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  • Articles  (62)
  • groundwater  (62)
  • Springer  (62)
  • Geosciences  (50)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (15)
  • 1
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 1 (1987), S. 263-279 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Porous media ; heterogeneity ; groundwater ; dispersion ; stochastic theory ; plume evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The migration of contaminants in heterogeneous aquifers involves dispersive processes that act at different scales. The interaction of these processes as a plume evolves can be studied by micro-scale modelling whereby two scales, a local- or micro-scale and an aquifer- or macro-scale, are covered simultaneously. Local-scale dispersive processes are represented through the local dispersion coefficient in the transport equation, while large-scale dispersion due to heterogeneities is represented through the resolution of the flow field and the diffusive exchange between streamtubes. The micro-scale model provides both the high degree of resolution compatible with local-scale processes, and the extent required for the approach to asymptotic conditions, using grids of up to a million nodal points. The model is based on the dual potential-streamfunction formulation for flow, and the transport problem is formulated in a natural coordinate system provided by the flownet. Simulations can be used to verify stochastic theories of dispersion, without the restrictive assumptions inherent in the theory. For the two-dimensional case, results indicate convergence of the effective dispersivity to the theoretical macrodispersivity value. Convergence takes place within a travel distance of about 50 correlation lengths of the hydraulic conductivity field. However, the approach taken to asymptotic conditions, as well as the macrodispersivity value, may differ for different realizations of the same medium. The influence of early-time events such as plume splitting on the asymptotic convergence remains to be investigated.
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  • 2
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 85-99 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Hydraulic diffusivity ; groundwater ; spectral analysis ; stochastic boundaries.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: This study uses the cyclical frequency to develop the mathematical relationship between hydraulic diffusivity and spectral density functions calculated from groundwater level variation. Such relationship can be applied to (1) unsteady state, one-dimensional confined aquifer with time-dependent water level on both end boundaries, and (2) linearized unconfined aquifer with or without vertical recharge. The spectral density functions of groundwater fluctuations are largely affected by the spectral density functions obtained from time-dependent end boundaries and their cross-spectral density functions. Hydraulic diffusivity of an aquifer can be solved by type-curve matching technique at a specified frequency band under the conditions of (1) confined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends, (2) unconfined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends with surface recharge, and (3) unconfined aquifer subjected to surface recharge but neglecting the water table fluctuations on both end boundaries.
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  • 3
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    Surveys in geophysics 15 (1994), S. 331-361 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: groundwater ; geophysics ; DC resistivity ; electromagnetics ; nuclear magnetic resonance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The integrated approach to solving complicated geological, hydrological and environmental problems is now widely used in geophysics. Among all the geophysical methods, electrical and electromagnetic techniques are the most popular in groundwater exploration due to the close relationship between electrical conductivity and some hydrogeological properties of the aquifer (e.g. porosity, clay content, mineralization of the groundwater and degree of water saturation). Case histories presented here show that by proper combination of different techniques such as conventional direct current (DC) resistivity as well as the more advanced electromagnetic (EM) methods and the most recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tomography, the reliability of interpretation as compared to that typical for the individual methods can be significantly improved.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 126 (1988), S. 267-278 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake prediction ; radon ; groundwater ; geochemical precursor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Detection of precursory phenomena in observation data is essential to earthquake prediction studies. Continuous monitoring of radon concentration in groundwater in Japan in one case showed a short-term anomaly related to a nearby earthquake. With the exception of the 1978 Izu-Oshimakinkai earthquake (M7.0), however, no abnormal change has been noted. This may be due partially to difficulty in detecting insignificant precursory signals from observation data, which ordinarily contains a noise-induced fluctuations, and partially to lack of understanding of the mechanism controlling the appearance of precursory phenomena. In order to increase our knowledge of the variation pattern of precursory changes in radon concentration of groundwater, hydrologic precursors with significant features are examined in this paper. Complexity of appearance of precursory phenomena and problems in assignment of the specific earthquake are discussed.
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  • 5
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    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Sinkhole ; Desert ; groundwater ; urbanization ; Kuwait Desert ; Land subsidence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sinkhole development is unlikely in desert areas with very low precipitation. However, a few cases of land subsidence and sinkhole development took place within the suburbs of Kuwait City. A few sinkholes developed in a sudden and rapid way, leading to great economic losses. In this paper the mechanism and causes of such a land subsidence are described. Decline in groundwater level and downward infiltration of excess irrigation are suggested to be the main factors in the development of the land subsidence in Kuwait. Urbanization and excessive garden irrigation are most probably the triggers of the sudden and rapid land subsidence.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords contamination ; groundwater ; lindane ; waste disposal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A serious problem in Spain is presented, where the water and soil were contaminated by lindane produced by the chemical industry, at a time when environmental legislation was limited, and the hydrogeological characterization of the low permeability materials was insufficient. The waste-disposal sites where the lindane accumulated lacked suitable sealing and also had notable filtration. The non-existence of a safe waste-disposal site, and the economic and social problems of transporting lindane residues forced the alternative proposal of confining these residues in situ (Government of Aragón, 1995, 1996). Once the surface sealing was carried out, the problem centred on the site's underground confinement. The purpose of this publication is to present the particular hydrogeological behaviour of materials, which were initially considered impermeable because of the presence of very consolidated sandstone beddings and the vertical disposition of the strata, and so allowed the lindane to escape through the groundwater. In addition, this publication describes the procedures carried out in order to achieve effective underground confinement at the waste-disposal site.
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  • 7
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    Environmental geology 24 (1994), S. 150-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Pb ; groundwater ; particles ; Fe oxyhydroxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Pb was detected on groundwater particles larger than 0.45μm. Pb concentration (micrograms per liter) showed positive correlations with particle concentration (milligrams per liter) at five sampled wells, although the slopes of the best-fit lines were different. X-ray fluorescence scans suggested that the particles primarily consist of K-Al silicate minerals, and that Pb is absorbed onto Fe oxyhydroxide coatings on Mg-rich silicates. Particle compositions varied at wells, but remained consistent at each well through the sampling period of a month. The particulate nature of Pb in groundwater could cause the spatial and temporal variations due to: (1) the unique composition of particles at wells, (2) the irregular pathways for groundwater particles, (3) the unpredictable amount of Pb-carrying particles entering the groundwater system during recharge events, and (4) the irregular sampling of groundwater particles subsequently dispersed along the advective flow path.
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  • 8
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    Aquatic geochemistry 4 (1998), S. 253-272 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: Inorganic tracers ; dilution factor ; leachate attenuation ; redox zones ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater downgradient from Trandum municipallandfill was investigated in summer 1996, with a viewto assessing the distribution of redox-sensitivespecies. The water table at Trandum is 10–26 metersbelow the surface. Monitoring well filters have beeninstalled at depths of up to 15 m below water table,covering an area of 400 m by 200 m. Groundwaterinfluenced by the landfill seems to be confined tothis area. Pristine groundwater has a chemicalsignature indicative of calcite and pyrite weathering.Groundwater influenced by leachate from the landfillexhibits an excess of alkalinity relative to calcium,which is likely to be derived from degradation oforganic matter in the landfill. Groundwaterimmediately below and downstream of the landfillcontains elevated concentrations of Fe and Mn, largelymobilized under reducing conditions from the aquifermatrix and reflected in depleted HNO3-extractable Feand Mn in sediment samples from the same area.Groundwater samples allow the tentative identificationof redox zones based on oxidized and reduced forms ofFe, Mn, N and S. A methanogenic zone is notobserved.
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  • 9
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    Aquatic geochemistry 2 (1996), S. 345-358 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: bentonite ; groundwater ; uranium ; neptunium ; PHREEQE ; speciation ; geochemical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract According to the present concept for final storage of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden, the spent fuel, encapsulated in copper or copper/steel canisters, will be placed in tunnels in a deep rock formation. The canisters will be surrounded by compacted bentonite clay acting as a buffer material. In connection with a safety analysis of such a storage facility, the total solubility of certain elements (e.g., uranium) as well as the transport properties (e.g., retardation due to sorption on mineral surfaces) of the long-lived radionuclides released from the canister have to be predicted or measured. The chemical conditions, governing the solubility and speciation of trace elements encountered in and around the repository depend on interactions between the ground water and the engineering materials in the repository and a production of oxidants due to radiolysis in the spent fuel. In the present study the speciation and solubility of uranium and neptunium in a bentonite-ground water system and in ground waters with compositions measured at a site at äspö, SE Sweden, have been calculated. The calculations have been carried out using a recent version of the geochemical computer code PHREEQE and the database HATCHES 5.0. Predictions of the uranium and neptunium concentrations in the ground water in the vicinity of a damaged high level waste repository have also been performed. The uranium concentration in the water in the bentonite barrier is predicted to be of the same order of magnitude or lower than that found in some granitic ground waters. For neptunium the calculations are uncertain due to the small amount of experimentally determined thermodynamic data and few verifications under the conditions (pH - Eh - carbonate concentration) considered. The predicted concentrations (ca 10−12 m, corresponds to ca 0.006 Bq/l) may be regarded as high, considering the high toxicity of neptunium and its long half-life.
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  • 10
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    Computational geosciences 1 (1997), S. 317-331 
    ISSN: 1573-1499
    Keywords: well ; hydraulic parameters ; groundwater ; drawdown ; inflow into the well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A general model for time‐dependent saturated–unsaturated waterflow caused by a single well with a given radius is presented. The storage capacity of the well tube is taken into account. The inflow into the well (with drainage) is modeled using the Signorini boundary condition. The nonconforming mixed finite element method on a multilevel adaptive grid is used for the solution of the radial symmetric, time dependent problem. Finally, van Genuchten parameters of an aquifer are determined from field measurements by inverse computations.
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  • 11
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    Computational geosciences 2 (1998), S. 125-149 
    ISSN: 1573-1499
    Keywords: brine transport ; Von Mises transformation ; similarity transformation ; groundwater ; 35K65 ; 58G11 ; 76S05
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we use a Von Mises transformation to study brine transport in porous media. The model involves mass balance equations for fluid and salt, Darcy's law and an equation of state, relating the salt mass fraction to the fluid density. Application of the Von Mises transformation recasts the model equations into a single nonlinear diffusion equation. A further reduction is possible if the problem admits similarity. This yields a formulation in terms of a boundary value problem for an ordinary differential equation which can be treated by semi‐analytical means. Three specific similarity problems are considered in detail: (i) one‐dimensional, stable displacement of fresh water and brine in a porous column, (ii) flow of fresh water along the surface of a salt rock, (iii) mixing of parallel layers of brine and fresh water.
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  • 12
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    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 449-463 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: autorun function ; groundwater ; porosity ; random field ; simulation ; specific surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Fundamentals of autorun analysis have been given to describe porous media geometry, including sedimantary rocks. The mathematical abstraction of porous media has been presented on the basis of random fields. Classical parameters of porous media, such as porosity and specific surface, have been expressed in terms of autorun function. Finally, a stochastic model has been proposed for the underlying generating mechanism of the porous medium. This model is capable of producing synthetic porous medium and, on the average, porosity as well as the specific surface. The first autorun coefficient is asymptotically equal to the porosity of the medium concerned. It also has been observed that the porosity together with the autorun function are sufficient to produce the specific surface value of the medium.
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  • 13
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    Mathematical geology 16 (1984), S. 19-35 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: groundwater ; geostatistics ; cokriging ; kriging ; transmissivity ; specific capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new application of the cokriging technique for constructing maps of aquifer transmissivity from field measurements of transmissivity and specific capacity. The technique is illustrated using data from Yolo Basin, California. Cokriging is well-suited for estimating undersampled variables. To improve the accuracy of the estimation, cokriging considers the spatial auto-correlation of the variable to be estimated and the spatial cross-correlation between the variable to be estimated and other, better-sampled variables. Consequently, in regions that lack data of the variable to be estimated, accurate estimation can still be made on the basis of auto- and cross-correlation. In addition, estimation variances can be obtained with a little additional computation effort.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: kriging ; cokriging ; hydrology ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A geostatistically based approach is developed for the identification of aquifer transmissivities in Yolo Basin, California. The approach combines weighted least-squares with universal kriging and cokriging techniques in an overall scheme that (1)considers a prioriknown information on aquifer transmissivity and specific capacities of wells, (2)considers uncertainties in water level and transmissivity data, and (3)estimates the reliability of the generated transmissivity values. Minimization of a global least-squares function that incorporates calibration and plausibility criteria leads to a transmissivity map that shows a good agreement with pumping-test results.
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  • 15
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    Natural resources research 9 (2000), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1573-8981
    Keywords: Geographic area ; depth of well ; age of well ; groundwater ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate-N) in groundwater is a potential problem in many parts of Kansas.From 1990 to 1998, 747 water samples were collected from domestic, irrigation, monitoring,and public water supply wells primarily from the western two-thirds of the state, and analyzedfor nitrate-N by the Kansas Geological Survey. Nitrate-N concentrations of the 747 samplesanalyzed range from 29% with less than or equal to 3 mg/L, 51% between 3 and 10 mg/L,and 20% greater than or equal to 10 mg/L. Factors that show a statistically significantrelationship with the occurrence of nitrate-N in Kansas groundwater in this assessment includegeographic area of the state, depth of well, and age of well. Nitrate-N levels of wells screenedin the High Plains aquifer in south-central Kansas showed a statistically higher concentrationthan samples collected from the High Plains aquifer in the western portion of the state.Comparison of nitrate-N with depth of well indicated that shallower wells throughout the stategenerally have higher nitrate-N values than deeper wells. Irrigation wells older than 1975showed statistically higher nitrate-N concentration than wells installed during and since 1975,possibly related to changes in well-construction practices and regulations that occurred in 1975.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-8981
    Keywords: Gravity ; hydrology ; lysimeter ; GRACE ; aquifer ; groundwater ; storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Increased accuracy in measuring temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field allow inprinciple the use of gravity observations to deduce subsurface water-mass changes. This canbe with respect to a small area, or as a larger spatial average of water mass change usinggravity observations from low-altitude satellites, such as the forthcoming GRACE mission.At both scales, there is a need to validate gravity-based estimates against field recordings ofactual subsurface water-mass variations. In practice, this could prove difficult because thespatial integral of all water-storage change components can be subject to considerable fieldmeasurement error. An alternative approach to the validation process is proposed by whichsuitable geological formations are utilized as giant weighing devices to directly measure area-integratedwater-mass changes. The existence of such “natural geological weighing lysimeters”is demonstrated using observations from a replicated experimental site in New Zealand. Sitesof this type could be used to verify water-storage change estimates derived from sensitiveground surface gravity instrumentation. In addition, geological lysimeters could be used tomake local checks on the accuracy of any estimated regional water-mass time series, whichis proposed for satellite calibration. The land area “weighed” by a geological lysimeter increaseswith formation depth and it is speculated that recordings made at oil well depth may allowdirect monitoring of subsurface water mass changes at the regional scale.
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  • 17
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    Water resources management 10 (1996), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: groundwater ; aquifer ; water table ; drainage ; random recharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Variation in the level of the water table is closely linked with recharge. Therefore, any uncertainty associated with the recharge rate is bound to affect the nature of the water-table fluctuation. In this note, a ditch-drainage problem of a sloping aquifer is considered to investigate the effect of uncertainty in the recharge rate on water-table fluctuation. The rate of recharge is taken as an exponentially decaying function with its decay constant as a Gaussian random variable. Expressions for the first two moments of the water-table height, i.e. mean and standard deviation, are presented. By using these expressions, the effect of uncertainty in the recharge rate on the water-table fluctuation has been analyzed with the help of a numerical example.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Argentina ; groundwater ; irrigation ; simulation model ; surface water ; water use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the theoretical approach presented in Part I is demonstrated by means of case studies on the irrigation schemes of Rio Mendoza and Rio Tunuyán in the Province of Mendoza, Argentina. The object of the case studies was the determination of optimal allocation of surface water to reduce the use of groundwater. Current and optimal conjunctive allocation of ground and surface water is studied by means of the developed simulation and optimization models. The second case study was designed on the basis of the experience gathered during the first one: each step of the case studies is compared. The comparison between the two case studies illustrates how to apply the proposed approach when the amount and quality of available data are different. For the more detailed Rio Tunuyán study, we determined the following physical characteristics of all terminal nodes: on-farm rotational intervals, mean water application depth, actual soil water storage capacity, crop water requirements, depth of groundwater table, aquifer transmissivity, and efficiency of groundwater use. The performance of the entire system is sensitive to changes in the water application depth, as it was shown by a simulation study. The application of our optimization approach to the conjunctive use of ground- and surface water showed that the total water requirements over a year can be met by a reassignment of water that reduces the total costs of a great amount.
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  • 19
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    Water resources management 7 (1993), S. 3-37 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Coastal aquifers ; saltwater intrusion ; groundwater ; mathematical models ; analytical and numerical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Flow of freshwater and saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers has drawn the attention of many investigators. Several laboratory, as well as mathematical models have been developed to study the pattern of flow of groundwater in coastal aquifers. Mathematical models have wider range of application and are the concern of this paper. Due to the complex nature of the problem, each of these mathematical models are based on certain simplifying assumptions and approximations. This paper presents a critical review of various methods of solution which have been proposed. The validity of the results abtained and the limitations of these models are also discussed.
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  • 20
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    Transport in porous media 35 (1999), S. 375-394 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; density driven flow ; numerical simulation ; salt dome.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Case 5, Level 1 of the international HYDROCOIN groundwater flow modeling project is an example of idealized flow over a salt dome. The groundwater flow is strongly coupled to solute transport since density variations in this example are large (20%). Several independent teams simulated this problem using different models. Results obtained by different codes can be contradictory. We develop a new numerical model based on the mixed hybrid finite elements approximation for flow, which provides a good approximation of the velocity, and the discontinuous finite elements approximation to solve the advection equation, which gives a good approximation of concentration even when the dispersion tensor is very small. We use the new numerical model to simulate the salt dome flow problem. In this paper we study the effect of molecular diffusion and we compare linear and non‐linear dispersion equations. We show the importance of the discretization of the boundary condition on the extent of recirculation and the final salt distribution. We study also the salt dome flow problem with a more realistic dispersion (very small dispersion tensor). Our results are different to prior works with regard to the magnitude of recirculation and the final concentration distribution. In all cases, we obtain recirculation in the lower part of the domain, even for only dispersive fluxes at the boundary. When the dispersion tensor becomes very small, the magnitude of recirculation is small. Swept forward displacement could be reproduced by using finite difference method to compute the dispersive fluxes instead of mixed hybrid finite elements.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Danube ; environmental impacts ; floodplain ; Gabcikovo ; groundwater ; hydropower ; integrated modelling ; river branch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A unique integrated modelling system has been developed and applied for environmental assessment studies in connection with the Gabcikovo hydropower scheme along the Danube. The modelling system integrates model codes for describing the reservoir (2D flow, eutrophication, sediment transport), the river and river branches (1D flow including effects of hydraulic control structures, water quality, sediment transport), the ground water (3D flow, solute transport, geochemistry), agricultural aspects (crop yield, irrigation, nitrogen leaching) and flood plain conditions (dynamics of inundation pattern, ground water and soil moisture conditions, and water quality). The uniqueness of the established modelling system is the integration between the individual model codes, each of which provides complex descriptions of the various processes. The validation tests have generally been carried out for the individual models, whereas only a few tests on the integrated model were possible. Based on discussion and examples, it is concluded that the results from the integrated model can be assumed less uncertain than outputs from the individual model components. In an example, the impacts of the Gabcikovo scheme on the ecologically unique wetlands created by the river branch system downstream of the new reservoir have been simulated. In this case, the impacts of alternative water management scenarios on ecologically important factors such as flood frequency and duration, depth of flooding, depth to ground water table, capillary rise, flow velocities, sedimentation and water quality in the river system have been explicitly calculated.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: bacterial indicators ; health indicators ; groundwater ; water quality ; Mexico City
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater quality was evaluated in the southern and western zones of Mexico City, using bacterial indicators and pathogens. Water quality from 40 wells was related to rates of diarrheal disease with 995 individuals interviewed. The focus of this first study on environmental health indicators (EHI) was based on population data (e.g., drinking water supplies and basic sanitation) and displayed using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Sixty percent of the wells monitored comply with the Mexican drinking water standards; however, based on other microbial evidence, 95% of the wells did not provide good quality water for human consumption. No significant differences were detected among hydrogeological zones. When analyzing by microbial indicators, the southern area was shown to be statistically different (p 〈 0.01) from the western area of the city. The highest rates of diarrheal diseases were detected in the south; the lowest rates were observed in the west. Although wells in the western side of the city appeared to be more contaminated (54%) than in the south (40%), no significant association with health indicators was detected. These preliminary findings suggest ways to improve the potential of EHI, by framing epidemiological data and the use of GIS.
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  • 23
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    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 219-236 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; gravitational instability ; fingering ; variable density fluids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Density variation of aqueous phase fluids flowing in a porous medium, resulting from spatial and temporal variation of solute concentration, often gives rise to unstable flow, and therefore has a significant effect on solute transport. Studies on simulating unstable flow and mixing of variable density fluids in seemingly homogeneous porous media are rare. In this study, a three-dimensional (3-D) and a one-dimensional (1-D) model were developed to simulate unstable flow and mixing in a vertical, nominally 1-D system. In the 3-D model, the fluid flow and solute transport equations were solved numerically with a very fine spatial discretization. The 1-D numerical model was derived from a theoretical model to simulate the flow and mixing of fluids with variable density and viscosity at the field scale. To evaluate the models, simulated results were compared with experimental data from displacement experiments in a vertical sand column. The results show that the 1-D model provides fairly good prediction of breakthrough curves and that the 3-D model is able to qualitatively simulate breakthrough curves for highly unstable flow and mixing.
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  • 24
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    Water resources management 9 (1995), S. 161-173 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Toposheet ; lineaments ; georesistivity ; geomorphology ; drainage ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract With the help of the information drawn from a survey of India toposheet and by visual interpretation of satellite imagery of bands 2, 3 and 4, different thematic maps such as geomorphology and lineaments, drainage and land use, and land cover were prepared. These thematic maps have been superimposed and finally a groundwater potential zone map delineated on a survey of India toposheet. The whole block has been demarcated into 5 zones. Zones 1 and 2 are considered ideal groundwater potential areas, zone 3 is moderately ideal, and zones 4 and 5 are unfavourable for groundwater exploration. The validity of demarcation of the study area into different zones, as decided by remote sensing technology, has been justified by analysing the georesistivity sounding data of a number of places in this area. The net potential of the study area is estimated by GEC norm. It is observed that only 11.8% of annual utilisable groundwater is now used and there is vast scope of further exploitation of this resource.
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  • 25
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    Transport in porous media 30 (1998), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: fracture ; aperture ; heterogeneity ; non-Newtonian ; power-law fluid ; groundwater ; transmissivity ; nonlinear seepage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transmissivity of a variable aperture fracture for flow of a non-Newtonian, purely viscous power-law fluid with behavior index n is studied. The natural logarithm of the fracture aperture is considered to be a two-dimensional, spatially homogeneous and correlated Gaussian random field. We derive an equivalent fracture aperture for three flow geometries: (1) flow perpendicular to aperture variation; (2) flow parallel to aperture variation; (3) flow in an isotropic aperture field. Under ergodicity, results are obtained for cases 1 and 2 by discretizing the fracture into elements of equal aperture and assuming that the resistances due to each aperture element are, respectively, in parallel and in series; for case 3, the equivalent aperture is derived as the geometric mean of cases 1 and 2. When n=1 all our expressions for the equivalent aperture reduce to those derived in the past for Newtonian flow and lognormal aperture distribution. As log-aperture variance increases, the equivalent aperture is found to increase for case 1, to decrease for case 2, and to be a function of flow behavior index n for case 3.
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    Transport in porous media 30 (1998), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; nonergodic transport ; dispersion ; heterogeneous formations ; hydrogeology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Flow of an inert solute in an heterogeneous aquifer is usually considered as dominated by large-scale advection. As a consequence, the pore-scale dispersion, i.e. the pore scale mechanism acting at scales lower than that characteristic of the heterogeneous field, is usually neglected in the computation of global quantities like the solute plume spatial moments. Here the effect of pore-scale dispersion is taken into account in order to find its influence on the longitudinal asymptotic dispersivity D11we examine both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional flow cases. In the calculations, we consider the finite size of the solute initial plume, i.e. we analyze both the ergodic and the nonergodic cases. With Pe the Péclat number, defined as Pe=Uλ/D, where U, λ, D are the mean fluid velocity, the heterogeneity characteristic length and the pore-scale dispersion coefficient respectively, we show that the infinite Péclat approximation is in most cases quite adequate, at least in the range of Péclat number usually encountered in practice (Pe 〉 102). A noteworthy exception is when the formation log-conductivity field is highly anisotropic. In this case, pore-scale may have a significant impact on D11, especially when the solute plume initial dimensions are not much larger than the heterogeneities' lengthscale. In all cases, D11 appears to be more sensitive to the pore-scale dispersive mechanisms under nonergodic conditions, i.e. for plume initial size less than about 10 log-conductivity integral scales.
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    Transport in porous media 35 (1999), S. 345-373 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; density driven flow ; numerical simulation ; mixed finite elements ; discontinuous finite elements ; Elder problem.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new numerical model for the resolution of density coupled flow and transport in porous media is presented. The model is based on the mixed hybrid finite elements (MHFE) and discontinuous finite elements (DFE) methods. MHFE is used to solve the flow equation and the dispersive part of the transport equation. This method is more accurate in the calculation of velocities and ensures continuity of fluxes from one element to the adjacent one. DFE is used to solve the convective part of the transport equation. Combined with a slope limiting procedure, it avoids numerical instabilities and creates a very limited numerical dispersion, even for high grid Peclet number. Flow and transport equations are coupled by a standard iterative scheme. Residual based criterion is used to stop the iterations. Simulations of an unstable equilibrium show the effects of the criteria used to stop the iterations and the stopping criterion in the solver. The effects are more important for finer grids than for coarser grids. The numerical model is verified by the simulation of standard benchmarks: the Henry and the Elder test cases. A good agreement is found between the revised semi‐analytical Henry solution and the numerical solution. The Elder test case was also studied. The simulations were similar to those presented in previous works but with significantly less unknowns (i.e. coarser grids). These results show the efficiency of the used numerical schemes.
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    Water resources management 13 (1999), S. 443-470 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: freshwater crisis ; groundwater ; hydrogeology ; Japan ; konan basin ; pumping-tests ; safe pumpage ; sustainable water supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Konan groundwater basin of Kochi Prefecture, Japan, is experiencing freshwater shortages for the past few years, particularly during the winter season. The present study aimed at analyzing the problem and exploring increased groundwater withdrawals to meet burgeoning freshwater demands in various sectors. The trend analysis of waterconsumption indicates that the groundwater demandwould increase by 43 and 52% by the years 2010 and2025, respectively, compared to 32 100 m3 d-1 at present.The streamflow of the Monobe River reduces to a minimumin winter and it shows a decreasing trend in recentyears. The geologic investigation results indicatethat unconfined (phreatic) aquifers comprisingalluvial sand and gravel and/or diluvial silty sandand gravel are dominant, and that the northwestern andwestern portions of the basin have greater potentialfor groundwater. Groundwater flows essentially fromnorth to south into the ocean. Groundwater levelfluctuations over the basin vary appreciably in spaceand time, indicating a wide variation of naturalrecharge. Field observations confirm the hypothesisthat stream-aquifer interaction also significantlycontributes to groundwater recharge, besides therainfall infiltration. Further, the pumping testsresults demonstrate that though the aquifers arelow-yielding, enhanced groundwater withdrawals couldbe possible. The aquifer hydraulic conductivity ischaracterized as high and ranges from 65 to 804 m d-1(mean = 229 m d-1), thereby suggesting great aquiferheterogeneity. Finally, it is concluded that thelong-term sustainability of the scarce groundwaterresource of the Konan basin is doubtful, and that acomprehensive analysis of the groundwater system isessential prior to formulating plans for the futuregroundwater development and management.
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    Water resources management 3 (1989), S. 231-239 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Artificial recharge ; well ; successive variation of steady state ; groundwater ; action radius ; finite elements ; dimensionless graphs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The artificial recharge of groundwater aims at the modification of water quality, an increase of groundwater resources, and the optimization of the exploitation and recovery of contaminated aquifers. The purpose of this work is to develop a new mathematical model for the problem of an artificial recharge well, using the method of successive variations of steady states. Applying this method, one arrives at an expression of time as a double integral. This integral contains the time-dependent radius of the recharge boundary and the piezometric head of the well, calculated with the finite-element method. The new model is simple and useful, and can be applied to many practical problems, using the designed dimensionless graphs.
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    Water resources management 8 (1994), S. 245-264 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: groundwater ; hydrogeochemical investigation ; simulation ; urban area ; arid climate groundwater management ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The urban area of Greater Dhahran has an extremely arid climate where the average annual rainfail is less than 71 mm. The Umm Er Radhuma (UER) aquifer in that area is the main source of domestic and landscape irrigation demands. Groudwater use has increased drastically during the last 15 years due to extensive developments in the area. Numerical simulation techiques and hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out to assess the effects of increasing pumping rates on the piezometric surface in the UER aquifer and to predict the future levels and quality of water under different pumping scenarios. A groundwater flow model was developed and calibrated for the area. The increase in the water extraction rate between 1967 and 1990 has resulted in a decline in the piezometric surface by about 4 m in the Dhahran area. The results of simulation investigations indicated that if the present trend of the groundwater withdrawal rate continues, the water level is expected to drop by an additional 2 and by the end of the year 2000, by an additional 6 m by the end of 2010. If the present increasing rate in groundwater withdrawal is reduced by 50%, the additional drawdown will also be reduced to about 1 and 2.5 m by the end of years 2000 and 2010, respectively. The average total dissolved solids (TDS) has increased from 2750 to 3545 mg/l between 1967 and 1990 and will continue to rise to 3922 and 4361 by the end of years 2000 and 2010, respectively. These original findings are important because they postulates the negative impacts of increasing groundwater pumping from an aquifer in an arid urban area on future groundwater levels and quality. Therefore, effective groundwater management and conservation schemes should be adopted to maintain the long-term productivity and quality of aquifers in the area.
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    Biogeochemistry 47 (1999), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ethane ; groundwater ; methane ; propane ; redox ; soil gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the presence and concentration of light hydrocarbon gases in soil vapor located immediately above the capillary fringe of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. A correlation was observed for the linear regression plot of redox potential versus detectable C2+C3 alkane concentrations for a limited number of sampling points. C2+C3 alkanes were not detected at points were redox potentials in groundwater exceeded --260 millivolts. The predominance of methanogenic processes in this redox range, as well as the observed C2+C3 concentration ratios, suggest that ethane and propane gases in soil vapor may be biogenically produced as well as a result of volatilization from NAPL.
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    Biogeochemistry 47 (1999), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ethane ; groundwater ; methane ; propane ; redox ; soil gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the presence and concentration of light hydrocarbon gases in soil vapor located immediately above the capillary fringe of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. A correlation was observed for the linear regression plot of redox potential versus detectable C2+C3 alkane concentrations for a limited number of sampling points. C2+C3 alkanes were not detected at points were redox potentials in groundwater exceeded -260 millivolts. The predominance of methanogenic processes in this redox range, as well as the observed C2+C3 concentration ratios, suggest that ethane and propane gases in soil vapor may be biogenically produced as well as a result of volatilization from NAPL.
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    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: groundwater ; upscaling ; effective hydraulic conductivity ; transmissivity ; stochastic
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    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Regional scale models of groundwater flow and transport often employ domain discretizations with grid blocks larger than typical scales of field data. For heterogeneous formations, this difference in scales is often handled by using effective (upscaled) parameters. We investigate the problem of upscaling hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity from a small scale of measurement to a larger scale of grid blocks. Transmissivity statistics is expressed in terms of statistics of hydraulic conductivity, and expressions for the effective (upscaled) hydraulic conductivity K eff and transmissivity T eff for steady state flow in confined heterogeneous aquifers are derived by means of stochastic averaging and perturbation analysis. These expressions reveal that the commonly used relation T eff = BK eff, where B is the confined aquifer thickness, is not generally valid.
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    Mathematical geology 8 (1976), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: finite-element method ; numerical analysis ; simulation ; geophysics ; groundwater
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    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Deterministic mathematical modeling of complex geologic transport processes may require the use of odd boundary shapes, time dependency, and two or three dimensions. Under these circumstances the governing transport equations must be solved by numerical methods. For a number of transport phenomena a general form of the convective-dispersion equation can be employed. The solution of this equation for complicated problems can be solved readily by the finite-element method. Using quadrilateral isoparametric elements or triangular elements and a computational algorithm based on Galerkin's procedure, solutions to unsteady heat flux from a dike and seawater intrusion in an aquifer have been obtained. These examples illustrate that the finite-element numerical procedure is well suited for solving boundary-value problems resulting from modeling of complex physical phenomena.
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    Mathematical geology 5 (1973), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: classification ; data processing ; information exchange ; general geology ; groundwater ; numerical taxonomy
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    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The definition of objectives and question of interpretation must be considered when setting up data banks. The objective will determine the type of data to be collected. A hierarchy of data-processing systems exists where the amount of interpretation in the data increases as the order of the system increases. The remarkable continuity of basic data can be embodied in the axiom: “Any fundamental data free of interpretation cannot be discontinuous.” The measurement of space and time remain invariant for all orders of data systems and are essential for relating data containing various amounts of interpretation. In general, only basic data should be exchanged. Where this is not feasible the object described should be clearly defined in space and time.
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    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words hydrochemistry ; groundwater ; the Netherlands ; salt-water/fresh-water relations ; paleohydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les écoulements souterrains influencent les différents types hydrochimiques, parce que l'écoulement réduit le mélange par diffusion, porte les marques chimiques de changements biologiques et anthropiques dans la zone d'alimentation et lessive le système aquifère. Ces types dans leur ensemble sont surtout déterminés par des différences dans le flux d'eau météorique traversant le sous-sol. Dans les "hydrosomes" (masses d'eau d'origine déterminée), les lignes marquant une évolution prograde (séquence de faciès) se développent normalement dans la direction de l'écoulement souterrain : depuis des fluctuations fortes de la qualité de l'eau vers une absence de fluctuations, de polluées vers non polluées, d'acides vers basiques, d'oxygénées vers anoxiques et méthanogènes, depuis des échanges de base inexistants vers des échanges significatifs, de l'eau douce vers l'eau saumâtre. Ceci est montré pour une nappe d'eau douce dans une dune côtière des Pays-Bas. Dans "l'hydrosome", on montre que la disparition du carbonate de calcium par lessivage à plus de 15 m et celle de cations adsorbés d'origine marine (Na+, K+ et Mg2+) à plus de 2500 m vers l'aval-gradient correspond à environ 5000 ans d'écoulement, depuis que la barrière de la plage avec les dunes s'est mise en place. Les zones d'alimentation ponctuelle dans les dunes sont mises en évidence par l'eau souterraine montrant une plus faible évolution prograde de sa qualité que l'eau souterraine de la dune alentour. L'eau du Rhin utilisée pour la réalimentation artificielle dans les dunes a fourni des types hydrochimiques distincts, qui marquent l'écoulement, le mélange et les âges de l'eau souterraine.
    Abstract: Resumen El flujo subterráneo tiene una gran importancia sobre la hidroquímica de un sistema ya que reduce la mezcla por difusión, transporta las huellas químicas y biológicas de las acciones antrópicas en la zona de recarga y drena el sistema acuífero. Las tendencias globales vienen regidas por las diferencias en el flujo de agua meteórica que atraviesa el subsuelo. En un hidrosoma individual (cuerpo de agua de un origen específico), se suele desarrollar la siguiente línea de evolución (secuencia de facies) en la dirección del flujo: de gran a nula fluctuación en la calidad del agua, de agua contaminada a no contaminada, de ácida a básica, de óxica a anóxica-metanogénica, de nulo a importante cambio de base y de agua dulce a salobre. Esto puede verse, por ejemplo, en las aguas dulces presentes en las dunas costeras de Holanda. En este hidrosoma, el lixiviado de carbonato cálcico, hasta 15 m, y de cationes de adsorción marina (Na+, K+ and Mg2+), hasta 2500 m en la dirección del flujo corresponde a unos 5000 años de lavado desde que se desarrolló la barrera de dunas. Áreas de recarga concentrada en las dunas se evidencian porque el agua subterránea muestra un bajo estado de evolución dentro de la línea de evolución antes presentada, si se compara con el agua circundante. La recarga artificial en las dunas con agua del Río Rin proporciona características hidroquímicas diferenciadas, lo que permite caracterizar el flujo subterráneo, la mezcla y las edades de las aguas.
    Notes: Abstract  Groundwater flow influences hydrochemical patterns because flow reduces mixing by diffusion, carries the chemical imprints of biological and anthropogenic changes in the recharge area, and leaches the aquifer system. Global patterns are mainly dictated by differences in the flux of meteoric water passing through the subsoil. Within individual hydrosomes (water bodies with a specific origin), the following prograde evolution lines (facies sequence) normally develop in the direction of groundwater flow: from strong to no fluctuations in water quality, from polluted to unpolluted, from acidic to basic, from oxic to anoxic–methanogenic, from no to significant base exchange, and from fresh to brackish. This is demonstrated for fresh coastal-dune groundwater in the Netherlands. In this hydrosome, the leaching of calcium carbonate as much as 15 m and of adsorbed marine cations (Na+, K+, and Mg2+) as much as 2500 m in the flow direction is shown to correspond with about 5000 yr of flushing since the beach barrier with dunes developed. Recharge focus areas in the dunes are evidenced by groundwater displaying a lower prograde quality evolution than the surrounding dune groundwater. Artificially recharged Rhine River water in the dunes provides distinct hydrochemical patterns, which display groundwater flow, mixing, and groundwater ages.
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    Biogeochemistry 11 (1990), S. 131-150 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acidic deposition ; alkalinity ; groundwater ; porewater
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment porewaters in the near-shore region (within 1 m of the shoreline) of an acidic lake (Dart's Lake) were monitored during the summer of 1983 to investigate whether spatial variations in porewater acid/base chemistry were significant in this region of the lake. Previous investigations of Dart's Lake porewaters have indicated that within deeper waters (〉2m depth), sediment porewaters are elevated in alkalinity relative to overlying lake water. Within the near-shore region, porewaters both considerably more and less acidic than the lake water were observed. Both reduction of strong acid anions (SO4 2−, NO3 −) and the mobilization of base cations were significant mechanisms of alkalinity production in porewaters exhibiting reducing conditions. In sediments reflecting oxic conditions, porewaters were generally more acidic than the lakewater. Measurement of groundwater seepage into the lake at the near-shore sites indicated that oxic sites exhibited elevated inputs of groundwater when compared to sites where reducing conditions existed. The acidic porewaters associated with high groundwater flows suggests that groundwater inputs to the lake may be a source of acidity (not alkalinity) on a whole-lake basis.
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    Biogeochemistry 27 (1994), S. 187-211 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: budgets ; desorption ; groundwater ; snowmelt ; soil water ; sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Fluxes and stores of SO 4 2− were measured in a small Canadian Shield basin during the 1989 snowmelt. Sulphate flux from the unsaturated zone (14.1 ± 7.3 kg ha−1) was four times the amount supplied in meltwater and precipitation (3.5 ± 0.4 kg ha−1). This reflects flushing of soluble S04- from organic and upper mineral soil horizons during melt, which counteracted potential dilution of groundwater SO 4 2− levels by large water inputs to the basin. 35.6 ± 12.4 kg SO 4 2− entered the saturated zone during melt, supplied equally by leaching from overlying soils and conversion of the capillary fringe to phreatic water due to rising water table levels. Streamflow conveyed 70% of the total SO 4 2−1 export of 10.1 ± 2.3 kg ha−1, and was largely supplied by groundwater discharge from a wotland in the lower portion of the basin. The remaining 30% of total export was via shallow subsurface flow. Results highlight the importance of unsaturated and saturated zone processes for SO 4 2− dynamics and export during snowmelt.
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    Biogeochemistry 27 (1994), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: groundwater ; nitrogen mineralization ; productivity ; wetlands
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We measured aboveground biomass and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), groundwater depth and fluctuation, andin situ nitrogen (N) mineralization in 13 upland and 4 wetland forest stands at Cedar Creek Natural History Area (CCNHA). The area, in east central Minnesota (45°25′ N, 93°10′ W), is on well-sorted glacial outwash of very uniform fine sand. Uplands are interspersed with peadands and the area has shallow groundwater. Stands were aggregated into six ecosystem types based on overstory composition: oak, pine-oak, mesic hardwoods, northern white-cedar, lowland hardwoods, and savanna. Aboveground overstory biomass ranged from 35 to 250 Mg ha−1; lowest in the savanna and highest in the pine-oak. The ANPP ranged from about 2 to 7.5 Mg ha−1; also lowest in the savanna but highest in the white-cedar. Over all types, the annual aboveground uptake of N was poorly related to available N measured byin situ mineralization (r 2 = 0.01), but the relationship was better (r 2 = 0.88) if N availability in the wetland stands was assumed to be a fixed proportion of N in the surface soil (1.5%). Over all types,in situ N mineralization was poorly related to ANPP (r 2 = 0.05) and biomass (r 2 = 0.38). Both ANPP and overstory biomass were more closely related to groundwater fluctuation (r 2 = 0.87 and 0.28, respectively) than to depth (r 2 = 0.01 and 0.21, respectively)). The strength of all relationships varied with the inclusion or exclusion of data from the wetland types or the savanna. Total soil N and rates of mineralization were inversely related (r2 = 0.42) because of data from wetland stands. Results demonstrate that the positive relationships between aboveground productivity and measuredin situ N mineralization observed in upland forests are not valid for the landscape that includes wetland forests either becausein situ measurements do not indicate N availability in wetlands or because of the presence of other limiting factors. The north temperate landscape includes an abundance of wetland forests with potentially strong linkages to uplands. This study suggests that the commonly-used measure of N availability provides inconsistent information about controls on ecosystems processes in this diverse landscape.
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    Geotechnical and geological engineering 16 (1998), S. 59-75 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Air sparging ; remediation ; groundwater ; volatile organic compounds ; aquifier simulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Air sparging is an emerging method used to remediate saturated soils and groundwater that have been contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During air sparging, air is injected into the subsurface below the lowest known depth of contamination. Due to buoyancy, the injected air will rise through the zone of contamination. Through a variety of mechanisms, including volatilization and biodegradation, the air will serve to remove or help degrade the contaminants. The contaminant-laden air will continue to rise towards the ground surface, eventually reaching the vadose zone, where the vapours are collected and treated using a soil vapour extraction (SVE) system. Air sparging performance and ultimately contaminant removal efficiency is highly dependent on the pattern and type of subsurface air flow. This paper presents the results of a laboratory experimental study which investigated the injected air flow pattern development within an aquifer simulation apparatus. The test apparatus consisted of a tank measuring 61 cm long by 25.4 cm wide by 38.1 cm high. The apparatus was equipped with one air injection well and two vapour extracton wells. Three different soils were used to simulate different aquifer conditions, including a sand, a fine gravel and a medium gravel. Experiments were performed with different injected air pressures combined with different vacuum and groundwater flow conditions. Experiments were also conducted by injecting air into simulated shallow aquifers with different thicknesses. The air flow patterns observed were found to depend significantly on the soil type, groundwater flow conditions and system controls, including injected air pressure, flow rate and applied vacuum. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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    Transport in porous media 1 (1986), S. 419-429 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Aquifers ; computation ; groundwater ; irrigation ; layered aquifer systems ; mathematics ; matrices ; seepage ; water resources ; wells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A method is shown that enables closed-form solutions to be calculated for steady flow in leaky multi-layer aquifer systems. The method requires, as a prerequisite, the numerical solution of a generalized eigenvalue problem. This eigenvalue problem always has real positive eigenvalues, and the eigenvectors are always orthogonal relative to the transmissivity matrix. Partial solutions are given for a number of examples, and a numerical example is used to show how a solution can be obtained for flow to a well when the well abstracts water from more than one aquifer.
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Analytical solution ; unconflned flow ; groundwater
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    Notes: Abstract We combine an integral equation formulation with a hodograph transformation to solve self-similar problems describing the unconfined flow of groundwater with variable inlet conditions. A class of new semi-analytical solutions is obtained for both rectilinear and radial flow geometries. The solutions are in general agreement with those derived by Barenblatt, although there are some discrepancies for the case of radial flow. The formulation presented provides additional analytical insight, and for computational purposes is simpler than Barenblatt's. In addition, the method proposed can be successfully used for the solution of a host of other nonlinear problems that admit self-similarity.
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    Transport in porous media 29 (1997), S. 225-246 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Well hydraulics ; Weber–Goldstein transforms ; groundwater ; analytic solution ; integral transform ; aquifer characterization ; parameter estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two new integral transforms, ideally suited for solving boundary value problems in well hydraulics, are derived from one of the Goldstein identities which generalizes a corresponding Weber identity. The two transforms are, therefore, named the Weber–Goldstein transforms. Their properties are presented. For the first, second, and third type boundary conditions, the new transforms remove the radial portion of a Laplacian in the cylindrical coordinates. They are used to straightforwardly rederive known solutions to the problems of a fully penetrating flowing well and a fully penetrating pumped well. A novel solution for a fully penetrating flowing well with infinitesimal skin situated in a leaky aquifer is also found by means of one of the new transforms. This solution is validated by comparison to a numerical solution obtained via the finite-difference method and to a quasi-analytic solution obtained by numerical inversion of the corresponding solution in the Laplace domain. Based on the new solution, a flowing well test is proposed for estimating the hydraulic conductivity and specific storativity of the aquifer and the skin factor of the well. The test can also be used in a constant-head injection mode. A type-curve estimation procedure is developed and illustrated with an example. The effectiveness of the test in estimating the well skin factor and aquifer parameters depends on the availability of data on the sufficiently early well response.
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    Transport in porous media 33 (1998), S. 227-255 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; contamination ; NAPL lens ; phreatic aquifer ; water table ; vertical equilibrium ; analytical solution ; similarity solution ; two‐dimensional plumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The movement of an LNAPL lens above a sloping or horizontal water table, and a DNAPL lens above an impermeable surface is discussed. The governing equations are derived, using the vertical equilibrium approach and assuming the water mobility to be much greater than that of the NAPL. Analytical solutions are obtained for one‐dimensional movement of a lens along a sloping water table. They describe the lens movement with the formation of a jump at the leading front (large-scale approximation), and the distribution of NAPL in the transition zone near the jump (small‐scale approximation). A model,describing the movement of a lens, taking into account NAPL retention,is proposed. Approximate one‐dimensional solutions for the movement of a NAPL lens along sloping or horizontal surfaces under such conditions are presented for this model. Some approximate analytical solutions for two‐dimensional lens (plume) formation and movement are obtained for the case of a point source at a sloping surface.
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  • 45
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    Transport in porous media 4 (1989), S. 585-598 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Geostatistics ; kriging ; groundwater ; inverse problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Co-kriging equations for log-transmissivity and heads are derived for a two-dimensional stochastic model. The behavior of the weights as a function of the unknown value of mean hydraulic gradient J are discussed and the procedure is illustrated by studying the ‘screening’ effects of adjacent measurements and added head measurements. In addition, the bias of the estimator for head values is studied when J is also estimated.
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  • 46
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    Water resources management 10 (1996), S. 251-277 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Geographic information systems (GIS) ; modeling ; hydrology ; surface water ; groundwater ; water supply ; sewer design ; agricultural pollution ; nonpoint source pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Increasing public awareness, stricter measures and promulgation of new laws in the area of water resources have made the use of advanced technologies indispensable. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an effective tool for storing, managing, and displaying spatial data often encountered in water resources management. The application of GIS in water resources is constantly on the rise. In order to stress the importance of GIS in water resources management, applications related to this area are addressed and evaluated for efficient future research and development. Fundamentals of GIS are summarized and the history of the GIS evolution in water resources is discussed. Current GIS applications are presented including surface hydrologic and groundwater modeling, water supply and sewer system modeling, stormwater and nonpoint source pollution modeling for urban and agricultural areas, and other related applications. Future research and development needs are presented, based on these reviews.
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  • 47
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    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 69-81 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: groundwater ; sloping bed ; finite element method ; free surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A numerical solution of the nonlinear two-dimensional unsteady groundwater flow over sloping beds, using the Galerkin finite element method, is presented. The applied differential equation is based on the assumption that the streamlines are parallel to the sloping bed while the conventional differential equation is based on the Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption of horizontal flow. Furthermore, the gradient of the piezometric head is evaluated as a function of the unknown slope of the groundwater free surface and not simply as the absolute slope of the water table. Water table profiles and seepage rates obtained from the model are compared with those obtained by analytical solutions and experimental results for steady one-dimensional flow and for different values of bed slope. Results of the present model compares reasonably well with experimental results and with the results of Childs' analytical solution. The unsteady-state solution for different values of bed slope are compared to the results of a model based on the assumption that the water table slope is equal to the bed slope. The differences in the predicted water table by these two models are insignificant for small slopes but increase with increasing slope.
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  • 48
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    Water resources management 13 (1999), S. 205-218 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: groundwater ; management ; monitoring ; pollution prevention ; saline intrusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Chalk aquifer of the English South Downs is very heavily utilised. The groundwater resources have enjoyed a formal programme of management which started in the 1950s, although a number of actions had been taken earlier in order to deal with saline intrusion and potential risk to groundwater quality from urbanisation. In the late 1950s the policy of ‘leakage/storage’ boreholes was first adopted, whereby the ‘leakage’ boreholes along the coast were pumped in winter to intercept fresh water discharge to the sea and to maximise the recharge potential inland, and inland ‘storage’ boreholes were used, as much as possible, in the summer months only. A comprehensive monitoring programme supported by aquifer modelling has enabled a gradual increase in overall abstraction to take place without increasing groundwater degradation due to saline intrusion. There have been various pollution prevention strategies over the years, and these have been effective in protecting the groundwater despite the high population density and widespread agricultural activity within the South Downs. The management of the aquifer has clearly been successful; there are many lessons from this experience that can be applied to other regions and other aquifers.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Amazon ; deforestation ; hydrologic pathway ; groundwater ; nitrogen ; rain forest ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; solutes ; tropical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrochemical changes caused by slash-and-burnagricultural practices in a small upland catchment inthe central Amazon were measured. Soluteconcentrations were analyzed in wet deposition,overland flow, shallow throughflow, groundwater andbank seepage in a forested plot (about 5 ha) and anadjacent plot (about 2 ha) which had been deforestedin July 1989 and planted to manioc, and in streamwater in partially deforested and forested catchments. Measurements were made from November 1988 to June1990. The effects of slash-and-burn agriculturalpractices observed in the experimental plot includedincreased overland flow, erosion, and large losses ofsolutes from the rooted zone. Concentrations ofNO3 -, Na+, K+, SO4 2-,Cl- and Mn in throughflow of the experimentalplot were higher than those of the control plot bymore than a factor of 10. Extensive leaching occurredafter cutting and burning, but solute transfers werediminished along pathway stages of throughflow togroundwater, and particularly within the riparian zoneof the catchment. High concentrations of N and P inoverland flow indicate the importance of usingforested riparian buffers to mitigate solute inputs toreceiving waters in tropical catchments.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: carbon ; geochemistry ; groundwater ; hyporheic zone ; streams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to examine chemical changes in porewaters that occur over small scales (cm) as groundwater flows through the hyporheic zone and discharges to a stream in a temperate forest of northern Wisconsin. Hyporheic-zone porewaters were sampled at discrete depths of 2, 10, 15, 61, and 183 cm at three study sites in the study basin. Chemical profiles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CO2, CH4, and pH show dramatic changes between 61 cm sediment depth and the water-sediment interface. Unless discrete samples at small depth intervals are taken, these chemical profiles are not accounted for. Similar trends were observed at the three study locations, despite each site having very different hydraulic-flow regimes. Increases in DOC concentration by an order of magnitude from 61 to 15 cm depth with a corresponding decrease in pH and rapid decreases in the molecular weight of the DOC suggest that aliphatic compounds (likely organic acids) are being generated in the hyporheic zone. Estimated efflux rates of DOC, CO2, and CH4 to the stream are 6.2, 0.79, 0.13 moles m2 d-1, respectively, with the vast majority of these materials produced in the hyporheic zone. Very little of these materials are accounted for by sampling stream water, suggesting rapid uptake and/or volatilization.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Amazônia ; dissolved nitrogen dynamics ; groundwater ; nitrogen isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The δ15N composition of the dominant form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was determined in upland groundwater, riparian groundwater, and stream water of the Barro Branco catchment, Amazônas, Brazil. The δ15N composition of organic nitrogen in riparian and upland leaf litter was also determined. The data for these waters could be divided into three groups: upland groundwater DIN predominately composed of NO3 − with δ15N values averaging 6.25 ± 0.9 riparian groundwater DIN primarily composed of NH4 + with δ15N values averaging 9.17 ± 1.0 and stream water DIN predominately composed of NO3 − with δ15N values averaging 4.52 ± 0.8‰ Nitrate samples taken from the stream source and from the stream adjacent to the groundwater transects showed a downstream increase in δ15N from 1.0to 4.5‰ Leaf litter samples averaged 3.5 ± 1.2‰ The observed patterns in isotopic composition, together with previously observed inorganic nitrogen species and concentration shifts between upland, riparian and stream waters, suggest that groundwater DIN is not the primary source of DIN to the stream. Instead, the isotopic data suggest that remineralization of organic nitrogen within the stream itself may be a major source of stream DIN, and that the majority of DIN entering the stream via groundwater flowpaths is removed at the riparian-stream interface.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: denitrification ; groundwater ; nitrate ; organic carbon ; riparian zone ; sand aquifer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The influence of hydrology andpatterns of supply of electron donors and acceptors onsubsurface denitrification was studied in a forestriparian zone along the Boyne River in southernOntario that received high nitrogen inputs from a sandaquifer. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) subsurfacedenitrification is restricted to localized zones ofhigh activity; (2) denitrification zones occur atsites where groundwater flow paths transportNO3 − to supplies of available organiccarbon. A plume of nitrate-rich groundwater withconcentrations of 10–30 mg N L−1 flowed laterallyat depths of 1.5–5 m in sands beneath peat for ahorizontal distance of 100–140 m across the riparianzone to within 30–50 m of the river. In situ acetyleneinjections to piezometers revealed that significantdenitrification was restricted to a narrow zone ofsteep NO3 − and N2O decline at theplume margins. The location of these denitrificationsites in areas with steep gradients of groundwater DOCincrease supported hypothesis 2. Many of thesedenitrification “hotspots” occurred near interfacesbetween sands and either peats or buried river channeldeposits. Field experiments involving in situadditions of either glucose or NO3 − topiezometers indicated that denitrification wasC-limited in a large subsurface area of the riparianzone, and became N-limited beyond the narrow zone ofNO3 − consumption. These data suggest thatdenitrification may not effectively removeNO3 − from groundwater transported at depththrough permeable riparian sediments unlessinteraction occurs with localized supplies of organicmatter.
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  • 53
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    Biogeochemistry 51 (2000), S. 303-321 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ; groundwater ; hyporheic zone ; storms ; baseflow ; Mediterranean stream
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal variability of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) flux in a Mediterranean stream subjected todischarges of wide range of intensities and variabledry period was studied as a function of the hydrologicconditions, and the relationship between surface andsubsurface (hyporheic and groundwater) DOCconcentration. DOC concentration in stream water(2.6 mg l−1 ±1.5 SD) was higher thangroundwater (1.3 mg l−1 ± 1.2 SD) and lower thanhyporheic water (3.8 mg l−1 ±1.7 SD),suggesting that, at baseflow, stream DOC concentrationincreases when groundwater discharges through thehyporheic zone. Storms contributed to 39% of annualwater export and to 52% of the total annual DOCexport (220 kg km−2). A positive relationship wasobserved between Discharge (Q) and stream DOCconcentration. Discharge explained only 40% of theannual variance in stream DOC, but explained up to93% of the variance within floods. The rate of streamDOC changes with discharge change during storms (dDOC/dQ), ranged between 0 and 0.0045 C mgl−1 s l−1, with minimum values during Springand Summer, and maxima values in Fall and Winter.These dynamics suggest that storm inputs ofterrigenous DOC vary between seasons. During floods inthe dormant season, DOC recession curves were alwayssteeper than discharge decline, suggesting shortflushing of DOC from the leaching of fresh detritusstored in the riparian zone.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ammonium ; groundwater ; hydrologic exchange ; hyporheic zone ; nitrate ; streams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The influence of riffle-pool units on hyporheic zone hydrology and nitrogen dynamics was investigated in Brougham Creek, a N-rich agricultural stream in Ontario, Canada. Subsurface hydraulic gradients, differences in background stream and groundwater concentrations of conservative ions, and the movement of a bromide tracer indicated the downwelling of stream water at the head of riffles and upwelling in riffle-pool transitions under base flow conditions. Channel water also flowed laterally into the floodplain at the upstream end of riffles and followed a subsurface concentric flow path for distances of up to 20 m before returning to the stream at the transition from riffles to pools. Differences in observed vs predicted concentrations based on background chloride patterns indicated that the hyporheic zone was a sink for nitrate and a source for ammonium. The removal of nitrate in the streambed was confirmed by the loss of nitrate in relation to co-injected bromide in areas of downwelling stream water in two riffles. Average stream water nitrate-N concentrations of 1.0 mg/L were often depleted to 〈0.005 mg/L near the sediment-water interface. Consequently, an extensive volume of the hyporheic zone in the streambed and floodplain had a large unused potential for nitrate removal. Conceptual models based mainly on studies of streams with low nutrient concentrations have emphasized the extent of surface-subsurface exchanges and water residence times in the hyporheic zone as important controls on stream nutrient retention. In contrast, we suggest that nitrate retention in N-rich streams is influenced more by the size of surface water storage zones which increase the residence time of channel water in contact with the major sites of rapid nitrate depletion adjacent to the sediment-water interface.
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    Environmental geochemistry and health 18 (1996), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: environmental isotopes ; hydrochemistry ; groundwater ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The groundwater resources of the El-Qusier-Safaga area on the Red Sea coastal zone have still to be utilised fully for social and economic development. In the present study, an inventory of recharge sources and quality of groundwater in different water bearing formations is made to assist in management of these vital resources. From a hydrochemical point of view, the origin of salinity in the five investigated aquifers are mainly dissolution of terrestrial minerals, leaching of soilsvia floods or ion exchanges processes. Stable isotope data clarify the interaction between different aquifers and indicate that the source of recharge is mainly meteoric water originating from palaeowater of the Pleistocene pluvial period, and from local precipitation as well as some marine water. Evaluation of the groundwater quality for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes is discussed.
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    Environmental geochemistry and health 20 (1998), S. 199-212 
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Arsenic ; arsenic speciation ; British Columbia ; groundwater ; human health ; hydrogeochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently, occurrences of elevated arsenic concentrations in bedrock groundwaters used for individual and municipal water supplies have been recognised along the mainland coast of southern British Columbia, Canada. An area on Bowen Island (Queen Charlotte Heights community) was chosen to investigate the source(s) of arsenic, geochemical processes controlling its aqueous uptake, the role of geology and structure in the formation of these waters, and the use of hydrogeochemical survey methods for detecting arsenious groundwater regions. Pyrite- arsenopyrite-Cu mineralisation in the Queen Charlotte Heights area is present as veins associated with NE-trending fault zones and as disseminations in marginal breccia and stockwork zones of a ryhodacite porphyry stock. Near surface mineralisation was later altered by supergene events to form minor pyrite- arsenopyrite in a matrix of limonite and clay. Geochemical factors that control the concentration and mobility of arsenic in these groundwaters include: (a) anion exchange of arsenic from clay minerals during cation divalent/univalent exchange processes (water softening) which leads to waters of high pH and high anion exchange capacities; (b) desorption of arsenic from Fe and Al oxyhydroxide minerals during pronounced shifts in pH from acid to alkaline conditions brought on by the water softening process; and (c) stepwise oxidation of arsenopyrite mineralisation to form arsenious sulphate-bearing groundwaters. The inconsistent behaviour of the As3+ and As5+ ions during the complex waterrock interaction processes described above, precludes the use of detailed chemical analyses to predict relative abundances of the more toxic As3+ species. For a full appreciation of the toxic impact of groundwaters containing total arsenic concentrations that are above regulatory guidelines an arsenic speciation analysis is required.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Environmental isotopes ; hydrochemistry ; groundwater ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The EI-Dabaa area is located on the northwestern coastal zone of Egypt and is considered to be one of the most important regions for land reclamation and agriculture. In addition, it has been selected as a potential site for constructing Egypt's first nuclear power plant. In April 1989, 14 groundwater samples were collected from the area as well as collecting samples from the Mediterranean sea and from local rainwater. These samples were subjected to chemical and environmental isotope analyses. The results of the analyses for stable isotopes (oxygen-18 and deuterium) indicate that the main recharge source of the groundwater in El-Dabaa is the local precipitation during the rainy season. Variation of the environmental tritium content as well as in the chemical composition of both major cations (Na,K,Ca,Mg) and major anions (Cl,SO4,HCO3) between different groundwaters in the studied area reflect the high degree of inhomogeneity of the aquifer and different recharging conditions due to permeability of the water bearing formation. The chemical water type of the El-Dabaa groundwater is sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and the SAR values illustrate the suitability of these groundwaters for agricultural purposes.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Arsenic ; arsenic poisoning ; groundwater ; West Bengal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Arsenic in groundwater above the WHO maximum permissible limit of 0.05 mg l−1 has been found in six districts of West Bengal covering an area of 34 000 km2 with a population of 30 million. At present, 37 administrative blocks by the side of the River Ganga and adjoining areas are affected. Areas affected by arsenic contamination in groundwater are all located in the upper delta plain, and are mostly in the abandoned meander belt. More than 800 000 people from 312 villages/wards are drinking arsenic contaminated water and amongst them at least 175 000 people show arsenical skin lesions. Thousands of tube-well water in these six districts have been analysed for arsenic species. Hair, nails, scales, urine, liver tissue analyses show elevated concentrations of arsenic in people drinking arsenic-contaminated water for a longer period. The source of the arsenic is geological. Bore-hole sediment analyses show high arsenic concentrations in only few soil layers which is found to be associated with iron-pyrites. Various social problems arise due to arsenical skin lesions in these districts. Malnutrition, poor socio-economic conditions, illiteracy, food habits and intake of arsenic-contaminated water for many years have aggravated the arsenic toxicity. In all these districts, major water demands are met from groundwater and the geochemical reaction, caused by high withdrawal of water may be the cause of arsenic leaching from the source. If alternative water resources are not utilised, a good percentage of the 30 million people of these six districts may suffer from arsenic toxicity in the near future.
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    Environmental geochemistry and health 19 (1997), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; chemical weathering ; sulphide ; sulphuric acid ; jarosite ; groundwater ; geomedicine ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Swimmers and users of motor boats frequenting old, water-filled gravel pits in Kiiminki, Northern Finland, found in August 1993 that they were suffering from painful irritation of the eyes and that their boats had developed a finely polished surface on their aluminium hulls, evidently due to the corrosive action of the water. Subsequent measurements carried out by the water authority showed that the pH of the water in some of the pits was extremely low, reaching a value of 3.4 at its lowest. To find out the causes of the abnormally low pH values, the present authors began systematic measurements of the pH and determination of the chemical composition (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-) of the water in 23 gravel pits. In addition, a series of laboratory experiments was carried out to examine the interaction of water with samples of the soil and bedrock of the area to evaluate the role of this process as a possible cause of the acidification. The results show that the reaction of water with the moderately to intensively weathered sulphide and jarosite-bearing black schists, typical of the bedrock of the area, can bring about aqueous solutions similar in pH and sulphate--nitrate ratios to those found naturally in the gravel pits. The contribution of other possible mechanisms, e.g. acidic precipitation as such or combined with enhanced evaporation, the possible use of the pits as dumping sites for acidic waste or the flow or seepage of acidic peat-bog waters into the pits from the surrounding wetlands, cannot be ruled out entirely, but their contribution seems to be of minor importance. Since the concentrations of several heavy metals (notably Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Mn) and of sulphate and aluminium has increased in the pit water as a result of the acidification process and exceed the norms laid down in the EU Drinking Water Directive, acidification of water in gravel pits due to the oxidation of sulphides must be regarded as a new, serious environmental and geomedical threat which has so far remained poorly known or unrecognised.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Arsenic ; Bangladesh ; groundwater ; soil ; surface water ; toxic elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The problems of contamination caused by arsenic (As) and other toxic metals in groundwater, surface water and soils in the Bengal basin of Bangladesh have been studied. Altogether 10 groundwater, seven surface water and 31 soil samples were collected from arsenic-affected areas and analysed chemically. The geologic and anthropogenic sources of As and other toxic metals are discussed in this paper. The chemical results show that the mean As concentrations in groundwater in the Char Ruppur (0.253 mg As L−1), Rajarampur (1.955 mg As L−1) and Shamta areas (0.996 mg As L−1) greatly exceed the WHO recommended value, which is 0.01 mg As L−1. The concentrations of As in groundwater are very high compared to those in surface water and in surface soil in the three (As-affected) areas studied. This indicates that the source of As in groundwater could be bedrock. The relatively high concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in surface water, compared to world typical value, are due to the solubility of metal ions, organometalic complexes, coprecipitation or co-existance with the colloidal clay fraction. In the soil, the elevated concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn are due to their strong affinity to organic matter, hydrous oxides of Fe and Mn, and clay minerals.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 44 (2000), S. 442-459 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: temperature ; groundwater ; sedimentary basin ; exploitation ; transient effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The subsurface temperature field was studied on a set of 46 borehole logs measured in the vicinity of uranium deposits in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. Vertical variations of the steady state temperature and the temperature gradient are governed by thermal conductivity which strongly varies in dependence on lithology. Large departures from undisturbed temperature detected in many holes are associated with uranium mining. A positive anomaly is observed in leaching fields where large amounts of acid are injected into the uranium-bearing Cenomanian. A negative anomaly is linked to the operation of hydraulic barriers which enclose the mining area and helps to contain pollution by pumping clean water into the Cenomanian aquifer. The spatial distribution of the observed temperature anomalies helps to map the migration of the fluids used in both processes. The temperature disturbance is propagated from the Cenomanian aquifer up through overlying impermeable sediments. The good fit of transient conductive models to the measured temperatures rules out heat advection and hence upward water flow towards and contamination of the upper Middle Turonian aquifer in the vicinity of the holes studied.
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    Aquatic geochemistry 1 (1995), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: alkylation ; groundwater ; mold ; ocean ; polonium ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Polonium, like other elements in the Group VI Oxygen series (S, Se, Te), has the potential to form volatile alkyl derivatives. This may be evident in its pervasive radioactive excesses in the atmosphere and coastal waters, and its deficiency in surface open ocean waters. We present evidence for the formation of volatile polonium species. The first evidence comes from duplicating experiments that proved the existence of volatile tellurium, its Group VI congener. Cultures of bread mold at room temperature spiked with polonium tracers showed a significant and reproducible loss of about 0.5% per day of volatile polonium species. In another set of experiments, between 30–50% loss of210Po was observed from Floridan groundwater when nitrogen was bubbled through it over durations of 5–30 minutes. Polonium volatility is highly relevant for biogeochemical studies because it may provide a natural radiochemical tracer for recycling of similar volatile sulfur and other Group VI metal species between the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
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