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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • Springer  (84)
  • Verlag Julius Klinkhardt  (16)
  • 1
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    Lehrer*innenbildung und Bologna-Prozess (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Contrary to the assumption of worldwide diffusion processes of internationally circulating reform ideas in education there are examples of regions that resist. In the present study, the phenomenon of incorporating international reform ideas into local education systems is examined using new institutionalism as a theory for its explanatory power of worldwide diffusion processes in education together with a set of cases that offer semi-lab-like conditions: Not all German federated states have adopted Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees for teacher training; some have maintained the state examination. Based on this empirical finding, the question of the dissertation is: Whether and how were the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in German teacher training implemented on the federated statelevel in the period between 1999 and 2013? It can be shown that the federal ministers of higher education specified three core characteristics of the Bologna Process, namely the introduction of Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees, a credit point system, and modularisation. A decision of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of Germany made in 2005 further ensured that the reformed degrees were recognised nationwide for teachers as well. The educational organisations’ demands were characterised by a large number of positive and only a few negative votes concerning the implementation of the Bologna Process in German teacher education. To provide specific insights into the reform process, this study focuses on teacher training for secondary school teachers, comparing the teacher training regulations as of 1999 with all subsequent changes until 2013 to obtain the degree of change for each federated state. As a result, it can be stated that eight states introduced reformed degrees into secondary school teacher education and eight states kept the state examination. Both groups are then compared as to whether a change of the degree towards Bachelor’s and Master’s is more likely to be accompanied by further reforms. The results suggest that while changes have occurred in all states, the percentage increase of courses in education and didactics, as well as the increased study duration, correlates positively with a change of the degree structure. Therefore one can interpret that the Bologna reforms, especially those concerning the degree structure, were used to implement other curricular and structural reforms that were not related to the Bologna Process itself. In the last step, plenary debates on the federated state level regarding the introduction of these Bologna reforms are analysed to examine the justifications for the introduction of a change in the degree structure, as well as for maintaining the state examination. Justifications or strategies for preserving the state examination are particularly relevant because they act against the political and public expectations analysed earlier. In a nutshell, it can be stated that the innovative strength of the partial reforms adopted in the hybrid model and the exclusion of a fundamental criticism of Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees are used as a strategy to reject the implementation of a new degree structure without being interpreted as non-innovative. Federated states that implemented the degree reform referenced decisions made in other states or regions, as well as possible negative consequences of not implementing the degrees, to support their decision while also presenting it within the discourse as a window of opportunity for more fundamental reforms in teacher training.
    Description: Entgegen der Annahme weltweiter Diffusionsprozesse international kursierender Reformideen in der Bildungspolitik gibt es Beispiele für Regionen, die sich widersetzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dieses Phänomen mithilfe eines Sets an Fällen untersucht, die in ihrer Gesamtheit quasi-laborartige Bedingungen bieten: Im Zuge des Bologna-Prozesses haben einige Bundesländer die Abschlüsse ‚Bachelor‘ und ‚Master‘ für die Lehrer*innenbildung übernommen, während andere die Staatsprüfung beibehalten haben. Ausgehend von diesem Befund wird in der Arbeit die Frage untersucht, mit welchen Strategien die Bologna-Reformen in der Lehrer*innenbildung der einzelnen Bundesländer in den Jahren von 1999 bis 2013 politisch umgesetzt bzw. wie deren Implementation verhindert wurde. Die Analyse der Erwartungen bildungspolitischer Akteure zeigt, dass die Hochschulminister*innen im Bologna-Prozess drei Kernmerkmale für die Organisation von Studiengängen festlegten, nämlich Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse, ein Leistungspunktesystem und die Modularisierung. Darüber hinaus wurde die Bologna-Reform durch die Kultusministerkonferenz im Jahr 2005 auch für die Lehrer*innenbildung deutschlandweit anerkannt. Der Diskurs weiterer wichtiger bildungspolitischer Akteure zeichnet sich darüber hinaus durch eine Vielzahl an positiven gegenüber nur wenigen negativen Stimmen zur Implementation des Bologna-Prozesses in der Lehrer*innenbildung aus. Um die tatsächlichen Reformen differenziert betrachten zu können, wird der Fokus der zweiten Untersuchung allein auf das gymnasiale Lehramt gelegt. Dabei wird für jedes Bundesland die Gestaltung der Studienphase im Jahr 1999 mit dem Stand im Jahr 2013 verglichen. Dabei kann festgestellt werden, dass in allen Bundesländern sowohl das Leistungspunktesystem als auch die Modularisierung eingeführt wurden. Eine Reform der Staatsprüfung hin zu einem Masterabschluss wurde im Untersuchungszeitraum jedoch nur in acht der 16 Bundesländer umgesetzt. Die Einführung der Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse ging zudem mit einer prozentualen Erhöhung des Anteils der Berufswissenschaften, definiert als Fachdidaktiken, Bildungswissenschaften und Schulpraktika, sowie einer Verlängerung der Studienzeit einher. Dies kann dahingehend interpretiert werden, dass die Bologna- Reformen insgesamt und die Einführung der Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse im Besonderen als window of opportunity genutzt wurden, um auch andere Reformen umzusetzen. In der dritten Untersuchung werden Plenardebatten in den Bundesländern im Rahmen der Einführung der Bologna-Reformen analysiert, um die Begründungen für eine Reform bzw. für die Beibehaltung der Staatsprüfung zu untersuchen. Insbesondere Begründungen bzw. Strategien der Nicht-Einführung sind dabei besonders relevant, weil sie gängigen theoretischen Annahmen der Diffusion von international kursierenden Reformideen widersprechen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass die Innovationskraft bzw. Passfähigkeit des eigenen Gesetzentwurfs unter Ausschluss einer Fundamentalkritik an den Bachelor- und Masterabschlüssen als Strategie verwendet wurden, um die Einführung dieser Abschlüsse zu umgehen, ohne gleichzeitig als rückständig im Vergleich zu den Ländern mit einer vollständigen Implementation zu gelten. Bei einer Implementation der Abschlüsse dient neben dem diskursiv hergestellten window of opportunity auch der Verweis auf an anderen Orten getroffene Entscheidungen und den daraus resultierenden negativen Konsequenzen für das eigene Bundesland bei einer etwaigen Nicht-Implementation als legitimitätsstiftend.
    Keywords: Lehrerbildung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Bologna-Prozess ; Hochschulpolitik ; Bachelor-Studiengang ; Master-Studiengang ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Hochschulreform ; Hochschule ; Entscheidung ; Strategie ; Studiengang ; Studienordnung ; Bildungspolitik ; Gymnasium ; Modularisierung ; Staatsprüfung ; Lehramtsprüfung ; Argumentation ; Debatte ; Politik ; Bundesland ; Nationaler Vergleich ; Baden-Württemberg ; Bayern ; Berlin ; Brandenburg ; Bremen ; Hamburg ; Hessen ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Niedersachsen ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Rheinland-Pfalz ; Saarland ; Sachsen ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Schleswig-Holstein ; Thüringen ; Deutschland ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Teacher training ; Higher education policy ; University policy ; Bachelor course ; Master course ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Higher education reform ; University reform ; Higher education institute ; Strategy ; Channel of academic studies ; Course of studies ; Course of study ; Study regulations ; Educational policy ; German academic secondary school ; Grammar School ; Secondary school ; Modularization ; First state examination for the teaching profession ; Politics ; Baden-Wurtemberg ; Baden-Wurttemberg ; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ; Lower Saxony ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Rhineland-Palatinate ; Saxony ; Saxony-Anhalt ; Thuringia ; Germany ; Teaching post ; Teaching profession ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMN Universities ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    Auf die Lernbegleitung kommt es an! (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Within and outside Germany, practical phases in teacher education have been expanded in recent years. In contrast, empirical studies show that it is not primarily the duration of the internships but their qualitative design that is significant for the acquisition of competencies by the students. Against this background, the academic examination of concepts of learning support is gaining in importance. The authors in this volume take up this assumption and present ten context-bound learning support concepts and their empirical examination. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, theory-based hypotheses are tested and framework conditions are included in the discussion. In this respect, the results of the studies presented promise on the one hand in-depth insights into the opportunities and challenges of learning support services in the school internship, and on the other hand they point to desiderata for further studies in this field of research.
    Description: Innerhalb und außerhalb Deutschlands wurden in den vergangenen Jahren Praxisphasen in der Lehrerbildung ausgebaut. Empirische Studien zeigen demgegenüber, dass nicht vorrangig die Dauer der Praktika, sondern ihre qualitative Ausgestaltung bedeutsam für den Kompetenzerwerb der Studierenden ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnt die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Konzepten der Lernbegleitung an Bedeutung. Die Autorinnen und Autoren im vorliegenden Band knüpfen an dieser Annahme an und stellen zehn kontextgebundene Lernbegleitungskonzepte und deren empirische Überprüfung vor. Mittels qualitativer und quantitativer Forschungsmethoden werden dabei theoriegeleitete Hypothesen überprüft und Rahmenbedingungen in die Diskussion einbezogen. Insofern versprechen die Ergebnisse der vorgestellten Studien einerseits vertiefende Einblicke in Chancen und Herausforderungen lernbegleitender Angebote im Schulpraktikum, andererseits zeigen sie Desiderate für weiterführende Untersuchungen in diesem Forschungsfeld auf.
    Keywords: Lehrerbildung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lernbegleitung ; Praxissemester ; Schulpraxis ; Pädagogische Praxis ; Schulpraktikum ; Lehramtsstudent ; Kompetenzerwerb ; Pädagogische Kompetenz ; Lernkonzept ; Lehrerbildner ; Unterrichtsbeobachtung ; Unterrichtsanalyse ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Mentor ; Hochschule ; Schule ; Peer Group ; Lernwerkstatt ; Coaching ; Lehrberuf ; Hochschulbildung ; Professionalisierung ; Wohlbefinden ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Handlungskompetenz ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Dozent ; Lehrer ; Feed-back ; Interaktion ; Gespräch ; Besprechung ; Unterricht ; Audioaufzeichnung ; Diagnostik ; Kohärenz ; Mentoring ; Mentorprogramm ; Unterrichtsentwicklung ; Übergang Studium - Beruf ; Qualifizierung ; Hochschullehre ; Hochschulforschung ; Fortbildung ; Biologieunterricht ; Entwicklungsforschung ; Beziehung ; Peer-Beziehungen ; Kompetenzentwicklung ; Kompetenz ; Selbsteinschätzung ; Tandem-Methode ; Geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied ; Kollegiale Beratung ; Qualifikationsentwicklung ; Austausch ; Beratung ; Moderator ; Moderation ; Lernprozess ; Grundschule ; Außerschulischer Lernort ; Lernumgebung ; Primarbereich ; Ethnografie ; Beobachtung ; Forschendes Lernen ; Belastung ; Stressbewältigung ; Wirksamkeit ; Digitale Medien ; Beruflicher Stress ; Lehrer-Alltag ; Bildungsangebot ; Online-Kurs ; Auditives Medium ; Zufriedenheit ; Quantitative Forschung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Empirische Forschung ; Interview ; Leitfadeninterview ; Studie ; Fragebogenerhebung ; Explorative Studie ; Grounded Theory ; Evaluation ; Niedersachsen ; Thüringen ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Hessen ; Deutschland ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Teacher training ; Practical semester ; Semester practical training ; Practical training in school ; Practice period at school ; Student teachers ; Teacher educators ; Observation of teaching ; Analysis of teaching process ; Teaching analysis ; Higher education institute ; School ; Peer groups ; Learning workshop ; Apprenticeship trade ; Teaching profession ; Higher education ; University level of education ; Professionalization ; Well being ; Well-being ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Competence for action ; Competence to act ; Lecturer ; Teacher ; Interaction ; Conversation ; Teaching ; Diagnostic ; Learning and teaching development ; Teaching improvement ; Qualification ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Academic research ; Further education ; Further training ; Biology lessons ; Teaching of Biology ; Peer relationship ; Skill development ; Competency ; Self-rating ; Gender-specific difference ; Counselling ; Deliberation ; Guidance ; Learning process ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Educational Environment ; Learning environment ; Primary education ; Primary level ; Ethnography ; Observation ; Stress management ; Educational offer ; Educational offerings ; Educational opportunities ; Educational possibilities ; Educational provision ; Online courses ; Satisfaction ; Quantitative research ; Qualitative research ; Empirical study ; Empirical research ; Questionnaire survey ; Lower Saxony ; Thuringia ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ; Germany ; Practice ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Inklusionsorientierte Lehr-Lern- Bausteine für die Hochschullehre (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Good inclusive teaching needs teachers who are able to plan and implement pedagogical offers in a heterogeneity-sensitive and adaptive way - however, in university teacher training there are only a few subject-didactically implementable contents for this so far. This book presents five flexibly applicable teaching-learning modules on central topics of inclusive teaching, which were developed by subject didacticians in cooperation with rehabilitation scientists and language educators for university teaching. Starting from the theoretical foundations, the structure, content and materials of the individual teaching-learning modules are presented and commented on didactically. Following on from this, the empirical results of the quantitative and qualitative accompanying evaluation of corresponding courses are analysed. In addition, the suitability of the teaching-learning modules for stabilisation in the university context as well as their possible use in the second and third phase of teacher training are discussed. This book aims to motivate lecturers to use the presented modules in their teaching. It is also aimed at students, researchers and teachers who want to develop their teaching in an inclusive way.
    Description: Guter inklusiver Unterricht braucht Lehrkräfte, die pädagogische Angebote heterogenitätssensibel und adaptiv planen und umsetzen können – in der universitären Lehrer*innenbildung existieren dafür bislang jedoch nur wenige fachdidaktisch implementierbare Inhalte. In diesem Buch werden fünf flexibel einsetzbare Lehr-Lern-Bausteine zu zentralen Themen inklusiven Unterrichtens vorgestellt, die von Fachdidaktiker*innen in Zusammenarbeit mit Rehabilitationswissenschaftler*innen und Sprachbildner*innen für die Hochschullehre entwickelt wurden. Ausgehend von den theoretischen Grundlagen werden der Aufbau, die Inhalte und die Materialien der einzelnen Lehr-Lern-Bausteine vorgestellt und didaktisch kommentiert. Daran anknüpfend werden die empirischen Ergebnisse der quantitativen und qualitativen Begleitevaluation entsprechender Lehrveranstaltungen analysiert. Außerdem werden die Eignung der Lehr-Lern-Bausteine für die Verstetigung im Hochschulkontext sowie deren Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der zweiten und dritten Phase der Lehrer*innenbildung diskutiert. Dieses Buch möchte Dozent*innen motivieren, die vorgestellten Bausteine selbst in ihrer Lehre einzusetzen. Es richtet sich außerdem an Student*innen, an Forscher*innen und an Lehrer*innen, die ihren Unterricht inklusionsorientiert weiterentwickeln möchten.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Unterricht ; Hochschule ; Hochschullehre ; Professionalisierung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lehr-Lern-Prozess ; Bildungskonzept ; Lehrerbildung ; Kompetenz ; Lehr-Lern-System ; Lehrevaluation ; Lehramtsstudiengang ; Heterogenität ; Sensibilität ; Lehrkompetenz ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Professionalität ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Fachdidaktik ; Sonderpädagogik ; Klassenführung ; Adaptiver Unterricht ; Unterrichtskonzeption ; Sprachbildung ; Lehramtsstudent ; Baustein ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Selbstreflexion ; Pädagogische Diagnostik ; Diagnostik ; Begleituntersuchung ; Evaluation ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Quantitative Analyse ; Qualitative Analyse ; Forschungsprojekt ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Teaching ; Higher education institute ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Professionalization ; Teacher education ; Teacher training ; Teaching-learning process ; Educational conception ; Teachers' training ; Competency ; Preservice Teacher Education ; Heterogeneity ; Sensibility ; Teaching Skills ; Integrative education ; Professionalism ; Professionality ; Specialized didactics ; Subject didactics ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Classroom techniques ; Conception of teaching ; Linguistic input ; Student teachers ; Self-reflexion ; Pedagogical diagnostics ; Diagnostic ; Empirical study ; Germany ; Pedagogical thinking ; Teaching-learning research ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Forschungsinstrumente im Kontext institutioneller (schrift-)sprachlicher Bildung (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This book presents a selection of survey and evaluation instruments for recording relevant facets of institutional (written) language education. The seven methods focus on different aspects of language education as well as language and reading promotion in day-care centres and schools and address different target groups (educational professionals, teachers, children). The instruments, which were developed within the framework of the initiative "Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift" (BiSS), are primarily for research purposes, but can also be used in the training and further education of educational specialists and teachers. An online appendix provides the instruments as well as all necessary materials.
    Description: In diesem Buch wird eine Auswahl von Erhebungs- und Auswertungsinstrumenten zur Erfassung relevanter Facetten institutioneller (schrift-)sprachlicher Bildung vorgestellt. Die sieben Verfahren fokussieren unterschiedliche Aspekte der Sprachbildung sowie Sprach- und Leseförderung in Kindertageseinrichtungen und Schulen und adressieren unterschiedliche Zielgruppen (pädagogische Fachkräfte, Lehrkräfte, Kinder). Die Instrumente, die im Rahmen der Initiative „Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift“ (BiSS) entwickelt wurden, sind primär für Forschungszwecke, aber auch in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von pädagogischen Fach- und Lehrkräften einsetzbar. Ein Online-Anhang stellt die Instrumente sowie alle notwendigen Materialien zur Verfügung.
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Forschung ; Schriftsprache ; Sprachbildung ; Sprachförderung ; Leseförderung ; Diagnostik ; Förderungsmaßnahme ; Sprachentwicklung ; Schriftspracherwerb ; Förderdiagnostik ; Förderung ; Sprachstandsforschung ; Lesekompetenz ; Sprachkompetenz ; Sprachdiagnostik ; Fachdidaktik ; Sprachgebrauch ; Kompetenzmessung ; Handlungskompetenz ; Fachwissen ; Wissen ; Professionalisierung ; Profession ; Kompetenz ; Wissenstest ; Mathematikunterricht ; Deutschunterricht ; Fachunterricht ; Fachsprache ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Feed-back ; Videoaufzeichnung ; Videoanalyse ; Unterricht ; Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktion ; Schülermitarbeit ; Transfer ; Kindertagesstätte ; Schule ; Grundschule ; Primarbereich ; Pädagogische Fachkraft ; Lehrer ; Lehramtsstudent ; Erzieher ; Erzieherin ; Berufliche Kompetenz ; Psychometrie ; Kind ; Schüler ; Bewertung ; Anwendung ; Software ; Bildungspraxis ; Sprachpraktische Übung ; Spracherwerb ; Kindergarten ; Kindergartenalltag ; Kindergartenpädagogik ; Korrektur ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Sekundarstufe I ; Aktivierung ; Erhebungsinstrument ; Auswertung ; Instrument ; Messinstrument ; Methode ; Forschungsmethode ; Vignette 〈Methode〉 ; Interview ; Leitfadeninterview ; Fragebogen ; Beobachtung ; Beobachtungsmethode ; Test ; Testvalidität ; Testverfahren ; Testkonstruktion ; Quantitative Forschung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Längsschnittuntersuchung ; Dokumentation ; Protokoll ; Empirische Forschung ; Datenerfassung ; Bayern ; Baden-Württemberg ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Sachsen-Anhalt ; Deutschland ; Educational research ; Research ; Linguistic input ; Promotion of reading ; Support for reading improvement ; Diagnostic ; Promotional measure ; Language development ; Reading competence ; Language skill ; Linguistic Competence ; Specialized didactics ; Subject didactics ; Language usage ; Competency measurement ; Skills measurement ; Skills measurements ; Competence for action ; Competence to act ; Specialized knowledge ; Knowledge ; Professionalization ; Competency ; Mathematics lessons ; Teaching of mathematics ; German language teaching ; Teaching of German ; Teaching of a special subject ; Language for special purposes ; Technical language ; Teaching ; Pupil Participation ; Day nursery ; School ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Primary education ; Primary level ; Teacher ; Student teachers ; Caregiver ; Carer ; Educational childcare staff ; Educator ; Kindergarten teacher ; Nursery school teachers ; Nursery teacher ; Pre-primary school teacher ; Female Educator ; Governess ; Psychometry ; Child ; Pupil ; Pupils ; Assessment ; Judgement ; Judgment ; Educational practices ; Language acquisition ; Nursery school ; Revision (Written Composition) ; Lower level secondary education ; Lower secondary ; Lower secondary education ; Secondary education lower level ; Mail surveys ; Data analysis ; Interpretation of literature ; Measurement instrument ; Method ; Research method ; Questionnaire ; Observation ; Test validity ; Test coaching ; Quantitative research ; Qualitative research ; Longitudinal analysis ; Longitudinal study ; Documentation ; Empirical research ; Data acquisition ; Data capture ; Baden-Wurtemberg ; Baden-Wurttemberg ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Saxony-Anhalt ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFD Literacy strategies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Schulische Inklusion als widersprüchliche Herausforderung (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: nklusion steht als normatives Konzept in einem Spannungsverhältnis zum bisher selektiv verfassten Schulsystem. Lehrkräfte an sich inklusiv entwickelnden Schulen sind daher mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert, zwischen ihrer eigenen Praxis, einer inklusiven schulischen Programmatik, dem gesellschaftlichen Leistungsverständnis und der schulischen Selektionsfunktion vermitteln zu müssen. Die vorliegende Studie wirft zunächst einen systematischen Blick auf den Inklusionsdiskurs und untersucht hieran anschließend den Umgang mit diesem Spannungsverhältnis anhand von Gruppendiskussionen mit Lehrkräften an sich als inklusiv verstehenden Grundschulen. Mithilfe der Dokumentarischen Methode werden fallübergreifende Orientierungen rekonstruiert, die sich vor allem in der Verortung der Problemlösekompetenz unterscheiden. So sieht ein Teil Lehrkräfte die Verantwortung zur Lösung von Problemen, die bei der Realisierung von Inklusion entstehen, bei Externen, wie der Bildungsadministration. Andere sehen sich hingegen selbst in der Lage, die bei der Realisierung von Inklusion entstehenden Herausforderungen erfolgreich zu lösen. Bei Letzteren wird eine Parallele zu einem Teil des Inklusionsdiskurses deutlich, da Inklusion auch dort als pädagogisch lösbare Herausforderung angenommen wird. Die Arbeit zeigt diesbezüglich Anknüpfungspunkte für die weitere Entwicklung inklusiver Schulen auf. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Schule ; Grundschule ; Integrative Schule ; Lehrer ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Problemlösen ; Sonderpädagogik ; Gruppendiskussion ; Typisierung ; Dokumentarische Methode ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; School ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Teacher ; Problem solving ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Group discussion ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Inklusion als schulischer Transformationsprozess (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: With the development of inclusive schools comes a broad range of new challenges within the whole German education system. According to the different responsibilities in the educational governance of the German system, not only the state level but also the district level has an important role in the reorganization process towards an inclusive school system. This doctoral thesis thus aims at developing a set of educational indicators at district and individual school level that provides information about the inputs, processes and outputs of inclusive schooling, i.e. conditions and school organizational aspects such as experience in dealing with heterogeneity (special educational needs, migration, gender, etc.). Thereby it can also provide a foundation for continuous, largely data-based observation and analysis of the implementation process of school inclusion. This kind of monitoring can inform both German educational policy and the public regarding contexts, process characteristics, outcomes and benefits of inclusive schooling. The main question of the thesis thus is: What indicators can be identified to describe and reflect developments in the implementation of an inclusive school system at the district level? This is addressed by a three-step analysis, exemplified by a typical German municipality in North Rhine-Westphalia. (1) Starting with an analysis of available school statistics in the period from 2007 to 2015 (2), the results are supplemented by a quantitative school-leadership survey in 2016 (3). A synthesis of the given results marks the last step with a characterization of the transformation process at school and district level. The framework of indicators is meant to identify general problems and offer an empirical foundation for the information on inclusive schooling in German municipalities, thus providing valid governance knowledge for a holistic, coherent educational management as well as contributing to improve the quality of inclusive education at district level. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Description: Die Umsetzung des Inklusionsgedankens konfrontiert das gesamte Bildungssystem mit neuen Herausforderungen. Entsprechend der föderalen Zuständigkeiten sind dafür neben dem Land auch Kreise und Schulträger in der Pflicht, die Entwicklung mitzugestalten. Derzeit gibt es nur wenig systematisierte Informationen über den Stand der inklusiven Bildung im Schulsystem auf kommunaler Ebene. Dies hängt auch mit einer weitgehenden Unklarheit zusammen, welche Bemessungsgrundlagen für eine Einschätzung der Qualität inklusiv arbeitender Schulen zur Verfügung stehen, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der lokal höchst unterschiedlichen Formen der Unterrichtsorganisation sowie ungleichen Voraussetzungen im Hinblick auf Ressourcenverteilung (personell, räumlich und sächlich) und Schülerklientel (sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf, soziale Herkunft, Migrationshintergrund, etc.). Untersucht werden am Beispiel des Flächenkreises Paderborn die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, die Entwicklung des Gemeinsamen Lernens im Bereich Schule indikatorengestützt abzubilden und Schlussfolgerungen für inklusive Schulorganisation und -planung auf kleinräumiger Ebene abzuleiten. Die Hauptfrage der Arbeit lautet: Welche Indikatoren lassen sich auf kommunaler Ebene identifizieren, um Entwicklungen in den Dimensionen Input, Prozess und Output bei der Umsetzung eines inklusiven Schulsystems zu beschreiben? Die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage folgt einem dreistufigen Vorgehen. In einem ersten Schritt werden auf Basis kleinräumiger und einzelschulischer Daten der amtlichen Schulstatistik indikatorengestützte Analysen im Zeitraum von 2007 bis 2015 durchgeführt. Im Anschluss werden diese datengestützten Befunde durch Ergebnisse einer quantitativen Schulleiterbefragung im Kreis Paderborn 2016 ergänzt. In einem letzten Schritt erfolgt drittens eine Charakterisierung des nachgezeichneten Transformationsprozesses auf Einzelschulebene sowie auf kommunaler Ebene. Die Synthese der gewonnenen Forschungsergebnisse bildet den Ausgangspunkt für die Ableitung von aussagekräftigen Indikatoren und Desideraten einer Dauerbeobachtung des Gemeinsamen Lernens von Schülerinnen und Schülern mit und ohne sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf. Wenngleich bestimmte Qualitätsaspekte schulischer Inklusion mit den verfügbaren amtlichen und den ergänzenden Schulleiterdaten nur näherungsweise indikatorisiert werden können, wird sowohl kommunalen Entscheidungsträgerinnen und -trägern aus Politik und Verwaltung, als auch Akteurinnen und Akteuren in den Bildungseinrichtungen ein breites Spektrum an Operationalisierungen zur Verfügung gestellt, um Ansatzpunkte zur organisationalen und systemischen Weiterentwicklung von Inklusion im Schulbereich auszumachen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Bildungsentwicklung ; Bildungsbeteiligung ; Bildungserfolg ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Schulqualität ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Beschulung ; Schulorganisation ; Schulplanung ; Gemeinde 〈Kommune〉 ; Schulleiter ; Schulentwicklung ; Transformation ; Sozialraum ; Indikator ; Amtliche Statistik ; Umfrage ; Statistische Analyse ; Quantitative Forschung ; Paderborn ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Development of education ; Educational development ; Participation in education ; Participation Rate ; Educational Success ; Success at school ; Success in Education ; Special Educational Needs ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; School organisation ; School organization ; Headteacher ; Headteachers ; School head teacher ; School development ; Indicator ; Official statistics ; Statistical analysis ; Quantitative research ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; North-Rhine Westphalia ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Schülerauslese, schulische Beurteilung und Schülertests 1880–1980 (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The way schools deal with "heterogeneity" of pupils has been the subject of a heated debate for a number of years. The present volume shows how the observation of differences between pupils - such as those in aptitude, behaviour and interest - has increasingly come into focus in schools since the last third of the 19th century. Disputes about how "suitable" learning groups should be put together against this background increasingly determined the picture of educational and school-political debates. Selection mechanisms in the school system between 1880 and 1980 are reconstructed that distinguished between the normal and the non-normal, between the gifted and the less gifted, between those who adapted and those who did not. The contributions examine practices of observing, testing and assessing pupils, the procedures and tests used for this purpose, and the individual, pedagogical and political conditions and consequences associated with them.
    Description: Über den schulischen Umgang mit einer „Heterogenität“ der Schüler*innen wird seit einer Reihe von Jahren heftig debattiert. Der vorliegende Band zeigt, wie seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts die Beobachtung von Unterschieden – solchen der Begabung, des Verhaltens und des Interesses – zwischen Schüler*innen in den Schulen mehr und mehr in das Blickfeld rückte. Auseinandersetzungen darüber, wie vor diesem Hintergrund „passende“ Lerngruppen zusammengestellt werden sollten, bestimmten zunehmend das Bild der pädagogischen und schulpolitischen Debatten. Rekonstruiert werden Selektionsmechanismen im Schulsystem zwischen 1880 und 1980, mit denen zwischen Normalen und Nicht-Normalen, zwischen Begabten und Minderbegabten, zwischen solchen, die sich anpassten, und solchen, die das nicht taten, unterschieden wurde. Die Beiträge untersuchen Praktiken des Beobachtens, Prüfens und Beurteilens von Schüler*innen, die dafür eingesetzten Verfahren und Tests sowie die damit verbundenen individuellen, pädagogischen und politischen Bedingungen und Folgen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Schüler ; Auslese ; Ausleseverfahren ; Schülerbeurteilung ; Historische Bildungsforschung ; Bildungsgeschichte ; Schulgeschichte ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Heterogenität ; Inklusion ; Exklusion ; Hilfsschule ; Kategorisierung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Abitur ; Aufsatz ; Begabung ; Hochbegabung ; Differenzierung ; Selektion ; Übergang Primarstufe - Sekundarstufe I ; Schulische Integration ; Beobachtung ; Lernbehinderung ; Sonderpädagogische Einrichtung ; Förderklasse ; Diagnostik ; Pädagogische Diagnostik ; Leistungsmessung ; Intelligenztest ; Schulsystem ; Intelligenzschwäche ; Lernschwäche ; Sonderschulpädagogik ; Psychiatrie ; Pädagogik ; Handschrift ; Diagnose ; Gehirn ; Schrift ; Experiment ; Geistige Behinderung ; Bildungsfähigkeit ; Primarbereich ; Sonderschule ; Schuleignung ; Gutachten ; Pädagogische Psychologie ; Differenzielle Psychologie ; Reform ; Abiturprüfung ; Leistungsbeurteilung ; Prüfungswesen ; psychometrische Tests ; Lehrergutachten ; Praktiken des Beobachtens ; Soldat ; Kriegsbeschädigter ; Gehirnschädigung ; Übungsschule ; Berufspsychologie ; Berufseignung ; Berufsberatung ; Migrant ; Migrationshintergrund ; Schulpsychologie ; Maßnahme ; Vergleich ; Stern ; William Louis ; 19. Jahrhundert ; 20. Jahrhundert ; Kaiserreich ; Weimarer Republik ; Fallbeispiel ; Test ; Historische Quelle ; Deutschland ; Schweiz ; Deutschland-BRD ; Deutschland-DDR ; Preußen ; New York ; N.Y. ; USA ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools
    Language: German
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  • 8
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    Erziehung – Körper – Entkörperung (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The historical and theoretical relationship between education and the body is the focus of this discourse-analytical study. It is situated at the interface of systematic educational science and historical educational research and looks at both the current debate on educational theory and the pedagogical discussions at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The starting point of the analyses is a theoretical phenomenon called disembodiment. This term refers to different dynamics that in their totality aim at the discursive exclusion and marginalisation of corporeality in the discourse on education. Three works from different currents of pedagogy are examined more closely for this purpose: Campe's 'Allgemeine Revision des gesammten Schul- und Erziehungswesens' (1785-1792), Niemeyer's 'Grundsätze der Erziehung und des Unterrichts' (1796-1824/5) and two writings by Schwarz, the 'Erziehungslehre' (1802-1813) and the 'Lehrbuch der Erziehung und Unterrichtslehre' (1805-1835). In addition to a presentation of the spectrum of perspectives on physical education, a reconstruction of the historical discourse of so-called physical education and case analyses of the anthropological contexts, the study is able to show that disembodiment tendencies can be traced not only in the current discourse, but already at the turn of the 19th century.
    Description: Das geschichtliche sowie theoretische Verhältnis von Erziehung und Körper steht im Zentrum dieser diskursanalytisch angelegten Studie. Diese ist an der Schnittstelle von systematischer Erziehungswissenschaft und historischer Bildungsforschung angesiedelt und betrachtet sowohl die aktuelle erziehungstheoretische Debatte als auch die pädagogischen Diskussionen am Ende des 18. und zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Ausgangspunkt der Analysen ist ein theoretisches Phänomen, das als Entkörperung bezeichnet wird. Mit diesem Begriff sind unterschiedliche Dynamiken gemeint, die in ihrer Gesamtheit auf die diskursive Ausgrenzung und Marginalisierung von Körperlichkeit in der Rede über Erziehung zielen. Drei Werke aus unterschiedlichen Strömungen der Pädagogik sind hierfür näher untersucht: Die von Campe herausgegebene ‚Allgemeine Revision des gesammten Schul- und Erziehungswesens‘ (1785–1792), die ‚Grundsätze der Erziehung und des Unterrichts‘ (1796–1824/5) von Niemeyer und zwei Schriften von Schwarz, die ‚Erziehungslehre‘ (1802–1813) sowie das ‚Lehrbuch der Erziehung und Unterrichtslehre‘ (1805–1835). Neben einer Darstellung des Spektrums der körperpädagogischen Perspektiven, einer Rekonstruktion des historischen Diskurses der sogenannten physischen Erziehung und Fallanalysen zu den anthropologischen Kontexten, kann die Untersuchung im Ergebnis zeigen, dass nicht nur im aktuellen Diskurs, sondern bereits an der Wende zum 19. Jahrhundert Entkörperungstendenzen nachzuweisen sind. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Historische Bildungsforschung ; Erziehungswissenschaft ; Körper 〈Biol〉 ; Körperlichkeit ; Leiblichkeit ; Menschlicher Körper ; Pädagogische Theorie ; Bildungstheorie ; Erziehung ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Diskursanalyse ; Historische Analyse ; Campe, Joachim Heinrich ; Niemeyer, August Hermann ; Schwarz, Friedrich Heinrich Christian ; 18. Jahrhundert ; 19. Jahrhundert ; Dissertationsschrift ; Deutschland ; Sciences of education ; Corporeality ; Corporealtity ; Human body ; Pedagogical theory ; Educational theory ; Theory of education ; Education ; History ; Discourse Analysis ; Historical analysis ; Doctoral Theses ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    1918 in Bildung und Erziehung (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: "1918" signifies more than the end of the First World War. The reference to the year often also justifies narratives in the history of education. On the other hand, this volume explores the simultaneities of caesurae and traditions, ruptures and continuities in regional, national, European and global perspectives. It examines diverse paradoxes of supposedly old and new pedagogical cultures and practices as well as ambivalences of youth between rebellion and attachment to educational ideals. It also focuses on the questioning of schools and pedagogy, their relegitimisation and the intertwining of social democracy and socialism with educational reforms and traditions. In this way, the volume aims at the often described "clash of ideologies" in the interwar period and at the circulation of competing knowledge, so that it discusses the complex openness of 1918 in terms of educational history.
    Description: „1918“ bezeichnet mehr als das Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs. Der Jahresbezug begründet häufig auch bildungsgeschichtliche Narrative. Hingegen fragt der Band nach Gleichzeitigkeiten von Zäsuren und Tradierungen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten in regionalen, nationalen, europäischen und globalen Perspektiven. Er untersucht vielfältige Paradoxien vermeintlich alter und neuer pädagogischer Kulturen und Praktiken ebenso wie Ambivalenzen der Jugend zwischen Aufbegehren und Anknüpfung an Bildungsideale. Auch die Infragestellung von Schule und Pädagogik, ihre Relegitimierung sowie die Verflechtung von Sozialdemokratie und Sozialismus mit Bildungsreformen und -traditionen werden fokussiert. Damit zielt der Band auf den vielfach beschriebenen «Kampf der Ideologien» in der Zwischenkriegszeit und auf die Zirkulation konkurrierender Wissen, sodass er bildungshistorisch die komplexe Offenheit von 1918 diskutiert.
    Keywords: Historische Bildungsforschung ; Bildungsgeschichte ; Geschichte 〈Histor〉 ; Schule ; Jugend ; Schülermitwirkung ; Lehrerseminar ; Mitbestimmung ; Reformpädagogik ; Jugendbewegung ; Kritik ; Schülerbewegung ; Aufstand ; Elternmitwirkung ; Nachkriegsgeschichte ; Zwischenkriegszeit ; Weltkrieg I ; Schülerorganisation ; Kollektives Gedächtnis ; Turnverein ; Körpererziehung ; Männlichkeit ; Patriotismus ; Persönlichkeitsbildung ; Körperkultur ; Leitbild ; Körperbild ; Geschlecht ; Geschlechtsspezifische Sozialisation ; Geschlechtergeschichte ; Turnen ; Jugendkultur ; Orientalistik ; Interesse ; Indienbild ; Rezeption ; Lehrerfortbildung ; Organisation ; Politische Kultur ; Volksschule ; Selbstwahrnehmung ; Bildungspolitik ; Praxeologie ; Lehrer ; Neuorientierung ; Pädagogik ; Reform ; Gesellschaft ; Positivismus ; Evolutionismus ; Experimentelle Pädagogik ; Kinderpsychologie ; Steuerung ; Schulbuch ; Analyse ; Vergleich ; Evangelischer Religionsunterricht ; Religionsunterricht ; Schulbuchforschung ; Lebenskunde ; Mittelschule ; Lehrmittel ; Erziehung ; Lehrplan ; Lehrplanvergleich ; Curriculum ; Kirche-Staat-Beziehung ; Schulsystem ; Sozialdemokrat ; Schriftsteller ; Sozialist ; Pädagoge ; Historische Persönlichkeit ; Pädagogisierung ; Biografie ; Autobiografie ; Linke 〈Pol〉 ; Bildung ; Arbeiterbildung ; Arbeiterbewegung ; Arbeiterklasse ; Sozialistische Bildung ; Außerschulischer Lernort ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Politisches Programm ; Erziehungsprogramm ; Sozialdemokratie ; Schulreform ; Bildungsreform ; Sozialismus ; Sozialgeschichte ; Kulturgeschichte ; Bildungszugang ; Schulgemeinde ; Quellenkritik ; Historische Quelle ; Tagore ; Rabindranath ; Thorndike ; Edward L. ; Dewey ; John ; Traber ; Alfred ; Glöckel ; Otto ; Bernfeld ; Siegfried ; 20. Jahrhundert ; Zürich ; Schweiz ; Deutschland ; Indien ; Deutschland 〈bis 1945〉 ; Tschechische Republik ; Tschechoslowakei ; USA ; Weimarer Republik ; Preußen ; Preußische Reform ; Deutsches Reich ; Wien ; Österreich ; History of education ; History of educational activities ; History ; School ; Adolescence ; Youth ; Pupil Participation ; Teachers' training college ; Codetermination ; Progressive Education ; Progressive education ; Reform pedagogics ; Youth movement ; Criticism ; Revolt ; Parent participation ; Post-war period ; Peace time ; World War I ; Student organizations ; Physical education ; Masculinity ; Patriotism ; Personality development ; Ideal (model) ; Body image ; Sex ; Gender-specific socialization ; Gymnastics ; Youth culture ; Reception ; Further education for teachers ; Further education of teachers ; Further training for teachers ; Organization ; Political culture ; Elementary School ; General compulsory school ; Primary school ; Self-perception ; Educational policy ; Teacher ; Pedagogics ; Sciences of education ; Society ; Positivism ; Experimental education ; Experimental pedagogics ; Experimental teaching ; Child psychology ; Children's hospital ; Text book ; Textbook ; Religious instruction ; Teaching of religion ; Textbook research ; Intermediate school ; Educational Materials ; Teaching aids ; Training aid ; Education ; State church separation ; School system ; Pedagogue ; Biographies ; Autobiographies ; Education of workers ; Workers' education ; Labor movement ; Working Class ; Adult education ; Adult training ; Political program ; Social democracy ; School reform ; Educational reform ; Socialism ; Social history ; Cultural history ; Access to Education ; School community ; Zurich ; Switzerland ; Germany ; India ; Czech Republic ; Czechoslovakia ; Weimar Republic ; Weimar Republic (Germany ; 1918-33) ; German Reich ; Vienna ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education
    Language: German
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  • 10
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    Gemeinsamkeit herstellen, Differenz bearbeiten (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Befürwortende ebenso wie skeptische Stimmen zum Thema Inklusion klingen häufig so, als sei ein Gelingen oder Scheitern inklusiver Prozesse kaum beeinflussbar. Entsprechend wenig ist untersucht, wie sich Gruppenprozesse in inklusiven Gruppen gestalten. Die vorliegende Studie schließt diese Lücke, indem sie die Zusammenarbeit in Kleingruppen im Kontext inklusiver Hochschulbildung untersucht. Gegenstand sind vier rekonstruktive Fallstudien aus Seminaren, an denen Studierende und behinderte Menschen – zumeist ohne Hochschulzugangsberechtigung – teilnehmen. Unter Anwendung der dokumentarischen Methode werden Arbeitsprozesse von Projektgruppen im Rahmen inklusionsorientierter Seminare analysiert. Die leitende Fragestellung besteht darin, wie die Mitglieder einer Gruppe Gemeinsamkeit herstellen, Differenz bearbeiten und Verantwortung verteilen. Somit ist die Ambivalenz von Gemeinsamkeit und Differenz und ihre ‚Herstellung’ in inklusiven Kleingruppen Gegenstand der Dissertation. Sie leistet für die Förder-/Sonder-/Rehabilitations- und Inklusionspädagogik einen Beitrag zur kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit Differenz und den damit verbundenen Zuschreibungen. Zugleich wird aber auch die Entstehung von gemeinsamen Erfahrungsräumen in Gruppenprozessen analysiert. Obwohl im Hochschulbereich angesiedelt, sind die Ergebnisse auch für außerschulische Jugendbildung und den Sekundarbereich als relevant anzusehen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Hochschule ; Hochschulseminar ; Gruppe 〈Soz〉 ; Heterogene Lerngruppe ; Gruppendynamik ; Kleingruppe ; Gruppenpsychologie ; Heterogenität ; Sozialer Prozess ; Soziale Interaktion ; Soziale Integration ; Gemeinsamkeit ; Differenz ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Sonderpädagogik ; Dokumentarische Methode ; Fallbeispiel ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Higher education institute ; Group dynamics ; Small goup ; Small group ; Group psychology ; Heterogeneity ; Social process ; Social interaction ; Social integration ; Integrative education ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Exemplary model ; Germany ; Document ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMN Universities ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
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  • 11
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    Inklusion im Spannungsfeld von Normalität und Diversität (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Vor zehn Jahren regte die Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention und die damit einhergehende rechtliche Verankerung inklusiver Prozesse eine Vielzahl von strukturellen Veränderungen im Bildungssystem an. Daher liegt der inhaltliche Fokus auf Lehren und Lernen in inklusiven Settings. Thematisiert werden damit sowohl inklusives Lehren und Lernen im Bildungsverlauf durch Kindertagesstätten und Schulen als auch in den Hochschulen.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Integration ; Sonderpädagogik ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Integrative Beschulung ; Kindertagesstätte ; Grundschule ; Schule ; Hochschule ; Lehr-Lern-Prozess ; Lernforschung ; Lehrerausbildung ; Lehrerfortbildung ; Professionalisierung ; Weiterbildung ; Lehrerbildung ; Qualifizierung ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Lernwerkstatt ; Hochschulbildung ; Interview ; Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ; Kooperation ; Hochschullehre ; Differenzierung ; Einstellung 〈Psy〉 ; Heterogenität ; Lehrer ; Lehramtsstudent ; Normalisierung ; Diagnostik ; Übergang Schule - Beruf ; Schüler-Lehrer-Beziehung ; Lernprozess ; Frühförderung ; Erlebnispädagogik ; Normalität ; Vielfalt ; Unterrichtsqualität ; Schulorganisation ; Volksschule ; Lernumgebung ; Nachteilsausgleich ; Chancengleichheit ; Österreich ; Deutschland ; Inclusion ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Integrative education ; Day nursery ; Elementary School ; Primary school ; Primary school lower level ; School ; Higher education institute ; Teaching-learning process ; Research on learning ; Teacher education ; Teacher training ; Further education for teachers ; Further education of teachers ; Further training for teachers ; Professionalization ; Continuing education ; Further education ; Teachers' training ; Qualification ; Learning workshop ; Higher education ; University level of education ; Cooperation ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Heterogeneity ; Teacher ; Student teachers ; Normalization (Disabilities) ; Diagnostic ; Pupil-teacher relation ; Pupil-teacher relationship ; Learning process ; Early remedial education ; Adventure pedagogics ; Experience pedagogics ; Teaching quality ; School organisation ; School organization ; General compulsory school ; Educational Environment ; Learning environment ; Equal opportunities ; Equal opportunity ; Austria ; Germany ; Type of school ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
    Language: German
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  • 12
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    Inklusion von Lehrkräften nach der Flucht (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This volume is dedicated to the professional re-entry of teachers with a refugee background into the teaching profession. The book presents the certificate course "Educational Science Basics for Teachers with a Refugee Background" at the University of Vienna and research results on it in detail. Furthermore, the teachers and participants reflect on their experiences with this measure. Challenges and synergies in connection with the implementation of such a course are discussed as well as international perspectives on the requalification of refugee teachers.
    Description: Der Band widmet sich dem beruflichen Wiedereinstieg von Lehrkräften mit Fluchthintergrund in den Schuldienst. Das Buch stellt den Zertifikatskurs "Bildungswissenschaftliche Grundlagen für Lehrkräfte mit Fluchthintergrund" an der Universität Wien und Forschungsergebnisse dazu eingehend dar. Weiterhin reflektieren die Lehrenden und die Teilnehmenden ihre Erfahrungen mit dieser Maßnahme. Herausforderungen und Synergien im Zusammenhang mit der Implementierung eines solchen Kurses werden ebenso diskutiert wie internationale Perspektiven auf die Requalifizierung geflüchteter Lehrkräfte.
    Keywords: Lehrer ; Beruflicher Wiedereinstieg ; Flüchtling ; Zertifikatskurs ; Zertifizierung ; Berufliche Integration ; Berufspädagogik ; Flucht ; Migration ; Migrationshintergrund ; Qualifizierung ; Qualifizierungsmaßnahme ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Anerkennung ; Lehrerbildung ; Reflexion 〈Phil〉 ; Theorie-Praxis-Beziehung ; Unterrichtspraxis ; Heterogenität ; Weiterbildung ; Hochschule ; Hochschullehre ; Deutschland ; Schweden ; Österreich ; Teacher ; Re-entry ; Refugee ; Certification ; Occupational integration ; Vocational pedagogics ; Flight ; Running away ; Immigrant background ; Migration background ; Qualification ; National Vocational Qualification ; Occupational qualification ; Vocational qualification ; Teacher education ; Teachers' training ; Theory Practice Relationship ; Teaching practice ; Heterogeneity ; Continuing education ; Further education ; Higher education institute ; Higher education lecturing ; University lecturing ; University teaching ; Germany ; Sweden ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNP Adult education, continuous learning ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNP Adult education, continuous learning
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    Lebenswege erzählen (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The dissertation is located in the context of research on adolescence and transitions with a focus on special education. Disadvantaged adolescents are the target group of this study. Adolescents were interviewed at two points in time using biographical narrative interviews. In addition, parent interviews took place once, which serve as an addition or contrast, but primarily in order to stress the intergenerational contouring of the life phase of adolescence. The focus of the study is on how adolescents experience and handle the transition from school to post-school life. By using biographical case reconstructions, biographical coping strategies and vocational self-presentations were reconstructed from the narratives in order to illuminate the complexity that such transitions pose. The theoretical framework used in this dissertation understands adolescence as embedded in generational relations, which is also viewed in terms of inequality theory. As a result, the perspective on the adolescent life stage is not only focused on adolescent developmental tasks, but is characterized by an intergenerational view that forms the background for complex and dynamic readjustment processes. Thus, persistent familial significance in this phase of life is emphasized. By reconstructing biographical coping strategies, it becomes visible how young people deal with vocational orientation processes against their familial background and what efforts they partly expend to fulfill familial missions or to distance themselves from them. The research design of the study responds to a desideratum that exists with regard to qualitative or biographical long-term studies in the area of adolescence in school and vocational contexts. The life stories of the adolescents clearly point to the necessity of embedding transitions in an overall biographical context and of reacting to the associated ways of looking at the life phase of adolescence. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Description: Die vorliegende Studie beleuchtet mit Hilfe eines biographischen Forschungszugangs die Komplexität des Übergangsprozesses von benachteiligten Jugendlichen am Übergang von der Schule ins nachschulische Leben. Entgegen der gängigen Betonung der Ablösung vom Elternhaus wird im Rahmen der Arbeit die anhaltende familiale Bedeutung in der Lebensphase herausgearbeitet. Das Konzept der Entwicklungsaufgaben wird daher intergenerational konturiert und ungleichheitstheoretisch ausgeleuchtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Eltern und ihre (Berufs-)Biographien eine hohe Bedeutung für die eigene Übergangsgestaltung der Adoleszenten haben. Die biographischen Texte illustrieren die jeweiligen Bewältigungs- und Gestaltungsstrategien der Jugendlichen, die Konsequenzen für eine biographieorientierte Beratung am Übergang zulassen. Weiterhin lassen die Erkenntnisse Implikationen für Hochschullehre zu, indem biographieanalytische und ungleichheitstheoretische Aspekte in der Adoleszenzphase im Lehrplan verankert werden. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Transition ; Übergang Schule - Beruf ; Benachteiligter Jugendlicher ; Familie ; Einflussfaktor ; Berufsbiografie ; Eltern ; Adoleszenz ; Sonderpädagogik ; Sozialer Raum ; Übergang ; Wahrnehmung ; Entscheidung ; Bewältigung ; Selbstdarstellung ; Handlungsfähigkeit ; Sozialpädagogik ; Entwicklungsaufgabe ; Benachteiligung ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Förderschule ; Sozialer Hintergrund ; Forscher ; Soziale Herkunft ; Generationenverhältnis ; Bildungsaspiration ; Bourdieu, Pierre ; Empirische Untersuchung ; Biografische Methode ; Biografisches Interview ; Fallbeispiel ; Deutschland ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNC Educational psychology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNC Educational psychology
    Language: German
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  • 14
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    Inklusion im Spannungsfeld von Normalität und Diversität (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: Seit der Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention befindet sich Inklusion im Spannungsfeld von Normalität und Diversität. Soll sie auf mehr als die Anwesenheit von Menschen mit Behinderung in Erziehungs- und Bildungsinstitutionen verweisen, so müssen diese Institutionen und die darin befindlichen Akteur*innen und Praktiken weiterhin auf ihre Verstrickungen in die Reproduktion von Ausgrenzung und sozialer Ungleichheit hin thematisiert werden. So finden sich in diesem Band Beiträge zu folgenden Schwerpunkten: Grundfragen der Inklusion, Subjekttheoretische Perspektiven im Rahmen der Inklusion, Pädagogik und Bildung aus menschenrechtlicher und demokratischer Perspektive, Mechanismen der Exklusion und Inklusion sowie Inklusive Schulentwicklung.
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Integration ; Normalität ; Vielfalt ; Differenzierung ; Normalisierung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Erziehungsphilosophie ; Menschenrechte ; Exklusion ; Integrative Schule ; Integrative Pädagogik ; Integrative Beschulung ; Partizipation ; Benachteiligung ; Ungleichheit ; Gerechtigkeit ; Differenzierender Unterricht ; Schule ; Bildungspolitik ; Fremdheit ; Subjektorientierung ; Bildungsprozess ; Subjekt 〈Phil〉 ; Demokratische Bildung ; Lernprozess ; Schüler-Lehrer-Beziehung ; Bildungsbegriff ; Reziprozität ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Verhaltensauffälligkeit ; Schulsport ; Körperkultur ; Körperbehinderung ; Geistige Behinderung ; Emotionale Entwicklung ; Soziale Entwicklung ; Autonomie ; Flüchtling ; Leistungsorientierung ; Systemtheorie ; Kindertagesstätte ; Schulreform ; Schulentwicklung ; Deutschland ; Österreich ; Thailand ; Inclusion ; Normalization (Disabilities) ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Philosophy of education ; Human rights ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Integrative education ; Disadvantage ; Justice ; Differentiated teaching ; School ; Educational policy ; Strangeness ; Educational process ; Learning process ; Pupil-teacher relation ; Pupil-teacher relationship ; Concept of education ; Special Educational Needs ; School sports ; Physical handicap ; Oligophrenia ; Social change ; Social development ; Autonomy ; Refugee ; Achievement orientation ; System theory ; Day nursery ; School reform ; School development ; Germany ; Austria ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
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    Perspektiven auf Vielfalt in der frühen Kindheit (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The impetus and aim of this publication is to shed light on different perspectives on diversity in early childhood and to explore possibilities for researching this together with children. Reference is made to bodies of knowledge and knowledge references that have developed and become established in the context of early childhood and diversity, and attention is paid to explaining different methods and concrete experiences of using them to explore perspectives on diversity. One focus is on the description and reflection of research with children. The book is aimed at students and researchers in educational science and its neighbouring disciplines. It gives them an insight into basic theoretical frameworks with regard to the thematic horizons of childhood, childhood research and diversity and presents methods of research that enable the active inclusion of children in a concentrated manner. Furthermore, it gives professionals in elementary education and heads of organisations an impression of methods (reflections) and procedures of research with children and can be a support for them in the context of decision-making processes about participation in research projects.
    Description: Unterschiedliche Perspektiven auf Vielfalt in der frühen Kindheit zu beleuchten und Möglichkeiten auszuloten, wie mit Kindern gemeinsam dazu geforscht werden kann, sind Anstoß und Ziel dieser Publikation. Es wird auf Wissensbestände und Wissensbezüge Bezug genommen, die sich im Kontext von früher Kindheit und Diversität entwickelt und etabliert haben und der Erläuterung unterschiedlicher Methoden und konkreter Erfahrungen Beachtung geschenkt, mit ihnen Perspektiven auf Diversität zu erforschen. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Beschreibung und Reflexion des Forschens mit Kindern. Das Buch richtet sich zum einen an Studierende und Forschende der Erziehungswissenschaft und ihrer Nachbardisziplinen. Ihnen gibt es einen Einblick in grundlegende theoretische Rahmungen hinsichtlich der Themenhorizonte Kindheit, Kindheitsforschung und Diversität und stellt Methoden des Forschens, die den aktiven Einbezug von Kindern ermöglichen, in konzentrierter Weise vor. Darüber hinaus vermittelt es Fachkräften der Elementarpädagogik und Organsisationsleitungen einen Eindruck von Methoden(-reflexionen) und Vorgehensweisen des Forschens mit Kindern und kann ihnen Unterstützung im Rahmen von Entscheidungsprozessen über die Beteiligung an Forschungsprojekten sein. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Empirische Forschung ; Selbstbestimmung ; Frühpädagogik ; Inklusion ; Teilnahme ; Behinderung ; Sonderpädagogik ; Heterogenität ; Frühe Kindheit ; Forschung ; Kind ; Kindheitsforschung ; Kindheit ; Elementarbereich ; Elementarpädagogik ; Forschendes Lernen ; Differenz ; Philosophie ; Pädagogisches Handeln ; Kindertagesbetreuung ; Vielfalt ; Partizipation ; Integration ; Erziehungswissenschaft ; Interviewtechnik ; Ethnologie ; Exklusion ; Lebenswelt ; Handpuppe ; Flucht ; Ethik ; Vulnerabilität ; Pflegekind ; Raumplanung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Sozialplanung ; Grenze ; Gleichheit ; Normativität ; Kleinkindalter ; Vorschulalter ; Kinderarbeit ; Kindergarten ; Kindergartenalltag ; Kindergartenalter ; Fotografieren ; Heimkind ; Datenerhebung ; Qualitative Forschung ; Teilnehmende Beobachtung ; Forschungsmethode ; Forschungsprojekt ; Methode ; Interview ; Schweiz ; Deutschland ; Argentinien ; Nepal ; Empirical research ; Self-determination ; Early childhood education ; Inclusion ; Participation ; Handicap ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Heterogeneity ; Early childhood ; Research ; Child ; Childhood ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy::JNFN Inclusive education / mainstreaming ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools::JNLA Pre-school & kindergarten ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy::JNFK Educational strategies and policy: inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools and pre-schools::JNLA Pre-school and kindergarten
    Language: German
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  • 16
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    Inklusionen und Exklusionen des Humanen (2021)
    Verlag Julius Klinkhardt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: In social debates about inclusion, the humane, the individual person, runs the risk of being lost from view, as the discussions are often only conducted on a systemic-structural level. However, aspects of concrete pedagogical and conceptual work and educational encounters are also affected. This volume is dedicated to the diversity of individuals in their respective contexts in the spectrum between inclusions and exclusions from different theoretical and practical perspectives. From everyday situations in German and American classrooms to school inclusion models and the Federal Participation Act to humane exclusions in the internationally networked digital age; from discourses on vulnerability, ethics and exclusion to the topos of the stranger in the educational inclusion debate, multiple perspectives open up.
    Description: In gesellschaftlichen Debatten um Inklusion läuft das Humane, der einzelne Mensch, Gefahr, aus dem Blick zu geraten, da die Diskussionen oftmals nur auf systemisch-struktureller Ebene geführt werden. Betroffen sind dabei jedoch auch Aspekte der konkreten pädagogischen und konzeptionellen Arbeit und der erzieherischen Begegnung. Dieser Band widmet sich der Vielfalt von Individuen in ihren jeweiligen Kontexten im Spektrum zwischen Inklusionen und Exklusionen aus unterschiedlichen theoretischen und praktischen Perspektiven. Von alltäglichen Situationen in deutschen und amerikanischen Klassenzimmern über schulische Inklusionsmodelle und das Bundesteilhabegesetz hin zu humanen Exklusionen im international vernetzten Digitalzeitalter; von Diskursen über Vulnerabilität, Ethik und Exklusion bis hin zum Topos des Fremden in der pädagogischen Inklusionsdebatte eröffnen sich multiperspektivische Betrachtungsweisen. (DIPF/Orig.)
    Keywords: Inklusion ; Exklusion ; Humanistische Pädagogik ; Vielfalt ; Sonderpädagogik ; Interdisziplinarität ; Schule ; Unterricht ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Integrative Schule ; Partizipation ; Diagnostik ; Gesetzgebung ; Sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf ; Vulnerabilität ; Fremdes ; Digitalisierung ; Butler, Judith ; Deutschland ; USA ; Inclusion ; Humanistic pedagogics ; Remedial instruction sciences ; Special education for the handicapped ; Special needs education ; Interdisciplinarity ; School ; Teaching ; Cross-national comparison ; International comparison ; Inclusive education ; Inclusive school ; Diagnostic ; Special Educational Needs ; Foreign culture ; Digitalization ; Germany ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of specific groups & persons with special educational needs ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNS Teaching of students with different educational needs
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  • 17
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    Neutralizing antibody provided protection against enterovirus type 71 lethal challenge in neonatal mice (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 7 (2000), S. 523-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Enterovirus type 71 ; Experimental infection ; Mice ; Neutralizing antibody ; Vaccine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experimental infection with enterovirus type 71 (EV71) induced death in neonatal mice in an age- and dose-dependent manner. The mortality rate was 100% following intraperitoneal inoculation 1-day-old ICR mice and this gradually decreased as the age at the time of inoculation increased (60% in 3-day-old mice and no deaths occurred in mice older than 6 days of age). A lethal dose greater than 108 PFU was necessary. Lethargy, failure to gain weight, rear limb tremors and paralysis were observed in the infected mice before death. EV71 was isolated from various tissues of the dead mice. Using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique with a specific primer pair, a 332-bp product was detected in the tissues that produced a culture positive for EV71. Protection against EV71 challenge in neonatal mice was demonstrated following passive transfer of serum from actively immunized adult mice 1 day after inoculation with the virus. Pups from hyperimmune dams were resistant to EV71 challenge. Additionally, maternal immunization with a formalin-inactivated whole-virus vaccine prolonged the survival of pups after EV71 lethal challenge.
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  • 18
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    Co-housing in a stable hierarchical group is not aversive for dominant and subordinate individuals (2000)
    Springer
    Neuroscience and behavioral physiology 30 (2000), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-899X
    Keywords: Mice ; dominance ; subordinacy ; stress ; aggression ; locomotor activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of individaals and their responses to external stimuli are controlled by the microsocial environment, which for most mammals is associated with dominant-subordinate relationships. Physiological and behavioral differences between dominant and subordinate individuals may be ‘primary’ (genetically determined) or ‘secondary’ (due to position in the group's hierarchical structure). A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the physiological (pain response threshold), immunological (thymus, spleen weights, primary immune response), and behavioral (motor activity, behavior in a shuttle box test) characteristics of dominant and subordinate individuals in groups of three laboratory mice formed on the basis of linear hierarchy. Assessment of the effects of group conditions was made using a conditioned reflex location preference test. The results showed: 1) there are no statistically significant differences in physiological and behavioral (except for motor activity) parameters between dominant and subordinate mice; 2) co-housing of dominant and subordinate individuals in groups with stable hierarchical relationships was not aversive for them.
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  • 19
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    Genetic and Developmental Influences on Infant Mouse Ultrasonic Calling. II. Developmental Patterns in the Calls of Mice 2–12 Days of Age (1998)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 28 (1998), S. 315-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; ultrasonic calls ; infants ; individual differences ; signatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Infant house mice, Mus musculus, produce ultrasonic calls that reliably lead to retrieval by adult mice. While individual differences in calls have been demonstrated both among and within species, the influences of age and sex on call characteristics have not been systematically investigated in mice. This study examined the influences of age, sex, and genotype (inbred versus hybrid) on the rate, length, and frequency characteristics of the calls of 486 male and female mice from 2 to 12 days of age. Rate of calling followed a shallow inverted U-shaped function across days. Call lengths decreased and call frequency characteristics increased, in a linear manner, with age. Females emitted fewer calls, with a smaller bandwidth, at some ages than males. Hybrid pups produced more calls of greater length and a lower frequency than inbred pups. These results indicate the presence of cues that could allow adult mice to behave differentially toward pups as a function of their age and sex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021679615792
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  • 20
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    Genetic and Developmental Influences on Infant Mouse Ultrasonic Calling. I. A Diallel Analysis of the Calls of 3-Day Olds (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; ultrasounds ; ultrasonic calls ; infants ; diallel cross ; individual differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic calls produced by young mice reliably elicit investigation and retrieval by adults. While there are large individual differences in the characteristics of these calls, little work has been done to partition that variation. We completed a 4 × 4 diallel cross and Hayman analyses on several characteristics of these cries. The major result was the detection of directional dominance toward a higher rate of calling, longer calls, and calls of lower overall frequency with a greater bandwidth. Within the context of biometrical genetic theory, we conclude that calls with such characteristics may have important fitness value. Extending this idea, we propose that within the population sampled for this study (the animals of the four inbred strains and 12 F1 hybrid groups), the calls most effectively eliciting investigation and retrieval would be calls with the average hybrid values of the diallel cross.
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  • 21
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    Issues in the genetics of social behavior: Revisited (1996)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 26 (1996), S. 463-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; agonistic behavior ; aggression ; homogeneous set ; standard tester ; social behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Though social behavior has not been overlooked by behavior geneticists, the number of studies is small when compared to those on individual traits. One reason for the neglect may be the difficulty of making connections between genes and social behaviors, which by definition involve the interaction of two or more organisms. Fuller and Hahn (1976) addressed this issue and described three means of establishing social groups that would facilitate genetic analysis. We survey the literature on agonistic behavior in mice from 1976 through 1994 and describe interesting uses of those three methods. One of those methods (the standard tester design) often employs a “noninteractive” social partner. We present data showing that the standard tester design may be more valuable when using an evocative and interactive standard tester.
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  • 22
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    L3T4(CD4)-, Lyt-2(CD8)- and Mac-1(CD11b)-phenotypic leukocytes in murine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (1995)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 131 (1995), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus ; Immunity ; Immunohistology ; Meningoencephalitis ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An immunohistological study of L3T4(CD4)+ and LYT-2(CD8)+ lymphocytes, Mac-1(CD11b)+ monocytes and granulocytes in experimental murine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis was conducted. To assess the concomitant inflammatory reaction in an extracerebral site, livers were examined in parallel. Mice were infected i.v. withCryptococcus neoformans, group A/D, and organs were examined immunohistologically for CD4-, CD8- and monocyteand granulocyte-specific CD11b-phenotypic leukocytes over a period of 60 days. Intracerebrally, agglomerations of cryptococci formed pseudocysts that were surrounded by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes at the end of the second week post-infection, followed by the invasion of monocytes and granulocytes into the lesions. After the fourth week post-infection, most of the invaded lesions were transformed into glious scars. Meningitis was usually marked and showed a homogenous distribution of CD4-, CD8- and CD11b-phenotypic cells, with a predominance of monocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes. Inflammatory infiltrates in the liver were found already 4 days post-infection. CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes were distributed homogenously in the infiltrates, with a lower number of CD8+ lymphocytes being located rather in the periphery of the infiltrates. Comparing leukocyte kinetics in brain and liver, an important observation was the delayed immigration of immune cells at the intracerebral cryptococcal lesions as compared with the liver, and the different migration patterns of T-lymphocyte subgroups and macrophages. These results suggest that there are differential leukocyte migration patterns in the liver and brain following disseminated cryptococcosis. The immunological aspects of the observed leukocyte kinetics are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01102895
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  • 23
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    Evaluating birth frequencies and embryonic lethality in transgenesis following pronuclear injection of HIV DNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 2 (1995), S. 146-153 
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    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Transgene ; Mice ; Embryogenesis ; HIV ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The likelihood that expression of a foreign gene in a mammalian cell is deleterious to viability is confronted whenever novel transgenic animals are made. A pathological response to transgene expression is even desired in transgenic mouse models of human disease. The derivation of HIV-transgenic mice in our laboratory using multiple recombinant forms of an HIV provirus has resulted in mixed success best explained by the variable toxicity of the different transgenes. Employing a standardized approach to pronuclear injections, experimental variation amongst recombinant HIV transgenes was documented in terms of the percentage of pregnancies following embryo transfer into pseudopregnant mice and the percentage of transplanted embryos leading to term births in these pregnant females (giving rise to an index of birth success, SI). Results compiled over 5 years suggested that the SI reflected transgene toxicity, in this case of HIV gene products early in embryogenesis. These observations have guided the design of productive transgenes for mouse models of HIV-related diseases and may be generally applicable in transgenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253065
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  • 24
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    Long-term restricted index selection in mice designed to change fat content without changing body size (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection index ; Restricted index ; Fat ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if low secondary selection differentials, caused by selecting within full-sib families, may have accounted for the failure of an intended restricted selection index to reduce epididymal fat pad weight (EF) without changing body weight (BW) in mice. Replicate lines that had been selected within full-sib families for high (HE) or low (LE) EF, while holding BW constant, were crossed. After two generations of random mating, two replicates were sampled and selection initiated for the same restricted index criteria except that mass selection was used to increase the selection differentials. In both phases of selection the HE restricted index selection, designed to increase EF without altering BW, was in agreement with expectation. In contrast, the LE index, designed to decrease EF without changing BW, did not agree with theory since BW increased while EF decreased only slightly. Therefore, reduced selection differentials could not explain the deviation from theory. A possible explanation may reside in the restricted selection index being more sensitive to changes in genetic parameters due to shifts in gene frequency as a consequence of the selection applied. However, linkage disequilibrium and genetic drift can not be ruled out as contributing factors to the asymmetry of response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220897
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  • 25
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    Retarded myogenic cell replication in regenerating skeletal muscles of old mice: an autoradiographic study in young and old BALBc and SJL/J mice (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 277-282 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Skeletal muscle ; Regeneration ; Ageing ; Strain-specific muscle precursor replication ; Autoradiography ; Mice ; BALBc (SJL/J)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The patterns of skeletal muscle precursor cell replication after crush injury were compared by the use of autoradiographic techniques, in young (4-week-old) and old (39-week-old) BALBc and SJL/J mice. Similar comparisons were made between cut and crush lesions in old BALBc muscle. Muscle precursor cell replication commenced at 18–24 h after injury in both young and old muscles from both strains of mice. In young BALBc muscle the peak of myogenic activity at 60 h was 36 h earlier than in old mice. SJL/J muscle responded more rapidly than did BALBc: in young SJL/J the peak myogenic activity was at 46 h (14 h earlier than in young BALBc muscle), and in old SJL/J muscle the peak activity at 72 h was 24 h earlier than in old BALBc muscle. In all mice (both young and old) myogenic cell replication was substantially reduced by 120 h after injury. A comparison of the timing of muscle precursor cell replication in cut and crush lesions in old BALBc mice revealed a more rapid response in the cut lesion; this difference between the lesions is comparable with data from identical lesions in 6–8-week-old BALBc mice (McGeachie and Grounds 1987). However, the peak of myogenic replication in the older mice in the present study was some 26–36 h later than in the younger 6–8-week-old mice. These experiments show that, whilst muscle precursor cell replication commences at approximately the same time (about 24 h) after injury in young and old mice, the peak level of activity is delayed by some 24–36 h in old mice. In addition, the SJL/J mouse strain responds more rapidly and prolifically to muscle injury than does the BALBc strain.
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  • 26
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    Predatory aggression in male mice selectively bred for isolation-induced intermale aggression (1995)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 25 (1995), S. 361-366 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; aggression ; isolation-induced aggression ; predatory aggression ; selected lines ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Male mice differing in their genetically determined disposition for isolation-induced intermale aggression were compared on behaviors related to predatory aggression. An ongoing sequence of selective breeding established high-aggressive (Turku Aggressive: TA) and low-aggressive (Turku Non-Aggressive: TNA) lines from an outbred Swiss albino foundation stock. The parental strain, designated the Normal (N) strain, has been kept as a control line and is bred without regard to aggressiveness. Testing consisted of dropping a live cricket into the home cage of the individually housed experimental mice. Results showed that the TA males displayed shorter latencies to attack and spent more time in chasing, attacking, and consuming crickets than did TNA and N males. The TNA males displayed significantly less predatory aggression than both the TA and N males. When brothers of the males tested for predatory aggression were tested for intermale aggression, a similarly significant effect of breeding line was obtained for the latency to attack. Testing consisted of placing an intact male mouse into the cage of the male to be tested. The results suggest that there may be parallels in genetic variation between intermale and predatory attacking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197286
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    Multisensory control of escape in the cockroach Penplaneta americana (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Antennae ; Toads ; Mice ; Mantids ; Spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Interactions of cockroaches with 4 different predator species were recorded by videography. Some predators, especially spiders, struck from relatively short distances and usually contacted a cockroach prior to initiation of escape (Table 1, Fig. 3). This touch frequently occurred on an antenna. Cockroaches turned away from the side on which an antenna was touched. 2. We then measured the success of escape from predators for cockroaches with either cerci or antennae ablated. Only antennal removal caused a significant decrease in the success of escape from spiders (Fig. 5). 3. With controlled stimuli, cockroaches responded reliably to abrupt touch of antennae, legs or body (Fig. 6). Responses resembled wind-elicited escape: they consisted of a short latency turn (away from the stimulus) followed by running (Figs. 7, 8). However, lesions show that touchevoked escape does not depend on the giant interneuron system (Table 2). 4. Following section of one cervical connective, cockroaches continued to respond to touching either antenna, but often turned inappropriately toward, rather than away from, stimuli applied to the antenna contralateral to the severed connective (Table 3, Fig. 10). 5. For certain types of predators touch may be a primary cue by which cockroaches detect predatory attack. Descending somatosensory pathways for escape are distinct from the GI system.
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    Un vivo depletion of murine CD8 positive T cells impairs survival during infection with a highly virulent strain ofCryptococcus neoformans (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus ; Host defense ; Lymphocyte subsets ; Mice ; Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cell-mediated immunity plays an important but incompletely understood role in host defense againstCryptococcus neoformans. Because of their multiple capacities as cytokine-secreting cells, cytotoxic cells, and antigen-specific suppressor cells, CD8 positive T lymphocytes could potentially either enhance or impair host defense againstC. neoformans. To determine whether CD8 T cells enhance or inhibit host defence during an infection with a highly virulent strain ofC. neoformans, we examined the effect of in vivo CD8 cell depletion on suNival and on the number of organisms in mice infected by either the intratracheal or intravenous routes. Adequacy of depletion was confirmed both phenotypically and functionally. Regardless of the route of infection, we found that survival of mice depleted of CD8 T cells was significantly reduced compared to undepleted mice. Surprisingly, however, CD8 depletion did not alter organism burden measured by quantitative CFU assay in mice infected by either route. These data demonstrate that CD8 positive T cells participate in the immune response to a highly virulent strain ofC. neoformans. By contrast to minimally virulent isolates that do not cause a life threatening infection, the immune response to a highly virulent isolate does not alter the burden of organisms, but does enhance host defense as it is necessary for the optimal survival of infected mice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103969
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    Effect of cryoprotectant and genetic selection for body fat content on embryonic cryosurvival in mice (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 479-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Correlated responses ; Embryos ; Cryoprotectant ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lines of mice selected for high (HF) or low (LF) 12-week epididymal fat pad weight as a percentage of body weight were used to investigate the effects of genotype, two cryoprotectants [glycerol (GLY) and propylene glycol (PG)] and genotype x cryoprotectant interaction on cryosurvival of four and eight-cell embryos. Embryos were collected from selection lines and reciprocal crosses of selection lines (HFLF and LFHF) and frozen by established slow-cool methods. Embryos were thawed for 40s at room temperature and then placed in a 37° C waterbath for 1 min. Cryoprotectant was diluted from embryos with either 0.5 M sucrose (GLY-treated) or 1.0 M sucrose (PG-treated). Post-thaw survival was measured as the percentage of embryos developing to 36 h (PTS36), 48 h (PTS48) and hatched blastocyst (PTSHB), respectively. Non-frozen controls were cultured concurrently with frozen embryos. No significant genotype or genotype x cryoprotectant interaction effects were found. Results of the embryo freezing study indicated that selection for high or low fat content did not affect the ability of embryos to survive cryopreservation. There was no indication of embryo heterosis for post-thaw survial. Embryos frozen with GLY survived the freeze-thaw stress significantly better than those frozen in PG (P 〈 0.05). In vitro development of non-frozen controls at 36 and 48 h did not vary significantly among lines, but in vitro development was significantly different among lines at the hatched blastocyst stage (P 〈 0.05). Linear contrasts showed that the embryonic genome was responsible for differential in vitro development at the hatched blastocyst stage between these selected lines (HF 〉 LF; P 〈 0.05); asymmetric response also occurred in that both HF and LF exceeded the unselected control line (P 〈 0.05).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223664
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    Physiological evidence for genetically mediated sibling recognition in mice (1994)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 24 (1994), S. 493-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; cross-transferring ; sibling reunion ; analgesia ; kin recognition mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The kin selection theory predicts that individuals would behave differently toward one another, depending on their genetic relatedness. Kin discrimination has been demonstrated in mice from social behavior, and previous familiarity, as well as familiarity with the partner's phenotype, has been postulated to represent proximate mechanisms. It has already been demonstrated that siblings' reunion resulted in a decrease in pain sensitivity that is mediated by endogenous opioids. In this study, using a cross-transferring design, it is shown that genetic relatedness with the male partner, independently of postnatal association, is responsible for changes in nociceptive threshold. Conversely, previous association till weaning has no effect on pain sensitivity. These data suggest that endogenous opioids activity and social behavior represent indices of different processes: the recognition of related animals and the discrimination of familiar (and also usually related) subjects, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01071562
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    Iron bioavailability from super enriched breads in weanling mice (1994)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 45 (1994), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Bread ; Flour ; Fortification ; Iron ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bread made from starch, unenriched, enriched, super-enriched and whole wheat flour was fed to male weanling mice for 21 days to explore the effect on iron utilization using liver, blood iron status and iron balance as parameters of evaluation. The results indicated that iron retentions, blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and liver iron concentration numerically tended to be greater in mice fed super enriched bread than in mice fed the enriched bread but, for most parameters, these differences were not found to be statistically significant. Iron absorption from whole wheat bread was significantly poorer than the super enriched or enriched white wheat bread rations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094096
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    Ultrastructural changes in murine lymphocytes induced by aflatoxin B1 (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Lymphocytes ; Mice ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This investigation sought to determine whether splenic lymphocytes obtained from Balb/C mice exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) showed any ultrastructural changes which could account for the immunodysfunction attributable to aflatoxins. Lymphocytes obtained from Balb/C mice administered aflatoxin B1 in olive oil daily for three weeks were studied using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The lymphocytes demonstrated ultrastructural changes primarily in the mitochondria where marked internal dissociation of the cristae was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. All other cellular organelles were unaffected. No significant alterations in external structure were observed under scanning electron microscopy. The findings of this study indicate that AFB1 administration does not affect the surface topography of lymphocytes, but AFB1, by causing extensive mitochondrial damage, may affect the way in which these cells function. This could be a possible explanation for the immunodysfunction associated with AFB1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103973
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    Effect of genetic background on growth of mice hemizygous for wild-type or dwarf mutated bovine growth hormone transgenes (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Mice ; Transgene ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of a high-growth genetic background on the growth of mice hemizygous for one of two growth hormone transgenes were examined. Male mice hemizygous for wild-type (W) and dwarf mutant (M) bovine growth hormone (bGH) transgenes were crossed with females of a high-growth selected (S) and control (C) line as follows: W x S, W x C, M x S and M x C. Body weights of progeny were recorded weekly from 2 to 10 weeks of age. F1 progeny were classified as carriers (P) or non-carriers (N) of the transgene by assaying tail DNA for bGH using the polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. A deficiency in the number of f1 progeny carrying the W (P〈0.05) and M (P〈0.01) bGH transgene was most likely due to differential prenatal and early postnatal mortality. Bodyweight means of wild-type transgenic mice were larger (P 〈 0.05) than those of non-transgenic littermates by 3 weeks of age in a C background in contrast to 5 weeks in S. The wild-type bGH transgene increased adult body weights more in the C (155%) than in the S (136%) background, indicating transgene expression by selection background interaction (P 〈 0.05). However, the growth response to the wild-type transgene in the S background was still large. The dwarf mutant transgene had a greater effect on growth reduction in the S (70%) than in the C (84%) background, thus causing transgene expression by selection background interaction (P 〈 0.05). Gender by wild-type transgene effect interactions (P 〈 0.001) for adult body weight were caused by the transgene reducing the gender difference for body weight in C and eliminating it in S. The dwarf mutant caused a larger negative effect on growth in males than in females, resulting in a gender by dwarf mutant transgene interaction (P 〈 0.001) for adult body weights. Results indicate that the effect of a GH transgene on growth can be affected both by a high-growth genetic background and the gender of progeny.
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    The fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat in German adults (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 130-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: fattyacids ; subcutaneousfat ; nutrition ; trans fattyacids ; atherosclerosis ; Germany ; Fettsäuren ; subkutanes Fettgewebe ; Ernährung ; trans-Fettsäuren ; Atherosklerose ; Deutschland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Fettsäurenkomposition des subkutanen Fettgewebes (SCF) von 47 deutschen Erwachsenen analysiert. Es zeigte sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter bzw. Geschlecht der Probanden und dem Fettsäurenstatus. Monoene bildeten den Hauptanteil der Fettsäuren (FA) im SCF. Linolsäure war die wichtigste mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäure. Linolsäuremetaboliten wurden nur in geringen Mengen gefunden. Im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen von Studien in den USA und den Niederlanden ist die FA-Zusammensetzung des SCF bei deutschen Probanden durch geringere Anteile von Linolsäure und höhere Anteile von Palmitinsäure gekennzeichnet. Der Gehalt an trans-FA entspricht dem, der bei Frauen in den Niederlanden gefunden wurde, er ist jedoch deutlich niedriger als bei amerikanischen Männern. In der Beurteilung der Unterschiede in der Fettsäurenkomposition des SCF in verschiedenen Ländern sollte jedoch berücksichtigt werden, daß die Anteile der wichtigsten FA in allen untersuchten Populationen eine große interindividuelle Schwankungsbreite zeigten.
    Notes: Summary The fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous fat (SCF) was analyzed in 47 German adults. No influences of sex or age on the FA status of the probands could be detected. SCF consisted mainly of monoenoic fatty acids. Linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid metabolites were found in small quantities only. In comparison to the results of studies in the USA and the Netherlands the FA composition of SCF in German probands was characterized by lower levels of linoleic acid and higher contents of palmitic acid. The trans-FA content was similar to that in Dutch women, but lower than in American male probands. However, in evaluating the differences in the FA composition of SCF in different countries, it has to be noted that there are wide ranges in the proportions of the major FA in all populations studied.
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    Restricted selection index in mice designed to change body fat without changing body weight: correlated responses (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection index ; Correlated responses ; Fat ; Fitness ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlated responses were studied in lines of mice selected for eight generations based on the criterion of a restricted selection index. Two replicate lines were selected in each treatment as follows: HE, high epididymal fat pad weight (EF) with zero change in body weight (BW) at 12 weeks of age; LE; low EF with zero change in BW; and RS, randomly. Correlated responses showed considerable variation between replicates, suggesting that genetic drift was important. Further, correlated responses for most traits were relatively small, probably because of low selection intensity. The HE line responded as expected in component traits of the restricted index. Associated compositional traits in HE responded as predicted since traits correlated with adiposity increased and hind carcass weight did not change significantly. Feed intake increased and feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake) decreased in HE, as predicted. In contrast, the LE line did not respond in component traits as predicted since EF did not decrease and BW increased. Consequently, LE exhibited little change in traits associated with adiposity, but hind carcass weight, feed intake and feed efficiency increased. Of the correlated responses scored for fitness traits (littering rate, number of days from pairing of mate to littering, litter size and preweaning pup survival rate), significant effects were found for decreased littering rate in LE and increased prenatal survival rate in HE. In summary, correlated responses to restricted index selection generally agreed with expectation when responses in component traits of the index were considered.
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    Chiasma frequency in strains of mice selected for litter size and for high body weight (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 640-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Recombination ; Selection ; Chiasmata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chiasma frequency was measured in male mice of three outbred lines: FZt:DU (control); DU:6, selected for increased body weight; and DU:C, selected for high fertility. Chiasma frequency was seen to increase in the high body weight line, but decrease in the high fertility line. In both selected lines the intragroup variance in chiasma frequency increased while in DU:C the intracell variance was lower than in the control.
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    Restricted index selection in mice designed to change body fat without changing body weight: direct responses (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 973-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Fat ; Selection index ; Heritability ; Genetic correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Replicated within full-sib family restricted index selection was conducted for eight generations in mice for high or low epididymal fat pad weight (EF) holding body weight (BW) constant. Pooled realized heritability estimates of index units based on high, low and divergent selection were 0.42±0.20, 0.44±0.19 and 0.42± 0.05, respectively, which were not different from the base population estimate of 0.33±0.10. Realized responses per generation pooled across replicates in the high-fat restricted index lines were in the expected directions for EF (17.5±7.2 mg; P〈0.05) and BW (0.03±0.58 g; P〉0.05), but responses in the low-fat restricted index lines were discrepant for EF (0.3±5.1 mg; P〉0.05) and BW (0.38±0.01 g; P〈0.01). Consequently, the realized responses in component traits were decidedly asymmetric (P〈0.05). A technique for estimating realized genetic parameters from index selection lines gave realized heritabilities for BW and EF of 0.68±0.04 and 0.45±0.05, respectively, and a realized genetic correlation between BW and EF of 0.93±0.01 compared with base population estimates of 0.43±0.08, 0.49±0.10 and 0.78±0.05, respectively. Possible explanations for the disparity between observed and expected responses in the low-fat restricted index lines include genetic drift, poor estimates of base population parameters, changes in genetic parameters with selection, linkage disequilibrium resulting from selection and asymmetric realized relative index weights.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232959
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    Replicated selection for insulin-like growth factor-1 and body weight in mice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 685-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: IGF-1 ; Body weight ; Realized heritability ; Genetic correlation ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five generations of divergent selection for plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and for 12-week body weight were carried out in mice, including randomly selected control lines for each trait. All lines were replicated once (12 lines in total). Each replicate line consisted of eight male and eight female parents per generation. Litter size was standardized to eight pups at birth. Mass selection was applied in the selected lines and within-family random selection in the control lines. Blood was taken from the orbital sinus of individual mice at 12 weeks of age for IGF-1 assay. Realized heritabilities were 0.10±0.01 for IGF-1 and 0.41 ± 0.02 for 12-week weight. The realized genetic correlation between IGF-1 and 12-week weight was 0.58 ± 0.01, with a phenotypic correlation of 0.38. Although the genetic correlation between IGF-1 and body weight in mice is moderately positive, 12-week weight responded 3.5 times as fast to weight selection as to selection for IGF-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226738
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    Crossbreeding effects after long-term selection for purebred performance: a model experiment with mice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 720-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diallel cross ; Heterosis ; Maternal effects ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of purebred selection on the combining abilities of five lines of mice was examined. Two replicated testcross diallels were made after 10 and 20 generations of purebred selection for litter size, weaning weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency. Average direct genetic effects were of major importance, followed by average maternal genetic effects. In all of the replications, between two and four out of ten crosses showed significant heterosis. Heterosis ranged from 0 to 38% in litter size, from 0 to 20% in weaning weight, from -11 to 11% in weight gain, and from -8 to 17% in feed efficiency. For litter size and weaning weight, heterosis estimates increased between 80 and 100% from generation 10 to 20. Weight gain and feed efficiency showed decreasing heterosis with partly negative estimates in the second diallel. Combinations exhibiting significant heterosis varied between replicates and between the two diallels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224980
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    Decreased frequency of the rat growth hormone transgene in mouse populations with or without selection for increased adult body weight (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 327-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Transgene ; Mice ; Growth ; Reproduction ; Selection response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frequencies of mice with the rat growth hormone (rGH) transgene were examined in lines derived from two genetic bases (P/W and P/C). The genetic bases were developed from males (P) with the rGH transgene, mated with non-transgenic females of different origin: a line previously selected for large body size (W) and a corresponding unselected control line (C). They were maintained for six generations under random mating with or without selection for increased 42-day body weight. The frequencies of P/W and P/C males with the rGH transgene wer 0.075 and 0.300, respectively at generation 0 of the genetic bases. They were significantly (P〈0.05) lower than the expected frequency (about 0.5). At generation 6, the frequencies had decreased further both in selected and unselected lines (ranging from 0.025 to 0.125). Decreased frequencies of mice with the transgene were confirmed in a separate experiment testing segregation of the transgene. The reasons for these decreases are not clear. The results suggest that transgenes need to be monitored when transgenic animals are mated with animals of different origin.
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    Crossbreeding effects after long-term selection for purebred performance: a model experiment with mice (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Diallel cross ; Maternal heterosis ; Litter size ; Growth traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Results are presented from two replicated three-breed cross diallels that were conducted after 20 generations of selection for purebred performance in mice. The selection criteria for the different lines were: litter size at birth (LS), weaning weight at 4 weeks (WW), weight gain from week 4 to week 6 (WG), and body fat content at week 6 (FT). Additionally, a random-mating control line (C) was kept. Significant maternal heterosis was found in litter size and weaning weight. Estimates of maternal heterosis in litter size were very high, ranging from 17 to 50% of the mean of the corresponding single crosses. Maternal heterosis in weaning weight usually was negative and ranged from +9 to -11%. Significant maternal heterosis in feed efficiency and weaning weight could only be found in a few cases. Total performance of three-breed crosses was highly superior to that of single crosses and purebreds. Means of the corresponding purebreds or single crosses were of little use in predicting three-breed cross performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231279
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    Energy expenditure and locomotor activity in mice selected for food intake adjusted for body weight (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 131-136 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection response ; Metabolic rate ; Inheritance of activity ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to examine the differences in physical activity and their contribution to differences in energy utilization in mice, selected either high or low for food intake, adjusted for body weight, which show correlated responses in lean content and metabolic rate. Simultaneous measurements of fasting metabolic rate and activity were made in lines of mice selected at either: a young age, 4-to 6-week food intake corrected for 4-week body weight; or an older age, 8- to 10-week food intake corrected for mean weight at 8 and 10 weeks of age. Correlated response in metabolic rate was found to have been accompanied by changes in locomotor activity near the ages at selection in both sets of lines. Activity, however, accounted for only a small proportion of variation in fasting heat production, generally less than 5%, although a highly positive correlation (r=0.63) between the two traits was found. It was concluded that selection for food intake adjusted for body weight has led to correlated response in physical activity. In consequence, mice selected in the upward direction expend some of the excess energy intake rather than assimilating it as body mass and are, therefore, slightly leaner than their counterparts selected in the downward direction.
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    Selection response for litter size at birth and litter weight at weaning in the first parity in mice (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 625-630 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection ; Mice ; Litter size ; Litter weight ; Reproductive performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five 60-pair lines of mice were selected for seven generations for the following criteria: number born alive (LSO), random selection of litters (LC), number born alive divided by the weight of the dam at 9 weeks (LSO/DWT), total litter weight weaned divided by the weight of the dam at 9 weeks (LWT/DWT), and weight of litter weaned (LWT). All traits were measured in the first parity only and litters were not standardized. Realized heritabilities for LSO, LWT, LSO/DWT, and LWT/ DWT were 0.10± 0.06, 0.11±0.07, 0.22 ± 0.04, and 0.22 ± 0.08, respectively. Selection response for the two ratio lines was due to correlated responses in the respective numerators, LSO and LWT, as DWT did not decrease. In terms of improving LWT, selection for LWT/ DWT was three times as effective as selection for LSO/ DWT.
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    Selection for increased length of reproductive life in mice (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Lifetime ; Performance ; Longevity ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An experiment was conducted in mice to examine whether selection can increase reproductive life and lifetime production of progeny. Mice in two lines with litter size standardized at birth and in two lines without standardization were pair-mated at 7 weeks of age and maintained as long as they produced litters up to 382 days. Progeny from the sixth litters were used to maintain the four selected lines, while progeny from the first litters were bred to maintain unselected control lines. Selected and control lines were compared at five and six generations of the selected lines. Contemporary comparisons revealed that the length of reproductive life and most lifetime production traits were significantly greater in the selected than in control lines. Realized heritability of the length of reproductive life ranged from 0.08 to 0.13. It was concluded that the length of reproductive life and lifetime production in mice can be increased by selection.
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    Correlated responses in development and distribution of fat depots in mice selected for body composition traits (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Correlated responses ; Fat depots ; Lean tissue ; Body composition ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Development of adipose tissue in five depots was investigated in mice selected for high or low 12-week epididymal fat pad weight as a percentage of body weight (HF and LF lines), or high or low 12-week hind carcass weight as a percentage of body weight (HL and LL lines). An unselected control line (RC) was maintained. Hind carcass (HC) and fat pads from subcutaneous hindlimb, subcutaneous forelimb, gonads, kidneys and mesentery were dissected and weighed at 4, 6, 9, 12 or 15 weeks of age. Generally, body weight (BW), daily gain (DG), feed intake (FI), feed efficiency (FE) and feed intake/metabolic body weight (FC) were higher (P≤0.05) in HF than in LF, and in LL than in HL. HF had more fat (as a percentage of BW) than LF in all depots (P≲-0.01), and asymmetry (P≤0.01) was detected for gonadal fat. LL consistently had a higher (P≤0.01) fat percentage than HL, and asymmetry (P≤0.01) was observed for perirenal fat. At age of selection, ranking of fat depot weights as a percentage of total fat depot weight was not changed by selection; however, gonadal fat accounted for more of the total fat in HF and LL compared with RC, while the opposite was found in LF and HL. HC percentage was higher (P≤0.01) in HL than LL, and higher (P≤0.01) in LF than HF. Growth rate of each fat depot relative to BW was not affected by selection. These results demonstrated that selection for proportion of fat in one depot or for HC percentage changed fat percentage in other depots. However, the rate of fat deposition in each depot relative to body weight gain was not altered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288802
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    Transgenic markers for mammalian chimeras (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 63-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chimeras ; In situ hybridization ; Mice ; Transgenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe the construction of aggregation chimeras between normal and transgenic embryos containing multiple copies of mouse β-globin genes. The transgenic component of the chimeras is then detected in tissue sections by a DNA-DNA in situ hybridization technique, using a biotinylated DNA β-globin probe and an avidin-linked alkaline phosphatase detection system. The general advantages of transgenic markers for chimeras are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375928
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    Sperm enzyme activity analysis in individual sperm for detection of heritable mutations in mammals (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 253-254 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice ; heritable mutations ; sperm enzyme activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male mice were injected i.p. with 2.5 mg/kg mitomycin C, 100 mg/kg ethyl nitrosourea or saline and mated with untreated virgin females five weeks later. Sperm from 64 of the F1 male progeny were analyzed histochemically for acrosin, succinic dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity. The frequency of F1 males with sub-normal sperm enzyme activity was significantly higher among progeny from treated males than in controls. These results show that analysis of sperm enzyme activity in F1 males is a practical method for detection of transmitted mutations induced in a treated parent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941727
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    Selection for weight gain in mice at two ages and under ad libitum and restricted feeding (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 415-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection ; Gain ; Feed restriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Direct and correlated responses in weight gain and body weights were assessed for nine generations of within-family selection. Four selection criteria were used: gain between 28 and 38 or 48 and 58 days of age, and under two feeding regimes, i.e. ad libitum consumption or 80% of the control line. Direct responses to selection and realized heritabilities in the ad libitum lines were greater in the first period. Weight gain under ad libitum feeding at later ages appeared to have a lower genetic variability. In the restricted lines the responses and realized heritabilities were higher in the second period. Selection under restricted feeding in both periods led to animals that had lower weight gains than the control line when compared under ad libitum feeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276744
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    Selection for weight gain in mice at two ages and under ad libitum and restricted feeding (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 424-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection ; Body composition ; Gain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlated responses in feed efficiency, feed consumption and body composition were investigated after nine generations of selection for weight gain in two age intervals, 28 to 38 or 48 to 58 days old, and under ad libitum feed consumption or intake restricted to 80% of the control lines. Correlated responses in feed efficiency and feed consumption in the ad libitum lines were positive in the early period and negative in the late period. Restricted lines had a positive response in feed efficiency and a negative response in consumption in both periods of selection. Changes in body composition in the early period were the same in all selected lines: a lower crude protein percentage at the start of the period and a lower ash percentage at the end of the period. Body composition at the start of the late period was not altered by selection, while at the end of the period ad libitum lines had higher dry matter percentages and restricted lines had lower fat and higher ash percentages. Body composition at 100 days old was not affected by selection except for dry matter percent, which was lower in the restricted lines.
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    Phenotypic and genetic variability of estimated growth curve parameters in mice (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 148-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Growth curve ; Genetic parameters ; Heritability ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Data from 1,919 outbred ICR mice were used to examine the potential usefulness of growth curve parameters as selection criteria for altering the relationship between body weight and age. A logistic growth function was used to model growth through 12 weeks of age. Estimates of asymptotic weight (A), maximum growth rate (r) and age at point of inflection (t*) were obtained by nonlinear least-squares. A log transformation was also used to stabilize residual variance. Phenotypic and genetic parameters were estimated for the estimated growth curve parameters and for body weights at 2, 3, 4.5, 6, 8 and 12 weeks of age. Heritabilities of estimated growth curve parameters (obtained with and without a log transformation, respectively) were: A (0.28±0.07, 0.28±0.07), r (0.35±0.07, 0.53±0.09) and t* (0.41±0.08, 0.44±0.08). Estimated genetic correlations suggest that t* may be useful in selecting for rapid early growth without increasing mature weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288846
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    Divergent selection for in vitro developmental capacity of preimplantation mouse embryos (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 467-472 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection ; Embryo development ; Embryo culture ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Replicated divergent selection was conducted for two generations in ICR mice for in vitro developmental capacity (IVDC; percentage of fertilized one-cell zygotes developing to blastocysts in vitro per female donor). Realized heritabilities based on high and low selection were 0.03±0.08 and −0.11±0.09 in replicate 1, and 0.10±0.11 and 0.08±0.10 in replicate 2. No differences were detected between selection lines (P〉0.2) or replicates (P〉0.1). Estimate of heritability in the base population based on 332 daughter-dam pairs was 0.14±0.18. These results indicate that additive genetic variance contributes little to the phenotypic variance in this trait. Considerable phenotypic variation in IVDC was observed (mean=49.3; SD=31.0), with a range of IVDC from 0%–100%. Utilization of donor female as a blocking factor is suggested for designs of experiments with preimplantation embryos to increase precision and power of statistical analyses.
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    Growth and body composition changes in mice selected for high post-weaning weight gain on two levels of feeding (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 926-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection ; Feeding levels ; Growth ; Body composition ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two lines of mice were selected for high post-weaning weight gain (3 to 6 weeks) adjusted for 3 week weight. One line (F) was grown on freely available food and the other (S) on a feeding scale set at the same level for all mice. Food intake of the S line averaged 80% of the F line. The realised heritabilities after 6 generations of selection were 0.38±0.06 and 0.33±0.07 for the F and S lines, respectively. In generation 7, mice from the F and S lines and from an unselected control line (C) were compared on both free and set levels of feeding from 3 weeks to 9 weeks of age. Measurements taken were growth rate, appetite, food conversion efficiency (weight gain/food intake) and body composition (fat, protein, ash, water). The F and S lines grew more rapidly and efficiently than the C line on both levels of feeding, each line performing best on the level of feeding on which it was selected. The average genetic correlation between growth rates of the same line on the two feeding levels was 0.54±0.10. The F line grew 19% faster and was 9% more efficient than the S line on free feeding but the S line grew 15% faster and was 15% more efficient than the F line on set feeding. Relative to the C line, food intake per day on free feeding was 4% higher in the F line and 6% lower in the S line. There was no difference between the lines in food intake/g body weight. The rate of deposition of all body components increased in both selection lines. In the F, S and C lines respectively, efficiencies of gains in body components (102x gain/food) were 1.79, 1.31 and 1.06 for fat, 1.53, 1.63 and 1.22 for protein and 5.88, 6.45 and 4.98 for protein + water. Apparently energy lost as heat was reduced in both the F and S lines. The partitioning of energy retained was altered in favour of more fat in the F line and more protein in the S line.
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    Selection for components related to body composition in mice: direct responses (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 793-801 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Fat ; Lean tissue ; Selection ; Heritability ; Genetic correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Replicated within full-sib family single-trait selection was conducted for 10 generations in mice for (1) high or low 12-week epididymal fat pad percentage (100 x epididymal fat pad weight/body weight) or (2) high or low 12-week hind carcass percentage (100 x hind carcass weight/body weight). Pooled realized heritabilities based on high, low and divergent selection were 0.66±0.09, 0.65±0.13 and 0.66±0.05 for epididymal fat pad percentage and 0.48±0.08, 0.33±0.08 and 0.40±0.04 for hind carcass percentage. The pooled realized genetic correlation (rG R) between epididymal fat pad percentage and hind carcass percentage based on divergence was −0.67±0.04. Other estimates of (rG R) were: epididymal fat pad percentage with body weight (0.57±0.05); epididymal fat pad percentage with epididymal fat pad weight (1.17±0.05); hind carcass percentage with body weight (−0.61±0.09); hind carcass percentage with hind carcass weight (−0.05±0.11). Indirect measures of fat and lean tissue percentages were highly heritable, and (rG R) between them would be desirable from the standpoint of analogous types of traits in livestock. In the same context, undesirable (rG R)'s were found between epididymal fat pad percentage and body weight and between hind carcass percentage and body weight.
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    Selection for fertility in mice using different methods of litter size manipulation (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1987), S. 147-150 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection experiments ; Maternal effects litter size manipulation ; Fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A short-term selection experiment for increasing the first-day litter size (LS1) and 28-day litter weight (LW28) was conducted with three populations of mice over 8 generations. Different methods of litter size manipulation were used for the populations — in S the litter size was standardized to 8 (4 ♂ ♂, 4 ♀♀) on the first day, in LA it was adjusted to the average size of all litters born on the same day and NL had the natural litter size. To eliminate temporary environmental effects, a control population was kept in each case. The selection results per generation were, for LS 1 b=0.30 (S, NL) and 0.20 (LA), and for LW28 b=5.62 g (S), 5.26 g (NL), and 4.32 g (LA). The heritability obtained was between 0.18 and 0.13 for LS 1 and from 0.42 to 0.12 for LW28. The populations differed in the correlated responses for body weight parameters (litter weight gain). The implantation rate increased in populations S and NL (b=0.19, 0.37), but not in population LA. Postnatal mortality went down (b=-0.07) and the dam's milk production rose (b=1.11 g) only in population LA. The estimated partial regression coefficient linking body weight at mating (BWM) for the dam and the daughter's litter size showed an effect on the litter size.
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    Selection for components related to body composition in mice: correlated responses (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1987), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Correlated responses ; Mice ; Body composition ; Growth ; Fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlated responses were estimated in each of two replicate lines of mice selected within full-sib families for high (HF) or low (LF) 12-week epididymal fat pad weight as a percentage of body weight (epididymal fat pad percentage), or high (HL) or low (LL) 12-week hind carcass weight as a percentage of body weight (hind carcass percentage). Two replicate control lines (RC) were maintained. Correlated traits were measured in each of the 10 generations of selection. Realized (rG R) and offspring-sire genetic correlations generally were in agreement. In HF and LF, 3–6 week postweaning gain (rG R = 0.36±0.04) and feed intake (rG R = 0.50±0.13) had positive correlated responses, but feed efficiency and feed intake/metabolic body size did not change. Positive correlated responses were found for subcutaneous fat pad percentage, body weight-adjusted subcutaneous fat pad weight and fat percentage in the hind carcass (rG R's were 1.04±0.13, 0.93±0.13 and 0.90±0.08). In the hind carcass, fat-free dry (protein + ash) percentage showed a small negative correlated response, and fat-free dry weight did not change. In HL and LL, the correlated responses for the above traits were generally opposite to those observed in HF and LF. Litter size, percentage of infertile matings, and preweaning mortality showed no consistent correlated responses in any of the lines, but an index of fitness combining the three traits showed a decrease in all four selection treatments.
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    Sertoli cells in the testis and epithelium of the ductuli efferentes are targets for 3H 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 453-455 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 ; Testis ; Ductuli efferentes ; Sertoli cells ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence from results of autoradiographic studies in mice indicates that nuclei of Sertoli cells and of epithelial cells in the ductuli efferentes contain receptors for 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3.
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    Myosin content and vasoconstrictive ability of the proximal and distal (renin-positive) segments of the preglomerular arteriole (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 579-588 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Afferent glomerular arteriole ; Renin ; Myosin ; Juxtaglomerular cells ; Tubulo-glomerular feedback ; Rats ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The PAP-technique and antibodies to myosin were used to demonstrate the prerequisites for vasoconstriction in the juxtaglomerular part of the preglomerular arteriole as compared with its proximal segment in rats and mice. In contrast with the myosin-positive/renin-negative proximal part of the afferent arteriole no myosin-like activity could be demonstrated in its distal, renin-positive part. In accordance, no thick myofilaments were found in fully differentiated juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells replete with mature secretory granules. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system was followed by an increase of the reninpositive/myosin-negative portions of the preglomerular arteriole. Marked interspecies and internephron variations in the length of this vessel segment under control and stimulated conditions were observed. The juxtaglomerular part of the preglomerular arteriole close to the macula densa seems therefore to have only limited capabilities for vasoconstriction. This finding may be of importance regarding the tubulo-glomerular feedback, a mechanism allegedly triggered by the so-called ‘macula densa-signal’. It is suggested that this non-contractile segment of the afferent arteriole may represent the renal vascular receptor responsible for the increase of renin secretion during pressure reduction. Unlike the afferent arterioles, most of the efferent arterioles showed the highest level of their weak but distinct myosin-like immunoreactivity in the juxtaglomerular region, indicating some efferent juxtaglomerular vasoconstrictive ability.
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    Maturing patterns of organ weights in mice selected for rapid postweaning gain (1986)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1986), S. 148-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Correlated responses ; Organ growth ; Degree of maturity ; Allometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Correlated responses to selection for increased 3–6 week postweaning gain in male mice were estimated for seven internal organs (testes, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, small intestine (S intest) and stomach) weighed at specific degrees of maturity in body weight (37.5, 50.0, 62.5, 75.0, 87.5 and 100%). Correlated responses in organ weights were generally large, but the magnitude and direction of response depended upon whether 1) comparisons were made at the same age, degree of maturity or body weight and 2) absolute or proportional organ weights were used. The selected line (M16) weighed more and had larger organ weights than controls (ICR) when compared at either the same degree of maturity or the same age, indicating positive genetic correlations between body weight and the respective organ weights. Positive correlated responses were found in spleen weight/body weight at all degrees of maturity and in liver and S intest weights as a proportion of body weight at some degrees of maturity. Testes, kidneys, heart and stomach weights as a proportion of body weight had negative correlated responses, though this was consistent only for kidneys across all degrees of maturity. Correlated responses in organ weights adjusted for body weight by covariance analysis were positive for spleen, S intest and stomach and negative for testes and kidneys. Based on the constrained quadratic model, degree of maturity in organ weight relative to degree of maturity in body weight responded positively for testes, kidneys and S intest and negatively for spleen and liver. Selection for increased growth caused negative correlated responses in allometric growth of testes, kidneys, S intest and stomach.
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    Morphological changes in the submandibular glands and in the X zone of the adrenal gland following ovariectomy in mice (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 549-556 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Submandibular gland ; Adrenal X zone ; Ovariectomy ; Morphometrical analysis ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in submandibular glands of female mice following ovariectomy were studied morphometrically by light microscopy and ultrastructurally by electron microscopy. The X zone of the adrenal gland was examined in order to assess possible changes that might be expected to occur after ovariectomy. In submandibular glands, 1 to 4 weeks after ovariectomy, no changes were observed in percentages of the acinar, intercalated duct, and granular convoluted tubular areas occupying photomicrographs. However, an increase in the granular content of both intercalated duct and granular convoluted tubular cells was recognized. By contrast, the glandular picture 4 months after ovariectomy changed remarkably, resembling that of the male mouse both morphometrically and in terms of fine structure. In the adrenal cortex of control female mice, the X zone became thinner with aging. As compared with this, the X zone of ovariectomized mice at any time after the operation was thicker than that of controls. These observations suggest that the absence of ovarian hormones in the ovariectomized mouse may lead to prolonged functioning of X zone cells, which in turn may cause masculinization of the submandibular gland.
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    Histological changes in spleen and lymph nodes of mice administered cyclophosphamide and levan (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 183-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Lymph nodes ; Mice ; Cyclophosphamide ; Levan ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in spleen and lymph nodes of C57B1 mice induced by the cytotoxic agent cyclophosphamide and the polysaccharide levan, separately and in combination were studied. In the spleen, an early decrease (phase 1) and a late increase (phase 2) in weight were found to result from all drug administrations. The hypocellularity of phase 1 was due to a depletion in the white pulp affecting mainly the B-region. Splenic weight decrease was parallel to B-cell depletion and most marked in animals exposed to cyclophosphamide with levan. The splenomegaly observed during phase 2 with all treatments was due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in the red pulp. In the lymph nodes, administration of cyclophosphamide and levan produced opposite effects on the B-cell region: cyclophosphamide eliminated the germinal centers for 8 days, but levan seemed to enhance B-cell activity. In animals given both cyclophosphamide and levan, inhibition of B-cell activity began earlier than with cyclophosphamide alone. Levan does not antagonize the suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on the B-cell component at the early phase when the drugs are given together.
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    Disorganization of stroma alters epithelial differentiation of the glandular stomach in adult mice (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 65-68 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epithelial differentiation ; Stomach ; Duodenum ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response of adult epithelium in contact with heterologous mesenchymes/stromas was studied in three digestive organs (forestomach, glandular stomach, and duodenum). After various tissues were implanted beneath the epithelial layer of adult mice, the epithelial differentiation was examined after sacrifice of animals at intervals up to 24 weeks. In the forestomach and duodenum, the epithelial differentiation was not affected at all by the tissue implantation. In the glandular stomach, in contrast, epithelial cells exhibited altered differentiation in which chief and parietal cells disappeared and were replaced by columnar epithelial cells with PAS-positive granules. These epithelial cells often formed immature villi. Such differentiation-altered columnar epithelium (DACE) was induced by implanting any type of tissue and even by sham operation, indicating that it was induced by disorganization of the tissue-implanted stroma. The size of DACE was significantly influenced by the stage of implanted tissue; 14.5-day fetal mesenchyme induced the largest DACE, and was followed by 16.5-day fetal mesenchyme, adult stroma, and sham operation. These results suggest the importance of stromal organization in maintaining epithelial differentiation in the glandular stomach.
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    Effect of laser therapy on wound contraction and cellularity in mice (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 125-130 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Wound contraction ; Fibroblasts ; Infrared laser ; Helium-neon laser ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect was investigated of combined pulsed infrared and continuous wave heliumneon mid-laser therapy on wound contraction and wound bed cellularity, and the effects were compared of variation in the infrared pulsing frequency. The laser used was the Space Mix-5 Mid-Laser and the wounds studied were full-thickness excised skin lesions made in the flank skin of CD1 adult female mice, which were maintained under general anaesthesia during both excision and irradiation. Treatment at 700 Hz increased wound contraction in comparison with treatment at 1200 Hz, when all other controllable parameters were kept constant. By 11 days after injury the cellularity of the wound bed was greater in the wounds treated with 700 Hz than in those treated with 1200 Hz, with the greatest difference being found in the number of fibroblasts, the cells primarily responsible for wound contraction.
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    Circling behavior induced by phencyclidine in mice and its inhibition by naloxone (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 73-74 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice ; circling behavior ; phencyclidine ; naloxone ; hyperactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Phencyclidine (PCP), when given to mice, induces general hyperactivity and rapid circling, similar to that caused by morphine. These effects are partially antagonized by naloxone.
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    Antagonistic effect of progesterone towards estradiol dipropionate-induced changes in glycogen content in uterus and vagina of P-mice (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1455-1456 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice ; uterus ; vagina ; sex steroids ; glycogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Estradiol dipropionate induces an increase (3-fold) in the uterine glycogen content and a decrease (4-fold) in the vaginal glycogen content of Parkes (P) mice. Progesterone antagonizes this estradiol dipropionate-induced response in both the uterine and vaginal tissue. The degree of this antagonism is more pronounced in the uterus than in the vagina.
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    Incorporation of32P into renal phospholipids of mice during postnatal growth (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1184-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice ; phospholipids ; kidney growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the first 40 days of life the rate of incorporation of32P into total phospholipids and into phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol of mouse kidney was by some 25–35% higher than in older animals. Results suggest a different involvement of cellular membranes during of normal and compensatory renal growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951720
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    Effect of aminoglutethimide on murine fetal hepatic erythroid colony formation (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 498-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice ; pregnant ; aminoglutethimide phosphate ; mice ; liver ; fetal ; erythroid colony-forming cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pretreatment of pregnant mice with aminoglutethimide phosphate, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis, increases the content of fetal liver erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E), as assessed by the formation of erythroid colonies in vitro by fetal liver cells in plasma clots containing exogenous erythropoietin. In addition, the inability of aminoglutethimide to influence erythroid colony formation in vitro suggests that endogenous glucocorticoids exert a suppressive effect on the number of functional CFU-E in the fetal liver.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01966168
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    Heterosis among lines of mice selected for body weight (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Reproduction ; Mice ; Body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To examine the effect of selection for body weight on levels of heterosis for reproductive traits, crosses were made between three groups of six lines of mice, one group unselected (controls) and the other two selected for high (large lines) and low (small lines) 6-week body weight, respectively. The coefficient of inbreeding of each line was about 0.60. In a comparison of purebred and crossbred progeny, both out of purebred mothers, there was on average 4% heterosis for number born, 3% for percentage weaned and 8% for numbers weaned. In a comparison of purebred and crossbred mothers, each mated to males of an unrelated strain and dissected on the 17th day of gestation, crossbreds had on average 1.6 more live embryos, which was 22% of the purebred mean. This comprised an increase of 0.6 corpora lutea, of 0.4 in survival to implantation and of 0.6 in subsequent survival to 17 days. The heterosis was similar whether the mothers had parents of the same or different size.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278253
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    Comparison of lifetime performance in mice under crisscross, repeat hybrid male cross and random mating systems (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Crossbreeding ; Lifetime performance ; Mating system ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mating systems that capitalize on heterosis in dairy cattle are the criss-cross (CC), the repeat hybrid male cross (RHMC) and random mating within a synthetic population (SYN). When performance is determined solely by direct additive genetic and dominance genetic effects, expected performance under CC (averaged over four generations after F1 generation), relative to that under RHMC (or SYN) is (59 G1+69 G2 +82 H)/64(G1+G2+H), where Gi is direct additive genetic effect of breed i and H is direct heterosis. Five CC, five RHMC and one SYN population of mice were prepared to test 533, 534 and 410 females, respectively for performance during lifetime (155 days after mating). Each female was pair-mated at day 42 with a male from the SYN population and the number of lactations during the lifetime (NL), total number (TN) and weight (TW in g) of young born alive during lifetime, total number (AN) and weight (AW in g) of young raised to weaning (18 days), and actual length of reproductive life (RL in days) were recorded. Observed performance averaged over four generations was, under CC, RHMC and SYN, 4.74, 4.62 and 4.56 for NL, 49.9, 48.2 and 48.8 for TN, 86.0, 83.6 and 85.1 g for TW, 47.5, 45.5 and 46.3 for AN, 512.1, 517.9 and 521.1 g for AW, and 120.0, 117.6 and 116.7 for RL, respectively. Heterosis due to the female (H) was 10, 30, 33, 34, 43 and 9% for NL, TN, TW, AN, AW and RL, respectively. Direct additive genetic values were estimated for each pair of lines involved with CC or RHMC. These values were used in the formula to calculate expected performance in each mating system. The ratio of CC to RHMC for the expected and observed performance was 1.01 and 1.01 for NL, 1.04 and 1.04 for TN, 1.04 and 1.03 for TW, 1.04 and 1.04 for AN, 1.05 and 0.99 for AW, and 1.01 and 1.02 for RL, respectively. The ratio of CC to SYN for the observed performance was 1.04 for NL, 1.02 for TN, 1.01 for TW, 1.03 for AN, 0.98 for AW, and 1.03 for RL. As expected, the observed mean performance under CC was slightly larger than that under RHMC or SYN.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251082
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    Selection for fertility in mice — the selection plateau and how to overcome it (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 70 (1985), S. 72-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection experiments ; Plateau ; Fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A long-term experiment for increasing the traits first day litter size (LS1) and litter weight (LW1) was conducted with two populations for 33 generations. The selection plateau was reached in population DU-C (selection and estrus synchronization (h2 = 0.02±0.01); in population DU-K (selection) the plateau (h2 = 0.05±0.2) was nearly reached. Selection progress per generation was in LS1 b = 0.11±0.02; b = 0.12±0.04 (1st to 18th generation DU-K, DU-C) and b = 0.10±0.03; b = 0.07±0.05 (19th to 33rd generation, DU-K, DU-C) in LW1 b = 0.16±0.04 g; 0.19±0.07 g (DU-K, DU-C) b = 0.20±0.09 g; 0.001±0.09 g (DU-K, DU-C). Reverse and relaxe selection as well as systematic inbreeding was applied for 10 generations. Reverse selection yielded h2 = 0.28±0.11 (R-DU-K) and h2 = 0.17±0.05 (R-DU-C) and showed that there was still additive genetic variance. Relaxe selection did not cause alterations in the selection parameters, whereas inbreeding lead to inbred depressions (b = LS1 = −0.42±0.15; −0.45±0.12; b = LW1 = −1.13±0.20; −0.82±0.18 I-DU-K, I-DU-C). The plateau was based upon the heterozygote advantage. Several methods for overcoming the plateau were applied. A new selective useful variance could be created by crossing the plateau populations (h2 = 0.14±0.04). A short-term progress in overcoming the plateau (1st to 3rd generation) could be obtained by litter size standardization (LS = 388). Tandem selection (selection for body weight — BW42) as well as crossing of inbred strains were not suitable for overcoming the selection plateau. Altering the environmental conditions as a possibility for overcoming the plateau has been discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264485
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    Heterosis among lines of mice selected for body weight (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 44-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Mice ; Selection ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To examine the effect of selection on levels of heterosis, crosses were made between three groups of six lines of mice, one group unselected (controls) and the other two selected for high (large lines) and low (small lines) 6-week body weight, respectively. The coefficient of inbreeding of each line was about 0.60. Each line was crossed reciprocally to one line from each of the parental groups, as well as producing purebred progeny. Heterosis for 3-week weight, 6-week weight and 3–6 week gain averaged 0.0%, 2.4% and 4.2%, respectively, and was higher for males than for females. Heterosis was more extensive in crosses involving large or control lines than in crosses with small lines. There was no detectable heterosis in several measures of developmental rate, such as age at vaginal opening. Food conversion efficiency and carcass composition were measured on a sample of the animals. Food consumption, gonadal fat pad weight, and hindquarters weight, each expressed as a proportion of body weight, exhibited −4.0%, 5.6%, and 2.3% heterosis, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278252
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    Partitioning of genetic effects on lifetime performance of mice (1985)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 250-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Lifetime ; Performance ; Additive ; Maternal ; Heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A total of 2,457 lifetime performance records of 29 genetic groups of mice was analyzed using multiple regression of records on the proportion of gene contribution from 6 lines (designated as Lines MP, mQ, WP, wQ, CP and cQ). Genetic effects were partitioned into line additive, line maternal, direct heterosis, maternal heterosis and paternal heterosis effects. The line additive and line maternal effects were expressed as deviations from Line cQ. Seventeen of 25 line additive effects differed significantly (P〈0.05) from Line cQ whereas only 4 of 25 line maternal effects deviated significantly from Line cQ. Deviations in line additive effects from cQ were negative in all lines examined whereas deviations in line maternal effects from cQ were all positive, indicating a negative relationship between line additive and line maternal effects. Direct heterosis effects were all positive and significant (P 〈 0.01) except in the MPxWP cross which was produced by mating Lines MP and WP of the same base population (P). Maternal heterosis effects were significant in 10 of 20 cases whereas paternal heterosis effects were significant in 13 of 20 cases. Although direct heterosis is a major component of total heterosis effects (sum of direct, maternal and paternal heterosis), the results suggest that parental heterosis may need to be considered in producing multiple way crosses. The fitting of line additive, line maternal, direct heterosis, maternal heterosis and paternal heterosis effects in the multiple regression model effectively accounted for all genetic effects in lifetime performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252063
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    Morphologic analysis of long-term bone marrow cultures that support B-lymphopoiesis or myelopoiesis (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 375-382 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: B-lymphocytes ; Long-term bone marrow cultures ; Stromal cells ; Hemopoietic microenvironment ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative morphological analysis of the Whitlock-Witte long-term B-cell culture and the predominantly myeloid Dexter long-term bone marrow culture demonstrates that similarities and differences exist between the two systems. Cells from the long-term B-cell cultures have a characteristic lymphoid morphology, whereas those from the Dexter cultures are predominantly granulocytes and macrophages along with a few undifferentiated blast cells. A multilayered stromal cell layer is a common feature of both systems. Scanning electron micrographs show the cells in this layer to be large, irregularly shaped and flattened. The data further indicate that there are unique features in the relationship between developing B cells and stromal cells in the long-term B-cell cultures. Large, mononuclear cells are present that have numerous membrane infoldings within which numerous lymphoid cells lie. The relationship of these cells to macrophages and epithelial/reticular cells is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218018
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    Effects of pre- and post-irradiation glucan treatment on pluripotent stem cells, granulocyte, macrophage and erythroid progenitor cells, and hemopoietic stromal cells (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1240-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice ; glucan treatment ; Co60-irradiation ; stem cells, pluripotent ; granulocytes ; macrophages ; erythroid progenitor cells ; hemopoietic stomal cells ; hemopoiesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucan, a beta-1, 3 polyglucose, was administered to mice either 1 h before or 1 h after a 650 rad exposure to cobalt-60 radiation. Compared to radiation controls, glucan-treated mice consistantly exhibited a more rapid recovery of pluripotent stem cells and committed granulocyte, macrophage, and erythroid progenitor cells. This may partially explain the mechanism by which glucan also enhances survival in otherwise lethally irradiated mice.
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    Metabolites of vitamin D in normal and X-linked hypophosphatemic mice (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 662-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Hyp ; X-linked hypophosphatemia ; Metabolic bone disease ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Hyp mice are a model for human X-linked hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets.) To determine whether an abnormality of vitamin D metabolism exists in this disease, the profiles of the metabolites of vitamin D were determined in normal andHyp mouse plasma.Hyp and normal mice were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet and received 1,23H-vitamin D3 at 16 Ci/mmol by stomach tube at 5 ng/g body weight (0.21 µCi/g b.w.) on alternate days for 14 days. The dose of vitamin D given maintained near normal plasma 25-OH-vitamin D. Thus the mice were in a vitamin D-replete state with all metabolite pools labeled with3H. Plasma was collected from 4 normal and 4Hyp mice. The plasma was extracted, and the extracts were chromatographed separately for each mouse on an LH-20 column. Each major peak of radioactivity was rechromatographed using high performance liquid chromatography on a Zorbax-Sil column using solvent systems known to resolve several vitamin D metabolites. Twenty-one radioactive peaks were identified. The disintegrations per minute of3H in each peak were quantified and converted to plasma concentration using the known specific activity of the administered vitamin D. The 25-OH-vitamin D accounted for 55% of the circulating radioactivity, and 24,25-(OH)2-vitamin D accounted for 22%. The plasma levels of 24,25-(OH)2-vitamin D were similar to levels previously reported by us using protein binding assays. No peaks of radioactivity were missing in the plasma extracts of theHyp mice. Also there was no evidence that plasma 24,25-(OH)2-vitamin D was elevated in theHyp mice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405387
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    A biometrical genetic analysis of ethanol response in selectively bred Long-Sleep and Short-Sleep mice (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; alcohol ; selective breeding ; pharmacogenetics ; biometrical genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A classical Mendelian cross was derived from Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) mice, lines selectively bred for differences in response to hypnotic doses of ethanol (ETOH). Biometrical genetic procedures applied to the selection phenotype, namely, duration of the ETOH-induced loss of the righting reflex, suggest that a simple additive genetic system controls this depressant response. Sex differences were present in the Mendelian cross generations that had the longest duration responses. An estimate of the number of loci differentiated by the selection was nine. Blood ethanol levels at the time of regaining the righting reflex in the seven genotypes of the Mendelian cross showed that the selection operated solely by changing tissue sensitivity to ethanol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066065
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    Direct and correlated responses to selection for weaning weight, post-weaning weight gain and six-week weight in mice (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection ; Growth ; Genetic correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four lines of mice were formed from a common base population and selected for 37 generations for either increased 3-week weight (weaning weight), 6-week weight, 3–6 week gain, or maintained as a randomly bred control line. Realised heritability estimates for short-term (long-term) responses were 0.33±0.20 (0.07±0.10), 0.46±0.14 (0.26±0.09), 0.36±0.14 (0.24±0.11) for 3-week weight, 6-week weight and 3–6 week gain, respectively. Realised genetic correlations estimated from short-term (long-term) responses were 0.23±0.08 (0.35±0.10) between 3-week weight and 3–6 week gain; 0.82±0.04 (0.58±0.08) between 3-week weight and 6-week weight; and 0.81±0.04 (0.97±0.04) between 3–6 week gain and 6-week weight. The genetic correlation between 3-week weight and 6-week weight was asymmetric with a greater correlated response for 3-week weight when selecting for 6-week weight (1.06) than vice versa (0.63).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317015
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    Male and female contributions to heterosis in lifetime performance of mice (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 479-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Lifetime performance ; Mice ; Male and female ; Mate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Six straightbred lines of mice, some of their F1 crosses and a synthetic line were used to evaluate male and female contributions to heterosis in lifetime performance measured on females. Females from each straightbred line or F1 crosses were pair-mated randomly at day 42 with either a male of the corresponding genetic group or from a synthetic line, and pairs were maintained for 155 days (lifetime). Each mother was allowed to rear all young born alive until day 18 when the young were discarded. Data were analyzed using a model in which the group mean of lifetime performance was expressed as the sum of (additive direct) genetic and environmental effects for each of the male and female genetic groups used for mating. Comparison of group means for lifetime performance revealed that estimates of F1 heterosis due to male and female averaged 10 and 9% for number of parturitions during lifetime, 7 and 28% for total number of young born alive, 6 and 31% for total body weight of young born alive, 8 and 33% for total number of young raised to day 18, 9 and 43% for total body weight of young raised to weaning, and 8 and 8% for days from first mating to last parturition. The male's contribution to heterosis in lifetime performance was smaller than female's contribution for productive traits (total number of young born alive and at day 18, and total body weight of young born alive and at day 18), and was nearly equal in reproductive traits (number of parturitions during lifetime and days from first mating to last parturition).
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    Flow cytometric analysis of mouse hepatocyte ploidy (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 643-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Binucleate cells ; Flow cytometry ; Hepatocytes ; Polyploidy pattern ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preparative and mathematical procedures are presented for the investigation of the ploidy pattern of liver cells. The DNA content of enzymatically-isolated liver cells and of nuclei was measured by flow cytometry. The true DNA content could not be measured directly due to superposition of statistical coincidences (demanding “first mode correction”) and incomplete separation of the nuclei in binucleate hepatocytes (demanding “second mode correction”). The statistical coincidences (caused by simultaneous measurement of two or more particles or subsequent reaggregation of particles) were corrected by splitting the “unnatural” i.e., aneuploid DNA content, and classifying it with the normal ploidy classes. In addition, the higher normal ploidy classes were reduced by the proportion of the measured coincidences in favour of the lower ones. The second mode correction applied to nuclear distributions only. It is a probability calculation based on counting nuclear pairs on microscope slides, and resulted in a 10% increase of diploid nuclei and a larger standard deviation between the age groups. 8c and 16c values were reduced. The tetraploid values were unchanged.
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    Effect of hydrocortisone on the phenotypic expression and inheritance of the Fused gene in mice (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 275-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Fused gene ; Mice ; Hydrocortisone ; Gene inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study was undertaken to examine the effects of hydrocortisone injected into male mice on the phenotypic expression and inheritance of the Fused (Fu) gene in their offspring. Data were obtained indicating that there is a hydrocortisone-susceptible period during spermatogenesis. Hydrocortisone injections of males during this period resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of phenotypically Fu offspring. Genetic analysis with the use of the closely linked recessive marker tufted (tf) demonstrated that the deficit of phenotypically Fu individuals among offspring is not caused by the differential death of gametes, zygotes or embryos. According to genetic data, this deficit is due to a decrease in the penetrance of the Fu gene and partly to its inherited inactivation. The possible mechanisms of the observed phenomenon are discussed.
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    Genetic interpretation and analysis of diallel crosses with animals (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diallel cross ; Maternal effects ; Heterosis ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genetic framework was developed for the interpretation of statistical parameters estimated from a diallel experiment among a fixed set of lines. These included average direct genetic, average maternal genetic, general combining ability, reciprocal, and line and specific direct and maternal heterotic effects. The genetic model is based on direct and maternal additive and dominance genetic effects as would be expected in animal species. The model assumes that dominance is the underlying basis of heterosis. As an example, litter size at birth was analyzed from a 5 × 5 diallel cross with mice.
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    Correlated responses of growth traits to selection for high and low plasma alkaline phosphatase in mice (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Growth ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Selection ; Correlated responses ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness of two way selection for plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was investigated in order to determine its influences on growth traits through thirteen generations. The responses of the two lines selected for high (HP) and low (LP) ALP at 45 days of age were compared to that of the mice selected for large (L) and small (SM) body size. The selection responses of plasma ALP were very effective for both HP and LP lines, with average responses per generation calculated from linear regressions of 0.227±0.037 and −0.088±0.022 respectively. The final levels of ALP in HP and LP were 5.54±0.71 and 1.27±0.20 in the thirtheenth generation, while the SM, L and base population had levels of 3.49±0.08, 0.86±0.55 and 2.77±0.56 respectively. The body weight at 45 days of age in LP (31.4±1.4 g) as a correlated response was significantly higher than HP (23.4±1.8 g) at generation 10. The correlated response of milk yield, measured by weight gain up to 12 days of age, was significantly greater in the LP line than in HP, but the correlated response of gains after weaning was not so different as the response of milk yield. The response of litter size and weight in LP showed significant higher levels than that of HP, but pups' birth weight did not differ between LP and HP. It is suggested that the correlated response of milk yield contributed more to the divergence of body size between HP and LP than the gain after weaning. Realized heritabilities of ALP were 0.335±0.059 (HP) and 0.279±0.051 (LP). Realized genetic correlations between ALP and 45 days' body weight were −0.27±0.13 (HP with SM) and −0.52±0.19 (LP with L). Realized genetic correlations between ALP and milk yield were −0.95±0.03 (HP) and −0.37±0.29 (LP). Correlations between ALP and postweaning gains were fairly low.
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    Direct and correlated responses to selection for post-weaning weight gain on ad libitum or restricted feeding in mice (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection ; Growth rate ; ad libitum feeding ; Restricted feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Selection for post-weaning weight gain in mice from 21 to 42 days, on either a full or restricted feeding level during this period was carried out for seven generations. Control lines were maintained for each feeding level. The rate of selection response was higher on full feeding due to a higher heritability and a larger phenotypic variance. Realised heritabilities of 0.29±0.05 and 0.19±0.04 for selection on full and restricted feeding respectively, were in close agreement with base population estimates. Selection on full feeding led to positive correlated responses in 21 day weight, 42 day weight, food intake and efficiency between 21 and 42 days, and 42 day tail length, but with little change in reproductive performance. Correlated responses to selection on restricted feeding were reduced 21 day weight, but an increase in 42 day weight and increased efficiency from 21 to 42 days. However, overall reproductive performance fell.
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    Selection for efficiency of feed utilization in growing mice (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection ; Mice ; Feeding Efficiency ; Correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Selection was practised for improved feed efficiency (gain/feed intake) of mice on two alternative feeding regimes. In one set of lines animals were fed ad libitum, in the other set they were individually fed a fixed amount of feed (about 10% below the control ad libitum intake) which was not changed over generations. For each treatment, a pair of replicate lines (E) were selected on efficiency from 3–5 weeks of age for 8 generations and another pair (L) from 5–7 weeks for 7 generations. A control line was maintained for both E and L lines. In terminal generations mice from each line were tested on each feeding regime, and carcasses of ad libitum fed mice were analysed. The realized heritability (within families) for efficiency averaged 13%, without much variation over treatments. In the E lines efficiency increased by about 18% of the control mean and in the L lines by about 60%, although absolute changes were small, and responses were similar on the two feeding regimes. Weights at the start of test decreased in the E lines and increased in the L lines; weights at the end of test increased in both. When tested on the alternative regimes, no interactions were detected for live weights, weight gains or efficiency; selection under fixed intake led to the same increase in appetite as did that under ad libitum. There were no interactions for carcass composition. Selection for efficiency led to an increase in fatness on both selection regimes and both weight ranges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264964
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    On the uptake of exogenous catecholamines by adrenal chromaffin cells and nerve endings (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 371-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Chromaffin cells ; Nerve endings ; Adrenal gland ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light-microscopic autoradiography has revealed characteristic labelling patterns in adrenal medullary cells following the intravenous administration of different catecholamines. The uptake patterns for [3H] dopa, [3H] dopamine, [3H] noradrenaline and [3H] adrenaline have been compared. In all cases A cells were more active than NA cells and cells situated in the zone nearest the cortex demonstrated a markedly higher rate of uptake than central cells. It was concluded that adjacent chromaffin cells with very similar morphology may differ as much as 50 fold in their capacities to incorporate exogenous amines. The adrenergic nature of the innervation of the vessels of the adrenal cortex and capsule in the mouse was confirmed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216741
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  • 85
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    Influence of early pregnancy on reproductive rate in lines of mice selected for litter size (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Early puberty ; Litter size ; Selection ; Reproductive rate ; Pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of male-induced early puberty on female reproductive rate was determined in three lines of mice differing in litter size and body weight. The lines originated from a single base population and had undergone 20 generations of selection for the following criteria: large litter size at birth (L+), large litter size and small 6-week body weight (L+W−), or small litter size and large 6-week body weight (L−W+). Females were paired with a mature intact male of the same line at 3, 5 or 7 weeks of age. Mean mating age, averaged over lines, was 26.5 ± .3, 38.3 ± .3 and 52.7 ± .3 days. Exposure to a mature male accelerated female sexual maturation in each line. When contrasted with their sibs mated at a later age, early-pregnant females from each line exhibited a decline in one or more component of reproductive performance, suggesting that the physiological state of the very young female was not optimum for normal pregnancy. In comparisons of early and later mating ages, all three lines showed a decreased littering rate at first mating, number born alive, and individual birth weight of progeny adjusted for litter size; L+ and L+W− mice showed an increased perinatal mortality rate; L+ and L−W+ had a reduction in litter size at birth. When the L+, L+W− and L−W+ lines were compared with an unselected strain and a line selected for high postweaning gain in similar experiments, a genotype by environment interaction was apparent since all lines did not respond in a similar manner to early mating. The line ranking for litter size at birth for each age at male-exposure was L+〉L+W−〉L−W+, despite the significant line by age interaction. When litter size was adjusted by covariance for body weight at mating, the significant effects of age at male-exposure and line by age interaction were eliminated. All fertile females were remated after they had weaned their first litter to obtain information on litter size in parity two. Line differences in litter size at birth and number born alive were uniform across parities. An age by parity interaction was evident since the decreased fecundity at younger ages of male exposure in the L+ and L−W+ litters of parity one was not evident in parity two. Litter feed efficiency during first parity gestation was defined as litter birth weight divided by either cumulative feed intake of the dam from mating to parturition (GEI) or cumulative feed intake from weaning to parturition (GEII). The ranking of lines for GEI and GEH was L+〉 L+W−〉L−W+, but when feed efficiency was adjusted for littering rate, L+W− and L−W+ were not significantly different. With regard to age at mating, the ranking for GEI (7 wk 〉 5 wk 〉 3 wk) was reversed from GEII (3 wk 〉5 wk 〉 7 wk) and these significant differences were maintained after adjustment for littering rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264673
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  • 86
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    Unimpaired delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in mice infected withTrypanosoma cruzi strain Y (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 61 (1980), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi ; Delayed hypersensitivity ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (DTH) to DNFB in C3H (susceptible) and (CBA×C57B1/10)F1 (resistant) mice were not impaired inTrypanosoma cruzi strain Y infections. Mice were infected IP with 100 parasites and sensitized or challenged 11 days after infection at the peak of parasitaemia. DTH reactions were found to be enhanced in C3H infected mice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925463
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  • 87
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    The growth ofHymenolepis microstoma in intact and gonadectomized mice (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 61 (1980), S. 243-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Hymenolepis microstoma ; Mice ; Orchiectomy ; Ovariectomy ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gonadectomy or sex of the host had no effect on the mean dry weight ofHymenolepis microstoma examined on day 12 postinfection (p.i.). However, on day 20 p.i. worms from intact or sham-operated male mice were significantly heavier than those recovered from the corresponding groups of female hosts. Orchiectomy of hosts lowered the average weight of these older worms, but ovariectomy had no effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925515
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  • 88
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    Humoral suppression inTrypanosoma cruzi infection in relation to the timing of antigen presentation (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 64 (1980), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi ; Immunosuppression ; Immunenhancement ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract (CBA×C57 B1/10)F1 mice infected intraperitoneally with 100 parasites ofTrypanosoma cruzi strain Y developed an infection with acute and chronic phases. Humoral suppression to sheep red blood cells was evident in both phases but enhancement of the response was achieved only at the beginning of the infection. A mitogen secreted by the parasite could explain both phenomenons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927059
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  • 89
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    Osteomalacia and altered magnesium metabolism in the X-linked hypophosphatemic mouse (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone diseases ; Familial hypophosphatemia ; Magnesium ; Mice ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new genetic mutant in mice,Hyp, has been proposed as a model for the human disease X-linked hypophosphatemia (the most common form of vitamin D-resistant rickets). The gene is X-linked, dominant, and produces reduced renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, hypophosphatemia, and dwarfism. Our goal was to evaluate the skeletal changes histologically and to measure chemically the prominant blood and bone minerals to judge the suitability of this mutant as a model for the human disease. Thirteen-week-old hemizygousHyp male mice were compared with their normal littermate controls. TheHyp mice were hypocalcemic, hypophosphatemic, hypermagnesemic, and had elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase. The femur ash weighed less than half the normal ash weight but had a normal Ca:P ratio. The ash composition was high in %Na and K but low in %Mg. The mandibular incisor ash was also low in %Mg. Histologically the femur showed wide osteoid borders and wide epiphyseal plate. Microradiography revealed reduced bone density and enlarged osteocyte lacunae. Skeletal muscle samples, although smaller in theHyp mice, showed no striking alternations in inorganic or total phosphate content, dry weight (as % wet weight), or extracellular fluid space. TheHyp gene in mice seems to produce a condition similar to that of X-linked hypophosphatemia in humans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441156
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  • 90
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    Pleomorphic C-type virus particles in bone tissue of strain 101 mice and (C3H × 101)F1 hybrids (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 259-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: C-type virus particles ; Bone tissue ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The proximal tibial metaphysis of apparently healthy strain 101 mice, 3–4 weeks old, and (C3H×101)F1 hybrids, 3–48 weeks old, was studied by electron microscopy. Budding, immature, and mature C-type virus particles were found within trabecular bone tissue of 3 of 8 strain 101 and 4 of 12 (C3H×101)F1 mice. The particles were most common in lacunae of aging osteocytes and were only occasionally associated with osteoblasts. Although the morphology of budding and immature particles appeared to be identical with that of typical C-type viruses, most of the mature forms of particles showed atypical structure and size. The electron-dense core was very large and not clearly defined, measuring approximately 70–130 nm in diameter. This diffuse core sometimes completely filled the space within the envelope of the particles. The diameters of the pleomorphic mature C-type particles ranged from approximately 90 to 150 nm. The possible association between the production of pleomorphic C-type virus particles by bone cells and spontaneous osteomagenesis in 101 and (C3H × 101)F1 mice is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441245
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    Effect of reciprocal crossing of selected lines of mice (1979)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 54 (1979), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Reciprocal crossing of lines ; Accumulated response to selection free of inbreeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mass selection of mice was conducted in populations of various size for 16 generations. Each selected population (E) corresponded to an analogous unselected population (C). The experiment was conducted in three replicates. After the 16th generation the replicates of the selected and control lines were crossed. Reciprocal crossing within the control lines gave better results than reciprocal crossing of the selected lines, despite the fact that the selected mice were characterised by a higher inbreeding coefficient. Larger effects were also obtained when crossing smaller rather than larger populations. This result is understandable since the animals from the smaller populations were characterised by higher inbreeding coefficients. The effect of heterosis was higher upon crossing the control lines rather than the selected ones and this caused a decreased the response to selection in almost all the traits investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263047
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  • 92
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    Fisher's reticulate mating system for immigration into an improved stock (1979)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 55 (1979), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mating system ; Selection ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A reticulate mating system is described which was designed by the late R.A. Fisher to permit the introduction of new genetic variability into an improved stock by immigration. Analysis of part of a long-term experiment to alter the degree of dominance of the mutant Sd in mice using the system demonstrates a rapid response. Its applicability to stocks of animals of economic value is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265366
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  • 93
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    Environmental maternal influences on body composition in mice selected for body weight (1979)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 55 (1979), S. 209-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maternal effects ; Body composition ; Selection ; Growth ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of the postnatal maternal environment, simulated by rearing mice in litters of three, six or nine, on body weight and body composition was investigated in three lines of mice differing widely in growth rate. The lines were selected for high (H6) and low (L6) 6-week body weight while the control line was maintained by random selection. Body weight and weights and percentages of ether extract, water, ash and protein at 21, 42, 63 and 84 days were recorded. With few exceptions, there were positive correlated responses to selection in body weight and in weights of body components. At 21 and 42 days the correlated responses were larger in L6 mice than in H6 mice. Body weight and weights of body components were larger for mice reared in litters of three than for those reared in litters of nine. Also, mice reared in litters of six were intermediate in body weight and weights of some of the body components between those reared in litters of three and nine. Differences in body weight and weights of body components due to postnatal maternal environment were small by comparison with differences due to genetic line. There were significant line by maternal environment interactions in body weight at 21 days and in ether extract weight at 21 and 63 days. Line and maternal environment differences in percentages of body components did not follow any consistent trend. The results for percentages of body components were further complicated by line x maternal environment interactions. In general, both line and postnatal maternal environmental differences in percentages of body components diminished with age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00268115
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    The effects of selection for different combinations of weights at two ages on the growth curve of mice (1979)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 55 (1979), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection ; Growth curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The weights of mice in lines selected for different combinations of high and low body weights at 5 and at 10 weeks of age were recorded from 3 to 21 weeks of age. The average growth curve for each line was computed using the Gompertz function. The growth curves of lines selected for high or low weight at a single age (ST lines) showed large differences in estimates of mature size and small differences in estimates of maturing rate, i.e. of the relative rate of growth to maturity. The growth curves of lines selected by independent culling for divergent combinations of deviations of opposite sign in 5- and 10-week weights (ICL lines) showed little difference in estimates of mature size and a large difference in estimates of maturing rate. The growth curves of lines selected by index for divergence in 5-week weight with no change in 10-week-weight or for divergence in 10-week-weight with no change in 5-week weight showed large differences in estimates of mature size and large differences in estimates of the maturing rate. The relationship between mature size and maturing rate was affected in different ways by the three types of selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285190
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    Long bone growth during prolonged intermittent corticosteroid treatment and subsequent rehabilitation (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glucocorticoids ; Bone growth retardation ; Chondrocytes ; Rehabilitation ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immature A/J mice were treated for up to 7 weeks with intermittent doses of triamcinolone hexacetonide and were thereafter allowed to recover for 7 weeks. Qualitative and quantitative morphological measurements were performed on the epiphyseal cartilage plate and diaphyseal bone of the humerus. By the third injection significant structural changes were noted in the cartilaginous tissue followed by a complete cessation of bone growth. The hormonal inhibitory effect on long bone growth lasted throughout the experimental period. However, at the end of the recovery period the length of the humerus was 96% of the normal. In contrast, the humeral width at midshaft and the width of its medullary cavity revealed slower recovery, achieving only 80% of the control values. Following rehabilitation, the growth of experimental epiphyseal plates exceeded that of nontreated animals as their width and the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes were 131% and 125% of their controls respectively. Thus, in A/J mice (a highly susceptible inbred strain of mice) intermittent (every four days) administration of a long-acting corticosteroid hormone arrested endochondral and periosteal bone formation; the former, however, underwent full recovery following the termination of the hormonal treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238047
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  • 96
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    Direct and maternal genetic effects on body weight maturing patterns in mice (1978)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 51 (1978), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Maternal Effects ; Body Weight ; Maturity ; Sex-linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Direct and maternal genetic effects were evaluated for maturing patterns of body weight in mice using a crossfostering design. Crossfostering was performed in one group using dams from populations selected for rapid growth rate (M16 and H6) and their reciprocal F1. crosses. A second crossfostering group consisted of dams from the respective control populations (ICR and C2) and their reciprocal F1. 's. Population differences were partitioned into direct and maternal effects due to genetic origin, correlated selection responses, heterosis and cytoplasmic or sex-linked effects. Degree of maturity was calculated at birth, 12, 21, 31 and 42 days of age by dividing body weight at each age by 63-day weight. Absolute and relative maturing rates were calculated in adjacent age intervals between birth and 63 days. Genetic origin effects (ICR vs. C2; M16 vs. H6) were significant for many maturity traits, with average direct being more important than average maternal genetic effects. In general, correlated responses to selection for maturity traits were larger in the M16 population (M16 vs. ICR) than in the H6 population (H6 vs. C2) and correlated responses in average direct effects were larger than average maternal effects. Positive correlated responses in average direct effects were found for relative maturing rates at all ages and for absolute maturing rates from 31 to 63 days. Apparent correlated responses in degree of maturity were negative for M16 and H6. However, further analysis suggested that the correlated response for degree of maturity in H6 may be positive at later ages and negative at earlier ages. Direct and maternal heterosis for degree of maturity was positive in the selected and control crosses. Absolute and relative maturing rates showed positive heterosis initially, followed by negative heterosis. Reciprocal differences due to the cytoplasm or sex-linkage were not important for patterns of maturity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273772
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    Feed efficiency and body composition of selected and unselected mice (1977)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 50 (1977), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Feed Efficiency ; Body Composition ; Protein Content ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An examination was carried out of the feed intake, feed efficiency and body composition of selected and unselected mice. It was demonstrated that selected mice utilised food more economically, and, in total, produced more protein than the control animals. However, selection had a negative influence on the percentage content of protein and ash. Also, selection caused greater adiposity of selected females and a greater water content in the bodies of selected males (in %).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277739
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    The relative importance of prenatal and postnatal maternal influences on growth in mice (1977)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 51 (1977), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Cross-nursing Technique ; Body Weight ; Prenatal and Postnatal Maternal Influences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cross-nursing technique was used to assess the relative importance of prenatal and postnatal maternal influences on growth in mice from an unselected population originated from a cross of four highly inbred strains. Body weights were studied at birth, 7-, 14-, 21- and 42-days, in addition to the weight gains between these ages and tail length at 21 and 42 days of age. At littering, each dam in each nursing set retained two of her own offspring and two were transfereed to each of the other dams in the set, so that each nursed litter contained six young representing three mothers. Prenatal influences accounted for 37, 15, 10, 11 and 13 % of the total variation in the respective body weights, while postnatal influences accounted for 0, 64, 65, 49 and 14% at the respective ages. In the case of weight gains, prenatal influences were responsible for 16, 4, 6 and 30%, while postnatal influences were responsible for 66, 66, 31 and 7% of the total variation in gain during the respective four periods examined. Apparently the individual weight gain from 7 to 14 days was a better measure of the lactational performance of the dam than individual 14-day weight. For tail length, prenatal influences accounted for 6 % and 4 % of the total variation in tail length at 21 and 42 days, respectively, while postnatal influences accounted for 60 % and 24 % at the respective ages. Generally, there was no indication of an important interaction between the nurse and the nursed young at any stage studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273823
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    Post-capillary venules as the pathway for migrating B lymphocytes (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Post-capillary venules ; Mice ; Pathway of B lymphocytes ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological observation on the mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patches of C3H B mice, neonatally thymectomized, lethally irradiated and reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells, showed that a large number of lymphocytes appeared selectively in the restricted territory surrounding the post-capillary venules. Severe depletion of lymphocytes persisted in most of the thymus-dependent areas. Lymphocytes were also observed passing through the walls of the post-capillary venules. Autoradiographic studies on the mesenteric lymph node of recipient B mice 30 minutes after intravenous injection of cells labelled with 3H-uridine and taken from lymph nodes of donor B mice showed that B lymphocytes could penetrate the walls of the post-capillary venules from the blood into the peripheral lymphoid tissues. The post-capillary venules, which are known as the recirculating route of T lymphocytes in normal animals, are thought to be the pathway of migrating B lymphocytes in B mice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223952
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    Cell interaction at the maternal-embryonic interface during implantation in the mouse (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 525-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nidation ; Mice ; Cell interaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interaction between the trophoblast and the maternal epithelium at early implantation was studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The uterine horns were fixed in situ and a double-embedding method was used to locate implantation sites. Observations were made on mice killed at 2 hour intervals 90–116 h. post coitum which covered the following stages: pre-attachment (i) with zona pellucida intact (ii) with zona pellucida in dissolution (iii) after loss of the zona; attachment; adherence; and invasion. The intact zona pellucida was electron opaque and of uniform density. In the stage of apparent dissolution it became electron dense and was trapped between trophoblast and epithelium. At preattachment the trophoblast cells were round. Subsequently they became long and attenuated, often with lysosomes in the cytoplasm proximal to the epithelial layer. Epithelial cells, which could be seen in various stages of degeneration were apparently phagocytosed by the trophoblast. Occasional pyknotic epithelial cells were seen, as well as some apparently normal ones which contained cytosegresomes. The possible reasons for their presence are discussed. The microvilli of the epithelial cells changed from regular and pointed at preattachment to short and irregular at adherence and invasion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218936
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