Abstract
Polonium, like other elements in the Group VI Oxygen series (S, Se, Te), has the potential to form volatile alkyl derivatives. This may be evident in its pervasive radioactive excesses in the atmosphere and coastal waters, and its deficiency in surface open ocean waters. We present evidence for the formation of volatile polonium species. The first evidence comes from duplicating experiments that proved the existence of volatile tellurium, its Group VI congener. Cultures of bread mold at room temperature spiked with polonium tracers showed a significant and reproducible loss of about 0.5% per day of volatile polonium species. In another set of experiments, between 30–50% loss of210Po was observed from Floridan groundwater when nitrogen was bubbled through it over durations of 5–30 minutes. Polonium volatility is highly relevant for biogeochemical studies because it may provide a natural radiochemical tracer for recycling of similar volatile sulfur and other Group VI metal species between the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andreae M.O. and Raemdonck H. (1983). Dimethyl sulfide in the surface ocean and the marine atmosphere: A global view.Science 221. 744–747.
Andrews J.N., Ford D.J., Hussain N., Trivedi D. and Youngman M.J. (1989). Natural radioelements in circulating groundwaters in the Stripa granite.Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53. 1791–1802.
Bacon M.P., Belastock R.A., Tecotzky M., Turekian K.K. and Spencer. D.W. (1988). Lead-210 and polonium-210 in ocean water profiles of the continental shelf and slope south of New England.Cont. Shelf Res. 8. 841–853.
Bacon M.P. and Elzermann A.W. (1980). Enrichment of 210-Pb in the sea-surface microlayer.Nature 284. 332–334.
Bagnall K.W. (1983). The chemistry of polonium.Radiochimica Acta 32. 153–161.
Benoit G. and Hemond H.F. (1990).210Po and210Pb Remobilization from Lake Sediment in Relation to Iron and Managanese Cycling.Environ. Sci. Technol. 24. 1224–1234.
Bird M.L. and Challenger F. (1939). The formation of organometalloidal and similar compounds by micro-organisms. Part VII. Dimethyl Telluride.J. Chem. Soc. Part I. 163–168.
Brookins D. (1988)Eh-pH Diagrams for Geochemistry. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Church T.M., Hussain N. Ferdelman T.G. and Fowler S. (1994). A time efficient technique for simultaneous determinations of210Pb,210Bi and210Po in atmospheric and marine samples.Talanta 41. 243–249.
Cooke T.D. and Bruland K.W. (1987). Aquatic chemistry of selenium: Evidence of biomethylation.Environ. Sci. Technol. 21. 1214–1219.
Cotton and Wilkinson. (1988).Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. John Wiley, New York. pp. 494–515.
De Jonghe W.R.A., Chakraborti D. and Adams F.C. (1980). Sampling of tetraalkyllead compounds in air for determination by gas chromatorgraphy — atomic absorption spectrometry.Anal. Chem. 52. 1974–1977.
Francis A.J., Duxbury J.M. and Alexander M. (1974). Evolution of dimethylselenide from soils.App. Microbiol. 28. 248–250.
Fry L.M. and Menon K.K. (1962). Determination of the tropospheric residence time of lead-210.Science. 137. 994–995.
Greenwood N.N. and Earnshaw A. (1983)Chemistry of the Elements. Pergamon Press.
Halpern J. (1982) Determination and significance of transition-Metal-alkyl bond dissociation energies.Acc. Chem. Res. 15, 238–244.
Harada K., Burnett W.C., LaRock P.A. and Cowart J.B. (1989). Polonium in Florida groundwater and its possible relationship to the sulfur cycle and bacteria.Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53. 143–150.
Huheey J.E. (1983) Inorganic chemistry, Third Ed. Harper and Row. New York.
Huheey J.E. and Huheey C.L. (1972) Anomalous properties of elements that follow “long periods” of elements.J. Chem. Educ. 49, 227–230.
Hussain N., Andrews J.N. and Youngman M.J. (1989). Environmental aspects of radioelements in the HDR circulations. Final Report HDR/BGS-89. Camborne School of Mines. Cornwall.
Hussain N., Church T.M. and Luther G.W. (1991). Excess 210-polonium in the coastal marine atmosphere: possible escape from productive waters. AGU Abstract O41C-6. Fall Meeting 1991. San Francisco.
Hussain N., Church T.M. and Burnett W.C. (1993). Volatile Polonium in Floridan groundwater. AGU Abstract H22D-5. Fall Meeting, 1993. San Francisco.
Irgolic K. J. (1974)The Organic Chemistry of Tellurium. Gordon and Breach Sci. Publ., New York.
Keller, M.D., Bellows W.K. and Guillard R.R.L. (1989). Dimethylsulfide production in marine phytoplankton. pp. 167–182.Biogenic Sulfur in the Environment (eds. E.S. Saltzman and W.J. Cooper), pp. 167–182. ACS Symp. Ser. 393.
Lambert G., Buisson A., Sanak J. and Ardouin B. (1979). Modification of atmospheric polonium 210 to lead 210 ratio by volcanic emissions.J. Geophys. Res. 84. 6980–6986.
Lambert G., Ardouin B. and Polian G. (1982). Volcanic output of long-lived radon daughter.J. Geophys. Res. 87. 11103–11108.
Martell E.A. and Poet S.E. (1969). Excess atmospheric210Po-pollutant or natural constitutent?Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. 12. 484–485.
Martell E.A. and Moore H.E. (1974). Tropospheric aerosol residence times: A critical review.J. Rech. Atmos. 8. 903–910.
Moyer H.V. (1956). Polonium. U.S. Report TID-5221.
Poet S.E., Moore H.E. and Martell E.A. (1972). Lead 210, bismuth 210, and polonium 210 in the atmosphere: Accurate ratio measurement and application to aerosol residence time determination.J. Geophy. Res. 77. 6515–6527.
Reamer D.C. and Zoller W.H. (1980). Selenium biomethylation products from soil and sewage sludge.Science 208. 500–502.
Siro A.B.E. and Michiko A.B.E. (1969). Volatility of210Po (RaF) in airborne dusts at various temperatures.Health Phys. 17. 685–687.
Suganuma H. and Hataye I. (1981). Solvent extraction study on the hydrolysis of tracer concentration of Po(IV) in chloride solutions.J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 43. 2511–2515.
Tanzer, D. and Heumann K.G. (1990) GC determination of dimethyl selenide and trimethyl selenonium ions in aquatic systems using element specific detection.Atmos. Environ. 24. 3099–3102.
Turekian K.K., Nozaki Y. and Benninger L.K. (1977) Geochemistry of atmospheric radon and radon products.Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 5. 227–255.
Vilenskii V.D. (1970) The influence of natural radioactive atmospheric dust in determining the mean stay time of lead-210 in the troposphere. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR.Atmos. Oceanic Phys. Engl. Transl. 6(3 172–174.
Williams, R.J.P. (1988a) The transfer of methyl groups: a general introduction. In:The Biological Alkylation of Heavy Elements. (eds. P.J. Craig and F. Glocking), pp. 5–19. Special Publ. 66, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Williams R.J.P. (1988b) Biomethylation: concluding remarks. In:The Biological Alkylation of Heavy Elements (eds. P.J. Craig and F. Glocking), pp. 297–299. Special Publ. 66, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hussain, N., Ferdelman, T.G., Church, T.M. et al. Bio-volatilization of polonium: Results from laboratory analyses. Aquat Geochem 1, 175–188 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00702890
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00702890