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  • 1
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    Microbiology: metagenomics (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hugenholtz, Philip -- Tyson, Gene W -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 25;455(7212):481-3. doi: 10.1038/455481a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Computational Biology/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Microbiology ; Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Genetics, Microbial/methods ; Genome/genetics ; *Genomics/economics/methods/trends ; Humans ; Marine Biology ; Prokaryotic Cells/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics ; Time Factors ; Viruses/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-08
    Description: Rates of atmospheric deposition of biologically active nitrogen (N) are two to seven times the pre-industrial rates in many developed nations because of combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural fertilization. They are expected to increase similarly over the next 50 years in industrializing nations of Asia and South America. Although the environmental impacts of high rates of nitrogen addition have been well studied, this is not so for the lower, chronic rates that characterize much of the globe. Here we present results of the first multi-decadal experiment to examine the impacts of chronic, experimental nitrogen addition as low as 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) above ambient atmospheric nitrogen deposition (6 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) at our site). This total input rate is comparable to terrestrial nitrogen deposition in many industrialized nations. We found that this chronic low-level nitrogen addition rate reduced plant species numbers by 17% relative to controls receiving ambient N deposition. Moreover, species numbers were reduced more per unit of added nitrogen at lower addition rates, suggesting that chronic but low-level nitrogen deposition may have a greater impact on diversity than previously thought. A second experiment showed that a decade after cessation of nitrogen addition, relative plant species number, although not species abundances, had recovered, demonstrating that some effects of nitrogen addition are reversible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, Christopher M -- Tilman, David -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 7;451(7179):712-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. clark134@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Plants/classification/*metabolism ; *Poaceae/metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-04
    Description: The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is particularly sensitive to climatic changes in autumn and spring, with spring and autumn temperatures over northern latitudes having risen by about 1.1 degrees C and 0.8 degrees C, respectively, over the past two decades. A simultaneous greening trend has also been observed, characterized by a longer growing season and greater photosynthetic activity. These observations have led to speculation that spring and autumn warming could enhance carbon sequestration and extend the period of net carbon uptake in the future. Here we analyse interannual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration data and ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes. We find that atmospheric records from the past 20 years show a trend towards an earlier autumn-to-winter carbon dioxide build-up, suggesting a shorter net carbon uptake period. This trend cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric transport alone and, together with the ecosystem flux data, suggest increasing carbon losses in autumn. We use a process-based terrestrial biosphere model and satellite vegetation greenness index observations to investigate further the observed seasonal response of northern ecosystems to autumnal warming. We find that both photosynthesis and respiration increase during autumn warming, but the increase in respiration is greater. In contrast, warming increases photosynthesis more than respiration in spring. Our simulations and observations indicate that northern terrestrial ecosystems may currently lose carbon dioxide in response to autumn warming, with a sensitivity of about 0.2 PgC degrees C(-1), offsetting 90% of the increased carbon dioxide uptake during spring. If future autumn warming occurs at a faster rate than in spring, the ability of northern ecosystems to sequester carbon may be diminished earlier than previously suggested.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Shilong -- Ciais, Philippe -- Friedlingstein, Pierre -- Peylin, Philippe -- Reichstein, Markus -- Luyssaert, Sebastiaan -- Margolis, Hank -- Fang, Jingyun -- Barr, Alan -- Chen, Anping -- Grelle, Achim -- Hollinger, David Y -- Laurila, Tuomas -- Lindroth, Anders -- Richardson, Andrew D -- Vesala, Timo -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 3;451(7174):49-52. doi: 10.1038/nature06444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉LSCE, UMR CEA-CNRS, Batiment 709, CE, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. slpiao@lsce.ipsl.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Cell Respiration ; *Ecosystem ; Fossil Fuels ; Geography ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Transpiration ; Plants/metabolism ; Rain ; *Seasons ; Soil/analysis ; *Temperature ; Water/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: Many free-ranging predators have to make foraging decisions with little, if any, knowledge of present resource distribution and availability. The optimal search strategy they should use to maximize encounter rates with prey in heterogeneous natural environments remains a largely unresolved issue in ecology. Levy walks are specialized random walks giving rise to fractal movement trajectories that may represent an optimal solution for searching complex landscapes. However, the adaptive significance of this putative strategy in response to natural prey distributions remains untested. Here we analyse over a million movement displacements recorded from animal-attached electronic tags to show that diverse marine predators-sharks, bony fishes, sea turtles and penguins-exhibit Levy-walk-like behaviour close to a theoretical optimum. Prey density distributions also display Levy-like fractal patterns, suggesting response movements by predators to prey distributions. Simulations show that predators have higher encounter rates when adopting Levy-type foraging in natural-like prey fields compared with purely random landscapes. This is consistent with the hypothesis that observed search patterns are adapted to observed statistical patterns of the landscape. This may explain why Levy-like behaviour seems to be widespread among diverse organisms, from microbes to humans, as a 'rule' that evolved in response to patchy resource distributions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sims, David W -- Southall, Emily J -- Humphries, Nicolas E -- Hays, Graeme C -- Bradshaw, Corey J A -- Pitchford, Jonathan W -- James, Alex -- Ahmed, Mohammed Z -- Brierley, Andrew S -- Hindell, Mark A -- Morritt, David -- Musyl, Michael K -- Righton, David -- Shepard, Emily L C -- Wearmouth, Victoria J -- Wilson, Rory P -- Witt, Matthew J -- Metcalfe, Julian D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1098-102. doi: 10.1038/nature06518.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK. dws@mba.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18305542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Euphausiacea ; *Feeding Behavior ; Fractals ; Gadiformes ; *Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; *Motor Activity ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; *Predatory Behavior ; Probability ; Seals, Earless ; Sharks ; Spheniscidae ; Tuna ; Turtles
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-12
    Description: Old-growth forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at rates that vary with climate and nitrogen deposition. The sequestered carbon dioxide is stored in live woody tissues and slowly decomposing organic matter in litter and soil. Old-growth forests therefore serve as a global carbon dioxide sink, but they are not protected by international treaties, because it is generally thought that ageing forests cease to accumulate carbon. Here we report a search of literature and databases for forest carbon-flux estimates. We find that in forests between 15 and 800 years of age, net ecosystem productivity (the net carbon balance of the forest including soils) is usually positive. Our results demonstrate that old-growth forests can continue to accumulate carbon, contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral. Over 30 per cent of the global forest area is unmanaged primary forest, and this area contains the remaining old-growth forests. Half of the primary forests (6 x 10(8) hectares) are located in the boreal and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. On the basis of our analysis, these forests alone sequester about 1.3 +/- 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon per year. Thus, our findings suggest that 15 per cent of the global forest area, which is currently not considered when offsetting increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, provides at least 10 per cent of the global net ecosystem productivity. Old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large quantities of it. We expect, however, that much of this carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are disturbed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luyssaert, Sebastiaan -- Schulze, E-Detlef -- Borner, Annett -- Knohl, Alexander -- Hessenmoller, Dominik -- Law, Beverly E -- Ciais, Philippe -- Grace, John -- England -- Nature. 2008 Sep 11;455(7210):213-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07276.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. sebastiaan.luyssaert@ua.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Databases, Factual ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Human Activities ; Time Factors ; Trees/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    High-amplitude fluctuations and alternative dynamical states of midges in Lake Myvatn (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-07
    Description: Complex dynamics are often shown by simple ecological models and have been clearly demonstrated in laboratory and natural systems. Yet many classes of theoretically possible dynamics are still poorly documented in nature. Here we study long-term time-series data of a midge, Tanytarsus gracilentus (Diptera: Chironomidae), in Lake Myvatn, Iceland. The midge undergoes density fluctuations of almost six orders of magnitude. Rather than regular cycles, however, these fluctuations have irregular periods of 4-7 years, indicating complex dynamics. We fit three consumer-resource models capable of qualitatively distinct dynamics to the data. Of these, the best-fitting model shows alternative dynamical states in the absence of environmental variability; depending on the initial midge densities, the model shows either fluctuations around a fixed point or high-amplitude cycles. This explains the observed complex population dynamics: high-amplitude but irregular fluctuations occur because stochastic variability causes the dynamics to switch between domains of attraction to the alternative states. In the model, the amplitude of fluctuations depends strongly on minute resource subsidies into the midge habitat. These resource subsidies may be sensitive to human-caused changes in the hydrology of the lake, with human impacts such as dredging leading to higher-amplitude fluctuations. Tanytarsus gracilentus is a key component of the Myvatn ecosystem, representing two-thirds of the secondary productivity of the lake and providing vital food resources to fish and to breeding bird populations. Therefore the high-amplitude, irregular fluctuations in midge densities generated by alternative dynamical states dominate much of the ecology of the lake.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ives, Anthony R -- Einarsson, Arni -- Jansen, Vincent A A -- Gardarsson, Arnthor -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):84-7. doi: 10.1038/nature06610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. arives@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chironomidae/*physiology ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Food ; *Fresh Water ; Iceland ; Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Stochastic Processes
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Population biology: Case of the absent lemmings (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coulson, Tim -- Malo, Aurelio -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):43-4. doi: 10.1038/456043a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arvicolinae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Norway ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Snow ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The Red List still matters (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):707-8. doi: 10.1038/455707b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Greenhouse Effect
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Microbiology: straight from the gut (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandavilli, Apoorva -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 29;453(7195):581-2. doi: 10.1038/453581a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Defensins/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Feces/*microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intestines/*microbiology/*transplantation ; Models, Biological ; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in the climate system, helping to drive atmospheric circulations in the tropics by absorbing energy and recycling about half of the rainfall that falls on it. This region (Amazonia) is also estimated to contain about one-tenth of the total carbon stored in land ecosystems, and to account for one-tenth of global, net primary productivity. The resilience of the forest to the combined pressures of deforestation and global warming is therefore of great concern, especially as some general circulation models (GCMs) predict a severe drying of Amazonia in the twenty-first century. Here we analyse these climate projections with reference to the 2005 drought in western Amazonia, which was associated with unusually warm North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs). We show that reduction of dry-season (July-October) rainfall in western Amazonia correlates well with an index of the north-south SST gradient across the equatorial Atlantic (the 'Atlantic N-S gradient'). Our climate model is unusual among current GCMs in that it is able to reproduce this relationship and also the observed twentieth-century multidecadal variability in the Atlantic N-S gradient, provided that the effects of aerosols are included in the model. Simulations for the twenty-first century using the same model show a strong tendency for the SST conditions associated with the 2005 drought to become much more common, owing to continuing reductions in reflective aerosol pollution in the Northern Hemisphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cox, Peter M -- Harris, Phil P -- Huntingford, Chris -- Betts, Richard A -- Collins, Matthew -- Jones, Chris D -- Jupp, Tim E -- Marengo, Jose A -- Nobre, Carlos A -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 8;453(7192):212-5. doi: 10.1038/nature06960.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK. p.m.cox@exeter.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18464740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols/*analysis ; Atlantic Ocean ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Disasters/history/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollution/*statistics & numerical data ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Models, Theoretical ; Pacific Ocean ; Probability ; Rain ; Seasons ; South America ; Temperature ; Trees/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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