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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (10.817)
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  • 1
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    Shared up-regulation and contrasting down-regulation of gene expression distinguish desiccation-tolerant from intolerant green algae (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Peredo, E. L., & Cardon, Z. G. Shared up-regulation and contrasting down-regulation of gene expression distinguish desiccation-tolerant from intolerant green algae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(29), 1(2020): 7438-17445, doi:10.1073/pnas.1906904117.
    Beschreibung: Among green plants, desiccation tolerance is common in seeds and spores but rare in leaves and other vegetative green tissues. Over the last two decades, genes have been identified whose expression is induced by desiccation in diverse, desiccation-tolerant (DT) taxa, including, e.g., late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEA) and reactive oxygen species scavengers. This up-regulation is observed in DT resurrection plants, mosses, and green algae most closely related to these Embryophytes. Here we test whether this same suite of protective genes is up-regulated during desiccation in even more distantly related DT green algae, and, importantly, whether that up-regulation is unique to DT algae or also occurs in a desiccation-intolerant relative. We used three closely related aquatic and desert-derived green microalgae in the family Scenedesmaceae and capitalized on extraordinary desiccation tolerance in two of the species, contrasting with desiccation intolerance in the third. We found that during desiccation, all three species increased expression of common protective genes. The feature distinguishing gene expression in DT algae, however, was extensive down-regulation of gene expression associated with diverse metabolic processes during the desiccation time course, suggesting a switch from active growth to energy-saving metabolism. This widespread downshift did not occur in the desiccation-intolerant taxon. These results show that desiccation-induced up-regulation of expression of protective genes may be necessary but is not sufficient to confer desiccation tolerance. The data also suggest that desiccation tolerance may require induced protective mechanisms operating in concert with massive down-regulation of gene expression controlling numerous other aspects of metabolism.
    Beschreibung: Dr. Louise Lewis (University of Connecticut) provided F. rotunda and A. deserticola. Suzanne Thomas and Jordan Stark provided expert technical assistance. This work was supported by the NSF, Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (1355085 to Z.G.C.), and an anonymous donor (to Z.G.C.).
    Schlagwort(e): Aquatic green algae ; Desert-evolved green algae ; Extremophiles ; Microbiotic ; Crusts ; Scenedesmaceae
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Hox gene expression predicts tetrapod-like axial regionalization in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Criswell, K. E., Roberts, L. E., Koo, E. T., Head, J. J., & Gillis, J. A. Hox gene expression predicts tetrapod-like axial regionalization in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(51), (2021): e2114563118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114563118.
    Beschreibung: The axial skeleton of tetrapods is organized into distinct anteroposterior regions of the vertebral column (cervical, trunk, sacral, and caudal), and transitions between these regions are determined by colinear anterior expression boundaries of Hox5/6, -9, -10, and -11 paralogy group genes within embryonic paraxial mesoderm. Fishes, conversely, exhibit little in the way of discrete axial regionalization, and this has led to scenarios of an origin of Hox-mediated axial skeletal complexity with the evolutionary transition to land in tetrapods. Here, combining geometric morphometric analysis of vertebral column morphology with cell lineage tracing of hox gene expression boundaries in developing embryos, we recover evidence of at least five distinct regions in the vertebral skeleton of a cartilaginous fish, the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). We find that skate embryos exhibit tetrapod-like anteroposterior nesting of hox gene expression in their paraxial mesoderm, and we show that anterior expression boundaries of hox5/6, hox9, hox10, and hox11 paralogy group genes predict regional transitions in the differentiated skate axial skeleton. Our findings suggest that hox-based axial skeletal regionalization did not originate with tetrapods but rather has a much deeper evolutionary history than was previously appreciated.
    Beschreibung: This research was funded by a Natural Environment Research Council Grant (to J.J.H., J.A.G., and K.E.C.: NE/S000739/1) and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (UF130182 and URF\R\191007), Royal Society Research Grant (RG140377), and University of Cambridge Sir Isaac Newton Trust Grant (14.23z) (to J.A.G.).
    Schlagwort(e): Hox genes ; Regionalization ; Chondrichthyan ; Vertebral column
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Molecular profiling of single neurons of known identity in two ganglia from the crab Cancer borealis (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-31
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Northcutt, A. J., Kick, D. R., Otopalik, A. G., Goetz, B. M., Harris, R. M., Santin, J. M., Hofmann, H. A., Marder, E., & Schulz, D. J. Molecular profiling of single neurons of known identity in two ganglia from the crab Cancer borealis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116 (52) (2019): 26980-26990, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1911413116.
    Beschreibung: Understanding circuit organization depends on identification of cell types. Recent advances in transcriptional profiling methods have enabled classification of cell types by their gene expression. While exceptionally powerful and high throughput, the ground-truth validation of these methods is difficult: If cell type is unknown, how does one assess whether a given analysis accurately captures neuronal identity? To shed light on the capabilities and limitations of solely using transcriptional profiling for cell-type classification, we performed 2 forms of transcriptional profiling—RNA-seq and quantitative RT-PCR, in single, unambiguously identified neurons from 2 small crustacean neuronal networks: The stomatogastric and cardiac ganglia. We then combined our knowledge of cell type with unbiased clustering analyses and supervised machine learning to determine how accurately functionally defined neuron types can be classified by expression profile alone. The results demonstrate that expression profile is able to capture neuronal identity most accurately when combined with multimodal information that allows for post hoc grouping, so analysis can proceed from a supervised perspective. Solely unsupervised clustering can lead to misidentification and an inability to distinguish between 2 or more cell types. Therefore, this study supports the general utility of cell identification by transcriptional profiling, but adds a caution: It is difficult or impossible to know under what conditions transcriptional profiling alone is capable of assigning cell identity. Only by combining multiple modalities of information such as physiology, morphology, or innervation target can neuronal identity be unambiguously determined.
    Beschreibung: We thank members of the D.J.S., H.A.H., and E.M. laboratories for helpful discussions. We thank the Genomic Sequencing and Analysis Facility (The University of Texas [UT] at Austin) for library preparation and sequencing and the bioinformatics consulting team at the UT Austin Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics for helpful advice. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant R01MH046742-29 (to E.M. and D.J.S.) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences T32GM008396 (support for A.J.N.) and National Institute of Mental Health grant 5R25MH059472-18 and the Grass Foundation (support for Neural Systems and Behavior Course at the Marine Biological Laboratory).
    Schlagwort(e): qPCR ; RNA-seq ; Stomatogastric ; Expression profiling
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Global variability in seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios in the modern ocean (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lebrato, M., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Müller, M. N., Blanco-Ameijeiras, S., Feely, R. A., Lorenzoni, L., Molinero, J. C., Bremer, K., Jones, D. O. B., Iglesias-Rodriguez, D., Greeley, D., Lamare, M. D., Paulmier, A., Graco, M., Cartes, J., Barcelos E Ramos, J., de Lara, A., Sanchez-Leal, R., Jimenez, P., Paparazzo, F. E., Hartman, S. E., Westernströer, U., Küter, M., Benavides, R., da Silva, A. F., Bell, S., Payne, C., Olafsdottir, S., Robinson, K., Jantunen, L. M., Korablev, A., Webster, R. J., Jones, E. M., Gilg, O., Bailly du Bois, P., Beldowski, J., Ashjian, C., Yahia, N. D., Twining, B., Chen, X. G., Tseng, L. C., Hwang, J. S., Dahms, H. U., & Oschlies, A. Global variability in seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios in the modern ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(36), (2020): 22281-22292, doi:10.1073/pnas.1918943117.
    Beschreibung: Seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios are biogeochemical parameters reflecting the Earth–ocean–atmosphere dynamic exchange of elements. The ratios’ dependence on the environment and organisms' biology facilitates their application in marine sciences. Here, we present a measured single-laboratory dataset, combined with previous data, to test the assumption of limited seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca variability across marine environments globally. High variability was found in open-ocean upwelling and polar regions, shelves/neritic and river-influenced areas, where seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios range from ∼4.40 to 6.40 mmol:mol and ∼6.95 to 9.80 mmol:mol, respectively. Open-ocean seawater Mg:Ca is semiconservative (∼4.90 to 5.30 mol:mol), while Sr:Ca is more variable and nonconservative (∼7.70 to 8.80 mmol:mol); both ratios are nonconservative in coastal seas. Further, the Ca, Mg, and Sr elemental fluxes are connected to large total alkalinity deviations from International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) standard values. Because there is significant modern seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios variability across marine environments we cannot absolutely assume that fossil archives using taxa-specific proxies reflect true global seawater chemistry but rather taxa- and process-specific ecosystem variations, reflecting regional conditions. This variability could reconcile secular seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratio reconstructions using different taxa and techniques by assuming an error of 1 to 1.50 mol:mol, and 1 to 1.90 mmol:mol, respectively. The modern ratios’ variability is similar to the reconstructed rise over 20 Ma (Neogene Period), nurturing the question of seminonconservative behavior of Ca, Mg, and Sr over modern Earth geological history with an overlooked environmental effect.
    Beschreibung: We thank the researchers, staff, students, and volunteers in all the expeditions around the world for their contributions. One anonymous referee and Bernhard Peucker-Ehenbrink, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, contributed significantly to the final version of the manuscript. This study was developed under a grant from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research to D.G.-S. under contract 03F0722A, by the Kiel Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” (D1067/87) to A.O. and M.L., and by the “European project on Ocean Acidification” (European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013, grant agreement 211384) to A.O. and M.L. Additional funding was provided from project DOSMARES CTM2010-21810-C03-02, by the UK Natural Environment Research Council, to the National Oceanography Centre. This is Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory contribution number 5046.
    Schlagwort(e): global ; seawater ; Mg:Ca ; Sr:Ca ; biogeochemistry
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  • 5
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    Hydrocarbon seepage in the deep seabed links subsurface and seafloor biospheres (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chakraborty, A., Ruff, S. E., Dong, X., Ellefson, E. D., Li, C., Brooks, J. M., McBee, J., Bernard, B. B., & Hubert, C. R. J. Hydrocarbon seepage in the deep seabed links subsurface and seafloor biospheres. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(20), (2020): 11029-11037, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2002289117.
    Beschreibung: Marine cold seeps transmit fluids between the subseafloor and seafloor biospheres through upward migration of hydrocarbons that originate in deep sediment layers. It remains unclear how geofluids influence the composition of the seabed microbiome and if they transport deep subsurface life up to the surface. Here we analyzed 172 marine surficial sediments from the deep-water Eastern Gulf of Mexico to assess whether hydrocarbon fluid migration is a mechanism for upward microbial dispersal. While 132 of these sediments contained migrated liquid hydrocarbons, evidence of continuous advective transport of thermogenic alkane gases was observed in 11 sediments. Gas seeps harbored distinct microbial communities featuring bacteria and archaea that are well-known inhabitants of deep biosphere sediments. Specifically, 25 distinct sequence variants within the uncultivated bacterial phyla Atribacteria and Aminicenantes and the archaeal order Thermoprofundales occurred in significantly greater relative sequence abundance along with well-known seep-colonizing members of the bacterial genus Sulfurovum, in the gas-positive sediments. Metabolic predictions guided by metagenome-assembled genomes suggested these organisms are anaerobic heterotrophs capable of nonrespiratory breakdown of organic matter, likely enabling them to inhabit energy-limited deep subseafloor ecosystems. These results point to petroleum geofluids as a vector for the advection-assisted upward dispersal of deep biosphere microbes from subsurface to surface environments, shaping the microbiome of cold seep sediments and providing a general mechanism for the maintenance of microbial diversity in the deep sea.
    Beschreibung: We wish to thank Jody Sandel as well as the crew of R/V GeoExplorer for collection of piston cores, onboard core processing, sample preservation, and shipment. Cynthia Kwan and Oliver Horanszky are thanked for assistance with amplicon library preparation. We also wish to thank Jayne Rattray, Daniel Gittins, and Marc Strous for valuable discussions and suggestions, and Rhonda Clark for research support. Collaborations with Andy Mort from the Geological Survey of Canada, and Richard Hatton from Geoscience Wales are also gratefully acknowledged. This work was financially supported by a Mitacs Elevate Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to A.C.; an Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures/Eyes High Postdoctoral Fellowship to S.E.R.; and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Strategic Project Grant, a Genome Canada Genomics Applications Partnership Program grant, a Canada Foundation for Innovation grant (CFI-JELF 33752) for instrumentation, and Campus Alberta Innovates Program Chair funding to C.R.J.H.
    Schlagwort(e): Deep biosphere ; Microbiome ; Dispersal
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    A demographic and evolutionary analysis of maternal effect senescence (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in MBL Hernandez, C. M., van Daalen, S. F., Caswell, H., Neubert, M. G., & Gribble, K. E. A demographic and evolutionary analysis of maternal effect senescence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 17(28), (2020):16431-16437, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1919988117.
    Beschreibung: Maternal effect senescence—a decline in offspring survival or fertility with maternal age—has been demonstrated in many taxa, including humans. Despite decades of phenotypic studies, questions remain about how maternal effect senescence impacts evolutionary fitness. To understand the influence of maternal effect senescence on population dynamics, fitness, and selection, we developed matrix population models in which individuals are jointly classified by age and maternal age. We fit these models to data from individual-based culture experiments on the aquatic invertebrate, Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera). By comparing models with and without maternal effects, we found that maternal effect senescence significantly reduces fitness for B. manjavacas and that this decrease arises primarily through reduced fertility, particularly at maternal ages corresponding to peak reproductive output. We also used the models to estimate selection gradients, which measure the strength of selection, in both high growth rate (laboratory) and two simulated low growth rate environments. In all environments, selection gradients on survival and fertility decrease with increasing age. They also decrease with increasing maternal age for late maternal ages, implying that maternal effect senescence can evolve through the same process as in Hamilton’s theory of the evolution of age-related senescence. The models we developed are widely applicable to evaluate the fitness consequences of maternal effect senescence across species with diverse aging and fertility schedule phenotypes.
    Beschreibung: K.E.G. was supported by Grant 5K01AG049049 from the National Institute on Aging and by the Bay and Paul Foundations. H.C. and S.F.v.D. were supported by the European Research Council through Advanced Grants 322829 and 788195 and by the Dutch Research Council through Grant ALWOP.2015.100. C.M.H. was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. M.G.N. received funding from The Paul MacDonald Fye Chair for Excellence in Oceanography at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Schlagwort(e): Aging ; Demography ; Fitness ; Maternal effects ; Selection gradients
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Neuromechanical wave resonance in jellyfish swimming (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118(11), (2021): e2020025118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020025118.
    Beschreibung: For organisms to have robust locomotion, their neuromuscular organization must adapt to constantly changing environments. In jellyfish, swimming robustness emerges when marginal pacemakers fire action potentials throughout the bell’s motor nerve net, which signals the musculature to contract. The speed of the muscle activation wave is dictated by the passage times of the action potentials. However, passive elastic material properties also influence the emergent kinematics, with time scales independent of neuromuscular organization. In this multimodal study, we examine the interplay between these two time scales during turning. A three-dimensional computational fluid–structure interaction model of a jellyfish was developed to determine the resulting emergent kinematics, using bidirectional muscular activation waves to actuate the bell rim. Activation wave speeds near the material wave speed yielded successful turns, with a 76-fold difference in turning rate between the best and worst performers. Hyperextension of the margin occurred only at activation wave speeds near the material wave speed, suggesting resonance. This hyperextension resulted in a 34-fold asymmetry in the circulation of the vortex ring between the inside and outside of the turn. Experimental recording of the activation speed confirmed that jellyfish actuate within this range, and flow visualization using particle image velocimetry validated the corresponding fluid dynamics of the numerical model. This suggests that neuromechanical wave resonance plays an important role in the robustness of an organism’s locomotory system and presents an undiscovered constraint on the evolution of flexible organisms. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing actuators in soft body robotics and bioengineered pumps.
    Beschreibung: This research was funded by the NSF Division of Mathematical Sciences, under Faculty Early Career Development Program Grant 1151478 (to L.A.M.).
    Beschreibung: 2021-09-16
    Schlagwort(e): Jellyfish ; Propulsion ; Neuromechanics ; Fluid-structure interaction ; Maneuverability
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Teamwork in the viscous oceanic microscale (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kanso, E. A., Lopes, R. M., Strickler, J. R., Dabiri, J. O., & Costello, J. H. Teamwork in the viscous oceanic microscale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(29), (2021): e2018193118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018193118.
    Beschreibung: Nutrient acquisition is crucial for oceanic microbes, and competitive solutions to solve this challenge have evolved among a range of unicellular protists. However, solitary solutions are not the only approach found in natural populations. A diverse array of oceanic protists form temporary or even long-lasting attachments to other protists and marine aggregates. Do these planktonic consortia provide benefits to their members? Here, we use empirical and modeling approaches to evaluate whether the relationship between a large centric diatom, Coscinodiscus wailesii, and a ciliate epibiont, Pseudovorticella coscinodisci, provides nutrient flux benefits to the host diatom. We find that fluid flows generated by ciliary beating can increase nutrient flux to a diatom cell surface four to 10 times that of a still cell without ciliate epibionts. This cosmopolitan species of diatom does not form consortia in all environments but frequently joins such consortia in nutrient-depleted waters. Our results demonstrate that symbiotic consortia provide a cooperative alternative of comparable or greater magnitude to sinking for enhancement of nutrient acquisition in challenging environments.
    Beschreibung: We are grateful to Y. Garcia for help with organism sampling and sorting. E.A.K. is funded by NSF-2100209, NSF RAISE IOS-2034043 and NIH R01 HL 153622-01A1. R.M.L. is a CNPq research fellow (grant # 310642/2017-5). J.H.C. and J.O.D. are funded by Grant NSF-2100705.
    Schlagwort(e): Phytoplankton ; Nutrient limitation ; Symbiosis ; Diffusion limitation ; Cell size
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  • 9
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    Modeling the morphodynamics of coastal responses to extreme events: what shape are we in? (2022)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Sherwood, C. R., van Dongeren, A., Doyle, J., Hegermiller, C. A., Hsu, T.-J., Kalra, T. S., Olabarrieta, M., Penko, A. M., Rafati, Y., Roelvink, D., van der Lugt, M., Veeramony, J., & Warner, J. C. Modeling the morphodynamics of coastal responses to extreme events: what shape are we in? Annual Review of Marine Science, 14, (2022): 457–492, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032221-090215.
    Beschreibung: This review focuses on recent advances in process-based numerical models of the impact of extreme storms on sandy coasts. Driven by larger-scale models of meteorology and hydrodynamics, these models simulate morphodynamics across the Sallenger storm-impact scale, including swash,collision, overwash, and inundation. Models are becoming both wider (as more processes are added) and deeper (as detailed physics replaces earlier parameterizations). Algorithms for wave-induced flows and sediment transport under shoaling waves are among the recent developments. Community and open-source models have become the norm. Observations of initial conditions (topography, land cover, and sediment characteristics) have become more detailed, and improvements in tropical cyclone and wave models provide forcing (winds, waves, surge, and upland flow) that is better resolved and more accurate, yielding commensurate improvements in model skill. We foresee that future storm-impact models will increasingly resolve individual waves, apply data assimilation, and be used in ensemble modeling modes to predict uncertainties.
    Beschreibung: All authors except D.R. were partially supported by the IFMSIP project, funded by US Office of Naval Research grant PE 0601153N under contracts N00014-17-1-2459 (Deltares), N00014-18-1-2785 (University of Delaware), N0001419WX00733 (US Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey), N0001418WX01447 (US Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center), and N0001418IP00016 (US Geological Survey). C.R.S., C.A.H., T.S.K., and J.C.W. were supported by the US Geological Survey Coastal/Marine Hazards and Resources Program. A.v.D. and M.v.d.L. were supported by the Deltares Strategic Research project Quantifying Flood Hazards and Impacts. M.O. acknowledges support from National Science Foundation project OCE-1554892.
    Schlagwort(e): Coastal morphodynamics ; Extreme storms ; Coastal modeling ; Sandy coasts ; Waves ; Sediment transport
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  • 10
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    Dynamics and functional diversity of the smallest phytoplankton on the Northeast US shelf (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117(22), (2020): 12215-12221, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918439117.
    Beschreibung: Picophytoplankton are the most abundant primary producers in the ocean. Knowledge of their community dynamics is key to understanding their role in marine food webs and global biogeochemical cycles. To this end, we analyzed a 16-y time series of observations of a phytoplankton community at a nearshore site on the Northeast US Shelf. We used a size-structured population model to estimate in situ division rates for the picoeukaryote assemblage and compared the dynamics with those of the picocyanobacteria Synechococcus at the same location. We found that the picoeukaryotes divide at roughly twice the rate of the more abundant Synechococcus and are subject to greater loss rates (likely from viral lysis and zooplankton grazing). We describe the dynamics of these groups across short and long timescales and conclude that, despite their taxonomic differences, their populations respond similarly to changes in the biotic and abiotic environment. Both groups appear to be temperature limited in the spring and light limited in the fall and to experience greater mortality during the day than at night. Compared with Synechococcus, the picoeukaryotes are subject to greater top-down control and contribute more to the region’s primary productivity than their standing stocks suggest.
    Beschreibung: We thank E. T. Crockford, E. E. Peacock, J. Fredericks, Z. Sandwith, the MVCO Operations Team, and divers of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution diving program. This work was supported by NSF Grants OCE-0119915 (to R.J.O. and H.M.S.) and OCE-1655686 (to M.G.N., R.J.O., A.R.S., and H.M.O.); NASA Grants NNX11AF07G (to H.M.S.) and NNX13AC98G (to H.M.S.); Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Grant GGA#934 (to H.M.S.); and Simons Foundation Grant 561126 (to H.M.S.).
    Beschreibung: 2020-11-15
    Schlagwort(e): Picoeukaryotes ; Flow cytometry ; Matrix model ; Primary productivity
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  • 11
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    Abiotic redox reactions in hydrothermal mixing zones: decreased energy availability for the subsurface biosphere (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 202. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in McDermott, J. M., Sylva, S. P., Ono, S., German, C. R., & Seewald, J. S. Abiotic redox reactions in hydrothermal mixing zones: decreased energy availability for the subsurface biosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(34), (2020): 20453-20461, doi:10.1073/pnas.2003108117.
    Beschreibung: Subseafloor mixing of high-temperature hot-spring fluids with cold seawater creates intermediate-temperature diffuse fluids that are replete with potential chemical energy. This energy can be harnessed by a chemosynthetic biosphere that permeates hydrothermal regions on Earth. Shifts in the abundance of redox-reactive species in diffuse fluids are often interpreted to reflect the direct influence of subseafloor microbial activity on fluid geochemical budgets. Here, we examine hydrothermal fluids venting at 44 to 149 °C at the Piccard hydrothermal field that span the canonical 122 °C limit to life, and thus provide a rare opportunity to study the transition between habitable and uninhabitable environments. In contrast with previous studies, we show that hydrocarbons are contributed by biomass pyrolysis, while abiotic sulfate (SO42−) reduction produces large depletions in H2. The latter process consumes energy that could otherwise support key metabolic strategies employed by the subseafloor biosphere. Available Gibbs free energy is reduced by 71 to 86% across the habitable temperature range for both hydrogenotrophic SO42− reduction to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to methane (CH4). The abiotic H2 sink we identify has implications for the productivity of subseafloor microbial ecosystems and is an important process to consider within models of H2 production and consumption in young oceanic crust.
    Beschreibung: Financial support was provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology program (Awards NNX09AB75G and 80NSSC19K1427 to C.R.G. and J.S.S.) and the NSF (Award OCE-1061863 to C.R.G. and J.S.S.). Ship and vehicle time for cruise FK008 was provided by the Schmidt Ocean Institute. We thank the ROV Jason II and HROV Nereus groups, and the captain, officers, and crew of R/V Atlantis (AT18-16) and R/V Falkor (FK008) for their dedication to skillful operations at sea. We thank our scientific colleagues from both cruises, as well as Meg Tivey, Frieder Klein, and Scott Wankel for insightful discussions. We are grateful to the editor and two anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments and suggestions.
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrothermal vent ; Subsurface biosphere ; Bioenergetics ; Biogeochemistry
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  • 12
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    Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Reysenbach, A. L., St John, E., Meneghin, J., Flores, G. E., Podar, M., Dombrowski, N., Spang, A., L'Haridon, S., Humphris, S. E., de Ronde, C. E. J., Caratori Tontini, F., Tivey, M., Stucker, V. K., Stewart, L. C., Diehl, A., & Bach, W. Complex subsurface hydrothermal fluid mixing at a submarine arc volcano supports distinct and highly diverse microbial communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(51), (2020): 202019021, doi:10.1073/pnas.2019021117.
    Beschreibung: Hydrothermally active submarine volcanoes are mineral-rich biological oases contributing significantly to chemical fluxes in the deep sea, yet little is known about the microbial communities inhabiting these systems. Here we investigate the diversity of microbial life in hydrothermal deposits and their metagenomics-inferred physiology in light of the geological history and resulting hydrothermal fluid paths in the subsurface of Brothers submarine volcano north of New Zealand on the southern Kermadec arc. From metagenome-assembled genomes we identified over 90 putative bacterial and archaeal genomic families and nearly 300 previously unknown genera, many potentially endemic to this submarine volcanic environment. While magmatically influenced hydrothermal systems on the volcanic resurgent cones of Brothers volcano harbor communities of thermoacidophiles and diverse members of the superphylum “DPANN,” two distinct communities are associated with the caldera wall, likely shaped by two different types of hydrothermal circulation. The communities whose phylogenetic diversity primarily aligns with that of the cone sites and magmatically influenced hydrothermal systems elsewhere are characterized predominately by anaerobic metabolisms. These populations are probably maintained by fluids with greater magmatic inputs that have interacted with different (deeper) previously altered mineral assemblages. However, proximal (a few meters distant) communities with gene-inferred aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic metabolisms are likely supported by shallower seawater-dominated circulation. Furthermore, mixing of fluids from these two distinct hydrothermal circulation systems may have an underlying imprint on the high microbial phylogenomic diversity. Collectively our results highlight the importance of considering geologic evolution and history of subsurface processes in studying microbial colonization and community dynamics in volcanic environments.
    Beschreibung: We thank the captain and crew of the R/V Thompson and the engineers from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the successful operation of ROV Jason. The project was funded by NSF grants OCE‐1558356 (Principal Investigator S.E.H.) and OCE-1558795 (Principal Investigator A.-L.R.). S.L. received a grant from the University of Brest to work in the A.-L.R. laboratory. A travel fund from Interridge enabled A.D. to participate on the R/V Thompson cruise. Funding for this work for C.E.J.d.R., F.C.T., V.K.S., and L.C.S. was provided by the New Zealand government. A.S. was supported by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet starting grant 2016-03559 to A.S.) and the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Dutch Research Council) Foundation of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Women In Science Excel [WISE] fellowship to A.S.). A.-L.R. and E.S.J. thank Rika Anderson for helpful methodological discussions and Sean Sylva for assistance in shipboard geochemical analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): Metagenomics ; Deep-sea hydrothermal ; Thermophiles ; Archaea ; Volcanics
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    Diel transcriptional oscillations of light-sensitive regulatory elements in open-ocean eukaryotic plankton communities (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Coesel, S. N., Durham, B. P., Groussman, R. D., Hu, S. K., Caron, D. A., Morales, R. L., Ribalet, F., & Armbrust, E. V. Diel transcriptional oscillations of light-sensitive regulatory elements in open-ocean eukaryotic plankton communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(6), (2021): e2011038118, https://doi.org/10.1073./pnas.2011038118.
    Beschreibung: The 24-h cycle of light and darkness governs daily rhythms of complex behaviors across all domains of life. Intracellular photoreceptors sense specific wavelengths of light that can reset the internal circadian clock and/or elicit distinct phenotypic responses. In the surface ocean, microbial communities additionally modulate nonrhythmic changes in light quality and quantity as they are mixed to different depths. Here, we show that eukaryotic plankton in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre transcribe genes encoding light-sensitive proteins that may serve as light-activated transcription factors, elicit light-driven electrical/chemical cascades, or initiate secondary messenger-signaling cascades. Overall, the protistan community relies on blue light-sensitive photoreceptors of the cryptochrome/photolyase family, and proteins containing the Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) domain. The greatest diversification occurred within Haptophyta and photosynthetic stramenopiles where the LOV domain was combined with different DNA-binding domains and secondary signal-transduction motifs. Flagellated protists utilize green-light sensory rhodopsins and blue-light helmchromes, potentially underlying phototactic/photophobic and other behaviors toward specific wavelengths of light. Photoreceptors such as phytochromes appear to play minor roles in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Transcript abundance of environmental light-sensitive protein-encoding genes that display diel patterns are found to primarily peak at dawn. The exceptions are the LOV-domain transcription factors with peaks in transcript abundances at different times and putative phototaxis photoreceptors transcribed throughout the day. Together, these data illustrate the diversity of light-sensitive proteins that may allow disparate groups of protists to respond to light and potentially synchronize patterns of growth, division, and mortality within the dynamic ocean environment.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (SCOPE Award 329108 [to E.V.A.]) and XSEDE Grant Allocation OCE160019 (to R.D.G.).
    Schlagwort(e): Photoreceptors ; Microbial eukaryotes ; Oligotrophic gyre ; Diel cycles ; Metatranscriptomics
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  • 14
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    Holocene bidirectional river system along the Kenya Rift and its influence on East African faunal exchange and diversity gradients (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-19
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Dommain, R., Riedl, S., Olaka, L. A., deMenocal, P., Deino, A. L., Owen, R. B., Muiruri, V., Müller, J., Potts, R., & Strecker, M. R. Holocene bidirectional river system along the Kenya Rift and its influence on East African faunal exchange and diversity gradients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(28),(2022): e2121388119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121388119.
    Beschreibung: East Africa is a global biodiversity hotspot and exhibits distinct longitudinal diversity gradients from west to east in freshwater fishes and forest mammals. The assembly of this exceptional biodiversity and the drivers behind diversity gradients remain poorly understood, with diversification often studied at local scales and less attention paid to biotic exchange between Afrotropical regions. Here, we reconstruct a river system that existed for several millennia along the now semiarid Kenya Rift Valley during the humid early Holocene and show how this river system influenced postglacial dispersal of fishes and mammals due to its dual role as a dispersal corridor and barrier. Using geomorphological, geochronological, isotopic, and fossil analyses and a synthesis of radiocarbon dates, we find that the overflow of Kenyan rift lakes between 12 and 8 ka before present formed a bidirectional river system consisting of a “Northern River” connected to the Nile Basin and a “Southern River,” a closed basin. The drainage divide between these rivers represented the only viable terrestrial dispersal corridor across the rift. The degree and duration of past hydrological connectivity between adjacent river basins determined spatial diversity gradients for East African fishes. Our reconstruction explains the isolated distribution of Nilotic fish species in modern Kenyan rift lakes, Guineo-Congolian mammal species in forests east of the Kenya Rift, and recent incipient vertebrate speciation and local endemism in this region. Climate-driven rearrangements of drainage networks unrelated to tectonic activity contributed significantly to the assembly of species diversity and modern faunas in the East African biodiversity hotspot.
    Beschreibung: R.D. was funded by a Smithsonian Human Origins Postdoctoral Fellowship and by Geo.X—the Research Network for Geosciences in Berlin and Potsdam. Fig. 1 D, E, and G and SI Appendix, Figs. S1 and S3 are based on the TanDEM-X Science DEM granted to L.A.O. and S.R. by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in 2017. L.A.O. acknowledges the Volkswagen Foundation for funding this study with Grant No. 89369. M.R.S. and S.R. were supported by funds from Potsdam University and the Geothermal Development Company of Kenya, and R.B.O. and V.M. were supported by the Hong Kong General Research Fund. We acknowledge support from the National Museums of Kenya and the Kenya Government permission granted by the Ministry of Sports, Culture and the Arts, and by the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) Permits P/14/7709/683 (to R.P.) and P/16/11924/11448 (to L.A.O.). This work is a contribution of the Olorgesailie Drilling Project, for which support from the National Museums of Kenya, the Oldonyo Nyokie Group Ranch, the Peter Buck Fund for Human Origins Research (Smithsonian Institution), the William H. Donner Foundation, the Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation, Whitney and Betty MacMillan, and the Smithsonian Human Origins Program is gratefully acknowledged. LacCore is acknowledged for support in drilling and core storage.
    Schlagwort(e): East Africa ; Biogeography ; Biodiversity ; Hydrological connectivity ; Holocene
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    Nutrient availability and senescence spatially structure the dynamics of a foundation species (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-20
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bell, T. W., & Siegel, D. A. Nutrient availability and senescence spatially structure the dynamics of a foundation species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(1), (2021): e2105135118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105135118.
    Beschreibung: Disentangling the roles of the external environment and internal biotic drivers of plant population dynamics is challenging due to the absence of relevant physiological and abundance information over appropriate space and time scales. Remote observations of giant kelp biomass and photosynthetic pigment concentrations are used to show that spatiotemporal patterns of physiological condition, and thus growth and production, are regulated by different processes depending on the scale of observation. Nutrient supply was linked to regional scale (〉1 km) physiological condition dynamics, and kelp forest stands were more persistent where nutrient levels were consistently high. However, on local scales (〈1 km), internal senescence processes related to canopy age demographics determined patterns of biomass loss across individual kelp forests despite uniform nutrient conditions. Repeat measurements of physiology over continuous spatial fields can provide insights into complex dynamics that are unexplained by the environmental drivers thought to regulate abundance. Emerging remote sensing technologies that provide simultaneous estimates of abundance and physiology can quantify the roles of environmental change and demographics governing plant population dynamics for a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the US NSF (Grants OCE 1232779 and 1831937), by the US Department of Energy (Cooperative Agreement DE-AR0000922), and by NASA (Grant NNX14AR62A) and the NASA Earth and Space Sciences Fellowship program in support of T.W.B.
    Schlagwort(e): Physiology ; Population ; Biomass ; Hyperspectral ; Giant kelp
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    Aseismic transient slip on the Gofar transform fault, East Pacific Rise (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2020): 201913625, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1913625117.
    Beschreibung: Oceanic transform faults display a unique combination of seismic and aseismic slip behavior, including a large globally averaged seismic deficit, and the local occurrence of repeating magnitude (M) ∼6 earthquakes with abundant foreshocks and seismic swarms, as on the Gofar transform of the East Pacific Rise and the Blanco Ridge in the northeast Pacific Ocean. However, the underlying mechanisms that govern the partitioning between seismic and aseismic slip and their interaction remain unclear. Here we present a numerical modeling study of earthquake sequences and aseismic transient slip on oceanic transform faults. In the model, strong dilatancy strengthening, supported by seismic imaging that indicates enhanced fluid-filled porosity and possible hydrothermal circulation down to the brittle–ductile transition, effectively stabilizes along-strike seismic rupture propagation and results in rupture barriers where aseismic transients arise episodically. The modeled slow slip migrates along the barrier zones at speeds ∼10 to 600 m/h, spatiotemporally correlated with the observed migration of seismic swarms on the Gofar transform. Our model thus suggests the possible prevalence of episodic aseismic transients in M ∼6 rupture barrier zones that host active swarms on oceanic transform faults and provides candidates for future seafloor geodesy experiments to verify the relation between aseismic fault slip, earthquake swarms, and fault zone hydromechanical properties.
    Beschreibung: We thank Joan Gomberg, Ruth Harris, Steve Hickman, Shane Detweiler, Mike Diggles, and two anonymous external reviewers for their thoughtful comments that helped to improve the manuscript. This study was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grants RGPIN/418338-2012 and RGPIN-2018-05389; and NSF Grants OCE-10-61203 and OCE-18-33279.
    Beschreibung: 2020-10-28
    Schlagwort(e): Oceanic transform faults ; Earthquake rupture segmentation ; Aseismic transients ; Seismic swarms
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    Metrics that matter for assessing the ocean biological carbon pump (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Buesseler, K. O., Boyd, P. W., Black, E. E., & Siegel, D. A. Metrics that matter for assessing the ocean biological carbon pump. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, (2020): 201918114, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918114117.
    Beschreibung: The biological carbon pump (BCP) comprises wide-ranging processes that set carbon supply, consumption, and storage in the oceans’ interior. It is becoming increasingly evident that small changes in the efficiency of the BCP can significantly alter ocean carbon sequestration and, thus, atmospheric CO2 and climate, as well as the functioning of midwater ecosystems. Earth system models, including those used by the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, most often assess POC (particulate organic carbon) flux into the ocean interior at a fixed reference depth. The extrapolation of these fluxes to other depths, which defines the BCP efficiencies, is often executed using an idealized and empirically based flux-vs.-depth relationship, often referred to as the “Martin curve.” We use a new compilation of POC fluxes in the upper ocean to reveal very different patterns in BCP efficiencies depending upon whether the fluxes are assessed at a fixed reference depth or relative to the depth of the sunlit euphotic zone (Ez). We find that the fixed-depth approach underestimates BCP efficiencies when the Ez is shallow, and vice versa. This adjustment alters regional assessments of BCP efficiencies as well as global carbon budgets and the interpretation of prior BCP studies. With several international studies recently underway to study the ocean BCP, there are new and unique opportunities to improve our understanding of the mechanistic controls on BCP efficiencies. However, we will only be able to compare results between studies if we use a common set of Ez-based metrics.
    Beschreibung: We thank the many scientists whose ideas and contributions over the years are the foundation of this paper. This includes A. Martin, who led the organization of the BIARRITZ group (now JETZON) workshop in July 2019, discussions at which helped to motivate this article. We thank D. Karl for pointing us in the right direction for this paper format at PNAS and two thoughtful reviewers who through their comments helped to improve this manuscript. Support for writing this piece is acknowledged from several sources, including the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Twilight Zone project (K.O.B.); NASA as part of the EXport Processes in the global Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) program (K.O.B. and D.A.S.). E.E.B. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship through the Ocean Frontier Institute at Dalhousie University. P.W.B. was supported by the Australian Research Council through a Laureate (FL160100131).
    Schlagwort(e): Biological carbon pump ; Twilight zone ; Particle flux
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  • 18
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    Evidence for massive and recurrent toxic blooms of Alexandrium catenella in the Alaskan Arctic (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Anderson, D. M., Fachon, E., Pickart, R. S., Lin, P., Fischer, A. D., Richlen, M. L., Uva, V., Brosnahan, M. L., McRaven, L., Bahr, F., Lefebvre, K., Grebmeier, J. M., Danielson, S. L., Lyu, Y., & Fukai, Y. Evidence for massive and recurrent toxic blooms of Alexandrium catenella in the Alaskan Arctic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(41) (2021): e2107387118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107387118.
    Beschreibung: Among the organisms that spread into and flourish in Arctic waters with rising temperatures and sea ice loss are toxic algae, a group of harmful algal bloom species that produce potent biotoxins. Alexandrium catenella, a cyst-forming dinoflagellate that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning worldwide, has been a significant threat to human health in southeastern Alaska for centuries. It is known to be transported into Arctic regions in waters transiting northward through the Bering Strait, yet there is little recognition of this organism as a human health concern north of the Strait. Here, we describe an exceptionally large A. catenella benthic cyst bed and hydrographic conditions across the Chukchi Sea that support germination and development of recurrent, locally originating and self-seeding blooms. Two prominent cyst accumulation zones result from deposition promoted by weak circulation. Cyst concentrations are among the highest reported globally for this species, and the cyst bed is at least 6× larger in area than any other. These extraordinary accumulations are attributed to repeated inputs from advected southern blooms and to localized cyst formation and deposition. Over the past two decades, warming has likely increased the magnitude of the germination flux twofold and advanced the timing of cell inoculation into the euphotic zone by 20 d. Conditions are also now favorable for bloom development in surface waters. The region is poised to support annually recurrent A. catenella blooms that are massive in scale, posing a significant and worrisome threat to public and ecosystem health in Alaskan Arctic communities where economies are subsistence based.
    Beschreibung: Funding for D.M.A., R.S.P., E.F., P.L., A.D.F., V.U., M.L.B., L.M., F.B., and M.L.R. was provided by grants from the NSF Office of Polar Programs (Grants OPP-1823002 and OPP-1733564) and the National Ocanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Arctic Research program (through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region [CINAR; Grants NA14OAR4320158 and NA19OAR4320074]), for J.M.G. through CINAR 22309.07 UMCES (University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science), and for D.M.A. and K.L. through NOAA’s Center for Coastal and Ocean Studies Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB) Program (NA20NOS4780195). Funding for D.M.A., M.L.R., M.L.B., E.F., V.U., and A.D.F. was also provided by NSF (Grant OCE-1840381) and NIH (Grant 1P01-ES028938-01) through the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health. S.L.D. was supported by North Pacific Research Board IERP Grants A91-99a and A91-00a. This is IERP publication ArcticIERP-41 and ECOHAB Contribution No. ECO983.
    Schlagwort(e): Harmful algal bloom ; HAB ; Alexandrium ; Alaskan Arctic ; Climate
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    Trivalent chromium isotopes in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen-deficient zone (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118(8), (2021): e1918605118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918605118.
    Beschreibung: Changes in chromium (Cr) isotope ratios due to fractionation between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] are being utilized by geologists to infer oxygen conditions in past environments. However, there is little information available on Cr in the modern ocean to ground-truth these inferences. Transformations between the two chromium species are important processes in oceanic Cr cycling. Here we present profiles of hexavalent and trivalent Cr concentrations and stable isotope ratios from the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) oxygen-deficient zone (ODZ) which support theoretical and experimental studies that predict that lighter Cr is preferentially reduced in low-oxygen environments and that residual dissolved Cr becomes heavier due to removal of particle-reactive Cr(III) on sinking particles. The Cr(III) maximum dominantly occurs in the upper portion of the ODZ, implying that microbial activity (dependent on the sinking flux of organic matter) may be the dominant mechanism for this transformation, rather than a simple inorganic chemical conversion between the species depending on the redox potential.
    Beschreibung: We thank chief scientist Gabrielle Rocap for accommodating us on cruises Roger Revelle 1804-5 and Kilo Moana 19-20 (sponsored by NSF Grant DEB-1542240 to G. Rocap, A. Devol, R. Kiel, and C. Deutch), Jim Moffett for helping with sampling on these cruises, and Mark Altabet and Frank Stewart for collecting the samples from station 2T on cruise New Horizon 1410. This research was supported by NSF Grant OCE-1736996 (to E.A.B.) and by a fellowship from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography.
    Schlagwort(e): Chromium isotopes ; Oxygen-deficient zones ; Trace elements ; Trivalent chromium ; Hexavalent ; Chromium
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    Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world’s largest fish, the whale shark (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-08-15
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Womersley, F. C., Humphries, N. E., Queiroz, N., Vedor, M., da Costa, I., Furtado, M., Tyminski, J. P., Abrantes, K., Araujo, G., Bach, S. S., Barnett, A., Berumen, M. L., Bessudo Lion, S., Braun, C. D., Clingham, E., Cochran, J. E. M., de la Parra, R., Diamant, S., Dove, A. D. M., Dudgeon, C. L., Erdmann, M. V., Espinoza, E., Fitzpatrick, R., González Cano, J., Green, J. R., Guzman, H. M., Hardenstine, R., Hasan, A., Hazin, F. H. V., Hearn, A. R., Hueter, R. E., Jaidah, M. Y., Labaja, J., Ladinol, F., Macena, B. C. L., Morris Jr., J. J., Norman, B. M., Peñaherrera-Palmav, C., Pierce, S. J., Quintero, L. M., Ramırez-Macías, D., Reynolds, S. D., Richardson, A. J., Robinson, D. P., Rohner, C. A., Rowat, D. R. L., Sheaves, M., Shivji, M. S., Sianipar, A. B., Skomal, G. B., Soler, G., Syakurachman, I., Thorrold, S. R., Webb, D. H., Wetherbee, B. M., White, T. D., Clavelle, T., Kroodsma, D. A., Thums, M., Ferreira, L. C., Meekan, M. G., Arrowsmith, L. M., Lester, E. K., Meyers, M. M., Peel, L. R., Sequeira, A. M. M., Eguıluz, V. M., Duarte, C. M., & Sims, D. W. Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world’s largest fish, the whale shark. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(20), (2022): e2117440119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117440119.
    Beschreibung: Marine traffic is increasing globally yet collisions with endangered megafauna such as whales, sea turtles, and planktivorous sharks go largely undetected or unreported. Collisions leading to mortality can have population-level consequences for endangered species. Hence, identifying simultaneous space use of megafauna and shipping throughout ranges may reveal as-yet-unknown spatial targets requiring conservation. However, global studies tracking megafauna and shipping occurrences are lacking. Here we combine satellite-tracked movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, and vessel activity to show that 92% of sharks’ horizontal space use and nearly 50% of vertical space use overlap with persistent large vessel (〉300 gross tons) traffic. Collision-risk estimates correlated with reported whale shark mortality from ship strikes, indicating higher mortality in areas with greatest overlap. Hotspots of potential collision risk were evident in all major oceans, predominantly from overlap with cargo and tanker vessels, and were concentrated in gulf regions, where dense traffic co-occurred with seasonal shark movements. Nearly a third of whale shark hotspots overlapped with the highest collision-risk areas, with the last known locations of tracked sharks coinciding with busier shipping routes more often than expected. Depth-recording tags provided evidence for sinking, likely dead, whale sharks, suggesting substantial “cryptic” lethal ship strikes are possible, which could explain why whale shark population declines continue despite international protection and low fishing-induced mortality. Mitigation measures to reduce ship-strike risk should be considered to conserve this species and other ocean giants that are likely experiencing similar impacts from growing global vessel traffic.
    Beschreibung: Funding for data analysis was provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) through a University of Southampton INSPIRE DTP PhD Studentship to F.C.W. Additional funding for data analysis was provided by NERC Discovery Science (NE/R00997/X/1) and the European Research Council (ERC-AdG-2019 883583 OCEAN DEOXYFISH) to D.W.S., Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under PTDC/BIA/28855/2017 and COMPETE POCI-01–0145-FEDER-028855, and MARINFO–NORTE-01–0145-FEDER-000031 (funded by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program [NORTE2020] under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund–ERDF) to N.Q. FCT also supported N.Q. (CEECIND/02857/2018) and M.V. (PTDC/BIA-COM/28855/2017). D.W.S. was supported by a Marine Biological Association Senior Research Fellowship. All tagging procedures were approved by institutional ethical review bodies and complied with all relevant ethical regulations in the jurisdictions in which they were performed. Details for individual research teams are given in SI Appendix, section 8. Full acknowledgments for tagging and field research are given in SI Appendix, section 7. This research is part of the Global Shark Movement Project (https://www.globalsharkmovement.org).
    Schlagwort(e): ship strike ; marine megafauna ; conservation ; movement ecology ; human impact
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  • 21
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    Phosphonate production by marine microbes: exploring new sources and potential function (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-10
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Acker, M., Hogle, S. L., Berube, P. M., Hackl, T., Coe, A., Stepanauskas, R., Chisholm, S. W., & Repeta, D. J. Phosphonate production by marine microbes: exploring new sources and potential function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(11), (2022): e2113386119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113386119.
    Beschreibung: Phosphonates are organophosphorus metabolites with a characteristic C-P bond. They are ubiquitous in the marine environment, their degradation broadly supports ecosystem productivity, and they are key components of the marine phosphorus (P) cycle. However, the microbial producers that sustain the large oceanic inventory of phosphonates as well as the physiological and ecological roles of phosphonates are enigmatic. Here, we show that phosphonate synthesis genes are rare but widely distributed among diverse bacteria and archaea, including Prochlorococcus and SAR11, the two major groups of bacteria in the ocean. In addition, we show that Prochlorococcus can allocate over 40% of its total cellular P-quota toward phosphonate production. However, we find no evidence that Prochlorococcus uses phosphonates for surplus P storage, and nearly all producer genomes lack the genes necessary to degrade and assimilate phosphonates. Instead, we postulate that phosphonates are associated with cell-surface glycoproteins, suggesting that phosphonates mediate ecological interactions between the cell and its surrounding environment. Our findings indicate that the oligotrophic surface ocean phosphonate pool is sustained by a relatively small fraction of the bacterioplankton cells allocating a significant portion of their P quotas toward secondary metabolism and away from growth and reproduction.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported in part by grants from the NSF (OCE-1153588 and DBI-0424599 to S.W.C.; OCE-1335810 and OIA-1826734 to R.S.; and OCE-1634080 to D.J.R.), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (no. 6000 to D.J.R.), and the Simons Foundation (Life Sciences Project Award IDs 337262 and 647135 to S.W.C.; 510023 to R.S.; and Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology [SCOPE] Award ID 329108 to S.W.C. and D.J.R.).
    Schlagwort(e): phosphonate ; Prochlorococcus ; marine ; biogeochemistry ; phosphorus
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  • 22
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    Opinion: we need better data about the environmental persistence of plastic goods (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117(26), (2020): 14618-14621, doi:10.1073/pnas.2008009117.
    Beschreibung: Plastic pollution is one of the most visible and complex environmental issues today. Interested and concerned parties include researchers, governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, industry, media, and the general public. One key assumption behind the issue and the public outcry is that plastics last indefinitely in the environment, resulting in chronic exposure that harms animals and humans. But the data supporting this assumption are scant.
    Beschreibung: We thank Briana Prado, Cassia Armstrong, and Anna Walsh for their help with the review, Kenneth Kostel, Katie Linehan, Daniel Ward, and Rose Cory for feedback on an earlier version of this piece, John Furfey for assistance with tracking down the original sources of the environmental lifetime estimates, and Natalie Reiner for help with Fig. 1. We acknowledge financial support from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Woods Hole, MA) and the Seaver Institute (Los Angeles, CA).
    Beschreibung: 2020-12-10
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  • 23
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    Unifying chemical and biological perspectives of carbon accumulation in the environment (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Repeta, D. J. Unifying chemical and biological perspectives of carbon accumulation in the environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(11), (2021); e2100935118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100935118.
    Beschreibung: Heterotrophic microorganisms are fiendishly clever at degrading all shapes and sizes of organic compounds to extract the energy they need to build biomass. Every year marine phytoplankton fix ∼50 billion tons of carbon dioxide into organic matter, and every year marine heterotrophs respire nearly all of this organic matter back to carbon dioxide (1). Nearly all, but not all. With each spin of this carbon cycle, a small amount of organic matter escapes respiration and becomes sequestered in seawater, sediments, and soils. Over time, this small “leak” in the system leads to the accumulation of a vast reservoir of carbon; some 5 × 1019 kg of organic matter are thought to be sequestered in sedimentary rocks (2). This carbon sequestration has immense consequences for life on Earth, as illustrated by the change in climate we are now experiencing due in part to the transfer of a minute portion of this inventory from geologic reservoirs into the atmosphere.
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  • 24
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    The Earth BioGenome Project 2020: starting the clock (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lewin, H. A., Richards, S., Lieberman Aiden, E., Allende, M. L., Archibald, J. M., Bálint, M., Barker, K. B., Baumgartner, B., Belov, K., Bertorelle, G., Blaxter, Mark L., Cai, J., Caperello, N. D., Carlson, K., Castilla-Rubio, J. C., Chaw, S-M., Chen, L., Childers, A. K., Coddington, J. A., Conde, D. A., Corominas, M., Crandall, K. A., Crawford, A. J., DiPalma, F., Durbin, R., Ebenezer, T. E., Edwards, S. V., Fedrigo, O., Flicek, P., Formenti, G., Gibbs, R. A., Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Goldstein, M. M., Graves, J. M., Greely, H. T., Grigoriev, I. V., Hackett, K. J., Hall, N., Haussler, D., Helgen, K. M., Hogg, C. J., Isobe, S., Jakobsen, K. S., Janke, A., Jarvis, E. D., Johnson, W. E., Jones, S. J. M., Karlsson, E. K., Kersey, P. J., Kim, J-H., Kress, W. J., Kuraku, S., Lawniczak, M. K. N., Leebens-Mack, J. H., Li, X., Lindblad-Toh, K., Liu, X., Lopez, J. V., Marques-Bonet, T., Mazard, S., Mazet, J. A. K., Mazzoni, C. J., Myers, E. W., O’Neill, R. J., Paez, S., Park, H., Robinson, G. E., Roquet, C., Ryder, O. A., Sabir, J. S. M., Shaffer, H. B., Shank, T. M., Sherkow, J. S., Soltis, P. S., Tang, B., Tedersoo, L., Uliano-Silva, M., Wang, K., Wei, X., Wetzer, R., Wilson, J. L., Xu, X., Yang, H., Yoder, A. D., Zhang, G. The Earth BioGenome Project 2020: starting the clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(4), (2022): e2115635118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115635118.
    Beschreibung: November 2020 marked 2 y since the launch of the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), which aims to sequence all known eukaryotic species in a 10-y timeframe. Since then, significant progress has been made across all aspects of the EBP roadmap, as outlined in the 2018 article describing the project’s goals, strategies, and challenges (1). The launch phase has ended and the clock has started on reaching the EBP’s major milestones. This Special Feature explores the many facets of the EBP, including a review of progress, a description of major scientific goals, exemplar projects, ethical legal and social issues, and applications of biodiversity genomics. In this Introduction, we summarize the current status of the EBP, held virtually October 5 to 9, 2020, including recent updates through February 2021. References to the nine Perspective articles included in this Special Feature are cited to guide the reader toward deeper understanding of the goals and challenges facing the EBP.
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  • 25
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    Origin of interannual variability in global mean sea level (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © National Academy of Sciences, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117(25), (2020): 13983-13990, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922190117.
    Beschreibung: The two dominant drivers of the global mean sea level (GMSL) variability at interannual timescales are steric changes due to changes in ocean heat content and barystatic changes due to the exchange of water mass between land and ocean. With Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites and Argo profiling floats, it has been possible to measure the relative steric and barystatic contributions to GMSL since 2004. While efforts to “close the GMSL budget” with satellite altimetry and other observing systems have been largely successful with regards to trends, the short time period covered by these records prohibits a full understanding of the drivers of interannual to decadal variability in GMSL. One particular area of focus is the link between variations in the El Niño−Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and GMSL. Recent literature disagrees on the relative importance of steric and barystatic contributions to interannual to decadal variability in GMSL. Here, we use a multivariate data analysis technique to estimate variability in barystatic and steric contributions to GMSL back to 1982. These independent estimates explain most of the observed interannual variability in satellite altimeter-measured GMSL. Both processes, which are highly correlated with ENSO variations, contribute about equally to observed interannual GMSL variability. A theoretical scaling analysis corroborates the observational results. The improved understanding of the origins of interannual variability in GMSL has important implications for our understanding of long-term trends in sea level, the hydrological cycle, and the planet’s radiation imbalance.
    Beschreibung: The research was carried out at JPL, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. This study was funded by NASA Grants NNX17AH35G (Ocean Surface Topography Science Team), 80NSSC17K0564, and 80NSSC17K0565 (NASA Sea Level Change Team). The efforts of J.T.F. in this work were also supported by NSF Award AGS-1419571, and by the Regional and Global Model Analysis component of the Earth and Environmental System Modeling Program of the US Department of Energy's Office of Biological & Environmental Research via National Science Foundation Grant IA 1844590. C.G.P. was supported by the J. Lamar Worzel Assistant Scientist Fund and the Penzance Endowed Fund in Support of Assistant Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Beschreibung: 2020-12-08
    Schlagwort(e): Sea level ; Climate variability ; Global mean sea level ; Satellite altimetry
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  • 26
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    Climate control on terrestrial biospheric carbon turnover (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Eglinton, T. I., Galy, V. V., Hemingway, J. D., Feng, X., Bao, H., Blattmann, T. M., Dickens, A. F., Gies, H., Giosan, L., Haghipour, N., Hou, P., Lupker, M., McIntyre, C. P., Montluçon, D. B., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., Ponton, C., Schefuß, E., Schwab, M. S., Voss, B. M., Wacker, L., Wu, Y., & Zhao, M. Climate control on terrestrial biospheric carbon turnover. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(8), (2021): e2011585118, htps://doi.org/ 10.1073/pnas.2011585118.
    Beschreibung: Terrestrial vegetation and soils hold three times more carbon than the atmosphere. Much debate concerns how anthropogenic activity will perturb these surface reservoirs, potentially exacerbating ongoing changes to the climate system. Uncertainties specifically persist in extrapolating point-source observations to ecosystem-scale budgets and fluxes, which require consideration of vertical and lateral processes on multiple temporal and spatial scales. To explore controls on organic carbon (OC) turnover at the river basin scale, we present radiocarbon (14C) ages on two groups of molecular tracers of plant-derived carbon—leaf-wax lipids and lignin phenols—from a globally distributed suite of rivers. We find significant negative relationships between the 14C age of these biomarkers and mean annual temperature and precipitation. Moreover, riverine biospheric-carbon ages scale proportionally with basin-wide soil carbon turnover times and soil 14C ages, implicating OC cycling within soils as a primary control on exported biomarker ages and revealing a broad distribution of soil OC reactivities. The ubiquitous occurrence of a long-lived soil OC pool suggests soil OC is globally vulnerable to perturbations by future temperature and precipitation increase. Scaling of riverine biospheric-carbon ages with soil OC turnover shows the former can constrain the sensitivity of carbon dynamics to environmental controls on broad spatial scales. Extracting this information from fluvially dominated sedimentary sequences may inform past variations in soil OC turnover in response to anthropogenic and/or climate perturbations. In turn, monitoring riverine OC composition may help detect future climate-change–induced perturbations of soil OC turnover and stocks.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by grants from the US NSF (OCE-0928582 to T.I.E. and V.V.G.; OCE-0851015 to B.P.-E., T.I.E., and V.V.G.; and EAR-1226818 to B.P.-E.), Swiss National Science Foundation (200021_140850, 200020_163162, and 200020_184865 to T.I.E.), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41520104009 to M.Z.).
    Schlagwort(e): Radiocarbon ; Plant biomarkers ; Carbon turnover times ; Fluvial carbon ; Carbon cycle
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  • 27
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    Human arrival and landscape dynamics in the northern Bahamas (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Fall, P. L., van Hengstum, P. J., Lavold-Foote, L., Donnelly, J. P., Albury, N. A., & Tamalavage, A. E. Human arrival and landscape dynamics in the northern Bahamas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(10), (2021): e2015764118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015764118.
    Beschreibung: The first Caribbean settlers were Amerindians from South America. Great Abaco and Grand Bahama, the final islands colonized in the northernmost Bahamas, were inhabited by the Lucayans when Europeans arrived. The timing of Lucayan arrival in the northern Bahamas has been uncertain because direct archaeological evidence is limited. We document Lucayan arrival on Great Abaco Island through a detailed record of vegetation, fire, and landscape dynamics based on proxy data from Blackwood Sinkhole. From about 3,000 to 1,000 y ago, forests dominated by hardwoods and palms were resilient to the effects of hurricanes and cooling sea surface temperatures. The arrival of Lucayans by about 830 CE (2σ range: 720 to 920 CE) is demarcated by increased burning and followed by landscape disturbance and a time-transgressive shift from hardwoods and palms to the modern pine forest. Considering that Lucayan settlements in the southern Bahamian archipelago are dated to about 750 CE (2σ range: 600 to 900 CE), these results demonstrate that Lucayans spread rapidly through the archipelago in less than 100 y. Although precontact landscapes would have been influenced by storms and climatic trends, the most pronounced changes follow more directly from landscape burning and ecosystem shifts after Lucayan arrival. The pine forests of Abaco declined substantially between 1500 and 1670 CE, a period of increased regional hurricane activity, coupled with fires on an already human-impacted landscape. Any future intensification of hurricane activity in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean threatens the sustainability of modern pine forests in the northern Bahamas.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by NSF Awards GSS-1118340 (P.L.F.), OCE-1356509 (P.J.v.H.), OCE-1703087 (P.J.v.H.), and OCE-1356708 (J.P.D.).
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropogenic burning ; Lucayan ; Caribbean ; Pollen ; Vegetation change
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  • 28
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    Identification of chondritic krypton and xenon in Yellowstone gases and the timing of terrestrial volatile accretion (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), [year]. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Broadley, M. W., Barry, P. H., Bekaert, D. V., Byrne, D. J., Caracausi, A., Ballentine, C. J., & Marty, B. Identification of chondritic krypton and xenon in Yellowstone gases and the timing of terrestrial volatile accretion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117 (25), (2020): 13997-14004, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2003907117.
    Beschreibung: Identifying the origin of noble gases in Earth’s mantle can provide crucial constraints on the source and timing of volatile (C, N, H2O, noble gases, etc.) delivery to Earth. It remains unclear whether the early Earth was able to directly capture and retain volatiles throughout accretion or whether it accreted anhydrously and subsequently acquired volatiles through later additions of chondritic material. Here, we report high-precision noble gas isotopic data from volcanic gases emanating from, in and around, the Yellowstone caldera (Wyoming, United States). We show that the He and Ne isotopic and elemental signatures of the Yellowstone gas requires an input from an undegassed mantle plume. Coupled with the distinct ratio of 129Xe to primordial Xe isotopes in Yellowstone compared with mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) samples, this confirms that the deep plume and shallow MORB mantles have remained distinct from one another for the majority of Earth’s history. Krypton and xenon isotopes in the Yellowstone mantle plume are found to be chondritic in origin, similar to the MORB source mantle. This is in contrast with the origin of neon in the mantle, which exhibits an isotopic dichotomy between solar plume and chondritic MORB mantle sources. The co-occurrence of solar and chondritic noble gases in the deep mantle is thought to reflect the heterogeneous nature of Earth’s volatile accretion during the lifetime of the protosolar nebula. It notably implies that the Earth was able to retain its chondritic volatiles since its earliest stages of accretion, and not only through late additions.
    Beschreibung: Samples were collected as part of Study YELL-08056: Xenon Anomalies in the Yellowstone Hotspot. We thank Annie Carlson and all of the rangers at the Yellowstone National Park for providing invaluable advice and help when collecting the samples. M.W.B., D.V.B., D.J.B., and B.M. were supported by the European Research Council (PHOTONIS Project Grant 695618). This work was partially supported by Grants G-2016-7206 and G-2017-9696 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Deep Carbon Observatory (to P.H.B.) and UK National Environment Research Council Deep Volatile Grant NE/M000427/1 (to C.J.B.). We also thank Laurent Zimmerman for providing help with the analysis. Finally, we thank the editor for efficient handling of our manuscript and the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. This is CRPG contribution 2998.
    Schlagwort(e): Origin of Earth’s volatiles ; Accretion ; Mantle plume ; Noble gases ; Yellowstone
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  • 29
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    Dark biological superoxide production as a significant flux and sink of marine dissolved oxygen (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sutherland, K. M., Wankel, S. D., & Hansel, C. M. Dark biological superoxide production as a significant flux and sink of marine dissolved oxygen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(7), (2020): 3433-3439, doi:10.1073/pnas.1912313117.
    Beschreibung: The balance between sources and sinks of molecular oxygen in the oceans has greatly impacted the composition of Earth’s atmosphere since the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, thereby exerting key influence on Earth’s climate and the redox state of (sub)surface Earth. The canonical source and sink terms of the marine oxygen budget include photosynthesis, respiration, photorespiration, the Mehler reaction, and other smaller terms. However, recent advances in understanding cryptic oxygen cycling, namely the ubiquitous one-electron reduction of O2 to superoxide by microorganisms outside the cell, remains unexplored as a potential player in global oxygen dynamics. Here we show that dark extracellular superoxide production by marine microbes represents a previously unconsidered global oxygen flux and sink comparable in magnitude to other key terms. We estimate that extracellular superoxide production represents a gross oxygen sink comprising about a third of marine gross oxygen production, and a net oxygen sink amounting to 15 to 50% of that. We further demonstrate that this total marine dark extracellular superoxide flux is consistent with concentrations of superoxide in marine environments. These findings underscore prolific marine sources of reactive oxygen species and a complex and dynamic oxygen cycle in which oxygen consumption and corresponding carbon oxidation are not necessarily confined to cell membranes or exclusively related to respiration. This revised model of the marine oxygen cycle will ultimately allow for greater reconciliation among estimates of primary production and respiration and a greater mechanistic understanding of redox cycling in the ocean.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship NNX15AR62H to K.M.S., NASA Exobiology grant NNX15AM04G to S.D.W. and C.M.H., and NSF Division of Ocean Sciences grant 1355720 to C.M.H. This research was further supported in part by Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute of Advanced Study fellowships to C.M.H. and S.D.W. We thank Danielle Hicks for assistance with figures and Community Earth Systems Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project for the availability and use of its data product. The CESM project is primarily supported by the NSF.
    Schlagwort(e): Microbial superoxide ; Reactive oxygen species ; Marine dissolved oxygen
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  • 30
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    Thermodynamic feasibility of shipboard conversion of marine plastics to blue diesel for self-powered ocean cleanup (2021)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Belden, E. R., Kazantzis, N. K., Reddy, C. M., Kite-Powell, H., Timko, M. T., Italiani, E., & Herschbach, D. R. Thermodynamic feasibility of shipboard conversion of marine plastics to blue diesel for self-powered ocean cleanup. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(46),(2021): e2107250118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107250118.
    Beschreibung: Collecting and removing ocean plastics can mitigate their environmental impacts; however, ocean cleanup will be a complex and energy-intensive operation that has not been fully evaluated. This work examines the thermodynamic feasibility and subsequent implications of hydrothermally converting this waste into a fuel to enable self-powered cleanup. A comprehensive probabilistic exergy analysis demonstrates that hydrothermal liquefaction has potential to generate sufficient energy to power both the process and the ship performing the cleanup. Self-powered cleanup reduces the number of roundtrips to port of a waste-laden ship, eliminating the need for fossil fuel use for most plastic concentrations. Several cleanup scenarios are modeled for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP), corresponding to 230 t to 11,500 t of plastic removed yearly; the range corresponds to uncertainty in the surface concentration of plastics in the GPGP. Estimated cleanup times depends mainly on the number of booms that can be deployed in the GPGP without sacrificing collection efficiency. Self-powered cleanup may be a viable approach for removal of plastics from the ocean, and gaps in our understanding of GPGP characteristics should be addressed to reduce uncertainty.
    Beschreibung: The US NSF supported this work as part of its 2026 Idea Machine initiative (Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems, EArly-concept Grants for Exploratory Research Award #2032621). E.R.B.’s contribution was funded, in part, by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. 2038257.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean plastic ; Hydrothermal liquefaction ; Exergy analysis ; Monte Carlo simulation
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  • 31
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    High (3)He/(4)He in central Panama reveals a distal connection to the Galápagos plume (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bekaert, D. V., Gazel, E., Turner, S., Behn, M. D., de Moor, J. M., Zahirovic, S., Manea, V. C., Hoernle, K., Fischer, T. P., Hammerstrom, A., Seltzer, A. M., Kulongoski, J. T., Patel, B. S., Schrenk, M. O., Halldórsson, S. A., Nakagawa, M., Ramírez, C. J., Krantz, J. A., Yücel, M., Ballentine, C. J., Giovannelli, D., Lloyd, K. G., Barry, P. H. High (3)He/(4)He in central Panama reveals a distal connection to the Galápagos plume. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(47), (2021): e2110997118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110997118.
    Beschreibung: It is well established that mantle plumes are the main conduits for upwelling geochemically enriched material from Earth's deep interior. The fashion and extent to which lateral flow processes at shallow depths may disperse enriched mantle material far (〉1,000 km) from vertical plume conduits, however, remain poorly constrained. Here, we report He and C isotope data from 65 hydrothermal fluids from the southern Central America Margin (CAM) which reveal strikingly high 3He/4He (up to 8.9RA) in low-temperature (≤50 °C) geothermal springs of central Panama that are not associated with active volcanism. Following radiogenic correction, these data imply a mantle source 3He/4He 〉10.3RA (and potentially up to 26RA, similar to Galápagos hotspot lavas) markedly greater than the upper mantle range (8 ± 1RA). Lava geochemistry (Pb isotopes, Nb/U, and Ce/Pb) and geophysical constraints show that high 3He/4He values in central Panama are likely derived from the infiltration of a Galápagos plume–like mantle through a slab window that opened ∼8 Mya. Two potential transport mechanisms can explain the connection between the Galápagos plume and the slab window: 1) sublithospheric transport of Galápagos plume material channeled by lithosphere thinning along the Panama Fracture Zone or 2) active upwelling of Galápagos plume material blown by a “mantle wind” toward the CAM. We present a model of global mantle flow that supports the second mechanism, whereby most of the eastward transport of Galápagos plume material occurs in the shallow asthenosphere. These findings underscore the potential for lateral mantle flow to transport mantle geochemical heterogeneities thousands of kilometers away from plume conduits.
    Beschreibung: This work was principally supported by Grant G-2016-7206 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Deep Carbon Observatory to P.H.B. We also acknowledge the NSF awards (1144559, 1923915, and 2015789) to P.H.B., which partially supported this work. S.Z. was supported by the Australian Research Council Grant DE210100084 and a University of Sydney Robinson Fellowship. D.G. was partially supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Grant Agreement No. 948972—COEVOLVE—ERC-2020-STG. This study was also supported in part by NSF award No. EAR 1826673 to E.G. Folkmar Hauff is acknowledged for contributing to the analysis of the La Providencia samples at GEOMAR.
    Schlagwort(e): Helium ; Mantle plume ; Slab window ; Mantle flow ; Geochemistry
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  • 32
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    The evolution of synaptic and cognitive capacity: insights from the nervous system transcriptome of Aplysia (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-11-10
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Orvis, J., Albertin, C., Shrestha, P., Chen, S., Zheng, M., Rodriguez, C., Tallon, L., Mahurkar, A., Zimin, A., Kim, M., Liu, K., Kandel, E., Fraser, C., Sossin, W., & Abrams, T. The evolution of synaptic and cognitive capacity: insights from the nervous system transcriptome of Aplysia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(28), (2022): e2122301119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122301119.
    Beschreibung: The gastropod mollusk Aplysia is an important model for cellular and molecular neurobiological studies, particularly for investigations of molecular mechanisms of learning and memory. We developed an optimized assembly pipeline to generate an improved Aplysia nervous system transcriptome. This improved transcriptome enabled us to explore the evolution of cognitive capacity at the molecular level. Were there evolutionary expansions of neuronal genes between this relatively simple gastropod Aplysia (20,000 neurons) and Octopus (500 million neurons), the invertebrate with the most elaborate neuronal circuitry and greatest behavioral complexity? Are the tremendous advances in cognitive power in vertebrates explained by expansion of the synaptic proteome that resulted from multiple rounds of whole genome duplication in this clade? Overall, the complement of genes linked to neuronal function is similar between Octopus and Aplysia. As expected, a number of synaptic scaffold proteins have more isoforms in humans than in Aplysia or Octopus. However, several scaffold families present in mollusks and other protostomes are absent in vertebrates, including the Fifes, Lev10s, SOLs, and a NETO family. Thus, whereas vertebrates have more scaffold isoforms from select families, invertebrates have additional scaffold protein families not found in vertebrates. This analysis provides insights into the evolution of the synaptic proteome. Both synaptic proteins and synaptic plasticity evolved gradually, yet the last deuterostome-protostome common ancestor already possessed an elaborate suite of genes associated with synaptic function, and critical for synaptic plasticity.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by NSF EAGER Award IOS-1255695 and NIH grant R01 MH 55880 grant to T.W.A.; by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant and Canadian Institutes of Health Research project grant 340328 to W.S.; by funding from the HHMI to E.R.K.; and by a Hibbitt Early Career Fellowship to C.A. W.S. is James McGill Professor at McGill University.
    Schlagwort(e): Neural plasticity ; Synaptic plasticity ; Evolution ; Neuromodulation ; Aplysia
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  • 33
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    Discovery of active off-axis hydrothermal vents at 9° 54’N East Pacific Rise (2022)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-11-10
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in McDermott, J. M., Parnell-Turner, R., Barreyre, T., Herrera, S., Downing, C. C., Pittoors, N. C., Pehr, K., Vohsen, S. A., Dowd, W. S., Wu, J.-N., Marjanović, M., & Fornari, D. J. Discovery of active off-axis hydrothermal vents at 9° 54’N East Pacific Rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(30), (2022): e2205602119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205602119.
    Beschreibung: Comprehensive knowledge of the distribution of active hydrothermal vent fields along midocean ridges is essential to understanding global chemical and heat fluxes and endemic faunal distributions. However, current knowledge is biased by a historical preference for on-axis surveys. A scarcity of high-resolution bathymetric surveys in off-axis regions limits vent identification, which implies that the number of vents may be underestimated. Here, we present the discovery of an active, high-temperature, off-axis hydrothermal field on a fast-spreading ridge. The vent field is located 750 m east of the East Pacific Rise axis and ∼7 km north of on-axis vents at 9° 50′N, which are situated in a 50- to 100-m-wide trough. This site is currently the largest vent field known on the East Pacific Rise between 9 and 10° N. Its proximity to a normal fault suggests that hydrothermal fluid pathways are tectonically controlled. Geochemical evidence reveals deep fluid circulation to depths only 160 m above the axial magma lens. Relative to on-axis vents at 9° 50′N, these off-axis fluids attain higher temperatures and pressures. This tectonically controlled vent field may therefore exhibit greater stability in fluid composition, in contrast to more dynamic, dike-controlled, on-axis vents. The location of this site indicates that high-temperature convective circulation cells extend to greater distances off axis than previously realized. Thorough high-resolution mapping is necessary to understand the distribution, frequency, and physical controls on active off-axis vent fields so that their contribution to global heat and chemical fluxes and role in metacommunity dynamics can be determined.
    Beschreibung: Financial support was provided by the NSF Awards OCE-1949938 (to J.M.M.), OCE-1948936 (to R.P.-T.), and OCE-1949485 (to D.J.F. and T.B.).
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrothermal activity ; Midocean ridge ; Ocean chemistry ; Chemosynthetic ecosystem ; East Pacific Rise
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  • 34
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    Infrared Spectroscopic Observations of the Outer Planets, their Satellites, and the Asteroids (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 43-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.000355
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    Formation of the Terrestrial Planets (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 77-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.000453
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    Stellar Masses (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 115-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.000555
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    Stellar Chromospheres (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 439-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002255
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    The Structure of Extended Extragalactic Radio Sources (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 165-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.001121
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    Microwave Background Radiation as a Probe of the Contemporary Structure and History of the Universe (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 537-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002541
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    Abundances in Stellar Populations and the Interstellar Medium in Galaxies (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 19 (1981), S. 77-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.19.090181.000453
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    The Chemical Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of Globular Clusters (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 19 (1981), S. 319-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.19.090181.001535
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    The Evolution of Galaxies in Clusters (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 185-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.001153
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    Sagittarius a and its Environment (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 223-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.001255
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    Coronal Mass Ejections (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 267-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.001411
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    Astronomical Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Revisited (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 291-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.001451
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  • 46
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    Extragalactic Radio Jets (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 319-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.001535
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    Digitale Medien
    High-Energy Neutral Radiations from the Sun (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 359-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002043
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  • 48
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    Origin and History of the Outer Planets: Theoretical Models and Observational Constraints (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 389-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002133
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    The Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 425-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002233
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    The Influence of Environment on the HI Content of Galaxies (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 445-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002305
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    Black Hole Models for Active Galactic Nuclei (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 471-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002351
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    Observations of SS 433 (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 507-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002451
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    Digitale Medien
    Neutron Stars in Interacting Binary Systems (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 537-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002541
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    Helioseismology: Oscillations as a Diagnostic of the Solar Interior (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (1984), S. 593-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.003113
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  • 55
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    Water Transport in Soils (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 77-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.000453
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  • 56
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    Digitale Medien
    Transonic Flow Past Oscillating Airfoils (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 181-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001145
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    Scientific Progress on Fire (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001255
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    Toward a Statistical Theory of Suspension (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 237-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001321
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    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Coastal Circulation and Wind-Induced Currents (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 271-301 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001415
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    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Models of Wind-Driven Currents on the Continental Shelf (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 389-433 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.002133
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stokeslets and Eddies in Creeping Flow (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 335-363 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.002003
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Continuous Drawing of Liquids to Form Fibers (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 365-387 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Particle Motions in a Viscous Fluid (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 435-476 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.002251
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    My Early Aerodynamic Research Thoughts and Memories (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 1-8 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
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    Digitale Medien
    Existence Theorems for the Equations of Motion of a Compressible Viscous Fluid (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 79-95 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Meniscus Stability (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 189-216 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Field-Flow Fractionation (Polarization Chromatography) (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 351-378 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.002031
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Frazil Ice in Rivers and Oceans (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 379-397 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.002115
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Vilhelm Bjerknes and his Students (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 1-12 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sediment Ripples and Dunes (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 13-37 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.000305
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Topology of Three-Dimensional Separated Flows (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 61-85 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.000425
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dynamics of Lakes, Reservoirs, and Cooling Ponds (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 153-187 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001101
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Turbulent Jets and Plumes (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 189-212 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001201
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Computation of Transonic Potential Flows (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 261-283 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001401
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  • 75
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    Digitale Medien
    The Fluid Dynamics of Heart Valves: Experimental, Theoretical, and Computational Methods (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 235-259 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001315
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dynamics of Oil Ganglia During Immiscible Displacement in Water-Wet Porous Media (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 365-393 
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    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.002053
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Deformation of Small Viscous Drops and Bubbles in Shear Flows (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 45-66 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000401
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Wave Action and Wave-Mean Flow Interaction, with Application to Stratified Shear Flows (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 11-44 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000303
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flows (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 99-137 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000531
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Computer-Extended Series (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 287-309 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001443
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dynamic Parameters of Gaseous Detonations (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 311-336 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001523
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Perturbed Free Shear Layers (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 365-422 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.002053
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biochemistry of the Gene Products from Murine MHC Mutants (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 241-277 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.001325
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    T.M. Sonneborn: An Interpretation (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 15 (1981), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.000245
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromosome-Mediated Gene Transfer in Mammalian Cells (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 321-345 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.001541
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integration and Excision of Bacteriophage lamba: The Mechanism of Conservative Site Specific Recombination (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 15 (1981), S. 143-167 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.001043
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Gene Transfer in Amphibian Eggs and Oocytes (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 15 (1981), S. 189-218 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.001201
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Drosophila Genome Organization: Conserved and Dynamic Aspects (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 15 (1981), S. 219-264 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.001251
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reflections on Phage Genetics (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 15 (1981), S. 405-418 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.002201
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transposable Elements in Prokaryotes (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 15 (1981), S. 341-404 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.002013
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Shifting Balance Theory and Macroevolution (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 1-20 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Simian Virus 40 as a Eukaryotic Cloning Vehicle (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 15 (1981), S. 295-340 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.001455
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Developmental Genetics of Maize (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 85-112 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.000505
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetic Control of Nitrogen Assimilation in Bacteria (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 135-168 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.001031
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Molecular Genetics of Yeast Mating Type (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 439-500 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.002255
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Homologous Pairing and Strand Exchange in Genetic Recombination (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 405-437 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.002201
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    T-DNA of the Agrobacterium TI and RI Plasmids (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 357-384 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.002041
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Max DelbrUumlck (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 501-505 
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    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.002441
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  • 99
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    Digitale Medien
    Recent Developments in the Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases and Birth Defects (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 17 (1983), S. 49-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.000405
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Maize (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 17 (1983), S. 27-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.000331
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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