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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (83,671)
  • Leguminosae
  • Liposome
  • 1
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    Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: This reprint of the Special Issue "Advances in Plant Taxonomy and Systematics", includes an Editorial and fifteen high-quality papers published between April 2022 and April 2023 by global researchers. This collection addresses scholars and students interested in current progresses in taxonomy and systematics, which are crucial for all plant applications.
    Keywords: alpine species ; chromosome number ; Irano-Turanian region ; biogeography ; rapid radiation ; Veronica ; endemism ; morphometrics ; image analysis ; molecular analysis ; niche similarity ; nomenclature ; Magnoliaceae ; chloroplast genome ; phylogenomics ; intergeneric relationship ; Crassula ; Crassulaceae ; plastome ; codon usage ; codon aversion ; DNA barcoding ; evolutionary rates ; phylogeny ; Adonanthe ; molecular phylogeny ; taxonomy ; steppic plant ; demographic systematics ; ethology ; evolution ; natural selection ; next-generation sequencing ; ordination ; reproductive isolation ; sexual deceit ; speciation ; species circumscription ; Astragalus subgenus Hypoglottis ; Leguminosae ; Iran ; rapid diversification ; section Hypoglottidei ; section Stereothrix ; Australia ; carnivorous plants ; non-core Caryophyllales ; Nepenthales ; sundews ; typification ; Adelieae ; Argythamnia ; Caperonia ; Caperonieae ; Chiropetalum ; Ditaxeae ; Ditaxis ; phylogenetics ; Philyra ; Arecaceae ; Bentinckia ; biogeographic analysis ; karyomorphology ; Asteraceae ; ecology ; ddRADseq ; geography ; leaf morphology ; polyploidy ; chromosome numbers ; Crocus heuffelianus group ; Crocus series Verni ; dysploidy ; genome size ; genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) ; morphometry ; apomixis ; hybridisation ; multiple origins ; Sorbus austriaca ; genomics ; geometric morphometrics ; Ranunculus auricomus ; taxonomically complex groups (TCGs) ; arid lands ; Cactaceae ; colonization ; Mammillaria ; Mexican Plateau ; Miocene ; Pleistocene ; recent diversification ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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    Filamentous Bacteriophage in Bio/Nano/Technology, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Ecology (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Filamentous phage (genus Inovirus) infect almost invariably Gram-negative bacteria. They are distinguished from all other bacteriophage not only by morphology, but also by the mode of their assembly, a secretion-like process that does not kill the host. “Classic” Escherichia coli filamentous phage Ff (f1, fd and M13) are used in display technology and bio/nano/technology, whereas filamentous phage in general have been put to use by their bacterial hosts for adaptation to environment, pathogenesis, biofilm formation, horizontal gene transfer and modulating genome stability. Many filamentous phage have a “symbiotic” life style that is often manifested by inability to form plaques, preventing their identification by standard phage-hunting techniques; while the absence or very low sequence conservation between phage infecting different species often complicates their identification through bioinformatics. Nevertheless, the number of discovered filamentous phage is increasing rapidly, along with realization of their significance. “Temperate” filamentous phage whose genomes are integrated into the bacterial chromosome of pathogenic bacteria often modulate virulence of the host. The Vibrio cholerae phage CTXf genome encodes cholera toxin, whereas many filamentous prophage influence virulence without encoding virulence factors. The nature of their effect on the bacterial pathogenicity and overall physiology is the next frontier in understanding intricate relationship between the filamentous phage and their hosts. Phage display has been widely used as a combinatorial technology of choice for discovery of therapeutic antibodies and peptide leads that have been applied in the vaccine design, diagnostics and drug development or targeting over the past thirty years. Virion proteins of filamentous phage are integral membrane proteins prior to assembly; hence they are ideal for display of bacterial surface and secreted proteins. The use of this technology at the scale of microbial community has potential to identify host-interacting proteins of uncultivable or low-represented community members. Recent applications of Ff filamentous phage extend into protein evolution, synthetic biology and nanotechnology. In many applications, phage serves as a monodisperse long-aspect nano-scaffold of well-defined shape. Chemical or chenetic modifications of this scaffold are used to introduce the necessary functionalities, such as fluorescent labels, ligands that target specific proteins, or peptides that promote formation of inorganic or organic nanostructures. We anticipate that the future holds development of new strategies for particle assembly, site-specific multi-functional modifications and improvement of existing modification strategies. These improvements will render the production of filamentous-phage-templated materials safe and affordable, allowing their applications outside of the laboratory.
    Keywords: QR1-502 ; Q1-390 ; pathogenic bacteria ; filamentous bacteriophage ; phage display ; Glioblastoma ; Liposome ; Vaccine ; microbial communities ; dip-stick ; chemical modification ; Nanorods ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical)
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    [Editors' Choice] Fluorine frolicking with eight friends (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-10
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [This Week in Science] A salty route to an all-nitrogen ring (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    [Perspective] Polynitrogen chemistry enters the ring (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Polynitrogens have the potential for ultrahigh-performing explosives or propellants because singly or doubly bonded polynitrogens can decompose to triply bonded dinitrogen (N2) with an extraordinarily large energy release. The large energy content and relatively low activation energy toward decomposition makes the synthesis of a stable polynitrogen allotrope an extraordinary challenge. Many elements exist in different forms (allotropes)—for example, carbon can exist as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, or graphene. However, no stable neutral allotropes are known for nitrogen, and only two stable homonuclear polynitrogen ions had been isolated until now—namely, the N3− anion (1) and the N5+ cation (2). On page 374 of this issue, Zhang et al. (3) report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable salt of the cyclo-N5− anion, only the third stable homonuclear polynitrogen ion ever isolated. Author: Karl O. Christe
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    [Editors' Choice] A pair of tablemates for aromatic benzene (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    [This Week in Science] Coordinated scission of N–H or O–H bonds (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-11
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    New combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China (2013)
    In:  Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants (0006-5196) vol.58 (2013) nr.1 p.39
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: Fragmentation of the former broadly circumscribed genus Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) necessitates combinations in Senegalia (syn. Acacia subg. Aculeiferum) and Vachellia (syn. former Acacia subg. Acacia) for the following 40 taxa that are recorded for the region encompassed by Southeast Asia and China. Senegalia andamanica, S. borneensis, S. caesia, S. comosa, S. delavayi, S. delavayi var. kunmingensis, S. donnaiensis, S. gageana, S. intsia, S. kekapur, S. kostermansii, S. meeboldii, S. megaladena, S. megaladena var. garrettii, S. megaladena var. indochinensis, S. merrillii, S. palawanensis, S. pennata subsp. hainanensis, S. pennata subsp. insuavis, S. pluricapitata, S. pluriglandulosa, S. pruinescens, S. pseudointsia, S. sulitii, S. tawitawiensis, S. teniana, S. thailandica, S. tonkinensis, S. torta, S. verheijenii, S. vietnamensis and S. yunnanensis. Vachellia harmandiana, V. inopinata, V. kingii, V. leucophloea, V. leucophloea var. microcephala, V. myaingii, V. siamensis (syn. Acacia craibii) and V. tomentosa. Senegalia rugata replaces the well-known name Acacia concinna. There are four doubtful names for the region, namely, Acacia brunnescens, A. microcephala, A. obcordata and A. pseudoarabica.
    Keywords: Acacia ; China ; Leguminosae ; Mimosoideae ; SE Asia ; Senegalia ; Vachellia
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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    New combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China (2013)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 58 no. 1, pp. 39-44
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: Fragmentation of the former broadly circumscribed genus Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) necessitates combinations in Senegalia (syn. Acacia subg. Aculeiferum) and Vachellia (syn. former Acacia subg. Acacia) for the following 40 taxa that are recorded for the region encompassed by Southeast Asia and China. Senegalia andamanica, S. borneensis, S. caesia, S. comosa, S. delavayi, S. delavayi var. kunmingensis, S. donnaiensis, S. gageana, S. intsia, S. kekapur, S. kostermansii, S. meeboldii, S. megaladena, S. megaladena var. garrettii, S. megaladena var. indochinensis, S. merrillii, S. palawanensis, S. pennata subsp. hainanensis, S. pennata subsp. insuavis, S. pluricapitata, S. pluriglandulosa, S. pruinescens, S. pseudointsia, S. sulitii, S. tawitawiensis, S. teniana, S. thailandica, S. tonkinensis, S. torta, S. verheijenii, S. vietnamensis and S. yunnanensis. Vachellia harmandiana, V. inopinata, V. kingii, V. leucophloea, V. leucophloea var. microcephala, V. myaingii, V. siamensis (syn. Acacia craibii) and V. tomentosa. Senegalia rugata replaces the well-known name Acacia concinna. There are four doubtful names for the region, namely, Acacia brunnescens, A. microcephala, A. obcordata and A. pseudoarabica.
    Keywords: Acacia ; China ; Leguminosae ; Mimosoideae ; SE Asia ; Senegalia ; Vachellia
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Cynometra cebuensis, a new species of Leguminosae (Caesalpinioidae) from the Philippines (2013)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 58 no. 1, pp. 18-20
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: A new species of Cynometra from the Tabunan forest on Cebu island in the Philippines is described.
    Keywords: Caesalpinioidae ; Cebu ; Cynometra cebuensis ; endemism ; Leguminosae ; Tabunan forest
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 12
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    Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) 15. Notes on Indigofera (2011)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 56 no. 3, pp. 270-272
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Notes on some morphological features of Indigofera as well as taxonomic notes on several species are given. The recently described I. erectifructa is reduced to a synonym of I. luzoniensis.
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Indigofera ; Leguminosae ; Malesia ; Papilionoideae
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 13
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    A natural infrageneric classification for Cicer (Leguminosae, Cicereae) (2007)
    In:  Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants (0006-5196) vol.52 (2007) nr.2 p.379
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: A comprehensive morphological survey and analysis of all taxonomically recognised wild species of Cicer L. (Leguminosae, Cicereae) is presented. The data (104 characters from 152 herbarium specimens representing 34 of the 44 recognised taxa in the genus Cicer with supplementary data for the remaining taxa taken from the literature) were analysed using multivariate statistics (cluster analysis, factor analysis and ordination techniques). The results are discussed in the context of extant classifications and the re-organisation of a novel infrageneric classification also incorporating information from published genetic data. A revised classification with 3 subgenera, 5 sections and 2 series is proposed.
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Cicereae ; infrageneric classification ; morphology ; wild chickpeas
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 14
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    A new species of Dalbergia (Leguminosae, Dalbergieae) from Western Africa (2007)
    In:  Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants (0006-5196) vol.52 (2007) nr.1 p.11
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: Dalbergia hepperi from Western Africa is described and illustrated. The combination of glabrous ovaries, flat and glabrous fruits and ovate to obovate leaflets with a conspicuous acuminate apex is not known from any other Dalbergia species from this region.
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Dalbergia ; Africa ; Liberia ; Sierra Leone ; taxonomy
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 15
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    Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae). 13. The genus Inocarpus (2007)
    In:  Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants (0006-5196) vol.52 (2007) nr.2 p.401
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: The genus Inocarpus J.R. & G. Forst. is revised. Three species are recognized of which one is new (I. glabellus Adema). A key to the species is provided.
    Keywords: Inocarpus ; Leguminosae ; Papilionoideae ; Dalbergieae ; Malesia ; Pacific
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 16
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    A natural infrageneric classification\nfor Cicer (Leguminosae, Cicereae) (2007)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 52 no. 2, pp. 379-400
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: A comprehensive morphological survey and analysis of all taxonomically recognised wild species of Cicer L. (Leguminosae, Cicereae) is presented. The data (104 characters from 152 herbarium specimens representing 34 of the 44 recognised taxa in the genus Cicer with supplementary data for the remaining taxa taken from the literature) were analysed using multivariate statistics (cluster analysis, factor analysis and ordination techniques). The results are discussed in the context of extant classifications and the re-organisation of a novel infrageneric classification also incorporating information from published genetic data. A revised classification with 3 subgenera, 5 sections and 2 series is proposed.
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Cicereae ; infrageneric classification ; morphology ; wild chickpeas
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 17
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    A new species of Dalbergia (Leguminosae, Dalbergieae) from Western Africa (2007)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 52 no. 1, pp. 11-14
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Dalbergia hepperi from Western Africa is described and illustrated. The combination of glabrous ovaries, flat and glabrous fruits and ovate to obovate leaflets with a conspicuous acuminate apex is not known from any other Dalbergia species from this region.
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Dalbergia ; Africa ; Liberia ; Sierra Leone ; taxonomy
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 18
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    Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae\xe2\x80\x93Papilionoideae). 13. The\ngenus Inocarpus (2007)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 52 no. 2, pp. 401-407
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The genus Inocarpus J.R. & G. Forst. is revised. Three species are recognized of which one is new (I. glabellus Adema). A key to the species is provided.
    Keywords: Inocarpus ; Leguminosae ; Papilionoideae ; Dalbergieae ; Malesia ; Pacific
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and Properties of a Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase from Lentil Seedlings (2000)
    Springer
    The protein journal 19 (2000), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Lens esculenta ; Leguminosae ; nucleotide pyrophosphatase ; nucleotides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A nucleotide pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.9) was purified to homogeneity from lentil seedlings. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain of 75 ± 2 kDa that exhibits hydrolytic activities toward pyrophosphate linkages of several substrates. Reduced and oxidized forms of NAD(P) were shown to be hydrolyzed to nicotinamide mononucleotide and AMP. Other dinucleotides such as FAD and dinucleoside oligophosphates were hydrolyzed as well, but with lower efficiency. Pyrophosphatase activity was increased in the presence of divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+, whereas Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ ions inhibited this activity. The active site in the enzyme was not defined, but histidine residue(s) seemed to be crucial for the enzymatic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007007803996
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalase Activity of Nodules in the Ureide- and Amide-transporting Legume Plants (2000)
    Springer
    Russian journal of plant physiology 47 (2000), S. 721-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1608-3407
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; symbiotic nitrogen fixation ; effective and ineffective symbiosis ; root nodules ; catalase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relations of catalase activity to the efficiency of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation and leghemoglobin (Lb) content were investigated in roots and nodules of several legume plant species together with the catalase distribution between the inner bacteroidal and the outer cortical nodule tissues. The catalase activity in the nodules exceeded that of the roots of the amide- and ureide-synthesizing plant species by one and two orders of magnitude. During the growth period, catalase activity and Lb content changed in parallel and reached their highest levels early in the stage of flowering or fruit formation, depending on plant species. In the case of effective symbiosis, catalase activity in the nodules was 2.5–5 times higher than in the case of ineffective symbiosis. Catalase activity in the bacteroidal zone of the nodules was several times higher than that of the cortical tissue, and two nodule tissues differed in catalase activity more notably in the plant species exporting ureides. The authors suggest that high catalase activity in the nodules, especially in their bacteroidal zone, is essential for the efficient functioning of the symbiotic system of dinitrogen fixation in both ureide- and amide-transporting plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026694709210
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Software dependent phenetic relationships of non-nodulating African species ofAcacia (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 220 (2000), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Acacia ; classification ; Leguminosae ; morphology ; phenetics ; RAPD ; software ; taxonomy ; UPGMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phenetic analysis of non-nodulatingAcacia species by Harrier et al. (1997) was repeated to illustrate how different computer programs may generate alternative UPGMA trees for the very same data, even in the absence of data input order effects (ties). For example, all Harrier et al.'s UPGMA dendrograms produced by software from the Scottish Agricultural Statistics Service differed from those obtained by the packages NTSYS and MVSP87. Particularly, the positions ofA. albida, A. rovumae, andA. pentagona, as well as the relationships betweenDiacanthae andTriacanthae were affected by this phenomenon. Hence, whenever clustering techniques are used, care should be taken to consider possible software-dependent caveats and artefacts. Nevertheless, all programs provided clusterings that largely coincided with the subgeneric and sectional groupings proposed by Vassal (1972) although the positions of some species varied depending on whether morphological or molecular data were considered (e.g.A. albida andA. rovumae).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985042
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secretory cavities and pellucid dots in leaflets ofLonchocarpus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 221 (2000), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Papilionoideae ; Lonchocarpus ; leaflets ; secretory cavities ; false secretory cavities ; pellucid dots ; glands ; anatomy ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of leaflet secretory cavities in 23 Brazilian species ofLonchocarpus was surveyed anatomically and compared with data from external morphology (presence of pellucid dots) to evaluate their taxonomic significance. This study revealed three cases: presence of secretory cavities associated with pellucid dots, pellucid dots corresponding to false secretory cavities, and absence of pellucid dots and secretory cavities. These results indicate that in this genus the “glandular pellucid dots” cited in morphological descriptions do not always correspond to secretory cavities, and that their nature must always be confirmed by histological sections. Secretory cavities have systematic significance at subgeneric taxonomic level for the genusLonchocarpus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01086380
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-flowered vetch (Vicia articulata Hornem.): A relic crop in Italy (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 461-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: C-banding ; crop genetic resources ; Leguminosae ; Sardinia ; seed quality ; Vicia articulata Hornem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Single-flowered vetch (Vicia articulata Hornem.), a crop native of the Mediterranean area, is widespread mainly in south Europe, in west Asia and Australia for forage, green manure and human food. In Italy this crop was still cultivated in the 1950s but, later, no records concerning its cultivation were available. This strongly suggested to place V. articulata among the Italian crop species that disappeared in the 20th century. In the course of a collecting expedition in Sardinia, a relic population, mistaken for lentil, was found. This population has been characterised from a botanical, nutritional and cytological point of view. V. articulata appears to be lower in nutritional quality than lentil. However, within the framework of a sustainable agriculture, V. articulata could find interesting opportunities. In fact, its role in soil conservation and rescue of marginal areas could be interesting, as well as its potentialities as a source of useful genes in breeding programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008711022396
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    Transfection of Lymantria dispar insect cell lines (2000)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 22 (2000), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: In vitro ; Liposome ; Lymantria dispar ; Transfection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lepidopteran cell lines derived from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, have not been widely used in protein expression studies or systems because they are weakly adherent, have specific growth requirements and characteristics, and are generally difficult to transfect. Using lipid-mediated transfection of a reporter plasmid, we modify the standard method for transfection of L. dispar-derived embryonic cell lines IPLB-LdEp and -LdEIta, obtaining transfection efficiencies of 34% and 30%, respectively, as determined by image analysis assays. Using the standard lipid-mediated method, we obtain transfection efficiencies for L. dispar-derived cell line IPLB-Ld652Y of at least 40% with high mean expression levels, indicating the IPLB-Ld652Y cell line may be a superior choice for expression studies or systems requiring L. dispar-derived cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017533119177
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    In vitro organogenesis and plant formation in Acacia sinuata (2000)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 61 (2000), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Acacia sinuata ; Leguminosae ; regeneration ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vitro morphogenesis via organogenesis was achieved from callus cultures derived from hypocotyl explants of Acacia sinuata on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium. Calli were induced from hypocotyl explants excised from 7-day-old seedlings on MS medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar, 6.78 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2.22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. Regeneration of adventitious buds from callus was achieved when they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 10% coconut water, 13.2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine and 3.42 μM indoleacetic acid. Addition of gibberellic acid (1.73 μM) favored shoot elongation. Regenerated shoots produced prominent roots when transferred to half strength MS medium supplemented with 7.36 μM indolebutyric acid. Rooted plantlets, thus developed were hardened and successfully established in the soil. This protocol yielded an average of 20 plants per hypocotyl explant over a period of 4 months.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006442818277
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    In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Mouse Nasal Cavity Mucosa Using a Stable Cationic Lipid Emulsion (2000)
    Springer
    Molecules and cells 10 (2000), S. 142-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0219-1032
    Keywords: DNA Delivery ; Heparin ; In Vivo Transfection ; Liposome ; Nasal Mucosa ; Physicochemical Property
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluate a new cationic emulsion as a mucosal gene carrier and elucidate the relationship between the transfection efficiency and the stability of the carrier/DNA complex. A cationic lipid emulsion was formulated with soybean oil and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) as major components and was used to transfer genes to the epithelial cells of the mouse nasal cavity via intranasal instillation. Correlation between the transfection efficiency and the stability of the carrier/DNA complex was investigated by measuring the carrier size changes and by observing the degree of DNA protection against DNase I digestion in the presence of heparin. The cationic emulsion showed at least 3 times better transfection activity than the liposomal carriers in nasal mucosae. The cationic emulsion was stable in the presence of heparin whereas the liposomal carriers became very unstable. Unlike DNA in liposome/DNA complexes, DNA in the emulsion/DNA complex was resistant to heparin exchange and DNase I digestion. The cationic emulsion was more effective in delivering DNA to nasal mucosae than commercially available liposomal carriers. The transfection activities of the lipid carriers in nasal cavity mucosae are in agreement with the stability of the lipid carriers and their complexes with DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10059-000-0142-1
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    Structure and property changes in certain materials influenced by the external qi of qigong (1999)
    Springer
    Materials research innovations 2 (1999), S. 349-359 
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    ISSN: 1433-075X
    Keywords: Key words Qigong ; Qi ; Material structure ; Material property ; Raman ; Water ; Protein ; Liposome ; Saline ; Glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Temperature, time, pressure (or stress) are considered important factors in changing the Gibbs free energy and optimizing the structure and properties of materials during materials processing. The effects of some other variables, including the magnetic field, electrical field, electromagnetic and ultrasonic radiation, and chemical reactions have also been well characterized. These factors have been widely applied in materials processing, and their limitations have been discovered. Thus additional factors and innovative techniques are constantly being sought to overcome those limitations. This paper presents such an innovative technique called qigong. Three sets of materials-related experiments conducted by qigong doctor Yan and his collaborators are described in which for the first time the effects of qi on inanimate matter samples with no mechanical or electrical connection to the system are revealed on laboratory instruments. These experiments show that external qi of qigong produces significant structural changes in water and aqueous solutions, alters the phase behavior of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) liposomes, and enables the growth of Fab protein crystals. These results demonstrate objective phenomena resulting from qigong and the potential of this ancient technology system, even in material processing. Important attributes of qi are summarized and the possible implications of these results from the materials perspective are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100190050113
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    Light scattering characterization of extruded lipid vesicles (1999)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 28 (1999), S. 187-199 
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    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Membrane ; Liposome ; Morphology ; Elongation ; Osmotic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By modeling extruded unilamellar lipid vesicles as thin-walled ellipsoidal shells, mathematical analysis provides simple equations which relate the mean elongation and other morphological characteristics of a vesicle population to quantities readily obtained from combined static and dynamic light scattering measurements. For SOPC vesicles extruded through a 100 nm pore-size filter into a 72.9 mm NaCl solution, the inferred elongation ratio (vesicle long axis to short axis) is approximately 3.7±0.6. When these vesicles were dialyzed into hypertonic or hypotonic solutions, this elongation ratio varied from 1 (for spherical liposomes) in strongly hypotonic solutions to greater than 6 in increasingly hypertonic solutions, beyond which abrupt morphological transformations appear. These results are quantitatively consistent with a mechanism of vesicle formation by extrusion and with the expectation that vesicle volumes change to equalize internal and external osmolarity via water flow, subject to the constraint of constant bilayer area. Our analysis also provides simplified equations to assess the effects of vesicle elongation and polydispersity on liposome parameters that are commonly required to characterize vesicle preparations for diverse applications. The implications of this study for routine light scattering characterization of extruded vesicles are discussed.
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    Reproductive biology ofCaesalpinia calycina andC. pluviosa (Leguminosae) of the caatinga of north-eastern Brazil (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 217 (1999), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Caesalpinia ; Angiosperms ; bee-pollination ; andromonoecy ; late-acting self-incompatibility ; fruiting success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollination biology, breeding system and fruiting success ofCaesalpinia calycina andC. pluviosa var.sanfranciscana were studied in caatinga vegetation in Bahia, NE Brazil. The principal pollinators for both species were carpenter bees.Caesalpinia calycina is andromonoecious but inC. pluviosa all flowers are hermaphrodite. InC. calycina all selfed flowers were abscised within 72 h despite rapid self-pollen tube growth to the ovary and ovule penetration. Prevention of selfing therefore seems to be controlled by a post-zygotic mechanism. Both species had very low fruit-set and it is suggested that this is at least in part due to geitonogamous pollinations with ovule penetration by self pollen tubes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984921
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    Investigation and documentation of hybridization betweenParkinsonia aculeata andCercidium praecox (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 216 (1999), S. 49-68 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Parkinsonia aculeata ; Cercidium praecox ; Parkinsonia ×carterae ; Hybridization ; morphometric analysis ; cytology ; weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphometric, cytogenetic, geographical and ecological evidence for hybridization betweenParkinsonia aculeata andCercidium praecox is presented. Morphometric investigation using the character count procedure and cytogenetic observations confirm hybrid status. All diagnostic morphometric characters were intermediate in the hybrid. Both parents (2n = 28) show regular tetrad formation and pollen fertility greater than 94%. Hybrids have a chromosome number of 2n = 28 or 2n = 30, and display meiotic abnormalities including lagging chromosomes and micronucleus formation; less than 21% of hybrid pollen was fertile. Ecological and geographical information suggests that hybridization is occurring at increasing frequency due to the expanding range ofP. aculeata associated with cultivation as an ornamental, coupled with ecological disturbance and weediness, and the cultivation ofC. praecox and hybrids as fodder, ornamental and shade trees. Hybrid fertility and phenological observations, in conjunction with F-weighted principal component analysis, suggest that the progeny of F1 hybrids are established. The hybrid is formally described asP. ×carterae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985100
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    Pollination mechanisms and pollen-ovule ratios in someGenisteae (Fabaceae) from Southwestern Europe (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 216 (1999), S. 23-47 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Genisteae ; Spain ; nectar ; pollen ; pollination mechanisms ; pollen/ovule ratios ; anther biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the biology and floral rewards of 34 taxa ofGenisteae from the SW of Europe. Most of the floral attributes show a statistically significant direct relationship. Anther biomass of the lower whorl (lW) is significantly lower than that of the upper whorl (uW), and the ratio of the two (Rv) differs among the taxa. All taxa are polliniferous, andRetama sphaerocarpa also secretes nectar. They can be considered xenogamous or facultative xenogams on the basis of their high pollen/ovule (P/O) ratios. Three principal mechanisms of pollen releasing are identified in this tribe: valvular, pump and explosive; the latter comprises specialized and nonspecialized subtypes. Pollination is sternotribic except in the specialized explosive mechanism, in which it is noto-sternotribic. Thus some pollen serves as food (pollen from the uW, which adheres to the ventral surface of the insect) and part of the pollen fulfils a polliniferous function (pollen from the lW, which adheres to the dorsal surface). Species that use a pump mechanism have very low Rv values (Rv=0.08−0.26); species with valvular or nonspecialized explosive mechanisms have Rv values between 0.24 and 0.58; those with a specialized mechanism of pollen presentation have high Rv values (0.6−0.76). In contrast to expectations, the highest P/O ratios appear in the specialized explosive system, which allows a single visit from the insect.
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    Floral ontogeny in tribe Dalbergieae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae):Dalbergia brasiliensis, Machaerium villosum s. l.Platymiscium floribundum, andPterocarpus rotundifolius (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 219 (1999), S. 1-25 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Leguminosae ; Dalbergieae ; Dalbergia brasiliensis ; Machaerium villosum ; Platymiscium floribundum ; Pterocarpus rotundifolius ; Ontogeny ; flower ; initiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Floral organogenesis and development of the tropical legume treesDalbergia brasiliensis, Machaerium villosum, Platymiscium floribundum, andPterocarpus rotundifolius were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The aims were to compare ontogenies and to elucidate if floral ontogenetic data will provide new character states diagnostic of the tribe Dalbergieae, which is considered a basal papilionoid tribe and primarily defined on fruit characters. Organ inception is principally acropetal in all taxa studied. Carpel inception is, however, consistently precocious. InD. brasiliensis sepals are initiated in an order not previously reported in Papilionoideae. It may be considered modified helical. InP. rotundifolius the inner whorl of stamens initiate in an unusual way, this is lateral two stamens first, then the two abaxial ones, and last the adaxial one, opposed to the unidirectional order usually seen in Papilionoideae. Generally the differences in flower development among the studied genera appear at initiation and late stage in ontogenesis, rather than at mid-stage.
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    Production of flavonoids by Psoralea hairy root cultures (1999)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 56 (1999), S. 96-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cell line establishment ; coumestrol ; daidzein ; flavonoid ; hairy root ; Leguminosae ; Psoralea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen transformed root cultures from 7 Psoralea plant species (Leguminosae) were established with the objective of producing daidzein and related flavonoids. All the 18 hairy root lines grew fast and had the same capacities for biomass production. Each of them produced daidzein as an intracellular secondary metabolite. The Lach5 hairy root line, obtained from P. lachnostachys, was a high producing line for daidzein and was further studied for biomass and flavonoid production. This root line showed exponential growth. Chitosan was used for elicitation purposes as well as for its permeabilizing effect. Little elicitation effect could be demonstrated and the metabolite release in the medium was weak (about 1%) and limited to the first 29 h after chitosan addition. Daidzein was demonstrated to be more concentrated in young parts (apexes) whereas coumestrol content was higher in older parts (brown tissues). Compared to callus cultures from the same plant species, hairy roots displayed comparable concentrations. However, high-producing lines were more frequently found with hairy roots (4 out of 18) than with callus cultures (4 out of 217)
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    An improved method for the purification of stellate cells from rat liver with Dichloromethylene Diphosphate (CL2MDP) (1999)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 21 (1999), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Dichloromethylene diphosphate ; Hepatic stellate cell isolation ; Liposome ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hepatic perisinusoidal cell population consists of hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, and Pit cells. These cells are isolated by enzymic digestion and purified by density gradient centrifugation. With isolation of stellate cells, conventional method is unable to eliminate the contamination of Kupffer cells because the densities of these two cells are similar. We report here an improved method for isolation of highly purified hepatic stellate cells, using dichloromethylene diphosphate (CL2MDP), which has selective cytotoxicity of Kupffer cells. Three days after the single intravenous administration of liposome-encapsulated CL2MDP, the Kupffer cells disappeared almost completely from the liver. Following Percoll density gradient centrifugation, the purity of the hepatic stellate cells exceeded 98% without any contamination of the Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells are reported to affect the physiological functions of stellate cells. The availability of highly purified stellate cells will facilitate the investigation of their functions in primary culture.
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    Genetic differentiation of groundnut seed-beetle populations in Senegal (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 171-180 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Caryedon serratus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; genetic differentiation ; biotypes ; Senegal ; groundnut ; Caesalpinioideae ; Leguminosae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caryedon serratus, the groundnut seed-beetle, is a major pest of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), an introduced legume in the subfamily Papilionoideae. Native hosts of C. serratus in Senegal include Bauhinia rufescens, Cassia sieberiana, Piliostigma reticulatum and Tamarindus indica, all of which belong to the legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae. The biology and natural history of C. serratus suggest that it is a candidate for population differentiation via host-race formation. Evidence for host-tree associated differentiation in C. serratus would be important for the design of rational pest management practices. To test this possibility, we analyzed the genetic structure of 20 adult collections of C. serratus from six sites in Western Senegal, on its five hosts. Results show a strong differentiation of insects from different host trees, with specimens from C. sieberiana possibly representing a sibling species and insects from B. rufescens a distinct host-race.
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    Influence of heat on seed germination of seven Mediterranean Leguminosae species (1998)
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    Plant ecology 136 (1998), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Hardseedness ; Heat ; Leguminosae ; Seed germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of high temperatures (dry heat and hot water) on germination of seven Mediterranean Leguminosae species typical of fire-prone ecosystems in southern Spain is analyzed, in order to know the response of seeds to wildfires and the possible implications in their regeneration after this disturbance. Seeds were heated to a range of temperatures (50 °–150 °C) and exposure times (1–60 min) similar to those registered in the upper soil layers during wildfires. Germination tests were carried out in plastic Petri dishes over 60 days. In general, the degree of seed germination promotion by dry heat treatments showed a wide interspecific variation, although the final germination level was increased in all the studied species except for Scorpiurus muricatus. The thermal pretreatment of 50 °C, however, was not effective for germination in any species, and rising the temperature to 70 °C only slightly enhanced the germination in Cytisus patens. The preheatings of 90 °C (5 and 10 min), 120 °C (5 and 10 min), and 150 °C (1 min) were the most effective in promoting seed germination. Hot water (100 °C) scarification also increased the final germination level in all cases, with the exception of C. patens. The germination rates after preheating were much lower than in mechanically scarified seeds and closely resembled those of the untreated seeds, except for C. reverchonii, whose seed germination rate decreased with heat. The response of species to heat shock had no clear relationship with life trait or with the specific post-fire regeneration strategy (obligate seeder or facultative resprouter). Those species coexisting in the same habitats had different heat optimal requirements for seed germination, an strategy suggested by some authors as minimizing interspecific competition in the secondary succession started after fire.
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    Fire-type and forestry management effects on the early postfire vegetation dynamics of a Pinus pinaster woodland (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 134 (1998), S. 27-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Cistus ladanifer ; Crown-fire ; Fire severity ; Leguminosae ; Mediterranean-type ecosystems ; Spain ; Surface-fire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this research was to study the effects of type of fire, prefire-, and postfire-management on the postfire vegetation dynamics of a Pinus pinaster woodland in Central Spain, burned at 15 yr of age. The effects of type of fire (crown-, or surface-fire), prefire-management (thinning out of trees and clearing of brush or no such actions) and postfire-management (removal of burned trees one year after the fire or no such action) on the postfire vegetation were studied during the first three years after the fire. Herbaceous plant abundance, species richness, and diversity, as well as abundance, growth and density of the dominant shrub species (Cistus ladanifer) were measured during the first three years after the fire. Our results show that the effects of the type of fire on the vegetation were minimal. Prefire-management effects were significant on the abundance of herbaceous species, mainly during the second and third year after fire, in particular for the Leguminosae species. Prefire managed areas were more diverse in species, and produced higher plant biomass than unmanaged areas. Postfire-management effects on the shrubs and herbs were minimal, except for the Leguminosae, which increased their cover where the trees had been removed. Plant dynamics were marked by the interaction between prefire-management and fire-type through the dynamics of the shrub cover. On most occasions, plots that resulted in lower cover of C. ladanifer had greater abundance of herbaceous plants and, in particular, of the Leguminosae. In general, our results show that irrespective of fire-type, prefire-, or postfire-management all areas tended to be very similar in their vegetation three years after the fire.
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    Chemotaxonomic features of lipophilic components inAdesmia species (Leguminosae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 210 (1998), S. 141-145 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Adesmia grandiflora ; A. retrofracta ; A. incana ; A. bicolor ; A. trijuga ; A. horrida ; Leguminosae ; Chemical composition ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were performed on GC-MS to assess the lipophilic composition of sixAdesmia species representing two subgenera and three series. Normal fatty acids and hydrocarbons were mainly found, as well as acetylenic compounds, dibasic acids, cyclic hydrocarbons, high molecular weight alcohols and one sterol.
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    A second spontaneous hybrid in the genusLeucaena (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 212 (1998), S. 53-77 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Leucaena leucocephala ; L. diversifolia ; L. ×spontanea ; Hybridization ; hybrid detection ; spontaneous hybrid ; RAPD ; RFLP ; chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The detection of hybridity inLeucaena is discussed in relation to: (i) traditional criteria, (ii) molecular criteria and (iii) models to predict hybrid leaf morphology. Morphological, geographical and molecular evidence for the occurrence of interspecific hybrids betweenL. leucocephala andL. diversifolia in south-central Mexico, northern Guatemala, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea is presented. Predicted mean hybrid leaf trait values calculated from parent material are compared with data from putative hybrids and shown to be similar. The origin of these hybrids is discussed and shown to be the result of artificial sympatry resulting from indigenous, and recent exotic, domestication of the parent species. The hybrid is described asL. ×spontanea.
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    Isozyme diversity, RFLP of the rDNA and phylogenetic affinities among cultivated Lima beans,Phaseolus lunatus (Fabaceae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 213 (1998), S. 153-164 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Phaseolus ; Isozymes ; genetic distance ; Lima bean ; rDNA ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation inPhaseolus lunatus (Lima bean) was investigated at isozyme and DNA levels. Sixty cultivated accessions, including representatives of the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools and intermediate types, were analyzed for variability at 17 isozyme loci. Some accessions were also examined for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the rDNA level. These data were used to construct two dendrograms showing clear separation in two distinct groups corresponding to each of the gene pools and an intermediate one probably representing a transitional group.
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    Production of daidzein by callus cultures of Psoralea species and comparison with plants (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 53 (1998), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: callus culture ; daidzein ; flavonoid ; furanocoumarin ; Leguminosae ; secondary metabolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Callus cultures were established from five Psoralea species (Leguminosae) with the objective of producing daidzein (isoflavone). The biomass doubling times ranged from 7 to 16 days according to the species and a 48 weeks period was necessary to obtain lines with stable growth characteristics. All the 217 callus lines were analyzed for their daidzein content using HPLC. Our callus collection showed a large interspecific variation and the highest concentrations were recovered in P. obtusifolia callus lines (maximum of 0.9680% DW). Intraspecific variation was also important and allowed the recovery of high-producing lines (production exceeding 0.3000% DW) with four out of the five Psoralea species studied. The daidzein repartition was investigated in planta with P. cinerea in order to evaluate the potential of in vivo production. Mature fruits were the richest organs for daidzein concentration in P. cinerea and were used as indicators to evaluate the possible production with the other four plant species. In vitro concentrations were always much higher than in planta, and no correlation could be established between the calluses and plants for the five species. Our callus lines contained concentrations comparable to Psoralea hairy root lines. They can be considered as an interesting material to further study the production of daidzein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006057211490
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  • 42
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    Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). 3. The genera Dioclea, Luzonia, and Macropsychanthus (1998)
    In:  Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants (0006-5196) vol.43 (1998) nr.1 p.233
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: The genera Dioclea Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Luzonia Elmer, and Macropsychanthus Harms are briefly discussed. Keys to the species and notes to various taxa are given. Dioclea decandra Amshoff is proposed as a new name for Macropsychanthus ferrugineus Merr. Macropsychanthus lauterbachii Harms is lectotypified; its subspecies glabricalyx Verdc. and parviflorus Verdc. are lowered in rank to varieties, subsp. neobrittanicus Verde. is synonymized to var. parviflorus (Verdc.) Adema.
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Dioclea ; Luzonia ; Macropsychanthus ; Malesia
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 43
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    Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). 3. The genera Dioclea, Luzonia, and Macropsychanthus (1998)
    In:  Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants vol. 43 no. 1, pp. 233-239
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: The genera Dioclea Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Luzonia Elmer, and Macropsychanthus Harms are briefly discussed. Keys to the species and notes to various taxa are given. Dioclea decandra Amshoff is proposed as a new name for Macropsychanthus ferrugineus Merr. Macropsychanthus lauterbachii Harms is lectotypified; its subspecies glabricalyx Verdc. and parviflorus Verdc. are lowered in rank to varieties, subsp. neobrittanicus Verde. is synonymized to var. parviflorus (Verdc.) Adema.
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Dioclea ; Luzonia ; Macropsychanthus ; Malesia
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 44
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    Oviposition Stimulants for Sulfur ButterflyColias erate poliographys: Cyanoglucosides as Synergistis Involved in Host Preference (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition stimulants ; Colias erate ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Trifolium repens ; Leguminosae ; cyanoglucosides ; linamarin ; lotaustralin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Host-plant chemicals stimulating oviposition by a Leguminosae-feeding pierid butterflyColias erate poliographyswere isolated and identified from one of its primary host plants, white clover (Trifolium repens). Females readily deposited eggs in response to methanolic extracts of the plant, and subsequent partition of the extracts with organic solvents revealed that chemical constituents critical for host recognition reside in the water-soluble fraction. Further fractionation of the hydrosoluble fraction by column chromatography led to the separation of an active fraction and two cyanoglucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. Conspicuous oviposition response was evoked by unidentified polar compound(s), while these cyanoglucosides exerted no stimulatory activity by themselves. However, ovipositing females preferred samples containing either of the two cyanoglucosides. In dual-choice bioassays, significantly more eggs were laid on samples admixed with the cyanoglucosides, suggesting that the cyanoglucosides serve as synergistic oviposition stimulants and could play an important role in host selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006362.96722.c9
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  • 45
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    Isozyme variation inFaidherbia albida (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 207 (1997), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Faidherbia albida ; Acacia albida ; Isozyme variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation has been assessed in 30 populations (931 families) ofFaidherbia albida (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) from across its entire African range, using six isozyme loci identified by five enzyme systems. Among the populations studied a null allele was proposed to explain the absence ofLap-1 activity in populations from southern and eastern Africa. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci per population, the mean number of alleles per locus and the mean genetic diversity within populations were 31.7%, 1.6 and 0.127 respectively. Genetic diversity was greatest in populations from West Africa and lowest in populations from eastern/southern Africa, with Ethiopian/Sudanese populations intermediate. The overall degree of genetic differentiation between populations (GST) indicated that approximately 56% of the enzyme variation resided within populations. Clustering of Nei's unbaised genetic distances calculated between all populations produced a dendrogram that generally followed the geographic distribution of the populations. Two major groups were identified that may be considered the eastern/southern African and the Ethiopian/West African clusters. Within the Ethiopian/West African cluster two subclusters could be recognised, one broadly corresponding to those populations from Ethiopia/Sudan and the other to those populations from West Africa. The implications of these results for theories regarding the origin ofF. albida in Africa are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985213
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  • 46
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    Phenetic investigation of non-nodulating African species ofAcacia (Leguminosae) using morphological and molecular markers (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 27-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Mimosoideae ; Acacia ; Aculeiferum ; Monacanthea ; African acacias ; classification ; molecular markers ; RAPD ; morphology ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and RAPD markers were used to assess the relationships among nodulating and non-nodulating species of AfricanAcacia. Non-nodulating species of AfricanAcacia are only found within subg.Aculeiferum sect.Monacanthea. African species of sect.Monacanthea examined were found to form a group distinct from the other African species examined on a morphological and molecular basis. All lack the ability to nodulate, suggesting that non-nodulation may be used as a taxonomic tool. The species of sect.Aculeiferum were separated by RAPD and morphological analysis into two groups depending on whether they were armed with prickles in pairs and/or prickles in threes, or solitary. A third group of species was identified within sect.Acacia: further subdivision of this group was achieved into subsectt.Pluriseriae andUniseriae. The position ofA. albida relative to other AfricanAcacia species was found to be distinct but not totally independent of the genus. The partitioning and distribution of the genetic variability within the genus is further elucidated by the RAPD analysis of populations ofAcacia species. A population analysis ofA. polyacantha demonstrated geographical and site-specific variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982796
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  • 47
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    Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography ofLupinus (Leguminosae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of therbcL gene and ITS 1 + 2 regions of rDNA (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 139-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Papilionoideae ; Genisteae ; Lupinus ; Molecular phylogeny ; cpDNA ; rbcL ; rDNA ; internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNA was extracted from 55 species of theLeguminosae (including 29 species ofLupinus). The chloroplast generbcL and the ITS 1 + 2 regions of nuclear RNA genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced directly. The sequences obtained were evaluated with character state (Maximum Parsimony) and distance methods (Neighbour Joining). Phylogenetic trees obtained with both data sets and methods are mostly congruent.Genisteae andCrotalarieae are sister groups and share ancestry with theThermopsideae/Podalyrieae. The genusLupinus, which forms a monophyletic clade within theGenisteae, shows a distinct Old-New World disjunction and appears to be divided into several more or less distinct groups: (1) The species from the eastern part of South America. (2) The homogeneous rough-seeded group (Scabrispermae) of the Old World species which is well distinguished from the smooth-seeded group (Malacospermae). (3) Within the rather heterogeneous smooth-seeded lupins a smaller subgroup withL. angustifolius, L. hispanicus andL. luteus is recognized. (4) Also separated are North American lupins and South American species with a western distribution. Genetic distances imply that the genusLupinus evolved during the last 12–14 million years, ruling out the hypothesis that the present Old-New World disjunction can be interpreted as a result of the continental drift. The genetic data suggest an origin in the Old World and an independant colonisation of the Eastern parts of South America as opposed to North America and the Western parts of South America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985439
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  • 48
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    Distribution of allozyme variation inVicia benghalensis (Leguminosae) suggests the existence of two genepools (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 207 (1997), S. 99-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Vicia benghalensis ; Genetic diversity ; genetic structure ; isozymes ; reproductive system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InVicia benghalensis two biotypes differing in biochemical and cytological features were identified in previous studies. It was hypothesized that these biotypes could also vary in reproductive behaviour and be genetically isolated. To better understand this issue, 25 distinct samples were studied using allozymes. Nine enzyme systems, accounting for 15 putative loci, were scored. The data obtained were analysed using population diversity parameters; Nei's genetic distance was calculated and used to construct a dendrogram. Principal component analysis was conducted to verify the dendrogram and to determine which alleles had stronger influence on the grouping of populations. The analyses demonstrated that the two previously identified biotypes are genetically different: Nei's distance between the two groups is larger than the distance within each group. Three-dimensional plotting of the first three principal components corroborates this division. Genetic diversity parameters confirm that the two biotypes also differ in outcrossing rates. These results denote the existence of two highly divergent genepools inV. benghalensis and suggest that a speciation process may be acting. The consequence of the present findings on the management of gene bank collections is analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985211
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  • 49
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    Genetic analysis among and within populations forming ecotypes and cultivars of lucerne,Medicago sativa (Leguminosae), using RAPD fragments (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Medicago sativa ; Alfalfa ; cultivar discrimination ; DNA ; RAPD ; population genetics ; Mahalanobis distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted this study to determine whether the analysis of the population frequency of individual RAPD fragments amplified from DNA of single seedlings could be used to discriminate cultivars of lucerne and compare the relatedness of cultivars of differing geographic and genetic origin. Canonical discriminant analysis of RAPD banding data obtained from amplification of DNA from 40 seedlings of each of ten cultivars (six Iranian ecotypic cultivars, two cultivars from New Zealand and two from the USA) with one selected primer enabled discrimination of most cultivars (78% of pairwise comparisons at P 〈 0.01 among the ten cultivars examined in this study). Comparison of the Mahalanobis generalized distances among the cultivars produced results for genetic relatedness which were generally consistent with geographical origin and breeding relationships. Cultivar uniformity was assessed by determining the percentage of seedlings correctly classified into the named cultivar; this was variable among cultivars and the Iranian ecotypic cultivars had a particularly wide range of variability. Analysis of population genetics in lucerne using RAPD banding data may be useful for plant improvement, in descriptions of new cultivars and also when assessing cultivar purity in seed certification programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986085
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  • 50
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    Hydrogen Bonding and Conformational Analysis of Chelate-Stabilized Alkoxopalladium(II) Complexes Derived from Amino Alcohol Ligands (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkoxopalladium(II) ; Conformational analysis ; Hydrogen bonding ; Two-dimensional and cage structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of palladium acetate with two equivalents of di- and triethanolamines RN(CH2CH2OH)2 in the presence of a base affords the new chelate-stabilized alkoxo Pd(II) complexes [Pd(OCH2CH2N(R)CH2CH2OH)2] [R = Me (1), Et (2), n-Bu (3), benzyl (4) or CH2CH2OH (5)]. These N,O-ligated complexes are isolated in high yield as yellow, crystalline solids and are thermally stable despite the presence of several β-hydrogen atoms in the ligand system. Both complexes possess a square-planar palladium coordination geometry with the two oxygen atoms positioned mutually trans. The most notable difference in the molecular structures is that 1 forms a two dimensional network of intermolecular O-H≡O hydrogen bonds, whereas 5 forms intramolecular O-H⃛O hydrogen bonds, which cage the palladium center. In solution 1-4 exist as a diastereoisomeric mixture (a racemic enantiomeric pair SNSN, RNRN and a mesomeric form RNSN) in a 1:1 molar ratio, and this ratio is independent of temperature in nonalcoholic solvents, When complexes 1-4 are dissolved in protic solvents (e.g. MeOH) the diastereomeric excess is temperature-dependent due to an exchange process between the meso diastereoisomer and the (racemic) enantiomeric pair. Thermodynamic parameters for this process in a mixture of MeOH-toluene have been determined with NMR and show this process to be influenced by the steric nature of the alkyl substituent (R) on nitrogen. A conformational analysis based on 1H-NMR coupling constants within the N,O-chelate ring of complexes 1-4 provides details on the solution structure of the ring in both diastereoisomers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300106
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  • 51
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    Synthesis of Functionalized Carbamates through a Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of Substituted Nitrobenzenes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbamates ; Catalysis ; Substituted nitrobenzenes ; Palladium ; Reductive carbonylation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of ortho and para-substituted nitrobenzenes has proven to be an attractive route for the synthesis of functionalized carbamates. For the Pd(1, 10-phenanthroline)2(triflate)2 catalyst system, the scope of the reaction has been studied. Substrates with electron-donating substituents at the para position were found to decrease the catalytic activity, most probably as a result of their relatively low oxidizing capacity. the selectivity towards the desired carbamate, however, was increased for these substrates. Under the influence of electron-withdrawing substituents the azoxybenzene and azobenzene derivatives became important side products. Introduction of large steric hindrance at the ortho position of the nitro substrates gave rise to an interesting side reaction, viz. methoxylation of the aromatic ring. The methoxylation reaction appeared to occur on an intermediate species in the catalytic cycle. Several functionalities have shown to be resistant to the reaction conditions required for the conversion ot the nitro group. Especially with 4-nitrobenzoic acid, an extremely high activity and selectivity was found, thus yielding a very convenient synthesis for N-protected amines containing carboxylic acid function.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300104
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  • 52
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    Dimeric Silver(I) Complexes of Some Isothiazole-Based LigandsDedicated to Prof. Dr. Rolf Gleiter on the occasion of this 60th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Isothiazole complexes ; Dinuclear silver(I) complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of isothiazole-based potential ligands bearing substituents with additional donor sites in the 5-position of the heterocycle was synthesized [3-Me-5-R-C3HNS; R = CH=N(CH2)2py (1), CH=NCH2py (2), CH2N(CH2CH2NEt2)2 (4), (CH2)2SMe (5)]. Upon reaction with AgO3SCF3 they formed complexes [(1)AgOSO2CF3]2 (6), [(2)AgOSO2CF3]2 (7), [(4)Ag]2+2(O3SCF-3)2 (8) and [(5)AgOSO2CF3]2 (9), respectively. 6, 8 and 9 were shown by X-ray structural analyses to consist of dimeric units L2Ag2+2, either discrete (8), coordinated by terminal CF3SO-3 units (6). In 8 and 9 the isothiazole moiety is bonded to the metal center via the ring-N. The coordination potential of the isothiazole heterocycle is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300115
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  • 53
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    Synthesis and Structure of Binuclear Single-Bridged Bis[(phosphane)gold(I)]halogenonium Complexes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gold complexes ; Bromonium complex ; Halogenonium complex ; Halogen, two-coordinate ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of (R3P)AuX (X = Cl, Br, I) with [(R3P)Au]+ BF-4 obtained from (R3P)AuCl and AgBF4 in tetrahydrofuran, lead to cationic binuclear gold(I) complexes of the general formula ([(R3P)Au]2X}+ BF-4. A number of chloro- (R = Ph, o-Tol, Mes, Bzl, Et), bromo- (R = Ph, o-Tol, Mes) and iodo-bridged (R = Ph, Mes) complexes of this type have been isolated and identified on the basis of their analytical and spectroscopic data. The crystal structure of bis[(triphenylphosphane)gold(I)]bromonium tetrafluoroborate was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cations contain two-coordinate bromine atoms with an Au-Br-Au angle of 96.83(3)°.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300119
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    A Specific Route to Enantiomerically Pure Asymmetric (η6-Arene)(η4-1,5-cyclooctadiene)Ru(0) ComplexesDedicated to Professor Rolf Gleiter on the occassion of his 60th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Arene complexes ; Ruthenium compounds ; Electrophilic substitution ; Lithiation ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chiral or achiral (arene)(COD)Ru complexes can be made by replacing the η6-ligands of (η4-1,5-COD)(η6-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene)Ru (1) or (η4-1,5-COD)(η6-naphthalene)Ru (2) by a suitable arene. This well known reaction has been extended to mono- and dibromoarenes and we report a novel route to substituted (arene)(COD)Ru species, utilizing (bromoarene)-(COD)Ru as starting materials. These facilitate a rapid bromine-lithium exchange reaction with nBuLi at low temperatures and the lithiated species react readily with alkyl chloroformates as electrophiles. By using chiral electrophiles [alkyl = (-)-menthyl] enantiomerically pure or diastereomeric complexes containing CO2R* groups are formed, depending on the symmetry of the original complex. A diastereomeric 1:1 mixture was separated by recrystallization. All (arene)-(COD)Ru complexes tested so far are useful as catalysts for the hydrogenation of simple alkenes at room temperature.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300121
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    Recent Advances in C-F Bond Activation (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Fluorocarbons ; C-F bond activation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main reaction pathways which lead to the breaking of C-F bonds in perfluoroalkanes and -arenes are discussed. Emphasis is placed on recent developments and on the mechanistic patterns that emerge.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300203
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    Metal Atoms in the Synthesis of Metal Clusters, VIII.On the Reaction of Sterically Demanding Cyclopentadiene Ligands with Cobalt Atoms: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectroscopic Behavior, and Reactivity of Di-, Tri- and Tetranuclear Hydrido Clusters of CobaltDedicated to Professor IV Siehert on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metal-vapor reactions of Co atoms with 1,3-tBu2CpH (1a), 1,3-tBu2CpH (1a), 1,2,4-tBu3CpH (1b) and EtMe4CpH (1c) are described. With 1a the two mononuclear complexes [(η5-tBu2Cp) (η4-tBu2-1,3-cyclopentadiene)Co] (2a) and [(η5-tBu2Cp)2Co] (3a) were isolated, together with the dinuclear cobalt cluster [{(η5-tBu2Cp)Co}2H3] (4a) and trace amounts of the tetranuclear cluster [{(η5-tBu2Cp)CoH}4] (5a). The molecular structures of 3a and 4a were determined by X-ray diffraction. Reaction of 1b with Co atoms afforded a single product, the dinuclear cluster [{(η5-tBu3Cp)Co}2H3] (4b), whose molecular structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both, 4a and 4b exhibit extremely short Co-Co distances [2.244(1) (4a) and 2.242(1) Å (4b)], as found for the Me5Cp analog [{(η5-Me5Cp)Co}2H3] (4c). Reaction of an isomeric mixture of Me4EtCpH (1c) with Co atoms furnished the mononuclear sandwich [ (η5-Me4EtCp)(η4-Me4Et-1,3- cyclopentadiene)Co] (2b), the trinuclear hydridocobalt cluster [{(η5-Me4EtCp)Co}3H4] (6a) and the tetranuclear hydridocobalt cluster [{(η5-Me4EtCp)Co}4H4] (5c). The molecular structure of 5c was determined by X-ray crystallography and revealed a tetrahedral arrangement of the cobalt atoms. The electrochemical behavior of the dinuclear complexes 4a-4c was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Reversible redox couples were found for all three compounds, with a correlation between the degree of alkyl substitution and their respective cathodic shifts. Compounds 4a and 4b react with CO to yield the mononuclear and dinuclear complexes [ (η5- CpR)Co(CO)2] (R=1,3-tBu2, 1,2,4-tBu3) (7a and 7b) as well as [{(η5-CpR)CO}2(CO)2] (8a and 8b). Reaction of the trinuclear hydridocobalt cluster 6a and its Me5Cp analog 6b with AgBF4 in the presence of PEt3 yielded the heteronuclear clusters [{η5-Me4CPR)Co}3AgP(Et)3H4]+[BF4]- (R=Et, Me) (9a and 9b). 9a was structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300205
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    Generation and Synthetic Application of Metallated Methyl Isopropenyl Ether, A Substitute for Acetone Enolate (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallated methyl isopropenyl ether ; Tetrahydrofurans ; 1-Oxabicyclo[4.3.0]heptanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methyl isopropenyl ether (1) has been metallated at low temperature with a 1:1 molar mixture of n-BuLi/t-BuOK in THF-hexane, and subsequently functionalized with a variety of electrophilic reagents. At temperatures higher than - 30°C, the metallated methyl isopropenyl ether (2) decomposes with formation of allene. When the suspension of 2 is allowed to warm up to room temperature in the presence of an additional equivalent of n-BuLi, the intermediary allene is converted into 1-propynyllithium (2c), which reacts with propylthiocyanate to give 1-propylthio-1-propyne (4). Some of the functionalization products were subjected to acidic hydrolysis affording the expected methyl ketones.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Asymmetric Catalysis, 105Part 104: Ref.. Stereoselective Hydrogenation of Folic Acid with Immobilized Optically Active Rhodium(I)/Diphosphane Catalysts (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diastereoselective hydrogenation ; Folic acid ; Immobilized optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane catalysts ; Leucovorin ; HPLC analysis of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid derivatives ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For the hydrogenation of the C=N bonds in the pyrazine ring of the vitamin folic acid (1) optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane complexes immobilized on supports such as silica gel or Al2O3 were used. The reduction was carried out at 50 bar hydrogen pressure in an aqueous solution buffered to pH 7. Thus, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (2) was obtained which contains a new asymmetric center at C-6 of the pterine system. Therefore, in combination with the (S) configuration of the natural L-glutamic acid part of the molecule two diastereomers with (6S,S) and (6R,S) configuration arise. The relatively unstable tetrahydrofolic acid (2) was converted into its 5-formyl derivative folinic acid (4) by treatment with methyl formate/formic acid in a 5:1 mixture of DMSO/pyridine. The Ca salt of folinic acid (4) is the widely used drug leucovorin. The diastereomers were separated by silica gel HPLC. To the column bovine serum albumine (BSA) is covalently bound. With optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane catalysts, immobilized on silica gel supports, a diastereoselectivity of up to 90% could be achieved in the hydrogenation of folic acid (1).
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    Hexahydro-closo-hexaborane as a Ligand in Coordination Compounds: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [M2(μ-bis-η3-B6H6)(PPh3)2] )M = Cu, Au) (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 405-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hexahydro-closo-hexaborates ; Boron ; Bridging ligands ; NMR spectroscopy ; Gold ; Copper ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By reaction of (PPh3)3 CuCl and PPh3AuCl with [B6H6]2- in organic media, dinuclear complexes are formed containing the hexaborate as a bridging ligand coordinated to the metal centers by opposite B3 facets of the B6 cluster in a trihapto mode. This is verified by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of the isotypical (Paā) compounds [Cu2μ-bis-η3-B6H6)(PPh3)2] (1) and [Au2(μ-bis-η3-B6H6)(PPh3)2)] (2) which showed the metal centers to be very close to the B3 plane [1.92 (1), 2.10 (2) Å. The 11B NMR spectra of the two compounds feature doublets, at δ= -15.32 in 1 and at -11.51 in 2, which are significantly shifted downfield in comparison to [B6H6]2- (δ= -17.2).
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    Crown Thioether Chemistry: Novel Silver(I) Complexes of 1,3-Dithiole-Annelated 1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 425-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Silver complexes ; Crown compounds ; Thioethers ; 1,3-Dithioles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The coordination chemistry of two crown thioethers 2,5,8,10,12-pentathiabicyclo[7.3.0]dodeca-1)9)-ene-11-thione (L) and -11-one (L') with Ag1 has been investigated by structural methods. Both thioethers act as tridentate ligands coordinating the silver ion in a trigonal fashion. In the case L, the 11- thione sulfur is coordinated additionally by another silver ion, to yield a polymeric chain with a distorted-tetrahedral geometry about the metal ion. Despite differing only in its carbonyl chalcogen, L' forms six-coordinated, monomeric complexes.
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    Unsymmetric Dinucleating Ligands for Metallobiosite Modelling (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 433-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallobiosites ; Metalloproteins ; Metalloenzymes ; Dinucleating ligands ; Transition metals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Awareness of the asymmetric nature of numerous dinuclear metallobiosites and of the ability of the individual metal ions to have quite distinct roles in the functioning of the metalloenzyme concerned has led to a search for carefully designed unsymmetric dinucleating ligands that will give dinuclear complexes capable of acting as models for the metallobiosites. This review surveys progress made in the design and synthesis of complexes capable of serving as models for donor atom, coordination number and geometric asymmetries found at dinuclear metal centres.
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    Chemie polyfunktioneller Moleküle, 125Part 124: Ref. Synthese und Kristallstruktur von N,N,N′,N“,N-Pentamethyl-diethylentriamin-cokoordiniertem Kalium-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amidHerrn Prof. Dr. Gerhard Herberich zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkali metal organophosphanylamide ; Carbon-potassium bonding ; Phosphazane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metalation of bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine [HN-(PPh2)2,1 with KOtBu at 95°C in toluene affords a pale yellow precipitate of potassium bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amide (3a). On addition of liquid N,N,N′,N“,N“-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA, 4) the precipitate dissolves in toluene at 115°C to give a yellow solution, from which yellow-green blocks of [(Ph2P)2NK·PMDTA] (3b) are obtained. X-ray analysis reveals that the coordination sphere of potassium consists of the chelating triamine ligand and [N(PPh2)2]- as N-donor as well as η1 and η2 C-donor with two phenyl fragments. No phosphorus coordination of [N(PPh2)2]- is observed.
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    Organophosphorus Compounds, 114. Tetracyclic Phosphorus-Aluminium-Carbon Compounds - Synthesis by Cooligomerization of Kinetically Stabilized Phosphaalkynes with Trialkylaluminium CompoundsDedicated to Professor Michael Hanack on the occasion of his 65th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphaalkynes ; Triorganoaluminium compounds ; Cooligomerization ; Cage compounds ; Aluminium compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When the trialkylaluminium reagents 5 are allowed to react with phosphaalkynes 4 in n-pentane, a highly selective phosphaalkyne cyclotrimerization with incorporation of two organometallic units occurs (→ 6). The tetracyclooctane derivatives 6a-e represent the first examples of phosphorus-aluminium-carbon cage compounds. The polycyclic products 6 are able to function as ligands in transition-metal complexes (→ 7), which is illustrated by the reactions of 6b, c with nonacarbonyldiiron and pentacarbonyl(tetrahydrofuran)tungsten, respectively.
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    On the Ligating Properties of Sulfonate and Perchlorate Anions Towards Zinc (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Zinc ; Sulfonate ligands ; Perchlorates ; Coordination modes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attempts are reported to incorporate sulfonate and perchlorate anions as ligands in zinc complexes of tripodal ligands. Using tris(benzimidazolylmethyl)amine (BIMA) only the aqua complexes [ (BIMA)Zn-OH2](RSO3)(ClO4) and [(BIMA)Zn-OH2](RSO3)2(R=CH3, CF3, p-tolyl) were accessible. Using substituted pyrazolylborates (Tp*), the same three sulfonate anions were found to be ligands in the complexes Tp*Zn-OSO2R. Spectroscopic evidence for perchlorate coordination in Tp*ZnClO4 · 2 DMSO conflicts with crystallograpic evidence against it in Tp*ZnClO4 · pyridine. The crystal structures of [(BIMA)Zn-OH2](CH3SO3)2, TpCum,MeZn-OS02CH3, TPtBu,MeZn-OSO2C6H4-p-CH3, and [TpCum,MeZn · NC5H5]ClO4 were determined.
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    Multiple Bonds Between Main-Group Elements and Transition Metals, CLXIV. Alkylrhenium(VI) Oxides-Synthesis and Characterization (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Rhenium ; Oxides ; Alkyl ligands ; Dirhenium compounds ; Metal-metal interactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Most alkylrhenium(VII) oxides, e.g. ((cyclo)-C3H5)Re03 (2) are rather sensitive to temperature and moisture with the prominent exception of methyltrioxorhenium (1). The corresponding alkylrhenium(VI) oxides of formula [RR′(O)- Re(μ-O)]2 [R=R′=(cyclo)-C3H5 (3), iPr (4); R=CH3, R′=C2H5 (5), R=CH3, R′=iPr (6)] are much more stable in this regard. They can be handled in air at room temperature. They were synthesized from Re207 and dialkylzinc precursors, fully characterized and are available in much higher yields than their ReVII congeners. Mixed tetraalkyltetraoxodirhenium(VI) complexes (R # R′) synthesized from 1 and dialkylzinc compounds form as a mixture of cis/trans isomers. They are oily liquids at room temperature. The Re=O and Re-Re stretching force constants as a measure of the bond strengths, were determined from IR and Raman data.
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    Hydroxy- and Carboxy-Substituted Allylsilanes: A Simple and Stereoselective Method of Preparation (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Allylsilanes ; Superbases ; Metalations ; Stereoselectivity ; Cyclizations ; Silicon ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When treated with two equivalents of a butyllithium/potassium tert-butoxide mixture, terminal olefins carrying unprotected hydroxy or carboxy groups generate allylmetal intermediates which can be trapped with chlorotrimethylsilane to afford functionalized (Z)-2-alkenyltrimethylsilanes. One equivalent of the superbasic reagent suffices if the unsaturated alcohols are first protected as acetals before being subjected to the metalation/silylation/hydrolysis sequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300306
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    Preparation, Properties, and Reactions, of Metal-Containing Heterocycles, XCVIPart XCV: E. Lindner, E. Bosch, R. Fawzi, M. Steimann, H.A. Mayer, K. Gierling, Chem. Ber. 1996, 129, 945-951.. Mono-, Di- and Trinuclear Metallacycloalkanes of the Iron-TriadDedicated to Professor Wolfgang Beck on the occasion of his 65th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 347-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallacycloalkanes ; Metallacycloalkenes ; Osmium ; Iron ; Cyclic ketones ; Metallacycles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of the bis(triflates) [F3CSO3-(CH)m-O3SCF3] [m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16 (1a-i) with Na2[Os(CO)4] in dimethyl either affords the osmacycloalkanes 2a, 2b and 2f-i (m = 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16), diosmacycloalkanes 3a-i (m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16), and triosmacycloalkanes 4a-i (m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16). The structure of 3f was investigated by an X-ray structural analysis. This 22-membered disomacycle crystallizes in the space group Pā with Z = 1. If the unsaturated cis-4-octen-1,8-diyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (5) is treated with Na2[Os(CO)4] the diosmacyclooctadeca-5,14-diene 6 is obtained. By treating the bis(triflates) 1a, b with Na2[Fe(CO)4] the corresponding ferracycloalkanes are formed only in situ. Insertion of carbon monoxide into the M-C σ bonds leads to the cyclic ketones 7a, d and to the diketone 8d.
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    Enantioselective Catalysis, XIIIPart XII: U. Nagel, J. Leipold, Chem. Ber., 1996, 129815-821.. Preparative and Structural Chemistry of Chiral 3-(Diphenylphosphanyl)-pyrrolidiens and Their Palladium(II) Complexes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 385-398 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Pyrrolidinephosphanes ; 3-Hydroxypyrrolidine ; 3-Diphenylphosphanylpyronlidine ; Salt effects ; Polymorphism ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Palladium ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of both enantiomers of 3-diphenylphosphanulpyrrolidiine (2) and several N-substituted derivatives together with two PdIi complexes of this ligand is reported. Form L-malic acid and L-hydroxyproline both enantiomers of 3-hydroxypyrrolidine are prepared without any problems due to epimerization. KPPh2 in the presence of LiCl is shown to be the most effective reagent for the synthesis of 2. The reported X-ray structure determination sof Pdl2 complexes show a rather rigid bicyclic hetero-norbornane skeleton. The flexibility of the other parts of the molecules is obvious in several polymorphs revealed by this method. This polymorphism is additionally investigated by a 31P-CP-MAS study. From solution 1-, 13C- and 31P-NMR studies it is concluded that the bicyclic hetero-norbornane skeleton is retained in solution.
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    Reactions of Silicon-Silicon Bonds, VIFor part V, see ref.[1].. Reductive Trichloroslilylation Reactions Leading to Alkyl- and Dialkylaminobis(trichlorosilyl)phosphanesDedicated to Professor Walter Siebert on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 377-384 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Trichlorosilylation ; Dichlorophosphanes ; Silylphosphanes ; Amino(silyl)phosphanes ; Silicon /Reductions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of hexachlorodisilane and of trichlorosilane/triethylamine with alkyl-and dialkylaminodichlorophosphanes RPCl2 1a-i [R = iPr: a; (Me3Si)2CH: b; R=1-adamantly: c: R=tBu: d; R=Et2N: e; R=iPr2M: f] furnish bis(trichlorosilyl)-phosphanes RP(SiCl3)2 3a-f. However, when less bulky substituents are attached to the phosphorus atom, so that there is little steric crowding, the double reductive silylations leading from 1 to 3 are accompanied by side reactions and decomposition of 3. Therefore, only 3b, 3c, 3d, and 3f wre isolated in a pure state. These compounds are more readily prepared by the; trichlorosilane/triethylamine method. 1H-, 31P- and 29Si-Nmr spectra confirm their constitution. The structure of solid 3f, the first aminobis(trichlorosilyl)phosphane, was determined by X-ray crystallography. 3f contains a phosphorus atom in a pyramidal environment surrounded by two silicon atoms and a planar nitrogen atom of the diisopropylamino group.
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    Formation of the Digallium Compound [(C5C6)2N3](R)Ga-Ga(R)[N3(C6H5)2] with Two Bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl Groups and Two Terminal Chelating Diphenyltriazenido Ligands (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 417-420 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gallium ; Low-valent compounds ; Gallium-gallium bond ; Terminal triphenytriazenido ligand ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tetrakis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]digallane (4) 1 reacts with 1,3-diphenyltriazene to yield two compounds, which were both characterized by a crystal structure determination. The gallium-gallium bond is retained in the yellow derivate [(H5C6)2N3](R)Ga-Ga(R)[N3(C6H5)2 2 [R = CH(SiMe3)2], which is formed by a ligand exchange reaction and shows two terminal chelating triazenido ligands besides two bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl groups; the Ga—Ga bond length is 245.79(6) pm. The second product is the orange dialkyl(diphenyltriazenido)gallium derivative R2Ga[N3(C6H5)2] 3, where the triazene has reacted as an oxidant by the cleavage of the Ga—Ga bond and probably by release of elemental hydrogen.
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    The Electronic Structure of [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Some General Aspects of Bonding in “Classical” and Hypervalent Tellurium Halides (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 463-472 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hypervalent compounds ; Tellurium ; Polycations ; Molecular Orbital Theory ; Band structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Approximate MO and band structure calculation are used to analyze the bonding in the recently synthesized paramagnetic, semiconducting phase [Te15Br4]2+. The [Te15Br4]2+ chains are very similar to those in the tellurium subhalide Te2Br. The electronic structure and bonding within these chains is analysed and the possibility of hypervalency in both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br is discussed. The bonding in the classically hypervalent molecule TeBr42- and a model Te3Br24- is compared to that of the infinite system. Our calculations indicate that both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br contain weakly hypervalent Te atoms and that the interesting electronic properties of [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 arise within the distinct sublattices, which do not interact significantly.
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    Heterobimetallic Complexes with a Propynylidene C3-Bridge: General Synthetic Routes to Bimetallic Ethynylcarbene Complexes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 479-488 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Heterobimetallic complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Alkynes ; Coupling reaction ; Bridging ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequential reaction of the dimethylamino(trimethylsilylethylnyl)carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CSiMe3] [M' = W (1a)] with KF/THFMeOH, nBuLi and transition metal halides, [XMLn], affords heterobimetallic propynyliden complexes of the type [(CO)5M'=C(N-Me2)C≡CMLn] [MLn = Ni(PPh3) Cp (4a, b). Ni(PMe2Ph)2- {Mes) (Mes=2,4,6-C6H2Me3) (5a), Rh(CO)(PPh3)2 (6a), Fe(CO)2Cp (7a,b)]. In contrast, reaction of 1a with MeLi · LiBr and [IFe(CO)2Cp] yields the novel N-metallated complex [(CO)5W=C{N(ME)Fe(CO)2Cp}C≡CSiMe3] (8a). The complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CMLn=Fe(CO)2Cp (7a, b), Ru(CO)2Cp (10a,b), Ru(CO)(PPh3)Cp (11a), Mn(CO)5 (12a), Re(CO)5 (13a)] are accessible by Pd-catalyzed coupling of the C-stannylated carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C-(NMe2)C≡CSnBu3] (9a, b) with [XMLn]. The related monomethylaminocarbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡ CSnBu3] (16a, b), obtained by stannylation of [(C))5M'=C(NHMe)C=CH] (15a, B) with Bu3SnNEt2, react with [IFe(CO)2Cp] to give the bimetallic complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡CFe(CO)2Cp] (17a, b). The complexes 4a, 5a, 7a and 10a were characterized by X-ray structural analysis. The spectroscopic and structural data suggest that the two metal centers in 4-7, 10-13, and 17 interact only weakly.
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    Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a Rhenium Complex Derived from 8a-Amino-6-methyl-ergolineDedicated to Professor Roland Mayer on the occasion of his 70th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 839-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Rhenium ; Technetium ; 8a-Amino-6-methyl-ergoline ; Chelates ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Current research in radiopharmaceutical chemistry is aimed at the design of technetium-based receptor-binding radiotracers because of the excellent nuclide properties of the isotope 99mTc. Tc tracers and the corresponding complexes of rhenium, as the inactive surrogate of Tc, are required to imitate organic agonists or antagonists of the receptor. We have started studies with ergolines, which are known to be dopamine substitutes. The present report deals with the functionalization of 8α-amino-6-methyl-ergoline (2) with a 2-mercaptoacetyl group, and the subsequent synthesis of the first rhenium complex containing a pendent ergoline moiety [Re- O(SSS)(RS)] (HSSSH = HS-CH2CH2-S-CH2CH2-SH and RSH = 8a-amino-N-(2-mercaptoacetyl)-6-methyl-ergoline) (4). The molecular structure of the rhenium complex was determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
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    Aminotroponimines as Ligands for Yttrium and Lanthanide Complexes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 859-862 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Yttrium ; Lanthanum ; Samarium ; Lanthanides ; Aminotroponiminate ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of N-isopropyl-2-(isopropylamino)troponimine, [(i-Pr)2ATI]H, with KH in THF affords [(i-Pr)2ATI]K. This is a useful starting material for the preparation of the mono-, bis- and tris-substituted compounds [[i-Pr)2ATI]YCl2-(THF)2}2, [(i-Pr)2ATI2Y[O(2,6,t-Bu2C6H3)] and [(i-Pr)2-ATI]3Ln (Ln = Y, La, Sm), which can be obtained from ([i-Pr)2ATI]K and LnX3 and LnX3 (X = Cl, I), or Y[O(2,6-t-BuC6H3)]3. All compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods. The monosubstituted yttrium complex {[(i-Pr)2ATI]YCl2(THF)2}2 has also been investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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    C-H Bond Activation of Simple Alkenes with (C5H5)CO Fragments: Preparation, Molecular Structure, and Dynamical Behaviour of Tri- and Tetranuclear Cyclopentadienylcobalt Cluster complexes with μ-Cycloalkyne Ligands (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 593-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: C-H activation ; Alkyne complexes ; Cyclopentadienyl cobalt ; Fluxionality ; Hydrido complexes ; Clusters ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vicinal C-H bonds of the cycloalkenes CnH2n (n = 5-8) were activated upon treatment under mild conditions with reactive sources of the (C5H5)CO fragment. With [C5H5)CO(C2H4)2] (2a), the trinuclear cluster complexes [H2((C5H5)CO)3(μ3-C2(CH2)n-2)] (5a: n = 5; 5c: n = 5d: n = 8) were formed. Using the more reactive [(C5H5)2Co]/K, 5a-5dwere obtained, along with small amounts of the tetranuclear [{(C5H5)CO}4r{μ4-C2(CH2)n-2}] (8a-c: n = 5-7). X-ray structure analyses of 5c, d and 8b, c were performed. A μ-‖ (orμ3-η1:η2:η1) coordination of the cycloalkyne ligands was found in the trinuclear cluster complexes. The tetranuclear 8b, c had the cycloalkynes quadruply bridging (μ4-η1:η2:η2:η1_ a butterfly arrangement of the metal atoms. The acetylenic carbon-carbon bonds are considerably lengthened upon coordination [1.392(4), 1.398(3) å in 5c d; 1.464(8), 1.499(5) Å in 8b, c]. Three dynamic processes - alkyne “walk” on top of the CO3 triangle, μ2-hydride migration, and μ2/μ3-hydride exchange - are operational in the trinuclear 5a-d. Dynamic NMR data for 5a are consistent with a “windshield-wiper” mechanism for the alkyne migration. Hydride exchange is associated with a higher energy barrier, and is probably and independent dynamic process.
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    Organoamido- and Aryloxolanthanoids, 15Part 14: Ref. [1a].. Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanoids, 116Part 115: Ref. [1b].. Syntheses of Low Coordination Number Divalent Lanthanoid Organoamide Complexes, and the X-ray Crystal Structures of Bis[(N-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)(N-trimethylsilyl)amido]bi(tetrahydrofuran)samarium(II)and -ytterbium(II) (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Mercury ; Lanthanides ; Lanthanoid(II) complexes ; (N-2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)(N-trimethylsily)amide complexes ; Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Mercury(II) amide complex Hg[N(SiMe3)(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2 (1) was prepared by reaction of HgBr2 with Li[N(SiMe3) 2,6-iPr2C6H3)] in diethyl ether solvent. Redox transmetallation reactions of 1 with elemental samarium, europium or ytterbium in THF solvent (THF = tetrahydrofuran), generated the novel divalent complexes Ln[N(SiMe3)(2,6-iPr2C6H3]2(THF)2 with Ln = Sm (2), Eu (3) and Yb (4). 4 was also synthesized by reaction of elemental ytterbium, HgPh2 and HN(SiMe3)(2,6-Me3)2]2(THF)2 [Ln = Sm (5), Yb (6)] by reaction of the metals with HgPh2 and HN(SiMe3)2. Thermal desolvation of 4 under high vacuum gave Yb(N)(SiMe3)2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2 (THF) (7), whereas under identical conditions 6 yielded the solvent-free complex [Yb[N{SiMe3)2]2]2. (8). The new compounds 1-4 and 7 are hydrocarbon soluble and 171Yb-NMR spectra were recorded for 4, 6, 7 and 8. X-ray crystal structure determinations of 2 and 4 revealed four-coordinate, distorted tetrahedral metal environments augmented by weak Ln…ipso-C(aryl) interactions.
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    Synthesis and Structure of 2,2′ -Boryl-, Germyl-Silyl-, and Stannyl-Substituted 1,1′ -Binaphthyl SystemsDedicated to Professor Hans Paulsen on the occasion of his 75th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 923-932 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Biaryls ; Boron ; Chirality ; Cooperative Effects ; Lewis acids ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of Lewis acid binaphthyl systems, substituted in 2-or 2,2′-position, are synthesized by lithiation of 2,2′-dibromo-1,l ′-binaphthyl (5), followed by addition of various electrophiles. Stepwise lithiation and subsequent borylation with trimethyl borate leads to the bromoboronic acid 6, which can be stabilized by esterification with pinacol giving 7. By increasing the reaction mixture to 2 equiv. of n-butyllithium and 2 equiv. of methyl borate the path to the binaphthylmonoboronic acid ester 9 is opened up. A further increase in the quantity of electrophile also leads to the binaphthylbisboronic acid ester 12. The 2,2′-disubstituted silyl, germyl, and stannyl derivatives 13a-15a are accessible in good yields. Treatment with boron halides leads exclusively to methyl/halogen exchange, giving the bidentate Lewis acids 13b-15b, the former of which can be bridged by oxygen.Only in case of the bis(tributylstannyl)binaphthyl 16a does ipso substitution occur in the presence of boron trichloride, giving the bis(dichloroboryl)-substituted binaphthyl 16b which can then be hydrolysed to 11. The structures of the majority of the compounds were investigated by X-ray diffraction. In case of the 2,2′-disubstituted compounds 13a-15a the naphthyl groups are orientated perpendicular to each other. The intra- and intermolecular interactions are dominated by this binaphthyl system. In case of the oxygenbridged compounds 13c and 14c the angle between the naphthyl planes decreases to about 70°. This also has an effect on the packing of the molecule; in this instance the orientation of two naphthyl in neighbouring molecules is nearly parallel. The structure of the diboronic acid is dominated by intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
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    Temperature-dependent Ring-Opening and -Closure of a Cyclic Phosphane-BoraneDedicated to Professor Gottfried Huttner on the occasion of his 65th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 951-954 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphane-boranes ; Medium-sized rings ; Ring opening and closure ; Temperature-dependent NMR studies ; Phosphorus ; Boron ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A phosphane-borane (3) with the P-B bond integrated into a seven-membered ring was prepared from 4-pentenyl-diphenylphosphane (4) by hydroboration using 9-borabicyclononane (9-BBN). The product was confirmed to have a ring structure in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The P-B distance of 2.057(2) Å is indicative of a standard donor-acceptor bond similar to the type found in homologous five- and six-membered rings. The room-temperature 31P-NMR signal of the compound in various solvents (δ ≈ - 15) is not compatible with the cyclic structure and suggests that ring opening occurs as the compound is dissolved. Variable-temperature NMR work corroborated this assumption, and the enthalpy of ring closure was determined to be ΔH = -30.5(4) kJmol-l. In CD2C12 at -90°C, δ31P is shifted to +3.5 ppm to low field, suggesting virtually complete ring closure under these conditions.
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    The Coordination Chemistry of Fluorocarbons: Group-I and Group- II Metal Ion Complexes of Fluoro Macrocycles (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 963-968 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Fluorine ; Macrocycles ; Complexes ; Sodium ; Barium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two new fluoro macrocycles BenzoFN2O3 and F(N2O2)2C2H4 were synthesized in the reactions of 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene with benzo-diaza-15-crown-5 and 1,2-bis(diaza-12-crown-4)ethane, respectively, in 30% yield each. Close CF...metal ion interactions in the respective alkaline metal complexes in solution are evidenced by characteristic shifts of the 19F-NMR resonances of up to δ = 18.7 relative to the free ligand and by a decrease of the 1J(CF) coupling constant of up to 20 Hz, which is most pronounced in BenzoFN2O3 · Li+ and F(N2O2)2C2H4 · K+. In BenzoFN2O3· Li+ a1J(19F-7Li) of 15.5 Hz was observed, which is indicative very close CF...Li+ interactions in solution. In the X-ray crystal structures of BenzoFN2O3 · Na+ [CF⃛Na+ 246.8(2) pm], 26-fluoro-4,7,13,16-tetraoxa-1, 10-diazatricyclo[ 8.8.7.1 20,24 ] - hexacosa-20,22,24(26)triene · Na+ (CF⃛Na+ 267.1(2) pm) and 21 -fluoro-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaoxabicyclo[ 18.3.1 1,20]heneicosa- l(24),20,22-triene. Ba2+ [CF⃛Ba2+ 299.0(3) pm] short CF⃛metal interactions were found. Such close CF⃛metal ion interactions do not result in a lengthening of the C-F bonds, which is not a sign of weak CF⃛metal ion interactions, since a Cambridge Structural Database search revealed that a shortening of the C-O bond length is also not observed in crown ether complexes of alkaline metals.
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    Organophosphorus Compounds, 118Part 2: 117: Ref1. Reactions of 1-Chloro-1H-phosphirenes with Nucleophiles (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 711-723 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphorus heterocycles ; 1H-Phosphirenes ; Nucleophilic substitution reactions at 1H-phosphirenes ; Metal-complexation of functionalized 1H-phosphirenes ; Carbonyl complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The halogen atoms in the 1-chloro-1H-phosphirenes, 5a-c, are easily substituted on reaction with organolithium and Grignard reagents, 14a-p, with formation of the corresponding O-, N-, C-, Si-, and Ge-substituted 1H-phosphirenes, 15a-t. C1/H exchange reactions also occur on reaction with lithium metal hydrides (5a → 17). Furthermore, substitution reactions are also realized with the alkali metal borates, 18a-g (→19a-g); the same is true for reactions with trimethylsilyl cyanide and azide (→22a-d). Some of the substitution products have been characterized in the form of their metal complexes, 16, 23, 24, and 25.
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    Synthesis of Germatranyl Derivatives of Esters of Carboxylic Acids via Organometallic (Si, Ge, Sn) Reagents (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 739-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Germatranes ; Organotrihalogenogermanes ; Organometallic (Si, Ge, Sn) reagents ; Transmetallation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trialkylstannyl esters of tris(2-hydroxyalkyl)amines, N(CH2CHROSnAlk3)3 (9-11 (R = H, Me; Alk = Et, Bu), react with X3GeC(R1)(R2)COOR3 (12-17) (X = Cl or Br; R1, R2=H, Me, Ph, SiMe3, COOEt; R3=Me, Et) to give esters of α-germatranylcarboxylic acids, N(CH2CHRO)3GeC(R1)(R2)-COOR3 (1-8), in high yields. The synthesis of esters 12-17 is reported. Esters of α-germatranyldiphenylacetic acid 24 and 25 can be obtained by treatment of diphenylketene with Et3SnOMe to give in situ Et3SnC(Ph2)COOMe (23), followed by reaction with GeCl4 to give in situ Cl3GeC(Ph2)COOMe (22 and further reactions with 9 or 11, respectively. Reduction of germatrane 6 with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether leads to cleavage of the germanium-carbon bond with subsequent formation of (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylsilane. The crystal structures of 3, 6 and 7 are reported. 1-Acyloxygermatranes 26 and 27 are obtained by treatment of 1-methoxygermatrane (28) with diphenyl- and dichloroacetic acid, respectively.
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    Base-Induced Synthesis of a Tetrastannatriazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane from Tris)dimethylchlorostannyl)amineDedicated to Professor W. Sieber on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 765-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Tin - Nitrogen cage compounds ; Sn—X—Sn intramolecular bridges ; Distannylamine pyridine adduct ; Tin ; Moessbauer spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tris(dimethylchlorostannyl)amine (2a) reacts with pyridine in a 3:4 molar ratio to produce the tin-nitrogen containing bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (3) with elimination of the adduct Me2SnCl2·2 py. Treatment of the distannylamine 2,6-[Pr2H3N(SnMe2Cl)2 (4) with pyridine, however, leads to the formation of the 1:1 pyridine adduct 4 and this can be regarded as a model to explain the route to 3. The molecular structures of 3 and 5 were determined by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution, as well as by X-ray structure analysis of their crystals. Typical structural features for both compounds are intramolecular Sn—X—Sn bridges. Support for the structures comes from MS fragmentation patterns, IR spectra, and the Mössbauer spectra.
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    Thermal Reactions of 5-Alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,2,4(λ3)-diazaphospholes (4-Phosphapyrazolines) - A Route to Various P—Heterocycles and to 2-PhosphabutadienesDedicated to Professor M. Hanack on the occasion of his 65th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 779-788 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,2,4-Diazaphospholes ; Phosphiranes, alkylidene- ; 2-Phosphabutadienes ; Phosphorus heterocycles ; pyrazolines, thermolysis ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 5-alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,2,4(λ3)-diazaphospholes (4-phosphapyrazolines) are thermally much more stable than related compounds without the exocyclic double bond. Thermolysis reactions typically occur in the range 110-150°C in toluene solution, and different, mostly competing, reaction pathways are observed. Thermal extrusion of nitrogen from 8a-g gives rise to β-phosphanaylsiloxyalkenes 10, benzo[c]-phosphole derivatives 11, 14 and 115, (β-siloxyalkylidene)-Phosphiranes 12, and dihydro-1,3-oxaphospholes 13. The thermolysis of 5-alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-4-trimethylsilyl-3-trimethylsilyloxy-3H-1,2,4-dizaphospholes 17 afforded three products, including the highly substituted and stable 2-phosphabutadienes 18 formed by nitrogen extrusion and rearrangement. Finally, the 4-chloro-3-trimethylsilyloxy-substituted heterocycle 21 was transformed at 170°C into 4H-1,2,4-diazaphosphole 23. The structures of 13c and 18a were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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    Reaction of 1,3-Dialkyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidenes with 2-Bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaboroles (Alkyl=iPr and tBu)Dedicated to professor Adolf Zschunke on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 705-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Boron ; Diazaboroles ; Carbenes ; Heterocycles ; Imidazoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaboroles (3a-c) were synthesized by cyclocondensation of dilithiated 1,4-diazabutadienes (5a-c) with boron tribromide in hexane. 3a was also obtained by sodium amalgam reduction was conducted in ether solvents, diboroxane (2) resulted as the main product. Compound 3a and 1,3-dialkyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol2-ylidenes (6a, b) underwent halide displacement to afford the borolylimidazolium salts 7a, b. Compounds 2, 3a-c, and 7a, b were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods (1H, 11B, 13C NMR; Ir; MS). The molecular structures of 2 and 7a were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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    Well-Defined Metallodendrimers by Site-Specific Complexation (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 725-728 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Dendrimers ; Metal complexes ; Nanostructures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Strong multiple complexation of transition metal ions, Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) with different generations of well-defined poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as multi(tridentate) ligands has been used to construct nanoscopic assemblies of defined structure and size incorporating a distinct number of metal ions from 2 up to 32.
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    Compounds of Germanium and Tin, 2lPart 20: Ref.[1]. A Tetraaryldigermene with a Short Germanium-Germanium Double Bond and a Nearly Planar Environment of Both Germanium AtomsDedicated to Professor Hans Bürger on the occasion of his 6oth birthday (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 735-738 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Germanium ; Digermenes ; Tin ; Germylenes ; Stannylenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of GeCl2 · dioxane with the Grignard reagent RMgBr (R=2-tBu-4,5,6-Me3C6H) furnishes the tetraaryldigermene R2Ge=GeR2 (8). X-ray structure-analysis of 8 reveals a short Ge=Ge double bond, a nearly planar environment of both germanium atoms and extremely widened C—Ge—C angles of 128°. In solution, 8 dissociates into two germylene molecules R2Ge, which can be trapped with oxygen or by [4+1] cycloaddition reactions with 1,4-dihetero-1,3-dienes. A similar cycloadduct of a stannylene wa obtained by thermolysis of (R′2Sn)3 (R′=2,4,6-iPr3C6H2), in the presence of a 1,4-diazabutadiene and characterized by an X-ray structure-analysis.
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    Synthesis and Crystal Structure of tert-Butylamino)di-tert-butyl)siliceniotrichloroaluminate, (Me3C)2Si=NCMe3·AlCl3, and Dimethylazomethine-Aluminium Trichloride, Me2C=NH·AlCl3Dedicated to Prof. A. Meller on the occasion of his 65th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 753-755 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Silicenium ion ; Iminosilane ; Aluminate ; Silicon ; Aluminium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lithiated text-butylaminolfluorosilanes react with aluminum trichloride in ether, eliminating LiF to give AlCl3 adducts of iminosilanes  -  aminosiliceniotrichloroaluminates {R2Si-NCMe3·AlCl3}, which thermally form the dimethylazomethine- aluminium trichloride, Me2C=NH·AlCl3.
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    Sulfur Compounds, 199Part 198: R. Steudel, Y Drozdova, K. Miaskiewicz, R. H. Hertwig, W. Koch, J Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 1990.. Novel Titanocene Thiolato Complexes and Their Application in Preparing New Sulfur-Containing Heterocycles (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 757-764 
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Titanocene complexes ; S ligands ; Organic polysulfanes ; Ligand transfer reactions ; Sulfur heterocycles ; Chalcogens ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of Cp2Ti(CO)2 (3) with the di- and polysulfanes 1,2,4-(CH2)2S3, C4S6 (9), C,7H10S3 (11), 1,2,4,6-(CH2)3S4 (16), C6H10S6(19), and S6 affords the titanocene chelate complexes Cp2TiS3(CH2)2 (8), (Cp2Ti)2C4S6 (10), Cp2TiS3C7H10 (13), Cp2TiS2C7H10 (14), Cp2TiS4(CH2)3 (17), Cp,2TiS6C6H6H10 (20), and Cp2TiS8 (23). 14 is also obtained from Cp2TiCl2 (1) and the geminal dithiol of norbornene. The analogous reaction with the dithiol of dicyclopentadiene yields Cp2TiS2C10H12 (15). In ligand transfer reactions, 8 reacts with SCl2 to give 1,2,3,5-tetrathiane (25), 10 provides 9 on reaction with Cl2, 13 when treated with S2Cl2 affords C7H10S5 (12), 15 reacts with S2Cl2Cl2 to give C10H12S4. 17 and SCl2 yield 1,2,3,5,7-pentathiepane (18), 20 is converted to C6H10S7 (22) on reaction with SCl2, and 23 yields S10 and 1,2,-C6H4(SCl)2, respectively. With phosgene, thiophosgene, and thionyl chloride, compound 15 yields the corresponding dithiocarbonate 26, the trithiocarbonate 27 and the trisulfane 2-oxide 28. The structure of 27 was determined by X-ray crystallography.
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    Synthesis of a Bisdienophilic Phthalocyanine and of Precursors for Repetitive Diels-Alder Reactions Based on Hemiporphyrazines and Phthalocyanines (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 801-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines ; Hemiporphyrazines ; Macrocyclic bisdienes and bisdienophiles ; Diels-Alder reactions ; Ladder polymers ; Cycloaddition ; Macrocycles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The specific synthesis of a metal-free bisdienophilic phthalocyanine 193, suitable for repetitive Diels-Alder reactions, is reported. This was achieved by condensation of 191,3,3-trichloro-6/7-nitroioindolenine (191) and 4,9-dibutoxy-2,3,5,8-tetrahydro-1,3-diimino-1H-5,8-epoxybenz[f]isoindoline (2). The ability of 3 to undergo Diels-Alder reactions was tested by reaction with an excess of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (5). Experimental data of the hemiporphyrazines 9, 10, and 11, which can be used as precursors for the synthesis of ladder polymers, are also given in the Experimental Section.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300620
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  • 90
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    Pseudoelement Compounds, XPart IX: Ref. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of New Complexes of the Type trans-[Pt(H)X(PPh3)2 with Cyanamide and Cyanomethanide LigandsDedicated to Professor S. Engels on the occasion of his 65th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1007-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Platinum ; Nitrocyanamide ; Nitrosodicyanomethanide ; 1,1,3, 3-Tetracyano-2-azapropenide ; 1,1,2,3,3-Pentacyanopropenide ; Hydrido complexes ; Coordination modes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The new coordination compounds trans-[Pt(H)X(PPh3)2] with NCN- and C(CN)2-functionalized anions (X- = [N(O)C(CN)2]-, [NO2NCN]-, [N{C(CN)2}2]-, [NCC{C-(CN)2}2]-, have been characterized by 1H-, 31P-, 13C-NMR, and IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses the crystal structures of trans-[Pt(H)N(O)C(CN)2(PPh3)2], trans- [Pt(H)N{C(CN)2}2(PPh3)2], and trans-[Pt(H)NCC{C(CN)2}2-(PPh3)2) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Remarkably, [N(O)C(CN)2]- is coordinated through the central nitrogen atom, while [N{C(CN)2}2]- and [NCC(C(CN)2]2]- are bonded through terminal nitrogen atoms of a C(CN)2 unit.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300730
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  • 91
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    New Coupling Reactions and Phosphorylations Using Organozinc Reagents (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1021-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Zinc ; Chirality ; Cross-coupling ; Phosphorylations ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This Microreview on the chemistry of organozinc reagents starts by briefly showing the methods of preparation of organozinc compounds and then discusses the considerable synthetic utility of zinc organometallics for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds in the presence of transition-metal catalysts. Finally, the use of organozinc chemistry for the preparation of polyfunctional and chiral phosphanes is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300802
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  • 92
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    Synthesis and Structures of Bis(tetramethylipiperidino)aluminum Halides-X-ray Crystal Structures of tmp2AlX (X = Cl, Br, I) and [tmp2A1(μ-F)l2 (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1047-1052 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bis(tetramethylipiperidino)aluminum halides ; Alkoxy((tetramethylpiperidino)aluminum halides ; 27Al-NMR spectra ; Aluminum ; Amides ; Synthetic methods ; Bridging ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N-Lithio-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine [Li(tmp)] reacts with AlX3 (X = Cl, Br) in diethyl ether/ n-hexane solution to generate the products of substitution and ether cleavage, [tmpAl(X)(μ-OEt)], (la, X = Cl; 1b, X = Br). However, when the reaction is allowed to proceed in n-hexane alone, an almost quantitative yield of compounds tmp2AlX (2a, X = Cl; 2b, X = Br; 2c, X = I) is obtained. According to 27AI-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, cryoscopy, and X-ray crystal structure determinations, these compounds are monomeric in the solid state, in solution, and in the gas phase. 2b reacts with AgBF4 yielding the fluoride-bridged dimer (tmp2AlF), 2d, as shown by X-ray crystal structure determination.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300805
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  • 93
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    Synthesis, Structure, and Dynamic Behavior of (μ-Aldimido)(μ-η1: η2-alkyne)- biszirconocene Cation Complexes That Contain Planar-Tetracoordinate Carbon (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1069-1077 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Planar-tetracoordinate carbon ; Dynamic organometallic systems, μ-alkyne complexes ; π-Agostic systems ; Zirconium ; Metallocenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The benzonitrile hydrozirconation product Cp2ZrCl(N—CHPh) 8 was treated with propynyl lithium to yield the (propynyl)(benzaldimido)ZrCp; complex 9. Subsequent treatment with trityl tetraphenylborate generated [Cp2Zr(C—C—CH3)-BPh-4] that instantaneously added to 9 to eventually form the (μ-aldimido)(μ-η1:η2-hexadiyne)ZrCp2 cation 11. The X-ray crystal structure analysis showed that 11 contains a planar-tetracoordinate carbon atom that is stabilized by forming a three-center-two-electron bond with the two adjacent metal atoms. Similarly, complex 9 reacted with [Cp2Zr(CH3)+CH3B(C6F5)3 1 to yield the planar-tetracoordinate carbon containing (μ-aldimido)(μ-η1:η2-2-butyne) Cp; cation 12. Both complexes 11 and 12 exhibit dynamic NMR spectra due to their rapid reorganization of the dimetallabicyclic frameworks (ΔG* = 10 kcal mol-1) in addition to an anchimerically assisted C—N bond rotation (ΔG* =15 kcal mol-1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300808
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  • 94
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    Isolation and Characterization of a Porphinatomanganese(IV) Complex from the Reaction of Dichloro Monoxide with 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis-(2,6-dichloropheny)porphinatomanganese(III) Chloride [Mn(EDCPP)CI] (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1099-1103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Porphyrinatomanganese(IV) ; Monooxygenase model ; Dichloro monoxide ; Catalytic alkene epoxidation ; Catalytic alkane oxygenation ; Catalytic alkane chlorination ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The isolation at -78°C and characterization of the novel crystalline reactive porphinatomanganese(IV) complex Mn-(TDCPP)(OCl)2 (5) is described. 5 is compared with the porphinatomanganese(IV) complexes Mn(TDCPP)(C6H5IOCl)2 (2), Mn(TDCPP)(C6F510C1)CI (3) and Mn(TDCPP)(OCH3)2, (4). The stoichiometric reaction of 5 with triphenylphosphane yields 2.5 equivalents of triphenylphosphane oxide and 1.0 equivalent of Mn(TDCPP)Cl (1). Complex 5 epoxidizes stilbene, and oxygenates and chlorinates cyclohexane.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300811
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  • 95
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    Synthesis and Structure of Allenyl-Substituted η6-Benzene(tricarbonyl)-chromium Complexes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1135-1139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Arene complexes ; Chromium ; Allenes ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Cr(CO)3-complexed η6-phenylpropargylic alcohols 3 react in a displacement rearrangement with thionyl chloride or chlorodiphenylphosphane to give the chloro- or phosphoryl allenyl substituted η6-phenyl complexes 4 and 6, respectively. In the X-ray crystal structure of the novel organometallic allenic derivatives 4b and 6b the vicinal chloro or phosphoryl substituent and the benzene(tricarbonyl)chromium fragment are arranged coplanarily. Palladium/copper-catalyzed couplings of the chloroallene 4b with terminal alkynes disclose a facile access to ynallene derivatives 8, novel carbon-rich organometallic π-systems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300816
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  • 96
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    Raman and Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemical Calculations for Trichlorophosphoranylidenesulfamoyl Chloride, CISO2N=PCI3 (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1141-1145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Trichlorophosphoranylidenesulfamoyl chloride ; Vibrational spectroscopy ; Conformational properties ; Quantum chemical calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Raman (3500-50 cm-l) and infrared (4000-400 cm-l) spectra of the title compound, ClSO2N=PCl3, were recorded for the solid and liquid phase. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the compound dissolved in CCl4 was obtained and qualitative depolarization values were determined. The spectra of the liquid and solid phase were interpreted in terms of the existence of only one conformation possessing C1 symmetry, as predicted by quantum chemical calculations. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on the relative intensities, on group frequencies along with support from the normal coordinate analysis. The experimental fundamental vibrational modes are compared to those obtained from theoretical approaches employing the ab initio MP2/6-31G* method and a density functional approximation (B3PW91/6-31G*).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300817
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  • 97
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    Ab Initio Studies on Disubstituted closo-Icosahedral Heteroboranes, X2B10H10 [X = CH, SiH, N, P, and Sb] (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1147-1150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Icosahedral heteroboranes ; Ab initio calculation ; Bonding models ; Aromaticity ; Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift [NICS] ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio theoretical studies on X2B10H10 (X = CH, SiH, N, P and Sb) have been done for all the three possible isomers. Unlike lower-vertex heteroboranes, all the hetero derivatives have shown similar trends in the relative stabilities, the 1,12-isomer being more stable followed by 1,7- and 1,2-isomers, except for N and Sb. No conventional 1,2-isomer for N could be found. Instead, a new nido isomer which is 18.1 kcal/mol higher in energy than the most stable isomer has been located. Any hetero group substitution to icosahedral R12H122- is found to be thermodynamically destabilizing. However, the Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift criterion shows that all compounds, except for 8, have similar aromaticity.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300818
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  • 98
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    The Molecular Structures of Triaminosilanes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1159-1166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Aminosilantes ; Structure elucidation ; Molecular conformations ; Configuration determination ; Nitrogen Planarity/Silanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structural chemistry of a series of triaminosilanes XSi(NR2)3 has been investigated in order to determine the ground-state configuration and conformation of these molecules. Theoretical studies and analogy with the isoelectronic XP(NR2)3 (X = CH2, O, Se, NSiMe3 etc.) and P(NR2)3 molecules suggest structures of Cs or C3 symmetry, with small energy differences between them. The molecular structure of HSi(NMe2)3 (1) has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study at low temperature. Surprisingly, the molecules have a non-standard conformation with an irregular orientation of the three NMe2 groups. The hydrido-, chloro-, methyl-, and vinyltris(morpholino)silanes XSi[N(CH2CH2)2O]3 (X = H, Cl, Me, Vi; 2-5) were prepared from the corresponding chlorosilanes and morpholine (2, 3) or lithium morpholide (4,5). Their variable-temperature NMR spectra were studied and the molecular structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 2 has a molecular geometry approaching mirror symmetry with one morpholino group significantly different from the other two. This structure resembles that of isoelectronic tris(amino)phosphines. Compounds 3-5 have structures with a propeller-like arrangement of the three morpholino rings approaching C3 symmetry for this part of the molecules. The chloro compound 3 shows the shortest Si-N bond lengths (average 1.690 Å), followed by 2 (1.708Å),5 (1.709Å) and 4 (l.712Å). The configuration of all nitrogen atoms is almost planar, with sums of the angles close to 360°, and the morpholino rings adopt a chair conformation. According to the solution NMR spectra the ring inversion is slow at low temperature, but the rings rotate freely about the Si-N bonds on the NMR time scale. The molecular structures are discussed in terms of steric and electronic effects of the substituents. Other model compounds, including (Me2N)3SiC6H4-4-Br (6), MeSi[N(CH2CH2)2NMe]3 (7) and PhSi[N(CH2)4]3 (8), could not be crystallized, but were characterized by their analytical and spectroscopic data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971300820
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  • 99
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    A Monomeric Bis(arena)lead(II) Complex with a Plumbocene-like Bent Sandwich Structural Unit  -  Structure of [Pb(1,2-C6H4Me2)2(AlCl4)2Dedicated to Professor C. G. Kreiter on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1731-1732 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Lead ; Tetrachloroaluminate ; Arenes ; o-Xylene ; Bis(arene) Complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis(o-xylene)lead(II) bis(tetrachloroaluminate), obtained from lead(II) chloride and aluminium trichloride in o-xylene, has been shown by X-ray crystallography to be a mononuclear lead complex with point group symmetry C2 The two aromatic ligands are arranged similarly to those in monomeric plumbocene. The coordination sphere is completed by two bidentate AlCl4-ions. The lead center uses about a quarter of its bonding capability for each of the four ligands
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971301204
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  • 100
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    Titanium and Zirconium Complexes Containing a Novel Dianionic Trifunctional Amido Ligand (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1751-1759 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Amido complexes ; Titanium ; Zirconium ; Alkylmetal compounds ; Amido complexes ; Titanium ; Zirconium ; Alkylmetal compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The novel tridentate diamidoamine ligands [RC(2C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2)2- (R = H, CH3) have been synthesized and coordinated to TiIV giving the pentacoordinate complexes [MX2(RC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2}] (M = Ti, Zr; X = Cl, Br). The crystal structure analysis of [TiBr2{HC(2-C5H4N)(CH2)2}] (M = Ti, Zr; X = Cl, Br). The crystal structure analysis of [TiBr2{HC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3))] (10b) confirmed the involvement of the pyridyl function in the coordination to the meta centre occupying an apical position in the trigonal bipyramidal ligand polyhedron. alkylation of [TiCl2{H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2)] (12a) with one or two molar equivalents of [RMgCl](R = PhCH2, Me3SiC2) yielded the mono- and dialkyl complexes [TiClR{H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2)] and [TiR2(H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2)] and [TiR2(H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2}] in good yields. Depending on the steric demand of the alkyl group coordination or decoordination of the pyridyl group leads to four- or five-coordinate species. A crystal structure analysis of the pentacoordinate complex [TiCl(CH2SiMe3){H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2}] (16) was carried out.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19971301208
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