theory of local and global processes which affect solar wind electrons. II - Experimental support (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Strong observational support from data obtained on three different satellites and reported by three independent experimental groups is presented for all of the theoretically predicted correlations of a previous paper concerning local and global processes that affect solar-wind electrons. Specifically, it is shown that: (1) subthermal electrons behave most nearly as a classical gas; (2) the solar-wind extrathermal fraction of the electron density is anticorrelated within steady-state stream patterns with the local bulk speed; (3) the extrathermal electrons form a spectrally distinguishable subpopulation whose differential 'temperature' is anticorrelated with the local bulk speed; (4) the heat flux carried by electrons is anticorrelated with the bulk speed; and (5) the extrathermal 'temperature' is nearly independent of radius in the inner heliosphere. It is concluded that the previously discussed global and local Coulomb collisional effects are essential aspects of the solar-wind plasma as it is observed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 27
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    An energetic particle perspective of the magnetopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present analysis deals with energetic (above 24 keV) particle data from the Isee satellites during a series of magnetopause crossings. The primary energetic particle data employed in the analysis are the three-dimensional distributions from the Isee A satellite. Correlative magnetic field measurements are used to relate the particle behavior to magnetic field characteristics at and earthward of the magnetopause. It is shown that, to first order, the magnetopause may be regarded as a perfectly absorbing boundary for the trapped energetic particles, that it is nearly always in motion, and that boundary waves are often present. The observed dayside magnetopause motion is consistent with a large-scale radial motion having an approximately 10-min period plus superimposed boundary waves with a 90- to 150-sec period.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 28
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    The spectrum of the diffuse cosmic ultraviolet background (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A far-ultraviolet spectrometer and several far-ultraviolet photometers were carried to an altitude of 347 km and used to measure the spectrum of three regions at high galactic latitudes. After correction for O I airglow and for stars in the field of view, a nearly uniform residual intensity of 285 + or - 32 photons (per sq cm s sr A) over the spectral range 1230-1680 A is found, along with some evidence for a sharp rise in intensity longward of 1680 A. It is believed that the signal is not likely to be due to light scattering from interstellar dust. The flat spectrum is perhaps the integrated light of distant galaxies. The sharp rise must be due to some other phenomenon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 233
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  • 29
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    Data reduction and analysis for the TRW IMP-7 plasma wave experiment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Highlights from the IMP 7 plasma wave experiment are briefly outlined. The measurements in the tail revealed great complexities involving substorms and fireballs and provided insight into the overall dynamics of the magnetosphere. The low levels of magnetic turbulence may be of significance with respect to the development of tearing mode dissipation for reconnection events. The IMP wave observations in the distant magnetosphere boundary region showed that the boundaries were quite diffuse and frequently purely defined. Finally, nearly simultaneous IMP 7 and 8 comparisons were used to achieve an understanding of shock structure and propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-160011 , REPT-22751-6011-RU-00
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  • 30
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    The Unique Cosmic Event of 1979 March 5 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A transient that appears to be neither a typical gamma ray burst nor an X-ray burster was found to possess a variety of unusual properties that would seem to be mutually inconsistent. The observed parameters include a 200 microsecond onset time, a subsequent temporal intensity oscillation with an 0 second period, a spectral feature consistent with a moderately red shifted positron annihilation line, a maximum photon flux greater than any known gamma ray or x ray transient, and a very accurate source location measurement consistent with that of the N49 supernova remnant associated with the large Magellanic Cloud at 55 kpc distance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80630
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  • 31
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    Columbia/Einstein observations of extragalactic X-ray sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented of the analysis of data from observations of extragalactic objects with the imaging proportional counter on board the Einstein Observatory. Surveys of normal galaxies, radio galaxies, active galaxies, quasars and BL Lacs, and clusters of galaxies were studied in order to improve the understanding of the origin of the Milky Way Galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: CONTRIB-180 , NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 439-459
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  • 32
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    A measurement of the cosmic-ray source abundance of Ca-40 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The measured charge composition of the galactic cosmic rays from Ar to Ni and the isotopic composition of the elements Ca and Sc are presented. It is found that the ratio Ca-40/Fe at the cosmic-ray source is (5.9 plus or minus 1.9)%. This result is in good agreement with the meteoritic value (6.8 plus or minus 1.0)%.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 232
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  • 33
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    Acceleration of energetic protons by interplanetary shocks (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The University of Iowa instrument aboard Pioneer 11 detected 69 energetic proton events (EPE) (in the 0.6-3.4 MeV energy range) during 1973-1974 in the heliocentric radial range 1-5 AU. Sixty percent of the EPE peak within plus or minus 5 hours of a corotating interaction region (CIR) boundary, while 19% peak inside and 21% peak outside the interaction regions. Of the CIR boundaries at which an EPE peaks with plus or minus 5 hours, 80% have associated shocks. The observed intensities and pitch angle distributions of protons near shock fronts are consistent with a theoretical simulation of the acceleration of protons by a drift in the electric field at the shock front.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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  • 34
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    Satellite Observations of Rapidly Varying Cosmic X-ray Sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The X-ray source data obtained with the high energy celestial X-ray detector on the Orbiting Solar Observatory -8 are presented. The results from the 1977 Crab observation show nonstatistical fluctuations in the pulsed emission and in the structure of the integrated pulse profile which cannot be attributed to any known systematic effect. The Hercules observations presented here provide information on three different aspects of the pulsed X-ray emission: the variation of pulsed flux as a function of the time from the beginning of the ON-state, the variation of pulsed flux as a function of binary phase, and the energy spectrum of the pulse emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80285
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  • 35
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    The High Energy X-ray Spectrum of 4U1700-37 Observed from OSO-8 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The most intense hard X-ray source in the confused region in Scorpius is identified as 4U1700-37. The 3.4-day modulation is seen above 20 keV with the intensity during eclipse being consistent with zero flux. The photon-number spectrum from 20 to 150 keV is well represented by a single power law with a photo-number spectral index of -2.77 + or - 0.35 or by a thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum with kT = 27 96.8-min X-ray modulation previously reported at lower energies. Despite the difficulties in reconciling both the lack of periodic modulation in the emitted X-radiation and the orbital dynamics of the system with theories of the evolution and physical properties of neutron stars, the observed properties of 4U1700-37 are all consistent with the source being a spherically accreting neutron star rather than a black hole.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80583
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  • 36
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    Energy Spectra of Cosmic Ray Nuclei to Above 100 Gev/nucleon (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The chemical composition cosmic rays as a function of energy in the range of a few GeV/nucleon to some hundreds of GeV/nucleon for boron through iron are presented. The experiment combined an ionization spectrometer and a gas Cherenkov counter, which was flown on a balloon, to perform two different and independent energy measurements. The experimental apparatus is described in detail. The energy dependence of the cosmic ray escape length for boron and iron is reported and predicted changes in the energy dependence of the ratios of primary nuclei 0/C and iron/C+0 are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80587
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  • 37
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    Columbia/Einstein observations of galactic X-ray sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The imaging observations of galactic clusters are presented. These fall into three categories: pre-main-sequence stars in the Orion nebulae, isolated-main-and-post main-sequence stars, and supernova remnants SNR. In addition to SNR, approximately 30 sources were detected.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: CONTRIB-179 , NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 422-438
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  • 38
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    Astrophysical gamma-ray production by inverse Compton interactions of relativistic electrons (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The inverse Compton scattering of background photon gases by relativistic electrons is a good candidate for the production of high-energy gamma rays in the diffuse interstellar medium as well as in discrete sources. By discussing the special case of the scattering of the diffuse starlight in the interstellar medium by cosmic ray electrons, we demonstrate that previous derivations of the gamma ray source function for this process on the basis of the Thomson limit of the Klein-Nishina cross section lead to incorrect values for gamma-ray energies above 100 MeV. It is shown that the Thomson limit is not applicable for the calculation of gamma-ray source functions in astrophysical circumstances in which target photons with energies greater than 1 eV are scattered by relativistic electrons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 233
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  • 39
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    High resolution spectroscopy of two gamma-ray bursts in November 1978 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first results from the ISSEE-3 radiatively colled germanium gamma ray burst spectrometer are presented. Spectra and time histories from two events on the 1978 November 4 and 1978 November 19 are given. A significant difference in the continuum spectra for the two events was observed. Evidence is presented for two spectral features in the features in the November 19 events, a broad one at approximately 420 key KeV and a narrower one at 740 KeV with a suggestion of an accompanying high energy tail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80575
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  • 40
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    Implications of cyclotron features in the X-ray spectrum of Her X-1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The X-ray spectra from binary pulsars is investigated through the modification of physical processes due to an intense magnetic field. An effective scattering cross section for line photons and the Coulomb cross section for electron-ion collisions, treating the electrons relativistically, are calculated. The quantization of electron orbits in strong fields are discussed. The absorption cross sections and emission rates for cyclotron photons are calculated. An application of the results to the data from Hercules X-1 is examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80588
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  • 41
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    Detection of high energy X-rays from the galactic center region (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of the galactic center region made with the high energy X-ray detector on OSO-8 are discussed. A strong hard X-ray which was detected during these observations from the vicinity of the galactic center are examined. The counting rate spectrum and the photon number spectrum of the flux are determined. Comparisons with the high energy X-ray fluxes observed from sources in the region by others are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80584
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  • 42
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    X-ray line emission from the Tycho supernova remnant (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The observation of the X-ray spectrum of the Tycho supernova remnant in the energy range 0.5 to 20 keV is discussed. Four significant line features in the spectrum: The K alpha lines of silicon, sulphur, and iron; and the L lines of iron are examined. Comparisons between the silicon and sulphur equivalent widths and K alpha iron line energies of Tycho and Cas A are discussed. Suggest that the X-ray emitting plasma in Tycho is further from collisional ionization equilibrium than that of Cas A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80581
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  • 43
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    Micropulsations in the electric field near the plasmapause, observed by ISEE-1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The occurrence of micropulsations near and inside the plasmapause was surveyed. The observed pulsations, classified as Pc3 and Pi2, are discussed. In addition one single event of Pc1 was observed. The frequencies in the Pc3 and Pi2 bands, the amplitude ranges, and the direction of rotation for the electric field vector are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80580
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  • 44
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    Observations of diffuse galactic gamma rays (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The observations of galactic diffuse gamma radiation are reviewed. The connections of the gamma ray observations with galactic structure and cosmic rays are discussed. The high latitude galactic component and the low latitude emission from the galactic plane are examined. The observations in other regions of the gamma ray spectrum are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80578 , Plenary Meeting, COSPAR; Bangalore; India
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  • 45
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    Elemental composition, isotopes, electrons and positrons in cosmic rays (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Papers presented at the 16th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Kyoto, Japan, dealing with the composition of cosmic rays are reviewed. Particular interest is given to data having bearing on nucleosynthesis sites, supernovae, gamma-process, comparison with solar system composition, multiplicity of sources, and the energy dependence of composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80571
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  • 46
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    Detection of a fast, intense and unusual gamma ray transient (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An unusual transient pulse of approximately 50 keV was detected by the gamma-ray burst sensor network using nine space probes and satellites. Its characteristics are unlike those of the known variety of gamma-ray bursts and therefore suggest that it was formed either by a completely different origin species or in a very different manner. It is identified with the LMC supernova remnant N49.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80570
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  • 47
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    A combined TLD/emulsion method of sampling dosimetry applied to Apollo missions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system which simplifies the complex monitoring methods used to measure the astronaut's radiation exposure in space is proposed. The excess dose equivalents of trapped protons and secondary neutrons, protons, and alpha particles from local nuclear interactions are determined and a combined thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)/nuclear emulsion method which measures the absorbed dose with thermoluminescent dosimeter chips is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-160367
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  • 48
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    Evidence for the deficiency of short cosmic ray pathlengths and a physically realistic explanation - The no-near-sources model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent observations of the charge and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei are used to construct secondary-to-primary charge ratios at the two ends of the charge spectrum. These ratios are found to be inconsistent with the ad hoc leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation which leads to an exponential pathlength distribution. Models for which the pathlength distribution function is deficient in short pathlengths provide a more consistent picture. Several of these models, both ad hoc and physical, are investigated. The physical model considered is one for which detailed galactic propagation parameters and boundary conditions are used and for which there exist no near sources of cosmic rays over a time interval corresponding to a few times the cosmic-ray age.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 63; 1, Ju; June 197
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  • 49
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    Simultaneous quiet time observations of energetic radiation belt protons and helium ions - The equatorial alpha/p ratio near 1 MeV (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simultaneous monitoring of energetic helium ions and protons in the earth's radiation belts has been conducted with Explorer 45 in the immediate vicinity of the equatorial plane. Protons were measured from less than 1 keV to 1.6 MeV and also above 3.3 MeV in a channel responsive up to 22 MeV; helium ions were monitored in three passbands: 910 keV to 3.15 MeV, 590 to 910 keV, and 2.0 to 3.99 MeV. Alpha/proton flux ratios were found to vary significantly with energy and location in the radiation belts. At equal energy per nucleon a range of variability for alpha/p from 0.0001 to well above 0.001 was found, and at equal energy per ion the corresponding variability was from 0.001 to above 10. The latter findings emphasize the relative importance of the very energetic helium ions in the overall radiation belt ion populations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 1
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  • 50
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    Apollo-Soyuz survey of the extreme-ultraviolet/soft X-ray background (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper reports results of the most extensive survey to date of the EUV/soft X-ray background, obtained with an EUV telescope on the Apollo-Soyuz mission. The principal results may be summarized as follows: (1) an intense background flux exists down to energies of 100 eV (4.0 plus or minus 1.3 photons/sq cm/sec/sr/eV average diffuse flux); (2) the Apollo-Soyuz data alone places lower and upper limits on single-temperature models for EUV-emitting interstellar gas for the log T range of 5.1-6.0; and (3) the allowed range would have to be restricted to log T of 5.1-5.6 for the Cash, Malina, and Stern (1976), Burstein et al. (1977), and Apollo-Soyuz data sets to satisfy a single-temperature model for the background at not greater than 280 eV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 51
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    Cosmic-ray abundances of individual elements in the Z interval between 26 and 30 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The relative abundances of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the cosmic rays have been measured using a large-area balloon-borne electronic detector system. The abundance ratios Ni/Fe and Zn/Fe are 5.0 + or - 0.2% and 0.06 + or - 0.01%, respectively. The Zn abundance is low (40%) compared with the Cameron (1973) (C1) solar system, and is best consistent with the solar system C2 meteorite abundances. The ratios Co/Fe and Cu/Fe, extrapolated to the top of the atmosphere, are 0.68 + or - 0.14% and 0.066 + or - 0.030% respectively; since charge peaks are not resolved at Co and Cu, these results are taken as upper limits of 0.8% and 0.1%, respectively. The Co upper limit is consistent with complete decay of Co-57 at the source and implies a lower limit of 2 years for the time between nucleosynthesis and acceleration of these nuclei.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 52
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    Acceleration and transport of galactic cosmic rays (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A recently proposed cosmic-ray acceleration mechanism is combined with a model of transport and loss from the Galaxy to construct a model for galactic cosmic rays. Various aspects of the cosmic-ray spectrum, including the secondary-to-primary ratio as a function of energy, are found to fit naturally into the overall picture. A solution to the dynamical-halo model with energy-dependent diffusion coefficient (kappa) is presented. This model is consistent with the observed spectra if kappa is proportional to the square root of the kinetic energy. The observed flattening of the secondary-to-primary ratio below about 1-2 GeV per nucleon is shown to be a natural consequence of the model. Similarly, the primary electron spectrum is predicted to flatten below about 1-2 GeV, which is consistent with deconvolution of the local nonthermal radio spectrum, although the flattening is not quite as much as indicated by the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 53
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    A secondary tracer approach to the derivation of galactic cosmic-ray source isotopic abundances (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A formalism has been developed for deriving cosmic-ray source isotopic abundances from observed local abundances using a purely secondary nuclide as a tracer of spallation production during propagation. Although the formalism is based on the leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation, it is shown that source abundances derived by the tracer technique are reasonably independent of detailed propagation models. The tracer formalism also permits a quantitative evaluation of the effects of observational uncertainties on deduced source abundances. It is shown that statistical errors in the observed abundances and uncertainties in the spallation cross sections are at present the dominant sources of uncertainty. The latter error can be reduced with increased detector size or exposure time, while the former can be minimized by measurements of the relative production cross sections. As a specific example, the tracer technique is applied to the isotopes of sulfur and calcium, and the level of uncertainties which must be achieved to distinguish evolutionary differences between solar-system material and cosmic ray-source material are established.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 231
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  • 54
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    Soft-photon emission effects and radiative corrections for electromagnetic processes at very high energies (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Higher-order electromagnetic processes involving particles at ultrahigh energies are discussed, with particular attention given to Compton scattering with the emission of an additional photon (double Compton scattering). Double Compton scattering may have significance in the interaction of a high-energy electron with the cosmic blackbody photon gas. At high energies the cross section for double Compton scattering is large, though this effect is largely canceled by the effects of radiative corrections to ordinary Compton scattering. A similar cancellation takes place for radiative pair production and the associated radiative corrections to the radiationless process. This cancellation is related to the well-known cancellation of the infrared divergence in electrodynamics.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 55
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    Cosmic ray isotope abundances from chromium to nickel (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: IRIS, a telescope consisting of a large-area precision Cerenkov detector, scintillators, spark chambers, and a passive stack of Lexan polycarbonate track detectors, was exposed to the primary cosmic radiation for 6.6 sq m sr hr in a balloon flight in 1976. This measurement has yielded the isotopic composition of the iron-group elements Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni with an average mass resolution of 0.65 amu for the energies 320-500 MeV per amu at the detector. This experiment places the most severe constraints to date on deviation from solar-system composition of the source of the cosmic radiation. Upper limits of 10 percent are placed on the ratios Fe-54/Fe-56 and Fe-58/Fe-56, which are inconsistent with large departures from solar system source composition reported by other workers. The isotopic measurements of Fe and Ni preclude the possibility that these cosmic rays were produced in a single e-process zone. The mean mass of Mn is less than 55, indicating the presence of electron-capture species produced by spallation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 56
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    The high-energy neutrino background - Limitations on models of deuterium production (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is pointed out that Epstein's (1977) model for deuterium production via high-energy spallation reactions produces high-energy neutrinos in sufficient quantity to stand out above those that are produced by cosmic-ray interactions in earth's atmosphere. That the Reines experiment detected neutrinos of atmospheric origin without detecting any cosmic component restricts deuterium production by spallation reactions to very high redshifts (z at least about 300). Improved neutrino experiments may be able to push these limits back to recombination.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 57
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    On the lack of absorption of 1 keV diffuse X-rays by the Small Magellanic Cloud (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The contribution to the diffuse X-ray background near 1 keV cosmic (extragalactic) origin is poorly known. Data from a slow scan across the Small Magellanic Cloud by the Wisconsin soft X-ray experiment on OSO 8 are analyzed to search for absorption of a possible cosmic component to the diffuse flux. No indication of an X-ray shadow near 1 keV is found, setting an upper limit to the intensity of the flux originating beyond the SMC that is inconsistent with a cosmic spectrum of 11 E to the -1.4 photons per (sq cm s sr keV), even allowing for depletion of the absorbing elements in the SMC. Unless emission by the SMC or an upward fluctuation in the galactic or cosmic diffuse flux at the position of the SMC has canceled out the expected absorption, the contribution to the diffuse flux at 1 keV from beyond the SMC must be less than 50% of that expected for an extrapolated E to the -1.4 source spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 58
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    Spectrum of the cosmic background radiation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of the emission spectrum of the night sky have been made in the frequency range from 1.7 to 40 kaysers by using a fully calibrated liquid-helium-cooled balloon-borne spectrophotometer. The results show that the spectrum of the cosmic background radiation peaks at 6 kaysers and is approximately that of a 3-K blackbody out to several times that frequency. However, the data show deviations from a simple blackbody curve.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 42; Apr. 2
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  • 59
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    Observations of the cosmic background radiation at 1440 angstroms (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A survey of the summer night sky in the 1350-1550-A band at 2.5-deg angular resolution was carried out with a far-ultraviolet channel of the Berkeley Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) telescope on the Apollo-Soyuz mission. The large collecting area and small field of view of this telescope permitted the identification and removal from the data of individual stars of spectral type A2 or earlier with visual magnitude brighter than about 6.5. A residual signal significantly above background remains which is not of terrestrial or interplanetary origin and varies with view direction between approximately 30 and 2000 counts/s. The source of the emission is observed to be highly concentrated to the galactic plane with a distribution of half-width about 10 deg centered on the plane and a roughly constant-intensity tail extending out to both galactic poles. The minimum signal detected at high and moderate latitudes corresponds to 300 + or - 60 photons/sq cm-s-sr-A. This minimum flux may be due to scattering from interstellar dust, or it may be extragalactic in origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 60
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    Positron production by pulsars (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations based on two specific pulsar models show that in either case the 511 keV gamma-ray line from the galactic center can be explained as the as the result of the annihilation of positrons produced by pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-158459 , SU-IPR-720
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  • 61
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    Helios-2 Vela-Ariel-5 gamma-ray burst source position (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The gamma-ray burst of 28 January 1976, one of 18 events thus far detected in interplanetary space with Helios-2, was also observed with the Vela-5A, -6A and the Ariel-5 satellites. A small source field is obtained from the intersection of the region derived from the observed time delays between Helios-2 and Vela-5A and -6A with the source region independently found with the Ariel-5 X-ray detector. This area contains neither any steady X-ray source as scanned by HEAO-A nor any previously catalogued X-ray, radio or infrared sources, X-ray transients, quasars, seyferts, globular clusters, flare stars, pulsars, white dwarfs or high energy gamma-ray sources. The region is however, within the source field of a gamma-ray transient observed in 1974, which exhibited nuclear gamma-ray line structure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79697
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  • 62
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    Asymptotic freedom in the early big-bang and the isotropy of the cosmic microwave background (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The isotropy of the universal 3K background radiation is discussed and a superunified field theory incorporating gravity and possessing asymptotic freedom is suggested to provide a solution to the problem. Thermal equilibrium is established in this context through interactions occurring in a temporally indefinite preplanckian era.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80562
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  • 63
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    SOFIP: A Short Orbital Flux Integration Program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A computer code was developed to evaluate the space radiation environment encountered by geocentric satellites. The Short Orbital Flux Integration Program (SOFIP) is a compact routine of modular compositions, designed mostly with structured programming techniques in order to provide core and time economy and ease of use. The program in its simplest form produces for a given input trajectory a composite integral orbital spectrum of either protons or electrons. Additional features are available separately or in combination with the inclusion of the corresponding (optional) modules. The code is described in detail, and the function and usage of the various modules are explained. A program listing and sample outputs are attached.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80340 , NSSDC/WDC-A-R/S-79-01
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  • 64
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    Gamma-ray evidence for a galactic halo (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Gamma-ray evidence for the existence of a cosmic-ray halo around the Galaxy is examined. Gamma-ray data obtained by SAS-2 and COS-B and nonthermal radio continuum data are shown to indicate the nonconfinement of cosmic rays to the spiral arms and thus the existence of a larger propagation disk through which cosmic rays diffuse. The latitudinal distribution of gamma rays observed by SAS-2 is found to be consistent with the existence of a thin disk-shaped electron halo of half-thickness 1.5 kpc. The propagation of nucleons is determined indirectly from their radial distribution in the galactic plane, which is obtained from an analysis of the longitudinal distribution of gamma rays in the plane. The resulting distributions are found to be similar to the distribution of supernovae in the Galaxy, implying a galactic origin for cosmic rays and a half-thickness of less than 3 kpc.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The large-scale characteristics of the galaxy; Jun 12, 1978 - Jun 17, 1978; College Park, MD
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    The significance of gamma ray observations for neutrino astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: X-ray, gamma ray and neutrino observations are examined to show, in a general way, the relationship between them. Existing gamma ray measurements are summarized and some examples are used to set ranges or limits for neutrino fluxes for specific types of models. The purpose of this is to show the possibilities for separation between models and to aid in the consideration of neutrino detector designs. Attention is given to exceptional and normal galaxies, as well as to compact objects, and diffuse isotropic radiation. It is noted that the close relationship between gamma rays and neutrino production will be useful for future neutrino astronomy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 66
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    Observability of the neutrino flux from the inner region of the galactic disk (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The observability of galactic neutrinos in a detector of 10 to the 10th tons of water with an observing time of a few years is explored. Although the atmospheric flux exceeds the galactic flux considerably at energies greater than or equal to 1 TeV, the latter may still provide a marginally observable signal owing to its directionality. Galactic muon neutrinos with energy greater than approximately 1 TeV will produce a signal approximately two standard deviations above the atmospheric background over a four year period. If electron neutrinos can also be studied with DUMAND, then galactic electron neutrinos above 1 TeV would give an approximately four to five standard deviations signal above the electron neutrino background over a four-year integration time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 67
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    DUMAND Summer Workshop, University of California, La Jolla, Calif., July 24-September 2, 1978, Proceedings. Volume 2 - UHE interactions, neutrino astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The volume covers categories on inelastic neutrino scattering and the W-boson, and other ultra-high-energy processes, on pulsars, quasars and galactic nuclei, as well as other point sources and constants from gamma ray astronomy. Individual subjects include weak intermediate vector bosons and DUMAND, the Monte Carlo simulation of inelastic neutrino scattering in DUMAND, and Higgs boson production by very high-energy neutrinos. The observability of the neutrino flux from the inner region of the galactic disk, the diffuse fluxes of high-energy neutrinos, as well as the significance of gamma ray observations for neutrino astronomy are also among the topics covered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 68
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    DUMAND Summer Workshop, University of California, La Jolla, Calif., July 24-September 2, 1978, Proceedings. Volume 1 - Array studies (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Papers are presented concerning the design and implementation of the optical and acoustic sensors that will comprise the DUMAND (Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector) array. Specific topics include the results of experiments on atmospheric muon and neutrino spectra obtained with various muon and neutrino spectrometers, optical sensors and arrays, optical data handling systems, the simulation of the sound generated by high-energy particles in water, constraints on acoustic arrays, standard ocean parameters for DUMAND calculations, and Monte Carlo investigations of hadronic and electromagnetic cascades in sea water.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 69
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    A search for gamma-ray spectral lines from the Galactic Center by HEAO-1 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Preliminary results are reported for a search by HEAO 1 for gamma-ray lines from the Galactic Center in the energy range from 1.5 to 8 MeV. The hard X-ray/low-energy gamma-ray instrument aboard HEAO 1 is briefly described, and results are examined which indicate no obvious statistically significant spectral lines from the Galactic Center. It is concluded that the present observations fail to confirm the previously reported 4.4-MeV flux from the Galactic Center but that the existence of the reported 4.4-MeV feature cannot be strongly rejected on the basis of these results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: X-ray astronomy; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 70
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    HEAO A-2 extragalactic results (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The all-sky surveys made with the A-2 instrument aboard HEAO-1 involved spectroscopy over a broad enough band width, with sufficient resolution, to obtain the basic spectral characteristics for two extreme aspects of the extragalactic X-ray sky. The overall spectrum (above 3 KeV) is remarkably well decribed by a thermal model. At the other extreme, the detailed broad-band observations of individual sources are restricted to objects within the present epoch. The objects include several individual active galaxies studied in detail for the first time as well as clusters of galaxies. Relating these results to the vast spatially unresolved hard X-ray flux measured with this instruments as well as the softer X-rays (at less than 3 keV) spatially resolved to high redshifts with the Einstein Observatory remains a challenge.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80314 , HEAO Symp.; May 08, 1979; Huntsville, AL; United States
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  • 71
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    Search for an X-ray identification of a strong gamma-ray source (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: X-rays from Cygnus X-3 were observed during early 1978 with the detectors of the SAS-3 satellite. These observations in conjunction with earlier UHURU and ANS data indicate that the 4.8 hr period of Cygnus X-3 is increasing at the rate of P/P = (5/1 plus or minus 1.3) x 10 to the minus 6 power/1 yr. The sign and magnitude for this change are incompatible with a rotation model for the period and are in reasonable agreement with model predictions for orbital changes associated with mass loss and transfer in a binary system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-158112
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  • 72
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    The galactic gamma-ray flux in the 0.06-5 MeV range (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The observed variation of the 72-200-keV count rate in the Apollo gamma-ray spectrometer on Apollo 16 are interpreted as being due to cosmic gamma rays associated with the Crab Nebula, Cyg X-1, and the galactic-center source. A low-resolution map is presented which shows a great enhancement in the galactic-center region; a spectrum for this region is obtained. The shape of the spectrum suggests that the emission originates from an ensemble of discrete sources. It is concluded that the gamma-ray line at 4.4 MeV is not emitted as a constant fraction of the continuum in the whole region of the galactic plane between longitudes of -50 and +22 deg.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 73
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    Atmospheric gamma ray angle and energy distributions from sea level to 3.5 g/sq cm and 2 to 25 MeV (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Differential fluxes of gamma rays were calculated for energies of 2-25 MeV, zenith angles of 0-50 deg and 180-130 deg, and atmospheric depths from nominal sea level, 1000 g/sq cm, to float altitude, 3.5 g/sq cm residual atmosphere. Above 100 g/sq cm growth curves were constructed to estimate the contribution of the extraterrestrial gamma ray flux to the total downward-moving flux, while the upward-moving gamma rays were taken to be strictly of atmospheric origin. Below 100 g/sq cm, all gamma rays originate in the atmosphere. The downward atmospheric flux increases by almost two orders of magnitude between float altitude and the Pfotzer maximum, while the extraterrestrial flux is attenuated exponentially. Gamma rays produced by neutron interactions with the carbon in the scintillator liquid are eliminated by constructing growth curves for downward-moving gamma rays at high altitudes and are negligible compared with downward-moving gamma rays at lower altitudes and upward-moving gamma rays at all altitudes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 1
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  • 74
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    Nuclear gamma-rays from energetic particle interactions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Gamma-ray line emission due to nuclear deexcitation following energetic particle interactions with abundant constituents of cosmic matter is studied. Reactions induced by energetic protons and alpha particles in ambient nuclei (He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, and Fe) are considered, along with inverse reactions in which energetic nuclei interact with ambient H and He. Line-production cross sections are evaluated by analyzing a large body of laboratory nuclear data. Both prompt gamma rays, produced by direct excitation of nuclear levels and by spallation reactions that leave the secondary nucleus in an excited state, and delayed emission from long-lived radioactive nuclei also produced in the energetic particle reactions are investigated. A line list is provided, and the shapes of the gamma-ray lines are determined. Gamma-ray line production in the interstellar medium is evaluated in detail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 40; July 197
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  • 75
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    The isotopes of neon in the galactic cosmic rays (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper examines the results obtained by the University of Chicago instrument on board the IMP 7 satellite used to measure the abundances of Ne-20 and Ne-22 in the galactic cosmic rays during 1973-1977, over the general energy range of 60-230 MeV per nucleon. It is reported that the instrument shows a mass resolution of 0.7 amu(sigma) which was confirmed by calibrating a backup instrument at the LBL Bevalac with separated beams of neon isotopes. Through the use of standard solar modulation and cosmic-ray propagation models, the cosmic-ray source ratio inferred is Ne-22/Ne-20 = 0.38 = or -0.07 which is significantly greater than the present solar system ratio. It is concluded that propagation effects or cross-section uncertainties cannot account for such a large abundance of Ne-22, and thus this measurement provides evidence that the cosmic rays come from a source region where the Ne-22 abundance is substantially greater than in solar system material.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 232
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  • 76
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    X-ray emission from the region of gamma 195+5 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the present study, the region of the gamma 195 + 5 was searched for X-ray emission to a level of approximately 10 to the minus eleventh erg/sq cm-sec. A source is detected whose position is in agreement with the position of the gamma-ray source. The area of the X-ray box is approximately five times smaller than the estimated gamma-ray error region; it will guide further observations at X-ray and other wavelengths. The probability that the source is located by chance within the gamma-ray error region is estimated at 9%. The X-ray spectrum appears to be too steep to extrapolate simply toward the 100 MeV point.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 231
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  • 77
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    A large-beam sky survey at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths made from balloon altitudes (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A survey has been made of a quarter of the celestial sphere from balloon altitudes with a telescope having a 1.6-deg beamwidth and two spectral bands: 3-10 kaysers and 10-25 kaysers. The limiting sensitivity of the survey was 10,000 Jy. The galactic disk was detected from 358 to 45 deg galactic longitude. The total far-infrared flux from several regions on the galactic plane measured in this survey is 5-10 times larger than that observed by others using smaller beamwidths and small-amplitude spatial chopping, indicating that a substantial part of the emission comes from extended sources. Two other extended sources were also observed, one in the Cygnus region and the other a spur running off the galactic plane at 130 deg galactic longitude toward the north celestial pole. In addition, lower limits for the spectral index of interstellar dust emission are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 231
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  • 78
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    Characteristics of the spectra of protons and alpha particles in recurrent events at 1 AU (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study of 31 individual recurrent events from three long-lived corotating particle streams is presented. The spectra of protons and alpha particles during these streams are fit well by an exponential in particle rigidity. Although the spectra show considerable temporal variation, the proton and alpha particle spectra are correlated so that the e-folding rigidities Po(alpha) and Po(p) of the two spectra are in the ratio Po(alpha)/Po(p) = 1.5 plus or minus 0.1. The consistency of this ratio may be a characteristic of the interplanetary acceleration process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; July 197
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  • 79
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    Propagation of a Forbush decrease in cosmic ray intensity to 15.9 AU (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: By observation of the large Forbush decrease in cosmic-ray intensity of April-May 1978 at heliocentric radial distances of 1.01, 6.97, and 15.91 AU, it is found that the causative magnetized plasma cloud moved outward from the sun at an apparent radial speed of about 960 km/s, independent of radial distance over this range. Recovery from the impulsive decrease in intensity was markedly slower at the larger distances. On the basis of this fact and other considerations, several tentative suggestions are made as to the large-scale nature of Forbush decreases and their relationship to the 11-year solar modulation of galactic cosmic-ray intensity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: AD-A075850 , Geophysical Research Letters; 6; July 197
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  • 80
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    The solar latitude and radial dependence of the anomalous cosmic-ray helium component (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations are presented of the spatial intensity gradients of 11-20-MeV per nucleon anomalous helium made with Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 over the radial range 1-11.3 AU for Pioneer 10 and to a heliographic latitude of 16 deg at 3.75 AU for Pioneer 11. Evidence is found for a significant gradient in heliographic latitude, with flux increasing away from the equatorial plane at the rate of about 2% to 3% per degree of latitude. This result shows that the common assumption of spherical symmetry for solar modulation is incorrect. By comparison with gradients measured for 29-67-MeV per nucleon helium and for 11-20-MeV and 29-67-MeV protons, it is found that both the radial and latitudinal gradients of the low-energy anomalous helium are the largest of those measured. The implications of these results for the origin of the anomalous component and for solar modulation are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 227
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  • 81
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    The energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons between 9 and 300 GeV (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The high-energy cosmic-ray electron spectrum between 9 and 300 GeV has been measured using an instrument consisting of a combination of a transition-radiation detector and a shower detector. The instrument has been calibrated at accelerators over the energy range 5-300 GeV and has been exposed in a balloon flight for 9.3 sq m sr hr. The design of the instrument and the data analysis procedures are described. It is found that the electron spectrum is significantly steeper than the proton spectrum. If the spectrum is fitted to a single power law, a spectral index of 3.35 is obtained. This suggests the influence of radiative energy losses on galactic electrons at low energies. The results are interpreted in the context of the homogeneous model for galactic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 227
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  • 82
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    Evidence for the existence of cosmic-ray antiprotons (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A search for cosmic-ray antiprotons was recently performed with the use of a balloon-borne superconducting-magnet spectrometer. A total of 46 antiproton candidates were observed in the rigidity interval from 5.6 to 12.5 GV/c. Of these events 18.3 are expected to be atmospheric and instrumentation background. The p(-)/p ratio is found to be 0.00052 + or - 0.00015. This ratio is consistent with secondary production of antiprotons in the interstellar medium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 43; Oct. 15
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  • 83
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    The extension of the concept of the cosmic-ray path-length distribution to nonrelativistic energies (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The concept of the cosmic-ray path-length distribution is examined. The corresponding cosmic-ray propagation calculational procedure has been justified theoretically at relativistic energies (Ginzburg and Syrovatskii, 1964) where the effects of ionization energy loss are negligible. The present paper extends the use of the path-length distribution concept in cosmic-ray propagation calculations to nonrelativistic energies. Sufficient constraints to effect this extension are presented. The solution of the cosmic-ray propagation equations in terms of a Green's function approach is also investigated and is used to provide a formulation of the path-length distribution at nonrelativistic as well as relativistic energies in terms of the cosmic-ray source distribution and the propagation characteristics of the interstellar medium. The leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation is also examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 63; 2, Ju; July 197
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  • 84
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    Pitch angle distributions of energetic protons near the earth's bow shock (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of energetic protons between about 28 and about 145 keV on ISEE-1 upstream and downstream of the earth's bow shock during times of a radial interplanetary magnetic field are presented. The protons exhibited a slight antisunward flow in the spacecraft system in front of the bow shock and a strong flow along the magnetic field in the spacecraft system in the magnetosheath. Compton-Getting transformations of these anisotropies into the plasma frame of reference have been performed. It is argued that the observations can be explained best in terms of particle acceleration by multiple reflection between the bow shock and upstream scattering centers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 6; Sept
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  • 85
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    Jovian electron propagation close to the sun /at about 0.5 AU/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: On the basis of interplanetary electron flux measurements in the energy range 0.7-25 MeV made on the Mariner 10 spacecraft launched in 1973 for successive encounters with planet Mercury (R approximately equal 0.5 AU), it is shown that the dominant interplanetary flux of electrons close to the sun is Jovian in origin (except for times of solar flares) and that these observations are consistent with a three-dimensional diffusion-convection model which describes Jovian electron propagation in the outer solar system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 232
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  • 86
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    Distortion of the microwave background by a hot intergalactic medium (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The distortion of the cosmic microwave background by a hot, optically thin intergalactic medium (IGM) is calculated using the full frequency redistribution function. Even if the IGM produces all of the cosmic X-ray background, the distortion of the microwave background is not detectable in the present observational data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 232
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  • 87
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    Compositions of energetic particle populations in interplanetary space (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Study of the compositions of energetic particle populations in interplanetary space is reviewed emphasizing observations of helium and heavier particles with energies below about 10 to 20 MeV/nucleon. Three dominant constituents of interplanetary particles are considered: solar flare particles, co-rotating particle streams, and a so-called 'anomalous cosmic ray' component. The recent discovery of a class of solar flare particle events with heavy elements indicates highly selective solar injection mechanisms. Observations of positive radial intensity gradients and anisotropies in co-rotating particle streams suggest the existence of large-scale interplanetary acceleration in a region extending from about 2 to 4 AU. Although present observations exclude the sun as a direct source of the 'anomalous cosmic ray' component, its origin is still debated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; June 197
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  • 88
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    Measureable characteristics of extraterrestrial sources of high energy neutrinos (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations were carried out to determine the characteristics of extraterrestial neutrino sources that could be observed in a high energy ( 1 TeV) neutrino detector given an adequate source intensity. Measureable quantities such as y and the ratio of muonless to muon containing events can, potentially, reveal source characteristics such as charge state (matter or antimatter), density, and local particle spectrum. Comparisons were made with the flux of atmospheric neutrinos including the effects of prompt neutrinos.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80544
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  • 89
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    Laser measuring system for wire-wrapped frame assemblies (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The laser measuring system is designed to automatically measure and record the distances between small diameter wires on a wire wrapped grid frame assembly to an accuracy of 0.00635 mm (0.00025 in.). The system utilizes a helium-neon gas laser beam as the measuring instrument with a remote interferometer and retroreflector, a light source and photodetector to detect the wire positions, in conjunction with recording, display and printout units. The laser measuring system is utilized to perform precise automatic measurements for wire application machines or as an automatic feedback device for positioning wires and/or to adjust them for out of tolerance conditions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79715
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  • 90
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    The diffuse X-ray background spectrum from 3 to 50keV (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The spectrum of the extragalactic diffuse X-ray background was measured with the GSFC cosmic X-ray experiment on HEAO-1 for regions of the sky away from known point sources and more than 20 deg from the galactic plane. A total exposure of 80 sq m-sec-sr is available at present. Free-free emission from an optically thin plasma of 40 plus or minus 5 keV provides an excellent description of the observed spectrum from 3 to 50 keV. This spectral shape is confirmed by measurements from 5 separate layers of three independent detectors. With an estimated absolute precision of about 10 percent, the intensity of the emission at 10 keV is 3.2 keV/keV-sq cm-sec-sr, a value consistent with the average of previously reported spectra. No other spectral features, such as iron line emission, are evident. This spectrum is not typical of known extragalactic objects. A uniform hot intergalactic medium of approximately 36 percent of the closure density of the universe would produce such a flux, although non-uniform models indicating less total matter are probably more realistic.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80329
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  • 91
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    Is the galactic corona produced by galactic flares? (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effect of the differential rotation of the disk of the Galaxy on magnetic field which penetrates the disk is considered. The magnetic field will be progressively distorted from a potential (current-free) form and will at some stage become unstable. It is expected that an MHD instability, a resistive instability, or a combination of the two, will result in the release of the excess magnetic energy and that part of the released energy will be converted into heat. By estimating the energy release and the rate at which this process will occur and by assuming that this energy input is balanced by radiation, estimates were obtained of the parameters of the resulting plasma. It appears that this process alone can heat a galactic corona to temperatures of order 10 to the 6th power K.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-158394 , SUIPR-780 , AD-A076612
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  • 92
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    Compositions of energetic particle populations in interplanetary space (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of helium and heavier particles with energies below about 10 to 20 MeV/nucleon are discussed with emphasis on the composition of solar flare particles, corotating energetic particle streams, and the anomalous cosmic ray component. Future advances expected from results obtained from ISEE -3, Voyager, and the international solar polar spacecraft are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-158621 , PREPRINT-79-158
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  • 93
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    Line identification and lifetime measurements in the XUV and soft X-ray regions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A summary of the data acquired concerning line identification and lifetime measurements in the xuv and soft X-ray regions for a variety of both resonance transitions and forbidden transitions in ions of astrophysical interest is provided. Particular attention is called to a few papers which appeared in the Astrophysical Journal. These are of special relevance to specific astrophysical data needs. The many experiments completed in areas related to but somewhat outside the confines of the project title are mentioned.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-157863
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  • 94
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    The mean free path of low rigidity cosmic rays (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple heuristic argument is presented which suggests that the large rigidity independent mean free paths observed for low rigidity solar and galactic cosmic rays can be understood in terms of weak turbulence diffusion theory if one assumes that the interplanetary magnetic turbulence consists of a combination of Alfven waves propagating with constant field magnitude and a small (approximately 5-10%) admixture of compressive fluctuations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80290
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  • 95
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    Extraterrestrial high energy neutrino fluxes (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Using the most recent cosmic ray spectra up to 2x10 to the 20th power eV, production spectra of high energy neutrinos from cosmic ray interactions with interstellar gas and extragalactic interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays with 3K universal background photons are presented and discussed. Estimates of the fluxes from cosmic diffuse sources and the nearby quasar 3C273 are made using the generic relationship between secondary neutrinos and gammas and using recent gamma ray satellite data. These gamma ray data provide important upper limits on cosmological neutrinos. Quantitative estimates of the observability of high energy neutrinos from the inner galaxy and 3C273 above atmospheric background for a DUMAND type detector are discussed in the context of the Weinberg-Salam model with sq sin theta omega = 0.2 and including the atmospheric background from the decay of charmed mesons. Constraints on cosmological high energy neutrino production models are also discussed. It appears that important high energy neutrino astronomy may be possible with DUMAND, but very long observing times are required.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80304
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 96
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    Gamma-ray burst observations from Helios-2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of five gamma-ray bursts made with the solar orbiter Helios-2 are reported. Wavefront timing from Helios-2, at distances of up to 1.98 AU, to Vela-5A and -6A, in Earth orbit, provides source location bands as narrow as 2 arc minutes, although several degrees in length. The burst intensities and time profiles measured in interplanetary space by Helios-2 are the same as those observed near the earth, ruling out a narrow-beam interplanetary origin model. Also, the source direction bands for these events are inconsistent with the directions of all known celestial X-ray objects, X-ray bursters and high-energy gamma-ray source regions. The gamma-ray burst source objects therefore appear to form a distinct class from all lower energy X-ray or higher energy gamma ray emitters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80284
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 97
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    Catalog of far-ultraviolet objective-prism spectrophotometry: Skylab experiment S-019, ultraviolet steller astronomy (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ultraviolet stellar spectra in the wavelength region from 1300 to 5000 A (130 to 500) were photographed during the three manned Skylab missions using a 15 cm aperture objective-prism telescope. The prismatic dispersion varied from 58 A mm/1 at 1400 A to 1600 A mm/1 at 3000 A. Approximately 1000 spectra representing 500 stars were measured and reduced to observed fluxes. About 100 stars show absorption lines of Si IV, C IV, or C II. Numerous line features are also recorded in supergiant stars, shell stars, A and F stars, and Wolf-Rayet stars. Most of the stars in the catalog are of spectral class B, with a number of O and A type stars and a sampling of WC, WN, F and C type stars. Spectrophotometric results are tabulated for these 500 stars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-RP-1031 , S-495
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  • 98
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    Spectrometer of high energy gamma quantums (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A detailed description of the apparatus GG-2M is given. The spectrometer contains a Cerenkov and scintillation (including anticoincidence) counter. The energies of the gamma quantums are measured by a shower calorimeter, in which scintillation counters are used in the capacity of detectors. Results are given for tuning the device on mu-mesons of cosmic rays. The data of physical tuning allow more reliable interpretation of the results of measurements which are received on the satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75647 , PR-416
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  • 99
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    Preliminary results of a gamma-ray burst study in the Konus experiment on the Venera-11 and Venera-12 space probes (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Twenty-one gamma-ray bursts and 68 solar flares in the hard X-ray range were detected on Venera-11 and Venera-12 space probes during the initial 50-day observation period. Major characteristics of the equipment used and preliminary data on the temporal structure and energy spectra of the gamma-ray bursts are considered. The pattern of gamma-ray burst frequency distribution vs. intensity, N(S), is established.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75610
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Fluctuations in microwave background radiation due to secondary ionization of the intergalactic gas in the universe (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Secondary heating and ionization of the intergalactic gas at redshifts z approximately 10-30 could lead to the large optical depth of the Universe for Thomson scattering and could smooth the primordial fluctuations formed at z approximately 1500. It is shown that the gas motions connected with the large scale density perturbations at z approximately 10-15 must lead to the generation of secondary fluctuations of microwave background. The contribution of the rich clusters of galaxies and young galaxies to the fluctuations of microwave background is also estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75619
    Format: application/pdf
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