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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 90-93 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic emission evaluation of the crack growth in a steel under static loading.A method for evaluation of the crack growth as a function of stress intensity factor KI by the acoustic emission signals (AE) of statically loaded high-strength steels has been developed and verified. Prismatic 38HN3MFA steel specimens have been used under three-point bending with simultaneous record of the AE signals. According to the AE data the crack start, its parameters and propagation stages have been defined. It has been shown that the maximum increment in the crack area is observed as the stress intensity factor approaches its maximum value.
    Notes: Zur Bewertung des Rißfortschritts in Abhängigkeit des Spannungsintensitätsfaktors KI in Dreipunktbiegeproben aus dem hochfesten Stahl 38 ChN3MFA durch Parameter der Schallemission (SE) wurde ein geeignetes Verfahren entwickelt und erprobt. Die Schallemissionsdaten gestatten die Erfassung von Rißstart und Rißfortschritt. Mit zunehmender Annäherung von KI an KIC wurde eine rasche Zunahme an neugebildeter Rißfläche beobachtet.
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  • 102
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 94-96 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 103
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 140-140 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 104
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 105
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A47 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 106
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 626-628 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 107
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 634-634 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 108
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A130 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 109
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A126 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 110
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 652-661 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Simulation of crack resistance using a cohesive model: large scale yielding conditionsFracture resistance curves (R curves) for describing ductile material behaviour play an important rule for integrity assessment analyses. The determination of R curves is widely expressed by experimentally based standardized procedures. But the considered standard test specimens are usually small sized and the problem of resistance transferability from small laboratory specimens under large scale yielding to large sized structures under contained yielding emerges. It will be presented in the following a new strategy based on a cohesive type model in combination with the conventionally finite element method. It allows numerical simulations of stable(ductile) tearing uniquely for small scale yielding (presented formerly in this journal) as well up to fully plastic deformation states only by two constant material parameters. With the respective choice of cohesive parameters it is possible to generate synthetical resistance curves which allows a new systematic understanding of the influences and their margins, especially the geometry (loading) induced variations. By changing the two cohesive parameters an arbitrary material can be introduced where the correlation between material and resistance behaviour can be answered. Furthermore, the inhomogeneous behaviour of compounds, made of different material phases, can be investigated straightforward and opens new perspectives in the fields of engineering testing and characterization. Conventional methods as used for homogeneous cases are no more sufficient for many aspects of new composed materials and structures.
    Notes: Rißwiderstandskurven (R-Kurven) als Beschreibung des Widerstands eines Werkstoffes gegen Rißausbreitung sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Fehlerbewertungsverfahren. Sie werden experimentell an kleinen Laborproben bestimmt. Damit verbunden ist jedoch die Unsicherheit hinsichtlich der Verwendbarkeit solcher R-Kurven für die Bauteilbewertung, da diese an relativ kleinen Proben ermittelt werden und dadurch eine Geometrie- und Belastungsabhängigkeit aufweisen. Mit einem konzeptionell neu aufbereiteten Kohäsivmodell, in Verbindung mit der Finiten Element Methode, ist es jetzt möglich, das stabile Rißwachstum auch numerisch zu simulieren. In diesem Beitrag wird damit der vollplastische Zustand untersucht, wie er typischerweise bei duktilen Werkstoffen/Strukturen vorkommt aber genauso auch für Kleinbereichsfließen anwendbar ist. Mit den werkstoffspezifischen Parametern des Kohäsivmodells lassen sich auf diesem Weg synthetische R-Kurven generieren, aus denen die Einflußnahme der beteiligten Parameter, insbesondere die Geometrie- und Belastungsabhängigkeit, aufgeklärt werden kann. Bei Variation der Kohäsivparameter kann ein Werkstoff synthetisch vorgegeben werden, so daß auch Fragen nach der Korrelation zwischen Werkstoffeigenschaften und Rißwiderstand erstmals beantwortbar sind. Auch Werkstoffverbunde mit Inhomogenitäten können auf diese Weise untersucht werden. Die derzeit bekannten Standardmethoden sind für inhomogene Werkstoffe/Strukturen nicht mehr hinreichend geeignet, so daß solche neuen Modelle, zukünftig von besonderem Wert sind und neue Perspektiven eröffnen.
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  • 111
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 254-257 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of three-dimensional residual stresses at rolled bars with high hardnessBars out of 56 Ni Cr Mo V 7, a diameter of 63 mm and a length of 100 mm were rolled with a force of 12 kN and 27 kN. The hardness of the bars was 2150 N/mm2. In 8 different direction along the surface the residual stresses were determined with the help of x-ray diffraction. This was done several times after electrolytic reduction of the material at the measuring zone to get a stress profile in dependence of the depth. Afterwards in two dimensions along the surface and perpendicular to the surface the residual stresses inclusive the shear stresses were determined. High compressive residual stresses were along the surface, but therefore tensile residual stresses were perpendicular to the surface at a zone of around 1.5 mm depth. A comparison of the residual stresses with stresses induced by shot peening is done.
    Notes: Bei der Bestimmung der 3dimensionalen Eigenspannungszustände zeigt sich, daß die einzelnen Eigenspannungsverläufe miteinander korrespondieren. Die Druckeigenspannungsbereich reicht beim Festwalzen bis in eine Tiefe von 2 mm, wobei sich ein Druckeigenspannungsplateau im Bereich ab 0,5 mm Tiefe für mehre Zehntel Millimeter ausbildet. Bei F=27 kN sind die Effekte entsprechend ausgeprägter. Im Vergleich zum Festwalzen ist beim Kugelstrahlen die Druckeigenspannung im Bereich bis 0.5 mm Tiefe zu finden.
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  • 112
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 276-276 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 113
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 114
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A99 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 115
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 292-299 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ceramic Polymer Composite CoatingsThe tribological properties of ceramic-polymer composite coatings which consist of thermal sprayed oxide ceramics coated with polymer lacquers for numerous industrial applications are discussed in this paper. The surface of these coatings match the requirements of high wear resistance and low coefficient of friction which is desired for many industrial applications. For experimental evaluation, samples were fabricated by coating aluminum substrates with titanium dioxide by means of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). This oxide ceramic surface was successively coated by means of air spraying with a polymer lacquer containing molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and polytetrafluor ethylene (PTFE) as solid lubricants. The tribological properties (coefficient of friction and wear) of this combination layer were determined using a tribometer under oscillating sliding movement.
    Notes: In dieser Arbeit werden die tribologischen Eigenschaften von Keramik-Polymer Kombinationsschichten für verschiedene industrielle Anwendungen vorgestellt. Diese Kombinationsschichten bestehen aus einer thermisch gespritzten Oxidkeramik welche zusätzlich noch mit einem Polymerlack beschichtet wird. Die Oberflächen solcher Kombinationsschichten erfüllen die Anforderungen von hoher Verschleißbeständigkeit und niedrigem Reibkoeffizient, welche für viele industrielle Anwendungen gefordert werden. Für die experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden Proben aus Leichtmetall mittels atmosphärischen Plasmaspritzens (APS) mit Titanoxid beschichtet. Anschließend wurde auf diese Keramikschicht im Sprühlackierverfahren ein Polymerlack aufgetragen, welcher als Festschmierstoffe Molybdändisulfid (MoS2) und Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE) enthält. Die tribologischen Eigenschaften (Reibkoeffizient und Verschleiß) dieser Kombinationsschichten wurden mit Hilfe eines Tribometers unter oszillierender Beanspruchung bestimmt.
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  • 116
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 312-324 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Plasma Pretreatment and Coating of Polymer Films. Part 1: Coating of Non-treated Polymer FilmsThe food packaging industry demands cheap polymer films possessing a high barrier against permeation of gases, moisture and flavor. Candidates for the most successful materials fulfilling these requirements are vacuum web coated biaxial oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films containing a thin inorganic barrier layer. For a good adhesion of the barrier layer on the BOPP films, the polymer film must be pretreated. The industry uses the Corona atmosphere plasma. This work is separated in three parts. The first part describes the experimental setup and the properties of vacuum web coated layers on polymer films. The next part contains the results of the systematic modification of polymer surfaces by atmosphere and low pressure plasmas. The influence of the surface properties on the final functionality of the coated films is given. In the last part, the discussion of the results of the first and second part reveals systematic relations between the production parameters of the high barrier films and their final functionality. These results firstly reveal the adhesion mechanism of the inorganic barrier layers of the polymer films and the necessary surface properties of the polymer films, in order to get cheap high barrier films by vacuum web coating.
    Notes: Die lebensmittelverpackende Industrie verlangt nach immer billigeren Kunststoffolien mit immer höheren Barrieren gegenüber Gasen, Wasserdampf und Aromastoffen. Ein sehr erfolgreicher Schritt, um diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen, besteht in der vakuumtechnischen Beschichtung mit dünnen anorganischen Schichten von biaxial orientierten Polypropylenfolien (BOPP). Um gute Haftungen der aufgedampften Aluminiumschichten zu erzielen, müssen die BOPP-Folie vorbehandelt werden. Industriell steht dafür das Corona-Atmosphärendruckplasma zur Verfügung. In dieser Arbeit aufgeteilt in drei Abschnitte wird zuerst der Versuchsaufbau und die Eigenschaften beschichteter Kunststoffolien allgemein dargestellt. Im nächsten Schritt erfolgt die systematische Modifikation der Folienoberfläche mittels verschiedener Atmosphärendruck- und Niederdruckplasmen. Im letzten Abschnitt werden aus den Ergebnissen der Analysen der unbeschichteten und beschichteten Folien systematische Zusammenhänge zwischen Herstellungsparametern und funktionellen Eigenschaften der beschichteten Folien hergestellt. Daraus lassen sich erstmals die zu einer guten Schichthaftung führenden Mechanismen aufzeigen und die notwendigen Oberflächeneigenschaften der unbeschichteten Folie identifizieren, so daß durch die vakuumtechnische Beschichtung preisgünstige Hochbarrierefolien produziert werden können.
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  • 117
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 609-617 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microstructural, mechanical and corrosive properties of friction stir welded aluminium jointsFriction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid state welding process. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys, generally considered as difficult-to-weld with conventional technologies, without loss in joint strength. Results of investigations on selfmade FSW butt joints of the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6013-T4 are presented. First, the microstructure of the weld seam and heat affected zone is characterised metallographically and by hardness measurements. By tensile, fatigue endurance (SN) and fatigue crack propagation tests it is demonstrated, that especially the FSW-joints of 2024-T3 sustain high mechanical loadings. Investigations on the corrosion properties reveal a certain sensitivity of the 2024-T3 joints to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion.
    Notes: Das Reibrührschweißen (friction stir welding FSW) ist ein neues Fügeverfahren, mit dem auch die schwer schmelzschweißbaren, höherfesten Aluminiumlegierungen ohne große Festigkeitsverluste verschweißt werden können. Erste Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an selbst hergestellten FSW-Stumpfnähten der Aluminiumlegierungen 2024-T3 und 6013-T4 werden vorgestellt. Zunächst wird das Gefüge der Naht und der Wärmeeinflußzone mikrostrukturell und durch Härteverläufe charakterisiert. Weiterhin wird mit Zug-, Schwingfestigkeits- und Rißfortschrittsversuchen nachgewiesen, daß insbesondere die FSW-Nähte der Legierung 2024-T3 außerordentlich hohe mechanische Belastungen ertragen. Abschließende Korrosionsuntersuchungen der FSW-Nähte zeigen eine gewisse Anfälligkeit der abschreckempfindlichen Legierung 2024-T3 für interkristalline Korrosion und Schichtkorrosion.
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  • 118
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 714-719 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical properties of cold-drawn and cast Grade 2 TitaniumThe static and dynamic properties of Grade 2 Titanium for dental applications are investigated. The typical casting procedures used in dental laboratories lead to a drastic deterioration of the mechanical properties compared to wrought material. This deterioration is caused by changes in microstructure and surface roughness. The experimental results are used to determine opportunities for improvements and their limits.
    Notes: In dieser Arbeit werden die statischen und dynamischen Eigenschaften von in der Zahntechnik verwendetem Titan Grad 2 untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die in zahntechnischen Laboratorien üblichen Herstellungsprozesse und Bearbeitungsschritte bei gegossenem Titan eine erhebliche Verschlechterung der Eigenschaften gegenüber kommerziell erhältlichen Ti-Halbzeugen bewirken. Diese Verschlechterung läßt sich auf Änderungen im Gefüge und der Oberflächenrauhigkeit zurückführen. Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen für die Optimierung des Herstellungsprozesses für Zahnersatz aus Titan Grad 2 abgeleitet.
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  • 119
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 726-735 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Developing trends in disc brake technology for rail applicationThe substitution of conventional ferrous materials by light-alloy solutions gives the opportunity for significant reduction of the rotating masses in the bogie and by that a decrease of energy consumption. The potential of conventional Al-cast-alloys is not suitable to solve this. Castable MMC-materials are a high-promising alternative. Under economic pressure MMC-solutions need not to be only superior but also cost effective. And due to the low ductility of those particulate reinforced materials there is a need for new concepts.Locally optimised disks consist of a ductile carrier [body] with wear resistant rubbing surfaces. This led to several prototype disk brakes manufactured by different casting processes.This paper gives an overview about the state-of the-art and newly developed manufacturing routes and materials, metallic and non- metallic, for rail disk brake application.
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  • 120
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Behaviour of light metals with PVD-CrN coatings using different test methodsThe application of thin hard coatings on machining tools, e.g. drilling tools is state of the art. The increase of lifetime of coated Tools compared to uncoated tools is well known. [1]. In this context „separation of functions“ is an often used phrase, by meaning the separation of functions of the volume and the surface of materials. Going one step forward, from the point of view of tribology or corrosion this means, you have „only“ to protect the surface by using a „good“ coating without looking at the material underneath. In the past the influence of substrate materials or the optimization of the system (substrate-coating) was not the main aim of PVD development. Looking at substrate and coating as a system is especially necessary, if the differences of the properties of substrate and coating are large (e.g. hard coating - light metals).This paper shows different aspect of the tribological and electrochemical characterization of PVD coated light metals (CrN coating).
    Notes: Das Aufbringen dünner Hartstoffschichten ist bei tribologisch stark beanspruchten Werkzeugen, wie z. B. bei Dreh- und Umformwerkzeugen., Stand der Technik. Standzeiterhöhungen der beschichteten Werkzeuge im Vergleich zu unbeschichteten Referenzen sind vielfach bestätigt [1].In diesem Zusammenhang ist in vielen Fällen „Funktionstrennung“d. h. eine Trennung der Aufgaben von Werkstoffvolumen und Werkstoffoberfläche, ein zentrales Schlagwort. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, daß tribologische und korrosive Beanspruchungen nur auf Oberflächen wirken und darum nur diese mit einer geeigneten Schicht zu schützen sind. Die Wahl der Substratwerkstoffe oder eine Optimierung des Schicht-Substrat-Verbundes stand oft nicht im Mittelpunkt der PVD - Schichtentwicklung. Betrachtungen zum Schicht-Substrat-Verbund sind jedoch unumgänglich, wenn die Eigenschaften von Schicht und Substrat stark von einander abweichen (z. B. Hartstoffe auf „weichen“ Leichtmetallen im Gegensatz zu Hartstoffen auf hochfesten Stahlsubstraten).Der Beitrag greift wesentliche Aspekte zur mechanisch-tribologischen und elektrochemischen Bewertung hartstoffbeschichteter Leichtmetalle am Beispiel PVD-CrN auf.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A73 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 122
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A78 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 123
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 325-327 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 124
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A85 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 125
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 329-335 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of a Nitrogen Alloyed Stainless SteelThe corrosion behaviour of a nitrogen alloyed stainless steel is investigated using potentiodynamic anodic polarization in physiological NaCl solution. The microstructure of forged samples is determined by microscopy and hardness measurements. The steel shows a globular austenitic structure. In the zone of large forging deformation the grains are elongated. Precipitates are observed in which chromium and molybdenium are enriched. The breakdown potentials range from 200 to 1170 mV vs. SCE, most of the values exceed 500 mV. The breakdown potentials decrease with increasing aspect ratio of the grains and increasing hardness. The precipitates are initial sites for pitting and crater shaped metal dissolution.
    Notes: Das Korrosionsverhalten eines stickstofflegierten rostfreien Stahles wird durch potentiodynamische anodische Polarisation in physiologischer NaCl-Lösung untersucht. Der Gefügezustand geschmiedeter Proben wird mikroskopisch und durch Härtemessungen ermittelt. Der Stahl weist ein globulares austenitisches Gefüge auf, in der Zone starker Schmiedeverformung sind die Körner gestreckt. Es liegen Ausscheidungen vor, in denen Chrom und Molybdän angereichert sind. Der Stahl zeigt Durchbruchspotentiale zwischen 200 und 1170 mV vs. SCE, die meisten Werte liegen über 500 mV. Die Durchbruchspotentiale fallen mit zunehmendem Streckungsgrad der Körner und zunehmender Härte ab. Die Ausscheidungen sind Initialpunkte für loch- und kraterförmigen Materialabtrag.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 371-384 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Development of Ceramics via Pyrolysis of Metal Organic PolymersIn the polymer pyrolysis process a highly pure monomeric precursor is transferred via polyaddition or polycondensation reactions to a polymer of low volatility. In a protective atmosphere the issued polymer will be pyrolized yielding an amorphous ceramic, which can be crystallized at higher temperatures. The pyrolysis of polysilanes and polycarbosilanes reveals Si-C-ceramics, polysiloxanes decompose to Si-C-O-ceramics while polysilazanes and polysilyl-carbodiimides will be transferred to Si-C-N- and/or Si3N4-ceramics. The combination of different precursor systems used in the polymer pyrolysis process offers possibilities for the preparation of highly homogeneous multi component ceramics with tailored properties. Over the polymer pyrolysis route ceramic yields up to 90% can be achieved. The ceramic systems described in this article are used as monolithic moulding, as fibres or fibre-reinforced ceramic composites or as dip coated layers.
    Notes: Ausgangspunkt des Polymer-Pyrolyse-Verfahrens stellen hochreine monomere Precursor dar, die über Additions- oder Kondensationsreaktionen polymerisiert und durch Pyrolyse unter Schutzgasatmosphäre in amorphe Keramiken überführt werden. Durch Tempern bei erhöhter Temperatur können die Keramiken zur Kristallisation gebracht werden. Die Pyrolyse von Polysilanen und Polycarbosilanen ergibt Si-C-Keramiken, Polysiloxane werden in Si-C-O-Keramiken und Polysilazane bzw. Polysilylcarbodiimide in Si-C-N- oder Si3N4-Keramiken umgewandelt. Durch Kombination verschiedener Precursormaterialien lassen sich über die Polymer-Pyrolyse-Route Multikomponentenkeramiken außerordentlicher Homogenität und mit vielfältigen Eigenschaften herstellen. Die erreichbaren keramischen Ausbeuten liegen je nach Precursorsystem bei bis zu 90%. Die beschriebenen Keramiken finden Anwendungen in Form monolithischer Formkörper, als Fasern oder faserverstärkte Verbundwerkstoffe oder als über Dip-Coating hergestellte Schichten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 444-446 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A62 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 260a 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 263-269 
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    Notes: The corrosion behaviour of zinc in glycollic, mercaptoacetic and cyanoacetic acids and glycine was studied by weight loss, pH-monitoring and polarization measurements. The rate of corrosion was found to be a first order with respect to hydrogen ion activity and strongly dependent of the acid type. The abnormal behaviour in cyanoacetic acid at 〈 0.5 M was attributed to the hydrolysis of the acid during the corrosion and formation of malonic acid as confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Morphological investigation of the corroded surfaces showed localized corrosion in cyanoacetic and glycollic acids which increased as the acid concentration or corrosion time increased. The FT-IR analysis indicated also the formation of zinc glycollate and zinc thioglycollate as the corrosion products of zinc in glycollic and mercaptoacetic acids, respectively (Scheme 1a+b).
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 277-280 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A76 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 299-299 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 8-8 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 30-38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Evolution of the Microstructure in Alloy 800HT under High Temperature Creep LoadIn the present work the microstructural evolution under isothermal and high temperature creep conditions is studied for the iron-base-alloy Incoloy Alloy 800HT (X10 NiCrAlTi 32 20 HT) at temperatures of 800° and 900° and stresses of 70 MPa and 45 MPa resp. To describe the microstructure changes under creep stress loading and constant test temperature the dislocation density, particle size and mean planer interparticle spacing where investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The results of the dislocation density and particle morphology measurements are compared and discussed in the context of creep deformation, heat treatment conditions and creep behaviour.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung der Mikrostruktur, gekennzeichnet durch die Merkmale Versetzungsdichte, Partikelvolumenanteil und -abstand bei Hochtemperaturkriechbeanspruchung, der Eisenbasislegierung Incoloy Alloy 800HT (X10 NiCrAlTi 32 20 HT) untersucht. Zur Beschreibung der Evolution der Mikrostruktur in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Kriechverformung werden isotherme Wärmebehandlungen und Kriechexperimente bei 800° / 800° und 70MPa sowie 900° / 900° und 45MPa durchgeführt. Die Untersuchung der sich durch die Beanspruchungen einstellenden Gefügeänderugen erfolgt mit Methoden der Elektronenmikroskopie, vornehmlich im Transmissionselektronenmikroskop. Eine detaillierte Auswertung der sich ergebenden Versetzungsdichten und Größen der ausgeschiedenen Karbide wird mit den Zeitstandkenngrößen in Beziehung gesetzt, analysiert und diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 452-458 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Local coating conditions in RF-Magnetron sputteringThe following paper illustrates the state of the art of the „RF-magnetron sputter technology“ for tribological applications. First the parameters to determine the results of deposition are presented and second a possible way of systematical engineering of coatings for tribological applications is discussed. Exemplary spots on different influencing variables are given. The macroscopic boundary conditions of the deposition unit and the objects to coat play a similar important role as the kinematic of threedimensional functional surfaces on the objects. Further more the substrat material (of the object to coat) as well as the load bearing capacity of the coated component in a special tribological application is of special importance. The presented measuring results are extracted from the quoted reference.
    Notes: Der folgende Artikel zeigt den Stand der Beschichtungstechnologie „HF-Magnetronsputtern“ für tribologische Anwendungen auf. Dabei wird zunächst dargestellt welche Parameter das Beschichtungsergebnis bestimmen und wie eine systematische Schichtentwicklung für tribologische Anwendungen aussehen kann. Im Einzelnen werden exemplarisch Einblicke in verschiedene Einflußparameter gegeben. Die makrogeometrischen Randbedingungen der Beschichtungsanlagen und Beschichtungsobjekte spielen dabei eine ebenso wichtige Rolle wie die Kinematik der Objekte mit dreidimensionalen, zu beschichtenden Funktionsflächen. Zusätzlich ist der Substratwerkstoff (Beschichtungsobjekt) wie auch letztlich das Beanspruchungsverhalten des zu beschichteten körpers im tribologischen Einsatz von zentraler Bedeutung. Die vorliegenden Meßergebnisse sind der angegebenen Publikation entnommen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 496-505 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Examination of IBDA-aluminum-layers by electrochemical noise analysisThe quality of extremely thin surface coatings for wear and corrosion protection is significantly influenced by pores and film defects (voids, micro cracks, coated impurities), which can occure in the processing stage. These sites are substantially responsible for a mechanical or chemical degradation of the coating at contact with respective surrounding conditions. To meet the requirements of protection the processing stage is optimized by minimizing pores and flaws. Therefore a suitable testing method is necessary to detect the dissolution of the substrate at voids in the earliest stage and to examine large series with acceptable time expenditure for a statistical accuracy. Investigations for the optimization of coating parameters were carried out by means of Electrochemical noise analysis (ENA) on IBAD-aluminum-layers (ion beam assisted deposition) at mild steel(Ck45).
    Notes: Die Qualität von extrem dünnen Oberflächenbeschichtungen für den Korrosions- und Verschleißschutz wird stark durch das Vorhandensein von Poren und Schichtdefekten (Hohlräume, Mikrorisse, Flimmer etc.)beeinflußt, die infolge des Herstellungsprozesses auftreten können. Diese Stellen sind maßgeblich verantwortlich für eine mechanische oder chemische Degradation der Beschichtung bei Kontakt mit der jeweiligen Umgebung. Um den erforderlichen Schutz durch die Beschichtung zu gewährleisten wird der Beschichtungsvorgang durch eine Minimierung von Poren und Fehlstellen optimiert. dazu ist eine Untersuchungsmethode erforderlich, die die Auflösung des Substrates an diesen Fehlstellen im frühesten Stadium anzeigt, um auch große Probenserien zur statistischen Absicherung mit vertretbarem Zeitaufwand zu untersuchen. An IBAD-Aluminium-schichten (ion beam assisted deposition) auf unlegiertem Stahl (Ck45) wurden mit Hilfe der elektrochemischen Rauschanalyse erfolgreich Untersuchungen zur Optimierung von Beschichtungsparametern duchgeführt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 484-495 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosionsverhalten von Hartstoffschichten auf Titanbasis auf StahlsubstratenTitannitrid- TiN, Titanboronitrid- Ti(B,N) und Titankarbonitridschichten Ti(C,N) wurden mittels PA-CVD auf Vergütungsstahl- und rostfreien Stahlsubstraten abgeschieden. Der Abscheidungsprozeß kann mit OES überwacht werden. Die Schichten wurden mit XRD, REM und WDX sowie Härte, Haftfestigkeit und Bruchtests charakterisiert. Elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie und zyklische Voltammetrie wurde in technischen Elektrolyten durchgeführt. Mechanische und Korrosionseigenschaften der Schichten können durch die PA-CVD-Prozeßparameter gesteuert werden.Der Einbau von Chlor in die Schicht kann mit TiCl4 durch die Prozeßparameter gesteuert oder mit metallorganischen Precursoren komplett verhindert werden. Es wurde kein Einfluß des Chlorgehaltes aus das Korrosionsverhalten beobachtet. Sogar Schichten mit extrem hohem Chlorgehalt zeigten exzellente Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Folglich ist die Mikrostruktur der Schicht das entscheidende Kriterium für das Korrosionsverhalten von Hartstoffschichten auf Stahl.Eine neue, mikroelektrochemische Tropfenmethode mit einer lateralen Auflösung von 150 μm ermöglicht rasternde untersuchungen auf TiN-beschichteten Substraten komplexer Geometrie. Das PA-CVD-Verfahren ermöglicht die Abscheidung von dichten, porenfreien Schichten. Auf Strukturen mit simuliertem Aspektverhältnis kleiner 3 wurde eine dichte, schützende Schicht nachgewiesen. Bei der Wahl nicht optimaler Prozeßparameter können Poren entstehen, durch die ein aggressiver Elektrolyt das Substrat angreifen kann. Auf niedrig legierten Stählen führt die Substratkorrosion zu einer Enthaftung der Schicht. Auf rostfreien Stählen wurde keine Substratkorrosion beobachtet. Ein Modell für die Korrosionsmechanismen wird in Abb. 17 vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Titanium nitride TiN, titanium boronitride Ti(B,N) and titanium carbonitride Ti(C,N) coatings were deposited by PA-CVD on tempering and stainless steel substrates. The deposition process can be supervised by OES. The coatings were characterized XRD, SEM and WDS as well as hardness, adhesion and friction tests. Electrochemical impedance measurements and cyclic voltammetry in praxis relevant media were carried out. Mechanical and corrosion properties of the coatings can be controlled by the PA-CVD process parameters.The incorporation of chlorine in the coating can be varied by the process parameters with TiCl4 or completely avoided using metallo-organic precursors. No influence of the chlorine content on the corrosion behavior was observed. Even coatings with extremely high chlorine content still exhibit an excellent corrosion resistance. Thus, the microstructure of the coating is the key to the corrosion properties of hard coatings on steel.A new micro electrochemical scanning droplet technique with a lateral resolution of 150 μm allows the investigation of TiN-coated substrates of complex geometry. The PA-CVD technique permits the deposition of dense and pinhole free coatings. On structures with simulated aspect ratios less than 3, a dense protective coating is proved. However, if the formation of micro pores is not suppressed by the optimal choice of deposition parameters, low-alloyed steel substrates corrode through pores, causing a detachment of the coating. On layers deposited on stainless steel, no sign of substrate corrosion could be detected. A model for the corrosion mechanism is given in Fig. 17.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 562-568 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Demands and assessment of thin films in tribological applicationsThin films for tribological use have been supported intensively in the last years and decades. For this reason lots of single results exist in this field of activity. But until now for engineers a handy und reliable method for the development of practical solutions is not available. The literature quoted at the end of this article deals with this problem and points out possibilities. The following paper presents selected results. Single aspects are here in this consequence only described without detailed documentation. To do this the quoted literature offers further information concerning the application of hard coatings and it refers to over 900 corresponding publications. Missing data on test parameters or boundary conditions of the test procedures as well as detailed information on all presented aspects are written down there. Tables to do selections and assessments qualify the reference as a useful handbook for the application of thin hard coatings in theory and practice. The author is pleased to help you to get the complete publication.
    Notes: Dünne Schichten für die Tribologie sind in den letzten Jahren und Jahrzehnten intensiv gefördert worden. Dementsprechend viele Einzelkenntnisse liegen daher zu diesem Thema vor. Bis heute fehlt jedoch eine handhabbare und zuverlässige Entwicklungssystematik für den praktischen Ingenieureinsatz. Die am Schluß des Beitrags angegebene Literaturquelle greift dieses Problem auf und zeigt Lösungen. Nachfolgender Beitrag stellt einen Ausschnitt daraus vor. Aus diesem Grund werden einzelne Aspekte nur beschrieben, ohne alle Einzelheiten an dieser Stelle zu belegen. Dafür steht die Quelle mit vielen detaillierten Hinweisen zur Anwendung von Hartstoffschichten und über 900 weiteren Literaturverweisen zum Thema zur Verfügung. Dort finden sich auch alle hier fehlenden Angaben zu einzelnen Parametern und Randbedingungen sowie weitere Daten und Angaben zu allen hier angesprochenen Aspekten. Auswahl- und Bewertungstabellen machen die Quelle zu einem nützlichen Handbuch für den Einsatz von dünnen Hartstoffschichten in Theorie und Praxis. Bei Fragen zur Beschaffung der Literaturquelle steht der Autor für nähere Auskünfte zur Verfügung.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A118 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 588-594 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of oxygen additions during gas nitriding on the structure of the nitrided layersThe influence of controlled oxygen additions during gas nitriding of steels on the structure and built-up of the nitrided layers as well as on the nitriding reactions was investigated with metallurgical methods and Mössbauer spectroscopy.The results show that oxygen additions below the oxidising threshold slightly improve the nitriding behaviour of unalloyed steels. Furthermore, it is shown that for alloyed steel, which are tending to passivation starting form chromium concentrations of 3%, the nitriding can be considerably improved by oxygen additions. The passivation layers present for these steels are destroyed by external oxidation during the oxinitriding process. This external oxidation and the internal nitriding occurred parallel in the early stages of the oxinitriding.
    Notes: Die Wirkung kontrollierter sauerstoffhaltiger Zusätze beim Gasnitrieren von Stählen auf den strukturellen Aufbau der Nitrierschichten und den Ablauf der Nitrierreaktion unter technischen Bedingungen wurde mit metallkundlichen Untersuchungsmethoden unter Einbeziehung der Mössbauer Spektroskopie verfolgt.Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigen, daß Sauerstoffzusätze unterhalb der Oxidationsgrenze des reinen Eisens das Nitrierverhalten unlegierter Stähle etwas verbessern können. Weiter konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei legierten Stählen, die schon bei Chromgehalten ab 3% bei der konventionellen Gasnitrierung zur Passivierung neigen, die Nitrierung durch einen Sauerstoffzusatz erheblich verbessert werden kann. Die auf diesen Stählen vorhandenen Passivschichten werden beim Oxinitrieren durch eine äußere Oxidation zerstört. Diese äußere Oxidation und die innere Nitrierung laufen in der Anfangsphase des Oxinitrierens parallel ab.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 625-625 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 632-633 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A125 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Analysis of deformation induced residual macro-and microstresses by mechanical and X-ray methodsResidual stress distributions in plastically deformed tensile and bending specimens of perlitic steel were analysed using X-ray diffraction technique and incremental holedrilling method. After tensile loading compressive residual stresses are measured by X-ray analysis in the ferrite phase. Consequently X-ray analysis detects compressive microstresses. In the case of bending specimens residual macrostresses are superposed with residual microstresses after unloading. In no case identical residual stress values were measured by X-ray and hole drilling methods. Microstresses can be separated combining both measurement methods. Microstresses after tensile loading were found to be greater than in surface layers of respective bending samples subjected to the same amount of plastic strain.
    Notes: An überelastisch vorverformten Zug- und Biegeproben aus perlitischem Stahl wurden Eigenspannungstiefenverläufe röntgenographisch nach dem sin2ψ-Verfahren und mechanisch mit der inkrementellen Bohrlochmethode ermittelt. Nach plastischer Zugverformung wurden im Ferrit röntgenographisch Druckmikroeigenspannungen bestimmt, denen sich im Fall der Biegeproben nach Entlastung zusätzlich Makroeigenspannungen überlagern. In keinem Fall stimmen röntgenographisch und mechanisch ermittelte Eigenspannungsverläufe überein. Durch Kombination beider Meßverfahren konnten Mikroeigenspannunsanteile separiert werden. Diese sind nach reiner Zugbeanspruchung größer als in der gleich stark vorverformten Randschicht einer entsprechenden Biegeprobe.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclic deformation behaviour of quenched and tempered 42 CrMo 4 (AISI 4140)at two-block push-pull-loadingThe behaviour of steels in the course of two- and multi-block cyclic loading has been investigated up to now almost exclusively regarding the fatigue life. According to this, only a few papers exist, dealing with the cyclic deformation behaviour at two- and multi-block-push-pull-loading. Therefore, in stress- and total strain-controlled experiments with a single change of the amplitude (two-block-experiments) and multiple changes between two blocks of different lengths and amplitudes (multi-block-experiments) the cyclic deformation processes have been investigated for the quenched and tempered steel grade 42 CrMo 4 (equivalent to AISI 4140). Using the data of stress- and strain-Wöhler-curves determined in usual fatigue tests, damages defined according to Miner's rule were adjoined to the blocks. The Miner-damages at failure observed in the two-black-experiments with changes from high to low amplitudes were smaller than one and at inverse changes of amplitudes larger that one. In contrast to this, in multi-block-experiments no universally valid correlations were observed between the Miner-damages at failure and the test-parameters applied. At all tests cyclic work-softening was observed as in single-step-experiments. However, work-softening processes at high amplitude loadings yield to much larger plastic strain amplitudes after changing to smaller amplitudes than in single-step tests. Contrarily, in multi-block-tests work-softening at higher amplitude loadings reduces with decreasing block-length and increasing portion of the blocks with the smaller amplitude. This is attributed to effects of static strain-ageing. Total-strain-controlled two-block cyclic deformation experiments yield to similar effects as in stress-controlled tests. However, the behaviour at high strain-amplitudes was influenced by distinct work-softening in the first cycles and by self-unloading due to the applied strain-control, which promotes quasi-stabilization-effects.
    Notes: Zum Verfomungsverhalten von Stählen bei zwei-und mehrstufiger Wechselbeanspruchung liegen bisher fast ausschließlich lebensdauerorientierte Untersuchungen vor. Deshalb wurden an vergütetem 42 CrMo 4 die Wechselverformungsvorgänge genauer analysiert, die bei nennspannungs- und totaldehnungskontrollierten Beanspruchungen mit einem Amplitudenwechsel (Zweierblockversuche) sowie mit mehrfachem Wechsel zwischen zwei Blöcken bestimmter Länge und verschiedenen Amplituden (Mehrfachblockversuche) auftreten. Dabei wurden den einzelnen Blöcken unter Rückgriff auf die früher ermittelten Nennspannungs- und Totaldehungswöhlerkurven nach Miner definierte Schädigungen zugeordent. Bei Zweierblockversuchen werden beim Wechsel von großen zu kleinen Amplituden Minerbruchschädigungen kleiner Eins und bei umgekehrten Amplitudenwechseln solche größer Eins beobachtet. Dagegen bestehen bei Mehrfachblockversuchen keine allgemeingültigen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Minerbruchschädigung und den Versuchsparametern. Bei allen Versuchen tritt, wie auch bei allen einstufigen Experimenten, ausschließlich wechselentfestigendes Werkstoffverhalten auf. In Zweierblockversuchen fürhren jedoch die Entfestigungsprozesse bei der großen Beanspruchungsamplitude nach Übergang zu der kleineren dazu, daß sich bei dieser erheblich größere plastische Dehnugsamplituden als im Einstufenversuch ausbilden. Bei Mehrfachblockversuchen nimmt dagegen mit abnehmender Länge und zunehmendem Anteil der Blöcke mit der kleineren Amplitude die Entfestigung bei der jeweils folgenden großen Beanspruchungsamplitude ab. Dies ist möglicherweise den Auswirkungen statischer Reckalterungsffekte zuzuschreiben. Bei totaldehnungskontrollierten zweistufigen Wechselverformungsexperimenten treten im wesentlichen die gleichen Erscheinungen auf wie bei nennspannungskontrollierten. Allerdings wird das Verhalten von der bei großen Totaldehnungsamplituden ausgeprägten anfänglichen Entfestigung und von der selbstentlastend wirkenden Versuchsführung bestimmt, die eine Quasistabilisierung hervorrufen kann.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. A139 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 719-719 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 736-737 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 152
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 720-725 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Coatings for cylinder inner surfaces of aluminium motorunits deposited by MSIP-PVD-ProcessConsumers are making constant increasing demands on technical goods, especially on cars and their driving element, the engine. In Europe the degree of motorization is steadily increasing, but upon a high quality a high power ability is of great importance. The aim of development for a new engine generation are apart from a low fuel consumption, low pollutant emissions, good acoustical behaviour and low weight, the recycling ability and low production costs. There are rapid changes in the area of car development, attendant by consequences for the drive unit. Therefore there is a big need of innovative developments. With the background of intensifying competition in the whole world a innovative, flexible cost and quality effective research and development will be the precondition for business success [1].To an increasing degree modern car engines are made from light metal alloys, above all aluminium. This type of engines are nearly exclusivly equipped with cylinder liners, made from cast iron. Because of the separate production combined with transport and storing this liners cause a lot of costs. Apart from the economic aspect the use of liners increases the weight of the engine and in the end causes a higher fuel consumption [1].The main emphasis of this work is to show the possibilities and the potential, modern PVD coating technologies can do in the area of engine combustion chambers. It will be shown that PVD coating can be deposited on aluminum substrates, if the process control is adaptedwith both, flat cathods and specially developed stick cathods, can be deposited at the interior of cylinders can replace the use of cylinder liners andin principle can hold the loading of combustion engines in a model experiment
    Notes: Ständig werden von den Verbrauchern steigende Ansprüche an alle technischen Güter gestellt. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für das Automobil und seiner Antriebsquelle, den Motor. Der Motorisierungsanteil der Bevölkerung nimmt in Europa stetig zu, wobei neben einer hohen Qualität auch ein hohes Leistungsvermögen von großem Interesse ist. Die Entwicklungsziele für eine neue Fahrzeugmotorengeneration sind neben geringem Kraftstoffverbrauch, niedrigen Schadstoffemissionen, gutem Akustikverhalten und niedrigem Gewicht auch die Recyclingfähigkeit bei gleichzeitig niedrigen Fertigungskosten. Im Umfeld der Pkw-Entwicklung sind dazu rapide Veränderungen zu verzeichnen, deren Auswirkungen auf die Antriebstechnik und dem damit zusammenhängenden innovativen Entwicklungsbedarf als gewaltig anzusehen sind. Vor dem Hintergrund eines sich weltweit verschärfenden Wettbewerbs wird eine innovative, flexible, kosten- und qualitätsbewußte Forschung und Entwicklung zu den wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für den Erfolg eines Unternehmens gehören[1].Moderne Fahrzeugmotoren werden zunehmend aus Leichtmetallegierungen, vornehmlich Aluminium, gefertigt. Diese Motorenart verfügt fast ausschileßlich über Zylinderlaufbuchsen, sogenannte „Liner“, aus Gußeisen. Gerade diese Liner sind wesentliche Kostenverursacher in der Motorenfertigung, da sie neben den Fertigungskosten in ihrer Produktionskette zusätzliche Lagerhaltungs und Transportkosten generieren. Neben diesem wirtschaftlichen Aspekt wird aus technischer Sicht auch das Eigengewicht des Aggregates erhöht, was sich wiederum in einem höheren Kraftstoffverbrauch widerspiegelt [1].Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit soll es sein, die Möglichkeiten und Potentiale aufzuzeigen, die modernste PVD-Beschichtungstechnologien im Bereich der Verbrennungsräume von Motoren leisten können. Es wird gezeigt, daß PVD-Hartstoffbeschichtungen mittels angepaßter Prozeßführung auf Aluminiumsubstraten herstellbar sind;als Innenbeschichtungen sowohl mit Flachkathoden, als auch mit einer speziell entwickelten Stabkathode realisiert werden können;den Einsatz von Zylinderlinern ersetzen können undprinzipiell den Belastungen eines Verbrennungsmotors im Modellprüfstand standhalten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 506-517 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microtribology of PVD-coatingsTransparency of the tribological process by sensory and audio-visual process recording. By multi-media recording of the friction event the elementary contact processes get transparent so that damage causes can be recongnized. For this additional to the usual tribological readings audio-visual information were time synchronously gathered. By use of thin integrated sensors temperature or pressure is measured contiuously with high local resolution during the friction process inside the contact region. The damage mechanisms are analysed systematically and make influence measures possible to coating optimization to exclude an early failure of a tribological system.
    Notes: Transparenz des Tribovorgangs durch sensorische und audio-visuelle Prozeßerfassung. Durch multimediale Erfassung des Reibungsvorgangs werden die elementaren Kontaktprozesse transparent, so daß Schädigungsursachen erkannt werden können. Dabei werden neben den üblichen tribologischen Meßdaten audiovisuelle Informationen zeitsynchron erfaßt. Durch Einsatz integrierter Dünnschichtsensoren unmittelbar im tribologischen Kontaktsystem werden Temperatur oder Druck während des Reibungsprozesses mit hoher Ortsauflösung kontinuierlich ermittelt. Die Schädigungsmechanismen werden systematisch analysiert und ermöglichen Einflußmaßnahmen zur Schichtoptimierung, um ein vorzeitiges Versagen eines tribologischen Systems auszuschließen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 618-625 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of functional surface roughness parameters - Application to multipass strip drawing on mild steel and aluminium sheets in a cylinder/sheet/cylinder contact geometryMultipass strip drawing in cylinder/cylinder die geometry is especially suitable to simulate frictional contact between a smooth die and a rough sheet as occurring in stamping operations.Special attention is focused on the evolution of the plateaux topography, where essentially all normal contact and frictional shear stresses are accomodated.By using a 3-D profilometric scanning stylus relocation technique, we develop statistical parameters which represent the mean length and mean width of the load carrying plateaux. Plateaux flattening and contribution of wear debris to frictional contact is clearly more important for aluminium than for steel.
    Notes: Mehrfach-Streifenziehen von Karrosserieblechen in einer Zylinder/Blech/Zylinder Kontakt-Geometrie eignet sich bei Blechumformung besonders zu der Simulation des Reibkontaktes zwischen glatten Werkzeugen und Blech mit kontrollierter Rauheit.Während solcher Versuche gilt das Hauptaugenmerk den Änderungen der Oberflächenrauheit auf den Plateaux, wo der Hauptanteil der Reib-Scher-Vorgänge während des Abgleitens stattfindet.Durch eine 3D-Relokalisierung der im Tastschnitt-Verfahren vermessenen Zone leiten wir statistische Parameter ab, die der mittleren Breite und Länge der tatsächlich tragenden Plateaux entsprechen. Die beobachtete Abtragung der Plateaux und der Anteil der Abriebspartikel als Drittkörper im Reibkontakt sind wesentlich stärker für Aluminium als für Stahl.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 633-633 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 670-678 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Failure of ceramics at high temperaturesFailure of ceramic materials at high temperatures is very complicated. At low temperatures the failure of ceramics is governed by subcritical crack growth under quasistatic and cyclic loads. In the high temperature region the effects of creep crack growth and creep fracture have to be considered, too. The main part of the paper is addressed to the effects of subcritical crack growth and creep crack growth. The application of the fracture mechanical C*-concept is discussed in detail.
    Notes: Das Versagensverhalten keramischer Werkstoffe im Hochtemperaturbereich ist sehr komplex. Neben den schon bei Raumtemperatur wirksamen Effekten der unterkritischen Rißausbreitung und der zyklischen Ermüdung müssen noch die Effekte des Kriechens an sich sowie die Materialschädigungen beim Kriechbruch und beim Kriechrißwachstum berücksichtigt werden. Der größte Teil der Arbeit ist der Beschreibung des unterkritischen Rißwachstums und des Kriechrißwachstums gewidmet. Einer der Schwerpunkte liegt dabei auf der Beschreibung und Anwendung des C*-Konzepts.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Microstructural peculiarities in the surface of case-hardened componentsThe negative influence of the surface-near structure of case-hardened components as caused by the pick-up of non-metallic elements from the carburising atmosphere is a well-known fact. The most prominent effect produced by oxygen is the so-called internal oxidation, which reduced by oxide formation the amount of dissolved alloying elements manganese, chromium and silicone, resulting in a respective hardenability loss. The present work presents microscopical and spectroscopical possibilities for specifying the different forms of appearance of the internal oxidation, as well as critical reflections on their evaluation. In addition, a somewhat less known, negative influence of the loss of hardenability inflicting alloying elements on the outer part of the case structure is mentioned, which is found in low-pressure carburising with or without plasma support.
    Notes: Eine mehr oder minder ausgeprägte negative Beeinflussung des Randbereiches von Bauteilen während des Einsatzhärtens, durch die Aufnahme von Nicht-Metall-Elementen aus der Atmosphäre, ist seit langem bekannt. Diese am häufigsten durch Sauerstoff hervorgerufene Erscheinung ist die Randoxidation, welche insbesondere eine Verminderung der gelösten härtbarkeitsbeeinflussenden Legierungselemente Mangan, Chrom und Silizium durch Oxidbildung bewirkt. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt mikroskopische und spektroskopische Möglichkeiten zur Kennzeichnung der Erscheinungsformen der Randoxidation sowie kritische Überlegungen zu deren Bewertung dar. Zusätzlich wird auf eine weniger bekannte mögliche negative Beeinflussung des Randbereiches durch die Abwanderung von härtbarkeitsbestimmenden Legierungselementen hingewiesen, welche insbesondere bei Einsatzhärtungen im Unterdruck bzw. mit Plasmaunterstützung auftreten kann.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 697-713 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wear and Fatigue at Rolling contacts and Counter MeasuresMachine parts subjected to rolling contact fatigue, i.e. gears or rolling element bearings, are exposed to a very particular stressing condition. No comparable condition will occur for other technical applications. These typical conditions and their effects on the material behaviour are described comprehensively. An introductional overview for this are of technical knowledge is given, in particular for engineers not so much experienced with respect to this matter. The most important phenomena influencing the behaviour of parts subjected to rolling contact fatigue are presented as well as the physics of damage initiation and the appearance of damaged parts. It is demonstrated exemplarily, how the analysis of the damaging processes can be used to take counter measures. The referencing to the public literature has been done in a way to enable the reader to easily find material for a further improvement of his knowledge for particular items.
    Notes: Wälzbeanspruchte Teile, wie Zahnräder und Wälzlager, unterliegen ganz charakteristischen Beanspruchungen, wie sie in anderen technischen Anwendungen nicht vorkommen. Diese besonderen Bedingungen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Beanspruchungsverhältnisse und das Werkstoffverhalten werden ausführlich beschrieben. Vor allem Ingenieuren, die weniger mit dem Themenkomplex Wälzermüdung und -verschleiß vertraut sind, soll eine übersichtliche und gestraffte Einführung in dieses Gebiet gegeben werden. Hierzu werden die wichtigsten Einflußgrößen auf das verhalten wälzbeanspruchter Bauteile, der Ablauf einer eventuellen Schadensinitiierung und die Erscheinungsbilder verschiedener Ausfallsursachen dargestellt. An Beispielen wird gezeigt, wie sich aus der Analyse der Schädigungsabläufe Abhilfemaßnahmen herleiten lassen. Die Literaturhinweise sind so gewählt, daß sich der interessierte Leser in die einzelnen Themengebiete selbständig weiter vertiefen kann.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 29 (1998), S. 737-737 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 43-43 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 44-44 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 39-42 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Heat Release Rates of organic materials are studied in many countries, but there is no mathematical formula to represent their shape. We considered a mathematical expression of the Heat Release Rate Curve by a simple equation. And we also derived the index of degree of combustibility, named ‘Burning Index (BI)’. The Heat Release Rate Curve is expressed by the derivative of a probability function of maximum value and has three parameters; an amplitude coefficient, a time width coefficient and an ignition index. BI is in proportion to an amplitude and a time width and in inverse proportion to an ignition index. BI values of cable plastic compounds with flame-retardant material had good relations with the quantity of non-organic ingredients. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 47-54 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: High-temperature pyrolysis of various classes of polymers have been discussed. For the non-carbonizing polymers it was shown that polymer structure can affect the pyrolysis characteristics. Data on the high-temperature pyrolysis of some polypropylene samples with different crystallinity have been presented. Modification of the standard method allowing one to obtain kinetic data from the single experiment was discussed. A kinetic model for the degradation of char-forming polymers in conditions of high-temperature pyrolysis has been suggested. It has been supposed that pyrolysis of carbonizing polymers proceeds in some (two in present work) parallel stages with different activation energies, temperatures and pyrolysis rates. Questions of the applicability of the suggested model to describe the various types of charring systems have been discussed. High-temperature pyrolysis for a number of epoxy resin-based polymeric compositions have been investigated. Kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis have been computed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 77-83 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire-retardant wood treatment with fire-retardant chemicals consisting of basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid have been thoroughly examined. The fire retardance and endurance of wood were influenced by the treatment method. Here two treatment methods were compared, heat-pressed treatment method improved these qualities more than heat-dried treatment method. Furthermore, to gain lasting fire retardance, it was considered necessary to react basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid with formaldehyde as in the dicyandiamide-formaldehyde-phosphoric acid or melamine-dicyandiamide-formaldehyde-phosphoric acid system. In the treated wood, the concentration of chemicals gradually decreased as it approached the center. The functional fire retardance could be graded in accordance with the chemical content. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 103-108 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of six different samples of wood and leaves in nitrogen has been studied by using dynamic thermogravimetry. In the experiments two main weight loss processes took place and the total weight loss at 500°C was over 95% in all six cases. By means of the Doyle method, the two processes were found to fit most closely the plot for the second-order equation in the form dα/dt=k(1-α)2, and each of the weight loss processes was found to be controlled, respectively, by two dominant reactions as the temperature increases. It was inferred that competing reactions occur during the overall temperature interval for all the six samples. By comparing the activation energies using this model with those by the method of Moll et al., and by comparing the experimental and theoretical thermogravimetric curves, the ‘second-order’ model was tested to be able to predict the weight loss processes of the samples with very good accuracy. It can be concluded that the ‘second-order’ kinetic model acts much better than the conventionally adopted first-order model. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 167
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 168
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 119-128 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This work compares the fire degradation of ethylene-vinyl acetate 8% copolymer (EVA8) with two flame-retarded formulations, using the cone calorimeter. The first one, EVA8/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) leads to the protection of the material, in the conditions of a fire, by means of blowing up and weak carbonization. The addition of polyamide-6 (PA-6) in EVA8/APP improves the protection by forming an intumescent carbonaceous shield. The fire hazard of the virgin polymer and of the FR systems are quantified, in terms of rate of heat release, weight loss, effective heat of combustion, volume of smoke production and CO and CO2 production. It assesses the effectiveness of the fire retardant additives APP and APP/PA-6 in EVA8-based materials under simulated real fire test conditions.The respective temperatures of the degradation front are deduced from the weight loss data recorded in the course of the cone calorimeter experiments and the results of the invariant kinetic parameters method applied to the different specimens. The addition of APP/PA-6 in EVA8 leads to a superficial phenomenon; the degradation zone is thus located on the upper volume of the specimen during all the exposure to the heat flux. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A set of small-scale experiments was carried out to study the effects of material structural properties on the re-ignition characteristics of solid fuels. The influence of other key parameters, such as the incident heat flux and pre-burn, was also carefully investigated. The experiments were conducted on specimens of wood and PMMA using a cone calorimeter. As expected, the effect of water on the re-ignition time was found to be significant. It was also found that the re-ignition characteristics of charring materials, such as wood, are quite different from non-charring materials, mainly due to the structural differences. Based on the experimental observations two different mathematical models were developed to analyse the data for both wood and PMMA samples. Calculations of the re-ignition time made using these models agree generally well with the measurements and confirm that the material structure plays a vital role in its re-ignition behaviour. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 44-44 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An analysis has been made to compare the repeatability and reproducibility of three tests for cigarette ignition of upholstered furniture composites: ASTM E1352, ASTM E1353 and NIST 851 mock-up. The first two of these tests are traditional methods designed to assess the potential of upholstered furniture components to being ignited by cigarettes while the last one, NIST 851 mock-up, is a new method designed to assess the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture composites. The traditional methods, ASTM E1352 and ASTM E1353 use a single cigarette for each determination and can be run in two ways: to obtain a numerical output of char length on the substrate (following the standard) or to obtain a pass/fail result for the substrate (practical use); the precision was analysed in both fashions. The new method, NIST 851 mock-up, uses 144 cigarettes for each determination (48 each on three substrate composites), and assesses the fraction of substrates that have been ignited (char length exceeding 10 mm), i.e. by a combination of pass/fail data. The analysis for actual char length was made according to ASTM E691 guidelines, while the analysis of the pass/fail was made according to a modification applicable to binary data. The precision of the test methods was as follows (in descending order):NIST 851〉ASTM E1353 P/F〉ASTM E1352 P/F〉ASTM E1353〉ASTM E1352© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ion exchangers prepared from beech sawdust by introduction of weak and strong basic ion-exchanging groups were analysed with thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and limited oxygen index methods to evaluate their thermal stability and flame-retarding properties. By cross-linking with epichlorohydrin in the presence of NH4OH, ion exchangers in free form or in H3BO3 or H3PO4 form were obtained with increased thermal stability in comparison to the starting material. By cross-linking and quaternization of sawdust in one step with 1,3-bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)imidazolium hydrogen sulfate, a material with better thermal stability and flame-retarding properties was obtained than by the previous procedure. This resulted in greater residues at higher temperatures as measured by dynamic thermogravimetry. The values of rate constants and activation energies of gasification calculated from isothermal thermogravimetric measurements decreased with improved thermal resistance similar to heat effects observed with differential scanning calorimetry. Limited oxygen index values up to 35.6% were obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Silicones comprise a wide variety of materials such as fluids, elastomers, resins, and foams. This paper reports the ignitability of some typical silicones under various external radiant heat fluxes. The ignitability of silicones was studied using a cone calorimeter under radiant heat flux levels of 0.5-60 kW m-2. The time to ignition of the silicones was found to be proportional to a power of the incident heat flux that varies from -1.33 to -2.84. For silicone fluids, viscosity (or molecular size) is the key variable in controlling the ignitability. For silicone elastomers, the fillers play an important role in controlling the ignitability, especially at incident heat fluxes lower than 35 kW m-2. The ignitability of silicone resins depends on the chemical structure of the resins: the pure trifunctional resin has the lowest ignitability. The ignitability of the silicone foams having the same density depends on the foam thickness, especially at incident heat fluxes lower than 30 kW m-2. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The behaviour of wood with the heat-compressed treatment method was evaluated. Fire retardance and endurance of wood treated with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid were much improved by the compressed method using a hot press. In this way, the concentration of chemical contents and the density of wood were raised at the surface of the treated wood and it increased the specific gravity of the treated wood as a whole. It was recognized that the increase of specific gravity improved fire retardance and endurance, and fire endurance of wood was indicated by the equation of addition of chemicals and specific gravity. It is more effective to increase the specific gravity of wood at the surface to improve fire endurance. Wood treated with chemicals showed a high limiting oxygen index in proportion to the increase in the addition of chemicals regardless of the treatment method, and high fire endurance was not always accompanied by a high limiting oxygen index. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Notes: Fire retardant fast-growing wood product was developed by coating with fire retardant and densifying the surface of wood. Trimethylol melamineformaldehyde resin mixed with phosphoric acid was coated on the wood surface, preheated and followed by hot pressing. Effects of the amount of coating, preheating temperature, and densifying ratio on the fire retardancy of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood, and pressing temperature and pressing time on that of albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria Becker) wood were discussed. Bending strength, creep performance under fire and fire retardancy were evaluated. The results showed that the treatments improved the fire retardancy of woods without reduction in the bending strength. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 1-6 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The measurements of effective heat of combustion obtained from the Cone Calorimeter test for several wood composites (different types of plywood and particle board) at horizontal configuration are presented. Comparison of the average effective heat of combustion at different irradiation shows no correlation to gross heat of combustion measured in the oxygen bomb calorimeter. It was also found, that for the materials studied, there is no statistically significant correlation of heat of combustion to lignin content, but on the other hand, there is an evidence of correlation to the burning weight loss of the samples, but further investigation is necessary. Additionally, the effective heat of combustion is shown as a function of time for different external radiant heat-flux level for the chosen materials. Similar profiles have been found for remaining samples. Two different types of such curves can be distinguished. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 177
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    Notes: The oxygen index (OI) of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) tends to decrease when it is combined with milled-glass fibres either with or without the sizing treatment. This shows that the previously found apparent increase of flammability of PBT glass fibre composites (GFPBT) as compared to PBT is not due to the introduction of the flammable sizing together with the glass fibres in the polymer which was one suggested explanation in the literature, but rather to the wick and anti-dripping effects of glass fibres. The effectiveness of a typical brominated organic compound-antimony trioxide fire retardant system (FR), as measured by OI, is found to be larger in GFPBT as compared to PBT. A linear increase of the temperature index (TI) of PBT and of GFPBT is observed with increasing concentration of the FR. The fire retardant increases the time to ignite while it decreases the maximum rate of heat release and increases the smoke optical density and CO evolution on burning in the cone calorimeter. The dependence of fire risk and hazard assessement on the combustion model of the combustion test method is discussed for OI and cone calorimeter in the case of PBT, GFPBT and FR corresponding materials. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 129-130 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 141-148 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fire retardance of wood treated with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid is improved. It was investigated which chemicals were suitable for the fire retardant treatment of wood and how chemicals influenced fire retardance and endurance from the perspective of chemical reaction and also it was investigated how chemicals and treatment methods influenced fire retardance and endurance from a thermal perspective. Although the fire endurance was improved by a heat-pressed treatment method, the chemical reaction was carried out by heat irrespective of the pressing or drying method. The wood structure would become complex as the cross-linked structure occurred by chemicals and pressure. Its structure would be maintained at combustion. Fire endurance of wood is shown to be related to a cross-linked structure created by a chemical and/or physical reaction rather than thermal factors related to the carbonized product. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 167-173 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A thorough review was recently conducted to verify the correctness of equations being used to calculate heat release rate in standard test methods. The review incorporated 17 different standard test methods from American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Uniform Building Code (UBC), California Technical Bulletin (CA TB), International Standards Organization (ISO), and British Standards (BS). The standard test methods reviewed were ASTM D5424, ASTM D5537, ASTM E1354, ASTM E1537, ASTM E1590, ASTM E1623, ASTM E1822, NFPA 264, NFPA 265, NFPA 266, NFPA 267, CA TB 129, CA TB 133, UBC 8-2, UBC 26-8, ISO 5660, BS 476. Through this review, incorrect equations were found in 12 of the 17 standards with a total of 22 incorrect equations overall. The following paper provides the correct heat release rate equations and a summary of the review. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 175-178 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the paper entitled ‘Comparison of the Propensity of Cigarettes to Ignite Upholstered Furniture Fabrics and Cotton Ducks (500-Fabric Study)’ (Fire Mater. 21, 123-141 (1997)) Marcelo M. Hirschler addresses the validity of a test method, proposed by NIST, for smoldering cigarette ignition propensity of upholstery fabrics. The thrust of the study is to establish similarities ‘between the ignition propensity of cigarettes assessed by (1) a set of 500-upholstery fabrics (chosen at random among typical upholstery fabrics) and (2) a test method proposed by NIST (NIST 851) and based on “cotton duck” fabrics’. The conclusion of Hirschler's study is that ‘the overall results obtained from the 500-upholstery fabric study correlate well with those of the “cotton duck” study.’ In addition, the author states that ‘the “cotton duck” can be considered, as a whole, to behave similarly to the majority (estimated at perhaps 80%) of the upholstery fabrics available at the time of the study, and the test is valid’. In an attempt to validate these statements, the ignition patterns generated by the five test cigarettes on each of the 500-upholstery fabrics were compared with the NIST “cotton duck” pattern. Only 6.6% were found to generate a pattern similar to the NIST pattern and 94% of this group were heavyweight (greater than 14 oz/sq yd.) fabrics. Assessment of the test results fails to substantiate Hirschler's statements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 219-220 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 187-197 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This work reports one-dimensional predictions of methane/air fuel combustion in inert porous media using four combustion models: full mechanism (FM, 49 species and 227 elemental reactions), skeletal mechanism (SM, 26 species and 77 elemental reactions), 4-step reduced mechanism (4RM, 9 species) and 1-step global mechanism (1GM). The effects of these models on temperature, species, burning speeds and pollutant emissions are examined. The calculations are compared with available experimental data. It is concluded that the already known limitation of the 1-step global mechanism can be partially eliminated by the present 4-step reduced mechanism. This 4RM model compares very satisfactorily with the full mechanism in the simulation of combustion in porous media. This conclusion is encouraging for the simulation of practical porous media burners because the 4RM model improves the stability of the calculation process and can be used with reduced computational resources and cost. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 213-218 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper describes results of investigations of conveyor belt flammability in full scale, using the large-scale gallery method and using cone calorimeter. On the basis of oxygen consumption calorimetry, the amounts of heat release during burning of conveyor belts were calculated. A correlation was found between results of conveyor belt flammability obtained using both methods. Criteria for conveyor belt flammability assessment were established for the cone calorimeter method, which define a level that would be equivalent to that for the large-scale gallery test. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 185
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    Notes: Smoke evolution [in NBS chamber by the ASTM E-622-(1983) method] and ignitability (by the oxygen-index method) was investigated for glass-reinforced polyester (GRP) laminates obtained with unsaturated polyester (UP) resins containing chlorine and bromine in the chain. In these studies, the effect on the properties of such additives as Sb2O3, Al (OH)3, MoO3, Mg(OH)2 and melamine diphosphate in an amount up to 30 mass-% was determined. The most efficient ignition and smoke-evolution retarder of the investigated compounds was Mg(OH)2, whereas an essential reduction in smoke evolution was observed also with MoO3. GRP laminates with these additives meet the fire-safety recommendations concerning smoke evolution from materials used in transportation means and in the building industry. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 55-60 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The charring of wood studs has been studied in the cone calorimeter at constant heat flux 50 kW/m2 and compared to data from full-scale furnace wall tests. The wood studs were unprotected or protected by gypsum plasterboards on the exposed side. Similar charring depths were found and the data analysed mainly in terms of fire exposure. A simple small-scale technique was developed to measure the heat transfer through protective boards and the charring depth of wood studs. These properties are essential for the load bearing capacity of wood frame structures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Notes: We report here on the results of our continuing effort to study the flame-retardant mechanism of silica gel and potassium carbonate. These additives reduce the flammability of a wide variety of common polymers such as polypropylene, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, poly(vinyl alcohol), and cellulose. In an effort to determine how these additives reduce polymer flammability, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and solid-state 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the combustion chars or residues. These data indicate that, in the case of poly(vinyl alcohol), the additives do not change the type of char formed, but they do change the rate of char formation relative to the rate of fuel generation. We also found that, using only CP/MAS 13C NMR, there can be significant intensity distortions which complicate interpretation, if the char is hydrogen depleted and contains paramagnetic centres. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 89-94 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Although the fire resistance of wood depends on its dimensions, it needs a lot of time and energy to fire retard thick wood. On the other hand, it is easier and takes less time and energy to treat thin materials. The fire resistance of wood was improved by compressed treatment, even untreated wood, and moreover compressed wood loaded with chemicals was improved more. Fire resistance of a laminated board was the same as a solid compressed board, and also fire resistance of a laminated board which was arranged with compressed thin wood on two sides of untreated wood showed similar fire endurance. A laminated lathe veneer board showed better fire resistance than solid untreated wood and a laminated board with treated veneers arranged concentratively showed better fire resistance than it did when arranged dispersively.So it was judged that it was important to retard fire ignition and to form a carbonized layer effectively in a fire by physical and chemical treatment, especially on the surface of a material. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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  • 190
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    Notes: Transient gasification rates and fluid temperatures were measured for polydimethylsiloxane fluids ranging in viscosity from 0.65 cS to 60 000 cS in a nitrogen atmosphere at external radiant fluxes from 20 kW/m2 to 70 kW/m2. A detailed energy balance for each fluid sample was conducted to determine its global heat of vaporization. Two major energy loss corrections were identified and quantified. The absorption of incident radiation by the volatile products from short chain oligomers was measured and found to substantially reduce the incident flux to the sample surface; the energy loss due to re-radiation was determined to be a substantial factor in reducing the net heat flux to the sample for long chain length fluids. Other energy losses, e.g. heat loss to the substrate, were observed but were less significant. The average gasification rate for each fluid increased linearly with increasing external radiant flux. The global heat of gasification increases with an increase in the chain length (molecular weight) for the siloxane oligomers. These agreed well with calculated values. The global heat of gasification for 50 cS fluid is about 1200 kJ/kg and its value remains nearly constant for all higher molecular weight dimethylsiloxanes. Pyrolysis rates for siloxane fluids are very sensitive to trace catalysts. Measurements of the global heat of gasification for ultra-clean polymers resulted in significantly higher values (3000 kJ/kg). The gasification of siloxanes occurs via two modes or combinations thereof: (1) volatilization of molecular species native to the polymer, and (2) volatilization of thermal degradation products. The former process dominates for low molecular weight siloxanes (η〈10 cS) and the latter process dominates for high molecular weight siloxanes (η〉1000 cS). For the intermediate molecular weight siloxanes, both volatilization and degradation processes occur. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The gasification behavior for a wide range of polydimethylsiloxane fluids in a nitrogen atmosphere was investigated. Part 1 of this study addressed the measurement of the energy (global heat of gasification) required for the gasification of a wide range of dimenthylsiloxanes. Several significant corrections were required to reconcile measured gasification energy(s) with calculated heat(s) of gasification based on fundamental thermochemical data. The identification of the dominant mode(s) of gasification via the characterization of pyrolysis products provided a firm basis and rationale for understanding and directing efforts at quantifying these correction factors. In Part 2, the gasification products were identified and quantified at various stages of the gasification process corresponding to ignition, fire growth, and steady-state burning. Pyrolysis of methylated siloxanes occurs via two modes: (1) the volatilization of short chain and intermediate chain length species native to the polymer, and (2) the volatilization of short chain and intermediate chain length species resulting from thermal degradation via siloxane rearrangement. The former process is the dominant gasification mechanism for short chain oligomers and low viscosity fluids (η〈10 cS) and the latter process is dominant in all higher molecular weight polymers (η〉100 cS). Both gasification mechanisms are evident in all polymers (η〉20 cS); the dominant mechanism is dependent upon polymer size and distribution thereof, the gasification stage, and the presence of trace catalysts in the polymer. Because of their structural similarity, the combustion of all gasification products emanating from PDMS regardless of the stage of the pyrolysis process or the dominant mode of gasification will result in virtually identical combustion products, i.e. SiO2, CO2, and H2O. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was written under the auspices of the US Government and is therefore not subject to copyright in the US.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 43-43 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 193
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The study presented addresses the fire behaviour of polypropylene compounded with six classes of flame retardants. The application of cone calorimetry for the assessment of the thermal characteristics of the tested materials and their comparison with thermogravimetry are the central point of this research. This study only presents data for 25 kW/m2 of incident heat flux exposure and includes five tests for polypropylene with no additives and five tests for polypropylene with flame retardants based on triglycidylisocyanurate and lignin. The data collected include the rate of heat release, mass loss rate, char yield, time to ignition and time of total combustion. Results represent meaningful comparison between the behaviour of the materials under simulated fire conditions, using the cone calorimeter, and in the slow dynamic environment utilized in thermogravimetric analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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  • 194
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes how a standard polyester cloth was irradiated in the presence of a cross-linking reagent to produce a fabric whose thermoplastic melt-drip behaviour had been modified to that of a charring thermoset material. British Crown Copyright 1998/MoD.
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  • 195
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study demonstrates the shielding effects of a silica-ash layer on the combustion of silicones and their possible applications on the fire retardancy of organic materials. The deposited silica-ash layer, formed on the surface of silicone materials during combustion, has shielding effects on the combustion of silicones. It insulates the burning surface from the radiant heat of flame, as well as from the radiant heat produced from the burning of adjacent materials. It also restricts the diffusion of fuels into the combustion zone and the access of oxygen to the unburned fuels. The shielding effects provide some of the fundamentals for the development of silicone-based fire retardants. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 197
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The dynamics of microgravity concurrent flame spread over thin cellulosic sheets are theoretically investigated. The mathematical model is based on the laminar, reactive Navier-Stokes equations coupled to solid-phase enthalpy and mass conservation equations. Simulations have been made for forced flow velocities in the range 0.25-15 cm/s, by decreasing the oxygen mass fraction of the concurrent flow below the ambient value and by increasing the solid charring rate (fire-retarded cellulose). For air, non-retarded cellulose and flow velocites larger than 5 cm/s, the dynamics of concurrent flame spread are qualitatively similar to those of normal gravity. As the concurrent flow is decreased below 5 cm/s, after short transients, a transition from fast flame spread to slow solid burning and then to flame quenching is predicted. Flame quenching is also observed, for relatively high flow velocities, in vitiated air or for fire-retarded cellulose. Finally, blow-off at the highest velocity considered (15 cm/s) is predicted only for sufficiently low oxygen concentrations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theory for approximately steady thermal degradation of solids is developed from a superset of nonlinear integral-differential equations. The theory extends previous work, using a degradation model that is more consistent than previously published models and fully accounts for surface radiation losses. The thermal decomposition of the solid is assumed to follow a single-step first-order Arrhenius reaction. A quasi-steady regime is identified and approximate solutions are compared with experimental results for PMMA and numerical results obtained by integrating the full model. The numerical solutions are found to compare well with experimental results and the approximate solutions compare well with the numerics. Furthermore, it is found that the quasi-steady mass loss rate gives a good estimate of the average mass loss rate even during thermally thin degradation. To simplify interpretation and to aid the analysis, the degradation kinetics are re-cast in terms of a critical temperature and a critical temperature range. Application of the theory to practical situations and other modelling approaches is also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: WALL2D, a two-dimensional computer model for predicting heat transfer through uninsulated wood-stud walls protected by gypsum board, has been under development at Forintek for several years. This paper describes major revisions which improve the description of heat transfer through the entire assembly, but, most notably, across the cavity. WALL2D's predictions for time-dependent temperature profiles in wood-stud walls are in very good agreement with the results of both small- and full-scale fire resistance tests. Although further refinement of WALL2D will continue, the model, in its current form, is suitable for application to fire safety engineering design. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A23 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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