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  • Immunohistochemistry  (596)
  • wheat
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  • Articles  (609)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 571-575 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; archaeobotany ; carbonized grain ; DNA sequences ; glutenin alleles ; seed proteins ; Triticum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used hybridization analysis to detect ancient DNA in wheat seeds collected from three archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. One of these samples, carbonizedT. spelta dated to the first millennium BC, has yielded PCR products after amplification with primers directed at the leader regions of the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin alleles. Sequences obtained from these products suggest that the DNA present in the Danebury seeds is chemically damaged, as expected for ancient DNA, and also indicate that it should be possible to study the genetic variability of archaeological wheat by ancient DNA analysis. Finally, we describe a PCR-based system that enables tetraploid and hexaploid wheats to be distinguished.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1173-1175 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; immunologic deficiency syndromes ; lymph nodes ; protease inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary One of two cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related persistent generalized lymphadenopathy revealed a profoundly altered pattern of dendritic reticulum cells as demonstrated by immunoreactive acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor. The alterations could be related to totally or partially destructed lymphoid secondary follicles.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hydroxamic acid ; cereals ; maize ; wheat ; aphids ; greenbug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 2-β-Glucosyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA-Glc), the main hydroxamic acid from maize and wheat, and its aglucone, decreased survival ofSchizaphis graminum reared on artificial diets. Both compounds were toxic for aphids and acted as feeding deterrents, at concentrations as low as 1 mM. The natural concentrations of glucosides of hydroxamic acids in wheat leaves reach up to 6 mmoles/kg fresh weight, thus falling within the range in which DIMBOA-Glc causes delecterious effects to diet-fed aphids.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Anticollagen antibodies ; Collagen types ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ossified posterior longitudinal ligament
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical localization of types I, II, and III collagen in the ossified posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine was studied using type-specific anticollagen antibodies. In contrast to the normal ligament which contains both types I and III collagens, the ossified matrix, composed of lamellar bone, contains only type I collagen, except for Haversian canals where type III is located in the inner wall. In the transitional region of preossifying ligaments, types III and I are both present. Type II collagen is present in the hyperplastic matrix of the ligament, and cartilage-like cells surrounded by type II collagen are aligned along nonossified ligaments adjacent to the preossifying region. A possible mechanism of matrix transition during the ossification process is given attention.
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  • 5
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    Journal of comparative physiology 176 (1995), S. 425-435 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: FaRPs ; FMRFamide Nervous system Skeletal muscle ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract FMRFamide-related peptides of insects are particularly important because of their possible function as neurohormones and neuromodulators on a wide variety of tissues. Part of this study was an investigation of the immunofluorescent staining of motor nerves which arise in the metathoracic ganglion, examined in wholemount using an antiserum that recognizes extended -RFamide peptides (generally recognized to be of the FMRFamide family). This antiserum revealed immunochemical staining of numerous cell bodies in the metathoracic ganglion and of axons in peripheral nerve 5, a large nerve which contains both motor and sensory fibres. Axons staining positive for FMRFamide-related peptides were traced in nerve 5 as far as the femur-tibia joint, and into the first (sensory-motor) and third (motor only) ramus of nerve 5. Reverse-phase HPLC with radioimmunoassay revealed a peak of FMRFamide-related peptide activity in nerve 5 that was coincident with a peak found when thoracic ganglia were processed in the same fashion. A physiological assay was devised to test the ability of various non-native peptides to alter the characteristics of contraction of skeletal muscles of the legs. Using neurally evoked contractions of coxal depressor muscles of the metathoracic leg it was determined that several non-native peptides could potentiate muscle contractions. The results of this study suggest that muscles of the legs receive innervation by identifiable, FMRFamide-related peptide-containing neurons and that the release of peptide(s) at the muscle may be yet another method of modulating the mechanics of muscle contraction.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Neurotransmitter ; Mutants ; Immunohistochemistry ; Behavior ; Insecta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of histamine as a fast neuro-transmitter of imaginai insect photoreceptors is firmly established. In adult Drosophila, histamine is also found in mechanosensory receptors of cuticular hair sensilla and in a small number of nonreceptor neurons in head and body ganglia. Here we investigate the function of histamine by immunohistochemical and behavioral analysis of mutants deficient in the hdc gene that codes for histidine decarboxylase. The allele hdc JK910 appears to be a null mutation, as histamine immunoreactivity is almost entirely eliminated. Homozygous flies are blind in various behavioral paradigms. Mutant larvae, on the other hand, show normal photokinetic responses. Thus, adult Drosophila photoreceptors most likely utilize only a single substance, histamine, as a neurotransmitter, whereas larval photoreceptors apparently employ a different transmitter. With the alleles hdc p211 , hdc p217 , and hdc p218 , variable amounts of histamine are found in photoreceptors and mechanoreceptors, but no histamine could be detected in any of the nonreceptor neurons. These mutants show various degrees of visual and mechanosensory impairment, as determined by quantitative behavioral assays. We conclude that histamine is required for normal function of cuticular hair sensilla and for efficient grooming of the body surface. Thus, in Drosophila, histamine represents a major functional neurotransmitter for mechanosensory receptors.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Cobalt staining ; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insect ; Neuromodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The two Protocerebral-Medulla 4 neurons (PM4a and b) in the locust brain have adjacent cell bodies in the medial deutocerebrum. They project through the posterior protocerebrum, forming limited arborisations en route, and enter the lobula and medulla of the ipsilateral optic lobe, where they form extensive, overlapping arborisations. The PM4a and b neurons are octopamine immunoreactive. Their octopamine content (approximately 25 pg per cell) is confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; each cell contains approximately 25 pg p-octopamine. Simultaneous intracellular recording from exposed PM4a and b cell bodies reveals that the two cells are physiologically indistinguishable. They receive multimodal sensory inputs. Tactile/mechanosensory stimuli to much of the animal's body and head, acoustic stimuli, and simple visual stimuli all give rise to e.p.s.p.s and action potentials in the PM4 cell body. Simultaneous recording from the cell body in the deutocerebrum and the axon in the lobula demonstrates that action potentials are predominantly initiated in the deutocerebrum and propagate centrifugally, towards the optic lobe. Occasionally, bright light flashes will initiate an action potential in the axon in the optic stalk, which probably propagates bidirectionally: centripetally to the cell body, and centrifugally into the optic lobe. The extensive arborisations in the lobula and medulla are therefore likely to be sites of octopamine release. Because PM4 neurons are octopaminergic, project to the optic lobe, and receive modalities of sensory input known to dishabituate the Descending Contralateral Movement Detector (DCMD) visual interneuron, it is proposed that PM4 neurons are neuromodulatory — mediating dishabituation or arousal of the visual system.
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  • 8
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: wheat ; lysine ; carnitine ; lipids ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 32 abgesetzte männliche Albinoratten wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, um die Wirkung einer lysinarmen Weizendiät (AW), einer Weizendiät mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) sowie einer Caseindiät auf den Stoffwechsel von Lipiden in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen. Nach 8 Wochen Fütterung der verschiedenen Diäten unter Anwendung der „paired feeding technique“ wurden Veränderungen in den Gesamtlipiden, den Lipidbestandteilen, den einzelnen Fettsäuren und dem Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien des Herzens, der Skelettmuskeln, der Lungen und des Fettgewebes der Tiere bestimmt. Die lysinarme Weizendiät (AW) bewirkte eine Lipidanreicherung (vor allem an Acylglyzerinen) im Herzen, in der Leber, den Skelettmuskeln sowie eine Lipidabnahme im Fettgewebe. Die Diäten mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) zeitigten die entgegengesetzte Wirkung, wobei CW wirkungsvoller erschien als LW. LW und CW erhöhten die relativen Anteile von C14∶0-, C16∶0- und C16∶1-Fettsäuren und verkleinerten diejenigen von C18∶1-, C18∶2- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren, während die Anteile unter der AW- und Caseindiät ab- bzw. zunahmen. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettgewebes war bei allen Gruppen gleich. Die AW-Diät vergrößerte die relativen Anteile von C14∶0- und C20∶4- und verringerte die von C16∶0-, C16∶1- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren in den Lungen. Die AW-Ergänzungsdiäten verringerten die relativen Anteile von C16∶0-, C16∶1-, C18∶3-sowie auch der C18∶1-Fettsäuren. Der Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien von Leber, Herz, Skelettmuskeln und Lunge verringerte sich unter der AW-Diät und erhöhte sich unter den LW- und CW-Diäten.
    Notes: Summary 32 weanling male albino rats were divided into 4 groups to study the effects of lysine-deficient wheat diet (AW) and AW supplemented with either 0.4 % lysine (LW) or 0.2 % carnitine (CW) as compared to casein diet on metabolism of lipids in various tissues. LW, CW and casein diet groups were pair-fed with AW group. Changes in total lipids, lipid components, individual fatty acids, mitochondrial content in liver, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and adipose tissue were determined after 8 weeks of feeding. AW diet resulted in accumulation of lipids (mainly acylglycerols) in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and depletion in adipose tissue. The LW and CW diets reversed the effects of AW diet, the CW being more effective than LW diet. The LW and CW diets increased the relative proportion of C 14∶0, C 16∶0, C 16∶1 and decreased that of C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3 fatty acids which were decreased and increased, respectively, on the AW and casein diets. The fatty acids composition of adipose tissue was the same in all the groups. The AW diet increased the relative proportions of C 14∶0, C 20∶4 and decreased that of C 16∶0, C 16∶1, C 18∶3 fatty acids in the lungs. Supplemented AW diet decreased the relative proportions of the former group and increased that of the later group including C 18∶1 fatty acid also. The mitochondrial content of liver, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs was decreased on AW and reversed on LW and CW diets.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: deoxynivalenol ; enzyme immunoassay ; feed ; maize ; mycotoxins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of wheat (n = 25) and maize (n = 30) for animal consumption, collected in 1997 after harvest from western Romania, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays for mycotoxin contamination. Toxins analyses included deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetylDON, 15- acetylDON, fusarenone X (FX), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OA), and citrinin (CT). DON and acetylDONs were the major contaminants in wheat (100%) and maize (46%). Median values for DON, 3-acetylDON, and 15-acetylDON were 880 μg kg-1, 66 μg kg- 1, and 150 μg kg-1 in wheat, and 890 μg kg-1, 180 μg kg-1, and 620 μg kg- 1 in maize, respectively. Additionally, 3,15-diacetylDON was detected in some samples by HPLC-EIA analysis. All samples were negative for FX (〈150 μg kg-1). T-2 was found in wheat (n = 6) and maize (n = 1) at levels between 13 and 63 μg kg- 1. DAS (2.6 μg kg-1) was found in one maize sample. ZEA occurred in all wheat and in four maize samples, median values were 10 μg kg-1 and 250 μg kg-1, respectively. One maize sample contained FB1 (140 μg kg-1). All samples were AFB1-negative (〈4 μg kg-1). OA was found in one wheat sample (37 μg kg- 1), CT was found in one maize sample (580 μg kg- 1). This first reported natural occurrence of a range of mycotoxins in Romanian feeding stuff shows that DON and acetyl DONs may be present at levels which may affect animal production.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: odors ; volatiles ; microflora ; fungi ; wheat ; seasonality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fungal odor compounds 3-methyl-l-butanol, l-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were monitored in nine experimental bins in Winnipeg, Manitoba containing a hard red spring wheat during the autumn, winter and summer seasons of 1984–85. Quality changes were associated with seed-borne microflora and moisture content in both ventilated and non-ventilated bins containing wheat of 15.6 and 18.2% initial moisture content. All three odor compounds occurred in considerably greater amounts in bulk wheat in non-ventilated than in ventilated bins, particularly in those with wheat having 18.2% moisture content. The presence of these compounds usually coincided with infection of the seeds by the fungi Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus repens DeBarry, A. versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi, Penicillium crustosum Thom, P. oxalicum Currie and Thom, P. aurantiogriseum Dierckx, and P. citrinum Thom. High production of all three odor compounds in damp wheat stored in non-ventilated bins was associated with heavy fungal infection of the seeds and reduction in seed germinability. High initial moisture content of the harvested grain accelerated the production of all three fungal volatiles in non-ventilated bins.
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  • 11
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    Mycopathologia 111 (1990), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; ochratoxin ; Penicillium ; storage ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven-kilogram parcels of HY-320 wheat, a cultivar of the new Canada Prairie Spring class, were kept at 15 and 19% initial moisture contents (IMC) in simulated storage in a Manitoba farm granary for 60 weeks to determine biotic and abiotic changes and mycotoxin production. Ochratoxin A reached a maximum of 0.24 ppm by week 20 in the 19% IMC wheat, but was absent in the 15% IMC wheat; no other mycotoxins were detected. Temperature, moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and the presence of other mycotoxins were monitored. Principal component analysis of all variables showed that the first principal components accounted for 32–41% of the system variability, and contained the ochratoxin A variable. Ochratoxin A was produced in moist grain that had decreased seed germination andAltermaria activity, and high fungal activity byPenicillium andAspergillus versicolor. Compared to other stored cereals previously studied, HY-320 wheat would be ranked in a low-risk category for mycotoxin formation, based on the ochratoxin A levels observed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; mycotoxins ; occurrence ; trichothecenes ; wheat ; zearalenone ; deoxynivalenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wheat for human consumption (140 samples) was collected after harvest from all regions of Bulgaria. The 1995 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the spring and summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was dominated by Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp., and storage fungi were rarely present. The samples were analysed for contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and zearalenone (ZEA), using enzyme immunoassay methods. DON and ZEA were the predominant toxins, with a contamination frequency of 67% and 69%, respectively. The average levels of these toxins in positive samples were 180 μg/kg (DON) and 17 μg/kg (ZEA), maximum concentrations were 1800 μg kg−1 and 120 μg kg−1, respectively. Acetyl derivatives of DON, namely 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON, were found in 2.1 % and 0.7% of the samples, at at maximum level of about 100 μg kg−1. Only one sample was positive for T-2 (55 μg/kg), DAS was not detected. This is the first report about the natural occurrence of a range of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat for human consumption in Bulgaria.
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  • 14
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    Mycopathologia 68 (1979), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici ; powdery mildew fungus ; resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During primary infection by conidia ofErysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici, three mechanisms of resistance operate in first leaves of 8-day-old seedlings of both resistant and susceptible wheats. The first mechanism, operating at the penetration site, is responsible for the failure of penetrations attempted by primary germ tubes (PGT). The second mechanism is concerned with the abortion of haustoria in normal-appearing host cells. The third mechanism relates to the abortion of haustoria and the hypersensitivity of the penetrated host cells. With the inoculum-level of 19–24 conidia/mm2, the three mechanisms together prevented 89.3 % of the attempted penetrations by PGT from producing normal haustoria in resistant wheat Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 and 37.4 % in the susceptible wheat Vermillion. The first mechanism accounted for the prevention of 73.3 % of the attempted PGT penetrations on Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 and 36 % on Vermillion. The second mechanism was responsible for stopping 19 % of all the successful penetrations in Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 and 0.8 % in Vermillion. The third mechanism accounted for the failure of 41 % of all the successful penetrations in Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 and 1.4% in Vermillion. Thirty-six hours after inoculation, 10.7% of all the attempted PGT penetrations appeared to be developing normally in first leaves of 8-day-old seedlings of resistant wheat Purdue 5752C1-7-5-1 as compared to 62.6 % in the susceptible wheat Vermillion. This appears to be the first report showing the relative effectiveness of various mechanisms of resistance concerning any powdery mildew fungus.
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  • 15
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1016-1017 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: In vitro absorption ; calcium ; wheat ; Bengal gram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The in vitro absorption of calcium from the duodenum was significantly less in a group of rats fed on a wheat diet than in a group fed a wheat and Bengal gram (70∶30) diet.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone cells ; Cyclic GMP ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP, cGMP) was localized in bone cells by the use of an immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge method. We observed that in cat alveolar bone most osteoblasts did not stain for cGMP, while adjacent periodontal cells displayed cytoplasmic as well as nuclear staining. Numerous osteocytes contained diffuse reaction products over most or all of the cellular area. The method used in this study may be helpful in identifying specific hard tissue cell types whose function(s) involve cGMP.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decorin ; Proteoglycan-100 ; Heterotopic ossification ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Heterotopic ossification is a metabolically active process which shares several properties of orthotopic bone formation and, therefore, represents an excellent model for studying bone matrix components. Immunohistochemical methods were used to investigate the distribution pattern of the small proteoglycans decorin and proteoglycan-100 during different stages of heterotopic ossification of pressure sores of paraplegic patients. Decorin and proteoglycan-100 exhibited a substantially divergent distribution pattern. Decorin was detectable in the perivascular matrix of granulation tissue as well as in the stroma of heterotopic ossification. The ossification zone was stained most strongly. In contrast, proteoglycan-100 was predominantly detectable in fibroblasts and preosteoblasts in early areas of osteogenesis. In more mature forms of heterotopic ossification immunostaining was markedly reduced in osteoblasts and osteocytes and even absent in so-called bone-lining cells. However, at least some osteoclasts were strongly positive. These results suggest indicate that decorin and proteoglycan-100 are important components during the formal pathogenesis of heterotopic ossification. The expression of the small proteoglycans, especially of proteoglycan-100, correlates with different phases during heterotopic ossification, showing a maximum for proteoglycan-100 in matrix-forming cells in early phases of bone formation, but in osteoclasts in mature bone.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 38-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase ; Carbonic anhydrase II ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The localization of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) in rat incisor enamel organs at maturation was examined by light and electron microscopy. The immunoreactivity for both vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and CA II was intense on the ruffled border of ruffle-ended ameloblasts (RA), but moderate at the distal end of smooth-ended ameloblasts (SA). Immuno-gold particles indicated that CA II was not confined to the ruffled border of RA alone, but also distributed in the cytoplasm of RA and SA. These findings suggest that RA may secrete protons produced by CA II via the ruffled border into enamel by active transport of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. Secreted protons may activate hydrolytic enzymes to degrade the organic components of enamel matrix. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase on vesicles of SA suggests that a specific configuration of ruffled borders in RA may be formed by the fusion of vesicle membranes in the distal end of cytoplasm of SA.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endothelin-A receptor ; Endothelin-B receptor ; Rat ; Pulmonary fibrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantitative PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractPulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition with concomitant loss of gas exchange units, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Increased levels of ET-1 from tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage have been reported in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in animal models after intratracheal bleomycin. We characterized the cellular distribution of alveolar ET receptors by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat and determined the regulation by bleomycin of ET receptor mRNA expression in isolated alveolar macrophages and rat lung fibroblasts. We found significant increases in the numbers of fibroblasts and macrophages at day 7 compared to day 28 and control animals. ETB receptor immunoreactivity was observed on fibroblasts and invading monocytes. Isolated fibroblasts expressed both ETA and ETB receptor mRNA, and ETA receptor mRNA was upregulated by bleomycin. Isolated resident alveolar macrophages expressed neither ETA nor ETB receptor mRNA which were also not induced by bleomycin. We conclude that, while ETB receptor stimulation of fibroblasts and monocytes recruited during bleomycin-induced lung injury exerts antagonistic effects on fibroblast collagen synthesis, the observed increase in the number of fibroblasts in vivo and upregulation of fibroblast ETA receptor mRNA by bleomycin in vitro point to a predominance of the profibrotic effects of ET receptor engagement.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Endometrium ; Normal ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunofluorescence ; Inhibin/activin subunits ; Inhibin-alpha ; Inhibin-beta A ; Inhibin-beta B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractInhibins are dimeric glycoproteins composed of an alpha (α) subunit and one of two possible beta (β-) subunits (βA or βB). The aims of this study were to assess the frequency and tissue distribution patterns of the inhibin subunits in normal human endometrium. Samples from human endometrium from proliferative phase (PP; n=32), early secretory phase (ES; n=10) and late secretory phase (LS; n=12) were obtained. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and a statistical analysis were performed. All three inhibin subunits were expressed by normal endometrium by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Inhibin-α was primarily detected in glandular epithelial cells, while inhibin-β subunits were additionally localised in stromal tissue. Inhibin-α staining reaction increased significantly between PP and ES (P〈0.05), PP and LS (P〈0.01), and ES and LS (P〈0.02). Inhibin-βA and -βB were significant higher in LS than PP (P〈0.05) and LS than ES (P〈0.05). All three inhibin subunits were expressed by human endometrium varying across the menstrual cycle. This suggests substantial functions in human implantation of inhibin-α subunit, while stromal expression of the β subunits could be important in the paracrine signalling for adequate endometrial maturation. The distinct expression in human endometrial tissue suggests a synthesis of inhibins into the lumen and a predominant secretion of activins into the stroma.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog skin ; Bombina orientalis ; Cutaneous gland ; Immunohistochemistry ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence histochemistry were applied to the skin of the frog, Bombina orientalis, to detect the localization of bombesin and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The dermal layer contains three types (type 1, 2 and 3) of cutaneous glands but only the type-1 gland simultaneously contains bombesin and 5-hydroxytryptamine. This result suggests for the first time the coexistence of a bioactive peptide and monoamine in a cutaneous gland of the frog.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; CRF ; Hypothalamus ; Coturnix quail ; Adrenalectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the Japanese quail was studied by means of the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. CRF-immunopositive perikarya of parvocellular neurons were observed mainly in the nucleus praeopticus medialis and nucleus paraventricularis. Additional perikarya were also detected in the nucleus hypothalamicus posterior medialis in the hypothalamus and in the non-hypothalamic nucleus accumbens, nucleus septalis lateralis and nucleus dorsomedialis and dorsolateralis thalami. No CRF immunoreaction was found to coexist with the vasotocin (Vt)-containing system in comparative examination of consecutive sections treated with anti-vasopressin (Vp) serum. The CRF-immunoreactive fibers were detected mainly in the external layer of the anterior median eminence but not in its posterior division. Unilateral adrenalectomy induced the marked reduction in number of the CRF immunopositive fibers in the anterior median eminence.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: NADPH diaphorase ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Nervous system ; central ; Nervous system ; peripheral ; Immunohistochemistry ; Helix aspersa (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Enzyme histochemistry and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the distribution of neurons in the snail Helix aspersa which exhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity and/or immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NADPH diaphorase-positive cells and fibres were distributed extensively throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. NADPH diaphorase-positive fibres were present in all neuropil regions of the central and peripheral ganglia, in the major interganglionic connectives and in peripheral nerve roots. NADPH diaphorase-positive cell bodies were found consistently in the eyes, the lips, the tentacular ganglia and the procerebral lobes of the cerebral ganglia; staining of cell bodies elsewhere in the nervous system was capricious. The distribution of NOS-like immunoreactivity differed markedly from that of NADPH diaphorase activity. Small clusters of cells which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in the cerebral and pedal ganglia; fibres which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in restricted regions of the neuropil of the central ganglia. The disjunct distributions of NADPH diaphorase activity and NOS-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of Helix suggest that the properties of neuronal NOS in molluscs may differ sigificantly from those described previously for vertebrate animals.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 457-464 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammary-derived growth inhibitor ; Fatty acid-binding proteins ; Differentiation ; Vascularization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) has previously been localized in the mammary parencyma, dependent on the stage of differentiation of the mammary gland. Here, we have elucidated the distribution of MDGI in the mammary stroma by a combined immunohisto-and cytochemical analysis with antibodies raised against MDGI. Distinct staining of capillary endothelial cells has been revealed. Although its subcellular distribution resembles former observations in secretory epithelial cells, the expression of MDGI in capillary endothelial cells clearly precedes that in secretory epithelial cells. On the other hand, no endothelial MDGI staining has been detected in bovine heart, which contains a fatty acid-binding protein almost identical to MDGI. The localization of MDGI in the mammary capillary endothelium is discussed in terms of its possible involvement in the intracellular transport of hydrophobic ligands or in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 433-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Enteric nervous system ; Crocodylus porosus (Crocodilia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerve cells in the gastrointestinal tract of a reptile and to compare it with the pattern in other vertebrate classes. In the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, NOS-positive nerve cell bodies and fibres were found in all regions of the gut examined. Most myenteric microganglia contained one or several NOS-immunoreactive neurons together with unlabelled neurons. The majority of the neurons were multipolar, ranging from 10 to 25 µm in diameter. Both the circular and the longitudinal muscle layers were innervated by NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres, which mostly ran parallel to the muscle fibres. In addition, small blood vessels in the submucosa and on the serosal surface of the gut were innervated by NOS-immunoreactive fibres. Double labelling with antisera to NOS and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) revealed three neuronal subpopulations. A small proportion of the NOS-immunoreactive cells also contained immunoreactivity to VIP while a majority of the VIP-immunoreactive cells were NOS immunoreactive. There were more nerve fibres showing VIP immunoreactivity than fibres with NOS immunoreactivity, although most of the latter also contained immunoreactivity to VIP. VIP-immunoreactive fibres often surrounded the NOS-immunoreactive nerve cells. These results suggest that neuronally released nitric oxide is likely to be involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility in the crocodile as in most other vertebrate species.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 587-597 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Hyaluronic acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor ; Localization ; Mouse (CD-1)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The direct interaction of hyaluronic acid (HA) and heavy chain (HC) of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) family plays a critical role in the organization and stabilization of the extracellular matrix. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the distribution of the IαI HC and HA in adult mouse tissues. An immunohistochemical method using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against mouse IαI heavy-chain peptide and a specific probe for HA (biotinylated HA-binding protein) was used to demonstrate an immunolocalization of IαI HC and HA. Distribution and localization of HA was of three types, namely, colocalization with IαI HC itself (cartilaginous tissue and ovary), localization around IαI HC immunostaining (lung, intestine and skeletal muscle), and localization at a small distance from IαI HC or a different distribution pattern (brain, liver, skin and kidney). These results indicate that IαI HC could function as an HA-rich matrix stabilizer on the cells of cartilage and maturing ovary, in which IαI HC shows colocalization with its predominant ligand, HA.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Avian pineal organ ; Pinopsin ; Cell differentiation ; Tissue culture ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quail embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The avian pineal organ contains several types of photoreceptors with different photopigments: rhodopsin, iodopsin, and pinopsin. We have previously examined the differentiation of both rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactive cells during pineal development in quail embryos to determine the onset of synthesis of specific proteins and their cellular localization. In the present study, we have performed pinopsin immunohistochemistry on in-vivo developing and in-vitro cultured pineal organs of quail embryos. The results were compared with those obtained with rhodopsin and iodopsin immunohistochemistry. In the developing pineal organs, pinopsin immunoreactivity was detected at embryonic day 8, i.e. five days earlier than rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactivities. It was localized exclusively in the protrusions extending into the lumen throughout development, whereas rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactivities were usually found both in cell bodies and processes. These differences were also observed under two different types of culture conditions (dissociated cell culture and organ culture) indicating that, in the avian pineal organ, the expression pattern of the pinopsin gene is basically different from those of the other two pineal photopigments. The present study suggests that pineal cells have a mechanism for the polarized transport of pinopsin molecules.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 607-617 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Gastrointestinal tract ; Respiratory tract ; Urogenital tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; mRNA ; Pig (Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The antisecretory factor, AF, is a 41-kDa protein, cloned and sequenced from a human pituitary library. AF is a potent inhibitor of experimental intestinal hypersecretion in rats and pigs. An antiserum against the C-terminal of the truncated, recombinantly produced AF protein was raised in rabbits. The affinity-purified antiserum was used to study the expression of AF in mucosal membranes and in the pituitary gland of the pig; distinctly stained cells were found in lymphoid cells in the connective tissue of all parts of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts. Cytoplasmic AF was demonstrated in endocrine and epithelial cells in the pituitary gland. In situ hybridisation with a digoxigenin-labelled mRNA probe also demonstrated specific cytoplasmic staining in epithelial and lymphoid cells in all of these tissues. The cells stained by either method were similarly distributed topographically within the tissues. The results suggest that a specific defined cell population in these various tissues possesses the capability of both synthesising and storing the AF protein within the cellular cytoplasmic compartment.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 471-478 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysins (sheep) ; Neurosecretory pathways ; Proximal and distal neurohypophysis ; Infundibulum ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A cross-species reactive antiserum was used to study the cellular localization of neurophysin in the sheep hypothalamus and neurohypophysis. The immunofluorescent technique was used to follow the neurosecretory fibres emanating from the magnocellular nuclei to the lower infundibular stem. It was confirmed that neurophysin was present in both the internal and external zone of the infundibulum.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cell ; Pyloric mucosa ; Ontogenesis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenesis of gastrin cells was studied in the pyloroduodenal mucosa of the mouse using anti-human G17 serum, R-1301, and anti-human G34(1–15) serum, R-2703. R-1301-immunostained cells first appeared in the pyloric mucosa of 14-day-old fetuses. Cells stained with both R-1301 and R-2703 appeared immediately after birth, and gradually increased in number to the adult level. Most R-1301-reactive cells were also reactive to R-2703, whereas some cells that reacted with R-1301 exhibited very weak or no reaction with R-2703. The discrepancy between these two immunoreactivities is discussed. In the duodenum, a considerable number of R-1301-reactive cells were present from the perinatal stage and through out adult development. A few R-2703-reactive cells were seen in the duodenum of young mice but not of the adult.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 53-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Salivary neurones ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurones in the suboesophageal ganglion of the locust Schistocerca gregaria were stained with an antiserum raised against gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). This ganglion consists of the fused mandibular, maxillary and labial neuromeres. Immunoreactive cell bodies of similar size and distribution occur in the lateral, ventral and middorsal regions of all three neuromeres. Approximately 200 cell bodies stain in both the mandibular and maxillary neuromeres and 270 in the labial neuromere. A few distinctly larger cells occur in the ventral groups and one large pair occurs in the lateral group of the maxillary neuromere. Dorsal commissures DCIV and DCV are composed mainly of stained fibres, while DCI–DCIII are largely unstained. A ventral commissure also stains in the maxillary neuromere. All longitudinal tracts contain both stained and unstained fibres. Many processes within the neuropil are also immunoreactive. A stained axon is found in the posterior tritocerebral commissure which enters the anterior dorsal region of the mandibular neuromere. The salivary branch of the 7th nerve contains one stained axon and two axons stain in nerve 8 which innervates neck muscles.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic islet cells ; Fourth cell type ; Human pancreatic polypeptide ; Localization ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary HPP is the human counterpart of APP—a polypeptide that has been isolated from avian pancreas and shown to exert pronounced biological effects. The availability of anti-HPP serum enabled us to use immunohistochemical procedures for the localization of HPP in human pancreas. A small population of pancreatic islet cells showed strong immunofluorescence after staining with anti-HPP serum. The HPP cells were mainly localized at the periphery of the islets. Sometimes they were also seen scattered in the exocrine parenchyma as well as within the epithelium of small to medium-sized ducts. While rare in the pancreas of adult man, HPP cells were abundant in certain parts of the pancreas of foetuses (18–20 weeks gestational age). Their staining properties showed them to be distinct from the A, B and D cells of the pancreatic islets.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Chromogranins ; Serotonin ; Amylin ; Regulatory peptides ; Gut ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana esculenta (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Novel monoclonal antibodies to human chromogranin A (CgA) and chromogranin B (CgB) were used to investigate the presence of immunoreactive (-IR) elements in the alimentary tract of the green frog Rana esculenta. Numerous CgA-IR and a few CgB-IR endocrine cells were found within the gut mucosa, from the oesophagus to the cloaca, with some local differences in density. Co-localization studies demonstrated that they were co-stored in almost all the serotonin-IR, the amylin-IR or islet amyloid polypeptide-IR cells and in the peptide tyrosine tyrosine-IR cells located proximal to the pylorus, but not in those located in more caudal tracts. No other co-localization was demonstrated; substances investigated included somatostatin, substance P, gastrin/cholecystokinin, glucagon, glycentin, bombesin, secretin and neurotensin. CgA-IR and CgB-IR cells nearly always displayed argyrophilia with the Grimelius silver method
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuroendocrine function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Utilizing the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, we have studied the distribution of somatostatin (growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone) in the guinea pig brain. An immunohistochemical reaction was found in both internal and external zone of the caudal and median portions of the median eminence. Reaction products were also present in the arcuate nucleus in proximity of the third ventricule. The immunostained elements resembled nerve processes. No cell bodies were stained. A positive reaction was also present in the whole organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. In the subfornical and subcommissural organs, somatostatin was observed in the ependymal and subependymal layers and the perivascular areas. In the pineal gland, a positive reaction was also found mainly in the perivascular areas. All the other brain areas were completely negative. These results establish that, in the hypothalamus, somatostatin is mainly concentrated in the median eminence and suggest that periventricular organs can play a role in the regulation of growth hormone secretion.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromogranins ; Serotonin ; Amylin ; Regulatory peptides ; Gut ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana esculenta (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Novel monoclonal antibodies to human chromogranin A (CgA) and chromogranin B (CgB) were used to investigate the presence of immunoreactive (-IR) elements in the alimentary tract of the green frog Rana esculenta. Numerous CgA-IR and a few CgB-IR endocrine cells were found within the gut mucosa, from the oesophagus to the cloaca, with some local differences in density. Co-localization studies demonstrated that they were costored in almost all the serotonin-IR, the amylin-IR or islet amyloid polypeptide-IR cells and in the peptide tyrosine tyrosine-IR cells located proximal to the pylorus, but not in those located in more caudal tracts. No other co-localization was demonstrated; substances investigated included somatostatin, substance P, gastrin/cholecystokin, glucagon, glycentin, bombesin, secretin and neurotensin. CgA-IR and CgB-IR cells nearly always displayed argyrophilia with the Grimelius silver method
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot ; Lepisosteus osseus (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the corpuscles of Stannius of a holostean fish, the garpike (Lepisosteus osseus), using antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold immunohistochemical methods. The stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and antibody staining was abolished if the antiserum was preabsorbed with corpuscle homogenate. Immunocytochemistry revealed two reactive cell types in the glandular parenchyma, and immunoreactivity was confined to the secretory granules. Staining of the granules was also abolished when the antisera were blocked with crude corpuscle homogenate. When corpuscle extracts from garpike were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, a single dense band was evident with a molecular weight of ∼68 kDa under non-reducing conditions, whereas three bands were observed (∼29, ∼31, and ∼34 kDa) under reducing conditions. Staining of all bands disappeared following preabsorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin, trout stanniocalcin, or garpike corpuscle extract. The results are compared with stanniocalcins from another extant holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva), and from more modern bony fishes, the teleosts.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Western blot ; Lepisosteus osseus (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were localized in the corpuscles of Stannius of a holostean fish, the garpike (Lepisosteus osseus), using antisera against salmon and trout stanniocalcins and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold immunohistochemical methods. The stanniocalcin-immunoreactive cells were periodic acid-Schiff-positive, and antibody staining was abolished if the antiserum was preabsorbed with corpuscle homogenate. Immunocytochemistry revealed two reactive cell types in the glandular parenchyma, and immunoreactivity was confined to the secretory granules. Staining of the granules was also abolished when the antisera were blocked with crude corpuscle homogenate. When corpuscle extracts from garpike were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, a single dense band was evident with a molecular weight of ∼68 kDa under non-reducing conditions, whereas three bands were observed (∼29, ∼31, and ∼34 kDa) under reducing conditions. Staining of all bands disappeared following preabsorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin, trout stanniocalcin, or garpike corpuscle extract. The results are compared with stanniocalcins from another extant holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva), and from more modern bony fishes, the teleosts.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Vascular endothelial growth factor ; flt-1 ; flk-1 ; Embryonic implantation ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction ; Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) and its receptors (flt-1 and flk-1) during the peri-implantation period (days 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 post coitus) in the golden hamster was investigated by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and the reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Three days after mating, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining revealed weak VEGF expression only in the uterine epithelium; this expression was similar to that seen at oestrus. Flt-1 but no flk-1 immunoreactivity was observed. At day 4, the subepithelial stroma and embryo displayed immunoreactivity for VEGF and flt-1, whereas endothelial cells expressed both flt-1 and flk-1. At day 5, immunoreactivity for both VEGF and its receptors was detected in decidual cells and vascular endothelial cells. Only a few embryonic cells expressed VEGF mRNA but strong signals were noted in decidual cells. The patterns of VEGF and VEGF receptor expression were the same in the day-6 and day-7 embryos and decidua, except for an increase in intensity as development progressed. Based on these findings, we conclude that, in addition to its known actions on endometrial angiogenesis and tissue swelling, VEGF may also facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of the endometrium and help to sustain the avascular embryo during this early stage of development.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Basal lamina ; Immunohistochemistry ; Confocal laser microscopy ; Cochlea ; Mongolian gerbil ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Bridging structures between discrete capillaries in the stria vascularis of the cochlea were studied morphologically in gerbils and rats. Serial thin sections for transmission electron microscopy revealed (1) that elongated cells surrounded by the basal lamina provided the structural basis for the bridging structure, (2) that the basal lamina surrounding the elongated cell extended to the basal lamina around the capillary endothelial cell, (3) that the electron density of the cytoplasm was similar to that of the pericytes around the capillaries, and (4) that the cell was attached to the capillaries at both ends only. Visualization of the basal lamina by immunofluorescent methods revealed (1) that capillaries were often bent at the site of attachment of the bridging cell, (2) that the bridging cell bifurcated occasionally, and (3) that the density of the bridging cell was much higher in the stria vascularis than in the underlying spiral ligament. Filamentous actin visualized by fluorescent phalloidin was not apparent in the bridging cell. We propose that the bridging cell provides mechanical strength to the tortuous capillary network in the stria vascularis and participates in the specific function of the stria vascularis in cooperation with other types of cells.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Harderian gland ; Tryptophan hydroxylase ; Serotonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar) ; Syrian hamster ; Mesocricetus auratus ; Djungarian hamster ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The Harderian gland is considered as being an extrapineal source of melatonin. In most rodents, the Harderian gland contains two epithelial cell types (I and II). The aim of this study has been to define which cell type is involved in indoleamine synthesis. The presence and localization of serotonin (melatonin precursor) and tryptophan hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis) have been investigated by immunohistochemistry in male Wistar rats, Syrian hamsters and Djungarian hamsters. The results of the present study show that immunoreactivity for tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin is confined to the type I cell, suggesting that this cell type is involved in indoleamine synthesis in the rodent Harderian gland.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 325-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: c-Myc ; c-Fos ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine, small ; Enteric nervous system ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical double labelling of the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig ileum was performed with a monoclonal antibody (anti-MYC 033) directed against a peptide sequence of the human c-Myc protein together with antibodies directed against either the neuron-specific antigens neuron-specific enolase or PGP 9.5 or the glia-specific marker S-100 to demonstrate that anti-MYC 033 labelled the nuclei of all enteric neurons but not glia. This strategy was also employed to demonstrate that another anti-c-Myc monoclonal anti-body, anti-MYC 070, labelled the nuclei of all neurons and glia, as well as perhaps all other cells in these preparations. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a peptide sequence of the human c-Fos protein (anti-FOS 4) was shown to label the identical nuclei as anti-MYC 033. The ganglionic density of nuclei labelled by anti-FOS 4 was found to be similar to previous measures of the ganglionic density of neurons. Double labelling with anti-MYC 033 and an antiserum directed against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was performed to reexamine the ganglionic density of neurons that express this neuropeptide. Our results suggest that the ganglionic density of these neurons might be less than previously determined.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 415-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterine specific proteins ; Oviduct ; Uterus ; Blastocyst of the Rabbit ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization and release of uteroglobin (UGL) were investigated immunohistologically in the oviducts and uteri of female rabbits from oestrus through the 7th day post coitum and the blastocyst on the 7th day post coitum. UGL was detected within Fallopian tube cells even during oestrus. Granules of UGL appeared toward the bases of these cells. Subsequently, the cells became almost entirely filled with UGL. Drop-like protrusions of the apical cytoplasm suggest a mechanism of apocrine extrusion. All stages of filling and extrusion were visible during the entire preimplantation period. During oestrus, synthesis of UGL within uterine cells becomes sufficiently advanced so that extrusion has either already begun or is about to begin. UGL positive material first appears in the supranuclear regions. Later the entire cytoplasm shows a positive reaction. An uneven distribution of UGL cells is observed in the endometrium. Since only the glands adjacent to the myometrium and cells of the cavum epithelium contain UGL, a striking mosaic of UGL positive and negative cells results. The present report is the first detecting UGL in single cells of the blastocyst. Both entodermal and ectodermal cells proved to be UGL positive. The synthesis and section of UGL in the oviduct and uterus and the possible origins of UGL in the blastocyst are discussed.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 425-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterine specific proteins ; Uterus of the rabbit ; Immunohistochemistry ; Oestrogen-Progesterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit uterine uteroglobin (UGL) was studied by electrophoretic and immunological methods following normal copulation, after ovariectomy and progesterone treatment, 17β-oestradiol and combined progesterone treatment, 17β-oestradiol treatment alone and after HCG-induced pseudopregnancy. Electrophoretic studies show the amount of ULG in uterine secretions, the immunological investigations indicate the intracellular localization of ULG and the distribution of ULG-positive cells in the endometrium. No obvious differences were found between the uteri 7 days after injection with chorion-gonadotropin and those 7 days following normal copulation. No differences could be demonstrated between the uteri of animals 35 days following ovariectomy and subsequent progesterone treatment on Days 31–33 and those of normal 7 d. post coitum (p.c.) animals. Uteri from animals treated with progesterone on Days 2–5 p.c. contained more ULG-positive cells than controls. 17β-oestradiol treatment with and without subsequent progesterone treatment resulted, in both gravid and ovariectomized animals, in the formation of a tall columnar endometrial epithelium. Treatment with 17β-oestradiol on Days 1 and 2 p.c. led to a decrease in the number of UGL-positive cells at 7 days p.c. Even after ovariectomy with 17β-oestradiol substitution, UGL-positive cells were still present in the endometrium. However a secretion of any magnitude could not be detected. The importance of differentiation between synthesis and secretion (= release) as distinct phases of the glandular response is especially emphasised by the latter findings.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Japanese quail ; Immunohistochemistry ; LH producing cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells that produce luteinizing hormone (LH) in the adenohypophysis of the Japanese quail were identified immunohistochemically using anti-chicken LH serum and horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin serum. The LH cells are localized in the caudal lobe of the pars distalis. They are elongate in shape and are polarized toward the sinusoids, especially in their active states. Alterations in size of LH cells are directly related to changes in circulating LH levels as induced by castration or photostimulation. The LH cells identified immunohistochemically were only stained by alcian blue with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), alcian blue and orange G. PAS-positive gonadotropic cells in the cephalic lobe were stained immunohistochemically only slightly if at all using anti-chicken LH serum and consequently may be FSH producing cells. In the cephalic lobe another type of basophilic cell was stained with alcian blue. These cells were also stained immunohistochemically with anti-chicken LH serum. These cells may possibly be identified as TSH cells due to the characteristics of the antichicken LH serum used in this study which cross react with LH and TSH but only slightly with FSH, and also on the basis of previous light and electron microscopic studies.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 407-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary primordium ; Cytodifferentiation ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rathke's pouches isolated from rat fetuses on day 12 were maintained in organ culture for 9 days and investigated immunohistochemically to test whether or not the hypothalamus is involved in the cytodifferentiation of the adenohypophysis. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method demonstrated that the cultured tissue contains different types of glandular cells, i.e., adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-, growth hormone (GH)-, luteinizing hormone (LH)-, thyrotropin (TSH)-, and prolactin-producing cells. Indirect evidence was also obtained to indicate the presence of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-cells. These findings suggest that adenohypophysial primordial cells of rats start to synthesize their respective hormones without stimuli from neurosecretory substances of the brain which are known to be essential for the maintenance of the secretory activity of the adult gland.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Tupaia ; Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatostatinergic nerves in the spinal cord of the monkey were investigated utilizing immunohistochemistry with various antibodies against synthetic somatostatin. In contrast to earlier investigations, it is shown that somatostatinergic nerve endings occur in most of the areas of the grey matter of the spinal cord. The somatostatinergic axons are, however, characteristically distributed in three main regions: (1) Densely-packed endings are seen in lamina II of the substantia gelatinosa, forming a crescent-shaped pattern in the columna dorsalis. Somatostatin immunoreactivity is also seen in lamina I and in the Lissauer tract. (2) A fine network of fibers is observed around the central canal; the endings are concentrated on special cell bodies. Some single perikarya are also stained in this region. (3) A loose network of single fibers is found ending on perikarya of the columna lateralis or ventralis. The perikarya of the nerve axons, with the exception of those terminating in the columna dorsalis, have as yet not been identified. In order to better understand the somatostatinergic system of the spinal cord, these newly-detected somatostatinergic nerves must be studied and their exact pathways analyzed.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 271-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain macrophage ; Fetus ; Histogenesis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Monoclonal antibody ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study on the localization of fetal and neonatal brain macrophages of mice from embryonic day 10 (E10) to postnatal day 21 (P21) was carried out immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody against a macrophage differentiation antigen (Mac-1) and the labeled avidin-biotin technique. In the central nervous system, the macrophages recognized first were mainly located in the choroid plexuses of the fourth and lateral ventricles at E14. Their number increased at E17–P3 and gradually decreased thereafter. In the cerebral parenchyma, a few macrophages appeared at E14 in the matrix cell layer. They were also detected in the migrating zone at E15, E17 and in the cortical plate at E19. Mapping of positive cells at the stage of neuroblast formation (E15, E17, E19) disclosed the precise distribution of cerebral macrophages. The macrophages that appeared first in the choroid plexuses at E15 may be derived from the subarachnoid vessels, which extend into the stroma of the choroid plexuses when the matrix cell layer invaginates into the lateral ventricle to form the choroid plexuses. Almost all of the macrophages recognized in the cerebral parenchyma disappeared at P9 when the cytoarchitecture seemed to be completed. In the cerebellum, which develops later than the cerebrum, macrophages appeared after birth and were located mainly in the internal granular layer. The brain macrophages always appeared in the regions where cell proliferation and brain remodeling are most active at each stage. These findings suggest that fetal and neonatal brain macrophages may play an important role in scavenging degenerated cells and cell debris during histogenesis of the central nervous system.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 395-404 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis ; Innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Substance P ; Vasoactive intestine polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the ductuli efferentes and seven zones of the guinea-pig epididymis was investigated using immunohistochemical, histochemical and electron-micro-scopical techniques. Nerve fibers were localized by use of antibodies against substance P (SP-IR), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IR) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH-IR). In the ductuli efferentes and all zones of the epididymal duct, SP-IR is consistently observed in the interstitial tissue and perivascular areas. Histochemistry reveals a significant amount of acetylcholinesterase-containing fibers in the interstitial, perivascular and periductal smooth muscles of the ductuli efferentes and zones V, VI and VII. In contrast to the homogeneous distribution of SP-IR within all zones of the epididymis, VIP-IR is seen only in zones VI and VII. Within these zones, VIP-IR is detected in large amounts in the subepithelial and muscular layers as is a sparse number of SP-IR varicosities. DBH-IR is also seen throughout all zones in the interstitial and perivascular regions with a tendency to increase in zones VI and VII. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals evidence of a cholinergic (agranular vesicles, AGV), adrenergic (small granular vesicles, SGV) and peptidergic (large granular vesicles, LGV) innervation throughout the interstitial connective tissue of the ductuli efferentes and all epididymal zones. Furthermore AGV are localized in the subepithelial layer, and also co-stored with LGV in the muscular layer of zones VI and VII. No nerve profiles were encountered within the epithelium. Correlation of immunohistochemical findings to TEM counterparts as well as their possible functional role are discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular cells ; Renin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Movat silver impregnation ; Bufo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of renin was examined in the kidneys of some amphibians of the genus Bufo by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques with an antiserum to renin isolated from the submandibular gland of the mouse. Immunoreactivity could be demonstrated in the media cells of the afferent arterioles (juxtaglomerular cells) close to as well as at great distance from the glomeruli. Occasionally, media cells of larger arterial vessels were also stained. The immunohistochemical data seem to be in accordance with earlier results obtained with a modified silver impregnation technique (Movat's staining procedure) used for the visualization of juxtaglomerular cells in non-mammalian vertebrates. Mouse kidney tissue, studied for purposes of comparison, showed renin-immunoreactivity as described by earlier investigators, i.e., immunoreactive staining in the afferent arterioles near the glomeruli and in the proximal tubule cells.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Gastric mucosa ; Gastrointestinal endocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Suncus murinus (Insectivora)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Family Soricidae, Order Insectivora) was studied immunohistochemically. The hormones investigated were gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), motilin and neurotensin. In the gastric mucosa, gastrin and somatostatin cells were only found in the pyloric regions, and no other hormonal cell-types were observed. In the intestinal mucosa, the largest number of endocrine cells belonged to the gastrin and glucagon/glicentin cell-types, whereas CCK-33/39 and secretin cells were the least numerous. Numbers of other cell-types were intermediate between these two groups. The gastrin and GIP cells were mostly localized in the proximal portion of the intestine, decreasing in number towards the distal portion. The motilin and CCK-33/39 cells were restricted to the proximal half. The glucagon/glicentin and neurotensin cells were most abundant in the middle portion. The somatostatin and secretin cells, although only present in small numbers, were randomly distributed throughout the intestine. This characteristic distribution of gastrointestinal endocrine cells is discussed in comparison with the distribution patterns of other mammals.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood-testis barrier ; Immune responses ; Tracer studies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The blood-testis barrier and its changes following immunization to testis material, were investigated by light- and electron microscopy in a teleost fish, the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, using horseradish peroxidase and bovine serum albumin as tracers. In the normal testis, histochemistry using horseradish peroxidase revealed that a barrier composed of junctional complexes connecting adjacent Sertoli cells existed around the central lumina of the seminal lobules, and also around the germ-cell cysts containing spermatids at the middle or late phase of chromatin condensation. By contrast, bovine serum albumin was prevented from passing through the basement membrane and could not penetrate any of the spermatogenetic cysts, indicating that the basement membrane may be an ion-selective barrier. In tilapia immunized with allogeneic testis homogenate emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, bovine serum albumin could penetrate the spermatogenetic cysts, and horseradish peroxidase was able to pass through the intercellular spaces between Sertoli cells to the region nearer the seminal lobule lumen, due to the junctional complexes becoming loosened. The results suggest that the blood-testis barrier, both junctional complexes and the basement membrane, are broken down during immune responses.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 325-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: c-Myc ; c-Fos ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intestine ; small ; Enteric nervous system ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemical double labelling of the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig ileum was performed with a monoclonal antibody (anti-MYC 033) directed against a peptide sequence of the human c-Myc protein together with antibodies directed against either the neuron-specific antigens neuron-specific enolase or PGP 9.5 or the glia-specific marker S-100 to demonstrate that anti-MYC 033 labelled the nuclei of all enteric neurons but not glia. This strategy was also employed to demonstrate that another anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody, anti-MYC 070, labelled the nuclei of all neurons and glia, as well as perhaps all other cells in these preparations. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a peptide sequence of the human c-Fos protein (anti-FOS 4) was shown to label the identical nuclei as anti-MYC 033. The ganglionic density of nuclei labelled by anti-FOS 4 was found to be similar to previous measures of the ganglionic density of neurons. Double labelling with anti-MYC 033 and an antiserum directed against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was performed to reexamine the ganglionic density of neurons that express this neuropeptide. Our results suggest that the ganglionic density of these neurons might be less than previously determined.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central nervous system ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri (Cephalochorda)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunohistochemical localization of nine different neuropeptides was studied in the central nervous system of the amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri. In the brain, perikarya immunoreactive for urotensin I and FMRFamide were localized in the vicinity of the central canal. One of the processes of each of these perikarya was found to cross the dorso ventral slit-like lumen of the central canal. Oxytocin-immunoreactive short fibers, but not perikarya, were detected in the ventral part of the brain. Perikarya immunoreactive for arginine vasopressin/vasotocin, oxytocin and FMRFamide were widely distributed in the spinal cord. Arginine vasopressin/vasotocin-immunoreactive fibers often made contacts with Rohde cell axons. Angiotensin II-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the posterior half of the spinal cord, and urotensin I-immunoreactive perikarya were found in the caudal region of the spinal cord. Cholecystokinin/gastrin-immunoreactive fibers, but not perikarya, were detected in the spinal cord; some extended as far as the ependymal layer of the cerebral ventricle. No colocalization of the peptides examined was observed. No immunoreactivity for atrial and brain natriuretic peptides nor for urotensin II was detected. The present study indicates that there are at least six separate neuronal systems that contain different peptides, respectively, in the central nervous system of the amphioxus. Their functions remain to be determined.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 529-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; Correlative light and electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Xiphophorus helleri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cinq catégories cellulaires sont décrites dans l'îlot endocrine du poisson téléostéen Xiphophorus helleri. Chacune est définie par un ensemble de caractères histochimiques et ultrastructuraux, ce qui peut être fait avec certitude grâce à l'étude comparée de coupes ultra-fines et sémi-fines successives. Les techniques d'immunofluorescence ont été appliquées à du matériel préparé pour la microscopie électronique, à l'aide de sérums anti-glucagon et anti-insuline de porc. Un des résultats les plus intéressants est la démonstration de l'existence de 2 catégories de cellules A2: les cellules Adams positives, qui ont des grains de sécrétion amorphes et de section circulaire (≪ cellules à grains ronds ≫) et les cellules Adams négatives, dont de nombreux grains sont des cristaux (≪cellules à grains cristallins≫). Les cellules B et les cellules A1 constituent deux autres types cellulaires. Les ≪cellules claires≫, qui ne réagissent à aucune des techniques employées, représentent un type cellulaire distinct des précédents. L'influence de la fixation se révèle très importante, aussi bien sur les affinités tinctoriales des cellules que sur leurs caractères ultrastructuraux. The authors are grateful to Mrs. L.G. Heding, Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, for antiporcine insulin and glucagon sera, to Dr. S. Syed Ali, Elektronenmikroskopie, Zentrum für Anatomie und Cytobiologie, Universität Giessen, for preparing FITC-labeled γ-globulin, and to Mr. D. Streicher, Laboratoire de Zoologie et Embryologie expérimentale, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, for technical assistance
    Notes: Summary By means of correlative light and electron microscopy, five pancreatic islet cell categories are described in the teleost fish, Xiphophorus helleri, each of which has specific light microscopic appearance and fine structure. Different histochemical techniques have been used, including immunofluorescence with antiporcine insulin and glucagon sera. In addition to B- and A1-cells, two categories of A2-cells have been observed, both reacting with antiporcine glucagon serum: A2-cells with round granules gave a positive reaction for tryptophan; A2-cells with crystalline granules gave a negative reaction with the same staining technique on the same section. The “clear cells”, the last category, were not specifically stained by any of the staining methods carried out in this investigation. The influence of fixation on staining affinities and on ultrastructure was shown to be considerable.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rat ; Pars intermedia ; Adrenocorticotropin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was localized in the intermediate lobes of normal rat pituitaries with unlabeled antibody and the soluble peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex at the electron microscopic level. All of the intermediate lobe cells (light and dark cells) stained positively for ACTH. Stain of varying intensity was found on secretory granules and vesicles. Structures which resembled rough endoplasmic reticulum stained where the secretory granules and vesicles were most numerous. No stain was on mitochondria, in nuclei, in cisternae and granules of Golgi complexes, or in rough endoplasmic reticulum where there were few secretory granules. There were distinct immunohistochemical differences between the pars intermedia and anterior lobe ACTH cells. In the ACTH cells of the anterior lobe, the Golgi complex and its granules stained strongly, but not at all in the pars intermedia cells. This suggests that ACTH may not be packaged or condensed in the Golgi region of the latter.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Amphibians ; ACTH ; MSH ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les antisérums préparés à l'égard de trois hormones de synthèse [β(1–24) corticotropine, α et β MSH] nous ont servi pour localiser par immunofluorescence dans l'adénohypophyse des Amphibiens les sites d'élaboration de l'ACTH, de l'α et de la β MSH. Les anticorps anti-α et anti-β MSH se fixent exclusivement sur les cellules de lapars intermedia tandis que l'anti β-(1–24) corticotropine révèle simultanément une catégorie de cellules de lapars distalis et des cellules de lapars intermedia. D'après le contrôle cytologique effectué par la technique au bleu Alcian PAS, l'ensemble de ces cellules sont PAS positives et bleu alcian négatives. Elles réagissent également à la paraldéhyde fuchsine en l'absence d'oxydation permanganique. La signification de ces résultats est discutée.
    Notes: Summary Antisera prepared against synthetic β(1–24)corticotropin (synacthen) α and β MSH were used to localize, by immunofluorescent procedure in the adenohypophysis of Amphibians, the site of production of ACTH, α and β MSH. Anti-α and anti-β MSH antibodies appeared to be bound only to thepars intermedia cells whereas anti-β(1–24) corticotropin reacted simultaneously with specific cells of thepars distalis and cells of thepars intermedia. Cytological control by alcian blue (pH 3) PAS technique proved that all these cells are PAS positive and alcian blue negative. They react also with paraldehyde fuchsine without oxidation. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysin ; Neurosecretion ; Axonal transport ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary 1. An immunohistochemical study has been made of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system of the dog, 20h after crushing the pituitary stalk. 2. By use of a cross-species-reactive neurophysin antiserum it was shown that neurophysin is a component of the axons which originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and terminate around blood vessels in the posterior pituitary. 3. Neurophysin specific fluorescence accumulated in axons proximal to the constriction but was absent from the axons immediately distal to the site of injury. 4. In dogs left for six days it was shown by radioimmunoassay that the amount of neurophysin in the hypothalamus and stalk proximal to the constriction increased twofold while that remaining in the posterior pituitary and stalk distal to the constriction decreased five-fold over the same period. 5. The results are interpreted as evidence for a rapid axonal transport of neurophysin from its site of synthesis in the cell bodies of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Retina ; Ciliary body ; Iris ; Human fetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study deals with the localization and development of S-100 protein-like immunoreactivity in the retina, ciliary body and iris of human fetuses. In the retina, numerous astrocytes, densely distributed in the nerve-fiber layer and ganglion-cell layer, were stained strongly with the S-100 antiserum. The first immunoreactive astrocytes occurred at the posterior pole of the retina and spread gradually outward and toward the ora serrata with increasing age. Müller cells were not immunoreactive for S-100 during development, except in the retina of the latest fetus examined. S-100 immunoreactivity was also found in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium and posterior epithelium of the iris, both of which are developed from the inner wall of the optic cup. On the other hand, the pigmented epithelium extending from retina to iris, derived from the outer layer of the optic cup, was free of S-100 immunoreactivity.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH diaphorase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Nitric oxide ; Histochemistry ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and abundance of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing neurons and their terminals in the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig were examined in detail using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and NOS immunohistochemistry. NOS-containing cell bodies were found in the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the submucous plexus of the stomach, colon and rectum. NOS-containing neurons comprised between 12% (in the duodenum) and 54% (in the esophagus) of total myenteric neurons. In the ileum, NOS neurons represented 19% of total myenteric neurons. Most of the NOS neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract possessed lamellar dendrites and a single axon. NOS-containing terminals were abundant in the circular muscle, including that of the sphincters, but were rare in the longitudinal muscle, except for the taeniae of the caecum. The muscularis mucosae of the esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum received a medium to dense innervation by NOS terminals. Within myenteric ganglia, NOS-containing terminals were extremely sparse in the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, common in the ileum and distal colon and extremely dense in the proximal colon and rectum. The submucous plexus in the ileum and large intestine contained a sparse plexus of NOS-containing terminals. NOS terminals were not observed in the mucosa of any region. We conclude that throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the guinea-pig, NOS neurons are inhibitory motor neurons to the circular muscle; in the ileum and large intestine, NOS neurons may also function as interneurons.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Calcitonin gene ; related peptide ; Cervical spinal nerve ; Immunohistochemistry ; Primary afferents ; Mouse (ICR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate the existence of nerve fibers possessing substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the mouse cervical ventral roots. The distribution of the SP and CGRP fibers was similar, but CGRP fibers were generally more numerous. Both types entered the ventral pia mater or formed hairpin loops, but they did not enter the spinal cord directly through these roots. SP and CGRP fibers in the ventral roots were thin and had many varicosities. We suggest that these SP and CGRP fibers are involved not only in a sensory mechanism, but also in other functions, via the release of SP and CGRP from varicosities in the ventral roots.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pituitary ; Gonadotrophs ; LHβ ; FSHβ ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana japonica (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunohistochemical localization of lutropin β (LHβ) and follitropin β (FSHβ) in the pituitary gland of the frog Rana japonica was studied by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method and the two-face, double-labeling method with different-sized gold particles at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, respectively, using monoclonal antibodies against bullfrog LHβ and FSHβ. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry indicated that approximately 66.0% of all the gonadotrophs in the pituitary contained both LHβ and FSHβ, whereas 33.4% of gonadotrophs contained only LHβ, and 0.6% contained only FSHβ. The staining intensity of LHβ and FSHβ varied from cell to cell. The gonadotrophs were classified into four types (Types I-IV) in terms of their ultrastructural and immunolabeling characteristics. Moreover, several secretory granule types were recognized according to differences in their shape and electron density. In all the cell types, both LHβ and FSHβ were often seen in the same secretory granules, but the proportion of granules bearing both hormones ranged from 5.5% in Type I to 32.7% in Type IV. Most secretory granules in Types I and II were immunolabeled with LHβ alone, whereas a small number of granules were immunolabeled with FSHβ alone. More immunolabeled FSHβ granules were present in Types III and IV than in Types I and II.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 289-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Pars intermedia ; Pars tuberalis ; Adrenocorticotropin ; Melanocyte stimulating hormone ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sites of production of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) are studied by the immunoglobulin-peroxidase bridge technique, using antisera prepared against synthetic porcine β 1–24 and β 17–39 ACTH, and bovine β MSH on the rat adenohypophysis. Presence of ACTH all over the pars intermedia (PI) is indicated by staining with antisera βp 1–24 and βp 17-3-9 ACTH. There are darkly stained ACTH cells in the PI and pars tuberalis (PT), similar to those in the pars distalis (PD). With higher dilutions of the ACTH antiserum, staining intensity disappears or reduces markedly in majority of the PI cells, whereas, the ACTH cells in the PI, PD and PT do not vary much in their staining intensity. Therefore, it is concluded that majority of the PI glandular cells (light glandular and dark cells) contain less corticotropin than the ACTH cells. From these observations, it seems to me that the major amount of corticotropin is supplied by the ACTH cells of the PD, PI and PT, and less by the light glandular and dark cells of the PI. The antiserum is ineffective after absorption, so the staining reaction appears to be specific for βp 1–24 and βb 17–39 ACTH. Presence of MSH all over the PI is indicated by staining with antisera to bovine β MSH. Majority of the PI cells are highly stained even with higher dilution of the antiserum. The unstained cells in the PI seem to be ACTH cells and/or marginal cuboidal cells. The antiserum was ineffective after absorption, so the staining reaction appears to be specific for βb MSH. Control over the PD corticotropin through the median eminence portal circulation and the PI and PT control through nervous system is also discussed.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH diaphorase ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Nervous system, central ; Nervous system, peripheral ; Immunohistochemistry ; Helix aspersa (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enzyme histochemistry and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the distribution of neurons in the snail Helix aspersa which exhibited nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity and/or immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NADPH diaphorase-positive cells and fibres were distributed extensively throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. NADPH diaphorase-positive fibres were present in all neuropil regions of the central and peripheral ganglia, in the major interganglionic connectives and in peripheral nerve roots. NADPH diaphorase-positive cell bodies were found consistently in the eyes, the lips, the tentacular ganglia and the procerebral lobes of the cerebral ganglia; staining of cell bodies elsewhere in the nervous system was capricious. The distribution of NOS-like immunoreactivity differed markedly from that of NADPH diaphorase activity. Small clusters of cells which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in the cerebral and pedal ganglia; fibres which exhibited NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in restricted regions of the neuropil of the central ganglia. The disjunct distributions of NADPH diaphorase activity and NOS-like immunoreactivity in the neurvous system of Helix suggest that the properties of neuronal NOS in molluscs may differ sigificantly from those described previously for vertebrate animals.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide synthase isoforms I ; III ; Neurosphere ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nestin ; Embryonic brain striatum ; Mouse (Balb/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous, radical molecule that plays a role in various physiological processes in the nervous system such as learning and hippocampal plasticity. It is generated from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthases (NOS), which come in three isoforms depending on the tissue of origin, namely inducible-NOS (iNOS in macrophages), endothelial-NOS (eNOS in endothelial cells) and neural-NOS (nNOS in neural cells). We used epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive nestin-positive neural precursor cells originating from the mouse E16 embryonic striatum, and studied the relative expression of NOS isoforms probed with isoform-specific antibody using the avidin-biotin immunohistochemical method. Our data revealed both nNOS and eNOS to be expressed in both neurospheres and desegregated neural precursor cells. However, iNOS signals were virtually undetectable in both cell categories. When the neural precursor cells were carried in the presence of poly-l-ornithine (PLO), there was a strong induction of the expression of iNOS proteins, indicating the possibility that this isoform is amenable to modulation by extracellular cues. These preliminary results suggest both nNOS and eNOS to be important in the physiology of neural precursor cells, and that iNOS might also play a role at certain stages in the life of these cells.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysin producing systems (rat) ; Median eminence ; Adrenalectomy ; Colchicine treatment ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immuno-histochemical investigations on the brain of the rat showed: (1) the presence of neurophysins in the whole magnocellular neurosecretory hypothalamo-hypophysial system, the extra-hypothalamic neurosecretory tracts included; (2) the presence, in the external region of the median eminence, of neurophysin-like substance-containing nerve fibres which accumulate around the blood-capillaries and of which the number of detectable fibres is strongly influenced by adrenalectomy and by colchicine treatment; (3) that the suprachiasmatic nuclei produce neurophysin-like substances, the amount of which is also influenced by adrenalectomy and by colchicine treatment. The observations strongly suggested that the neurophysin-like substance-containing nerve fibres of the external region of the median eminence of the rat are identical with the aldehydefuchsin positive nerve fibres of this region and that they do not originate from the magnocellular neurosecretory hypothalamic nuclei. The neurophysin-like substance-containing, aldehyde-fuchsin positive nerve fibres of the external region of the median eminence could be the terminal arborizations of a putative vasopressin or (and) corticotropin releasing factor producing suprachiasmatic-infundibular system.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Ectopia ; GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intensely stained cells are found in the cerebellar white matter of the vermis and paravermis in adult rats after immunoreaction with an immune serum raised against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). The cells are similar in size to cortical Purkinje cells and three times the size of Golgi cells of the internal granule layer, and have a thick immunopositive cell process emerging from a welldefined cytoplasmic cone. In the cytoplasm, immunoprecipitates are more dense around the nucleus as in normally located Purkinje cells. The morphological appearance of the immunopositive cells suggests that they may be ectopically located Purkinje cells. The soma of the ectopic Purkinje cells is contacted by a few darkly stained terminal boutons. Data indicate that, in spite of the different cellular environment, ectopic Purkinje cells can develop not only the typical morphological pattern already described but also other intrinsic features, such as their typical inhibitory neurotransmitter.
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  • 67
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    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Hypothalamus ; Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and localization of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the brain and pituitary of the elasmobranch fish Scyliorhinus canicula, were studied by means of specific radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Brain and pituitary extracts showed a good cross-reactivity with the ovine CRF antiserum, but serial dilutions of tissue samples did not completely parallel the standard curve. Relatively high concentrations of CRF-like material were found within the pituitary, diencephalon, and telencephalon. CRF-like immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the preoptic nucleus and in the nucleus lateralis tuberis. Numerous immunoreactive cells appeared to be of the CSF-contacting type. CRF-like immunopositive fibers were seen to run through the hypothalamus within the ventro-medial floor of the infundibular region. A dense plexus of immunoreactive nerve endings terminated in the median eminence and the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. These results indicate that a neurosecretory system containing CRF-like immunoreactivity exists in the brain of elasmobranchs, a group of vertebrates which has diverged early from the evolutionary line leading to mammals. In addition, our data support the notion that a CRF-like molecule is involved in the regulation of corticotropic and melanotropic cell activity in this primitive species of fish.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Pituitary ; Gonadotrophs ; LHβ ; FSHβ ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rana japonica (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical localization of lutropin β (LHβ) and follitropin β (FSHβ) in the pituitary gland of the frog Rana japonica was studied by the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method and the two-face, double-labeling method with different-sized gold particles at the light-and electron-microscopic levels, respectively, using monoclonal antibodies against bullfrog LHβ and FSHβ. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry indicated that approximately 66.0% of all the gonadotrophs in the pituitary contained both LHβ and FSHβ, whereas 33.4% of gonadotrophs contained only LHβ, and 0.6% contained only FSHβ. The staining intensity of LHβ and FSHβ varied from cell to cell. The gonadotrophs were classified into four types (Types I–IV) in terms of their ultrastructural and immunolabeling characteristics. Moreover, several secretory granule types were recognized according to differences in their shape and electron density. In all the cell types, both LHβ and FSHβ were often seen in the same secretory granules, but the proportion of granules bearing both hormones ranged from 5.5% in Type I to 32.7% in Type IV. Most secretory granules in Types I and II were immunolabeled with LHβ alone, whereas a small number of granules were immunolabeled with FSHβ alone. More immunolabeled FSHβ granules were present in Types III and IV than in Types I and II.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 457-464 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Mammary-derived growth inhibitor ; Fatty acid-binding proteins ; Differentiation ; Vascularization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mammary gland ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) has previously been localized in the mammary parenchyma, dependent on the stage of differentiation of the mammary gland. Here, we have elucidated the distribution of MDGI in the mammary stroma by a combined immunohisto- and cytochemical analysis with antibodies raised against MDGI. Distinct staining of capillary endothelial cells has been revealed. Although its subcellular distribution resembles former observations in secretory epithelial cells, the expression of MDGI in capillary endothelial cells clearly precedes that in secretory epithelial cells. On the other hand, no endothelial MDGI staining has been detected in bovine heart, which contains a fatty acid-binding protein almost identical to MDGI. The localization of MDGI in the mammary capillary endothelium is discussed in terms of its possible involvement in the intracellular transport of hydrophobic ligands or in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Hypophysis ; Murids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin was immunohistochemically localized at the electron microscopic (EM) level in the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial system (HNS) of three murids. Antiserum to vasopressin was produced in rabbits injected with lysine vasopressin (LVP) conjugated to egg albumin (EA), anti-EA being precipitated prior to staining. Sternberger's unlabeled antibody peroxidase technique was employed, immunoreactivity being designated by peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) molecules and electron opacity. Immunoreactive neurosecretory granules (NSG) were found in the perikarya of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in all three murids investigated, although far more profusely in the two wild strains. Immunoreactive axonal NSG were observed in the inner and outer zones of the median eminence (ME), and within most of the axons and terminals in the neurohypophysis. The concentration of primary serum effective for staining the SON (1∶10–1∶50) was far higher than that required for the ME and the neurohypophysis (1:500–1:1,200). AntiLVP also induced electron opacity of granules in cells of the pars intermedia (PI). Discussion centers on the significance of immunoreactive NSG in the neurosecretory (NS) perikarya, on the possibility of an extragranular pool of hormone, and on speculation about the electron opacity of the PI granules.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 447-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Horse ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Equine pancreas was investigated with immunohistochemical methods to study the distribution of endocrine cells immunoreactive to antiinsulin, anti-glucagon, and anti-somatostatin. A-cells demonstrable by antiglucagon are located in the center of Langerhans islets and frequently in the duct epithelium. Few A-cells are seen associated to acini. Anti-insulin reactive B-cells form a large zone around the center of the Langerhans islets in which some B-cells lie between exocrine cells and others, although few, are located in the duct epithelium. D-cells stained with anti-somatostatin serum form a discontinuous outermost zone around the Langerhans islets. In some islets the D-cells are also observed among the B-cells or between the border of A- and B-cells. Single D-cells are seen in the duct epithelium or between acinar cells. In younger horses, endocrine cells are more frequently associated in bulges of the duct system. The histotopographic relation between these endocrine cell types is discussed with respect to its functional significance.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-RH neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal portions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 703-705 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Serotonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the human fundic mucosa was investigated at the lightmicroscopic level by means of the unlabeled peroxidase anti-peroxidase method, with the use of a highly specific anti-serotonin serum. EC-cells in the human fundic mucosa were sparsely distributed below the neck portion of the gland, but were found to be rather numerous in its lower half. Immunohistochemistry revealed marked pleomorphic and seemingly polynuclear EC-cells or cells with long, sometimes multipolar cytoplasmic processes. In addition, luminal contacts and contiguity between EC-cells, or interglandular connections were also encountered. The present immunohistochemical procedure permits, for the first time, a clear-cut morphological visualization of the entire population of EC-cells, and reveals the distinctive morphological features of these cells in the human fundic mucosa. These morphological findings imply that EC-cells in the fundic mucosa may be crucial in gastric function.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islet A cell ; Catecholamine ; Combined microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify pancreatic islet cells emitting formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), the pancreatic islets of the domestic fowl were studied by combined fluorescence, ultrastructural, silver-impregnation and immunohistochemical methods in the same section or in consecutive semi-thin and ultra-thin sections. The results indicate that islet cells emitting intense FIF exhibit a strongly argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius' silver method and also immunohistochemical reaction with anti-glucagon serum, but not with anti-5-HT serum. Therefore, the fowl islet A cell, a peptide hormone-producing cell, stores simultaneously catecholamine as biogenic amine. The islet B and D cells did not display any FIF, any argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius' silver method, or any immunoreactivity with anti-glucagon or anti-5-HT sera. The fluorescent but non-argyrophil cells dispersed in the exocrine acinus may well be PP cells.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Pineal complex (pineal and parapineal organs) ; Development, ontogenetic ; Photoreceptor cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Serotonin (5-HT) ; Opsin ; Teleost (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)- and opsin-immunoreactive sites were studied in the developing pineal complex of the stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., by use of light-microscopic indirect immunoperoxidase techniques. 5-HT immunoreactivity first occurs in the pineal organ at the age of 80 h after fertilization and appears to be localized in cells of the photoreceptor type. The outer segments of a few pineal photosensory cells exhibit opsin immunoreactivity at the age of 84 h after fertilization. The number of cells seems to increase until the pineal organ is completely developed. The increase in the number of 5-HT immunoreactive perikarya runs parallel in time to that of the opsinimmunoreactive outer segments. The cells of the parapineal organ show neither opsin nor 5-HT immunoreactivity. The retina of the embryonic stickleback does not display opsin immunoreactivity until after hatching, which takes place about 144 h after fertilization. These results suggest, in the three-spined stickleback, an earlier light-perception capacity for the developing pineal organ than for the retina.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 421-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut endocrine cells ; Ontogeny ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Insect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogeny of the endocrine cells of the gut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was studied by immunohistochemistry. During embryogenesis, the midgut begins to be formed as an outgrowth of the foregut and hindgut invaginations. Gut endocrine cells with pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like immunoreactivity begin to appear at the anterior and posterior ends of the forming midgut. These cells are restricted to the midgut epithelium, and no mitotic cells with PP-like immunoreactivity are observed. These results strongly suggest that the gut endocrine cells, at least those with PP-like immunoreactivity, are derived from precursor cells they have in common with other epithelial cells of the midgut.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammalian-like peptides ; Insect midgut ; Immunohistochemistry ; Endocrine-cell ultrastructure ; Peptidergic and serotoninergic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The midgut of Blaberus craniifer is principally made up of columnar epithelial cells which are derived from small regenerative cells found grouped in nidi. Between them, small sparsely granulated cells with clear cytoplasm can be observed lying on the basal lamina. Mainly based on the size, shape and texture of their secretory granules, at least ten types of such endocrine cells have been identified. Five cell types contain a uniform population of dense granules: (1) medium-sized, round to oval granules; (2) small elongated granules; (3) large irregular granules; (4) oval granules with a highly osmiophilic core; (5) oval, haloed granules. Five others are characterized by a heterogeneous population of granules: (6) small, round to oval, variably electron-dense granules; (7) oval medium-sized granules of variable electron density; (8) large irregular granules of variable electron density; (9) small dense granules and large vesicles with filamentous material; (10) small dense granules and very large pale vesicles. In addition, near the regenerative cells, large cells characterized by very large, irregular, dense granules (up to 4 μm), lack contact with the lumen, and reach the basal lamina only by slender cytoplasmic processes. Several antisera raised against mammalian peptides and amine were used to reveal axonal fibers and endocrine cells. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity is localized in a profuse innervation of the muscle layers that surround the epithelium, whereas cholecystokinin and methionine-enkephalin antisera stain a more moderate number of axonal fibers. Cholecystokinin-, methionine-enkephalin-, substance P-, vasoactive intestinal peptide-, somatoliberin-, and gonadoliberin-like immunoreactivities were detected in endocrine cells of the epithelium. While most of the cells appear pyramidal, oval, fusiform or bowl-shaped, and seem to lack contact with the lumen, cells reaching it have been detected reacting with antisera to cholecystokinin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatoliberin and gonadoliberin.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin (SRIF, GHR-IF) ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Thalamus ; Retrograde tracing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique a small group of large somatostatin-positive neurons is described in the subependymal area of the anterior paraventricular thalamus of the male rat. Retrograde-tracing experiments suggest that they project to areas outside the blood-brain barrier.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Silver impregnation ; Combined microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify duodenal endocrine cells emitting formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), chicken duodena were studied by combined fluorescence, ultrastructural, silver impregnation and immunohistochemical methods in the same or consecutive sections. Our results show that: (1) Almost all the cells emitting yellow fluorescence by both the Falck-Hillarp and the Furness methods exhibit an immunohistochemical reaction with serotonin (5-HT) antiserum. (2) Almost all cells radiating yellow fluorescence by the Furness method stain with toluidine blue in Epon-embedded sections but, by high-voltage electron microscopy, can be subdivided into two types of cell containing either small round or polymorphous types of granules. (3) In the sections from which resin had been removed, all the cells emitting yellow FIF show argentaffinity by the Singh method, but not all cells display argyrophilia with the Grimelius method. (4) Cells exhibiting both argyrophil and argentaffin reactions in deresined serial sections are also separated into two types of cell, containing either small spherical or polymorphous types of granules by conventional electron microscopy in thin sections. Therefore, chicken enterochromaffin cells emit yellow FIF, store 5-HT, show both argentaffinity and argyrophilia, but are ultrastructurally classified into two types of granule-containing cells which may be related to polypeptides coexisting with 5-HT.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Non-ciliated tracheal cell ; Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochrome P-450 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-ciliated SER-rich cells of the tracheal epithelium of normal, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically. The apical portion of these cells protrudes into the tracheal lumen, especially in the mice treated with the two compounds, and the apical cytoplasm is filled with numerous tubular elements of SER. Besides, the non-ciliated cells of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice show a strong positive reaction to the antiserum against microsomal cytochrome P-450 of liver. These findings support the concept that the non-ciliated tracheal cell may be involved in the metabolism of endogeneous and exogeneous chemical compounds.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF neurons ; Neurosecretory neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immunoreactive CRF-neurons of the rat hypothalamus have been examined immunohistochemically employing anti-rat CRF serum. These neurons are confined to the paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial-lateral hypothalamic area, and suprachiasmatic nucleus, and are, respectively, also immunoreactive to anti-Met-enk, -alpha-MSH, and -VIP sera. Intraventricular administration of colchicine (50 μg/5 μl/rat) induces a dramatic enhancement of the immunostainability of the cell somata, and also accelerates the development of immunoreactivity of other stored peptides, especially in the paraventricular nucleus. The CRF-neurons respond to adrenalectomy by showing increased immunoreactivity and an increase in the number of cell bodies; in the dorsomedial-lateral area and suprachiasmatic nucleus, there is also an enhanced immunoreactivity for alpha-MSH and VIP, respectively. CRF-cells in the paraventricular nucleus become markedly hypertrophied, but do not show any enhanced immunoreactivity for Met-enk. Since the axons of the paraventricular neurons run to the median eminence, it is probable that they are involved with the endocrine control of hypophysial ACTH release. It is concluded that the CRF-containing neurons in rat hypothalamus consist of three types which are functionally and morphologically different.
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    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 429-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroglobulin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nervous system ; Annelids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical studies were performed by use of specific rabbit antisera and purified antibodies to human Tg on cephalic and body sections of Eisenia foetida and on cephalic sections of Lumbricus terrestris. Secondary antisera, either fluorescein- or peroxidase-conjugated, were used to identify the immunoreaction. Immunoreactive perikarya and some immunoreactive nerve fibres were detected in both the cerebral ganglion and the ventral nerve cord of E. foetida. From 8 to 19 Tg-like positive neurons per frontal section were observed in the brain, mainly in the dorsal zone. From 2 to 4 positive perikarya per ganglion were found in sagittal sections of the ventral nerve cord with a repetitive distribution. Numerous positive neurons were also found in the cephalic segments of L. terrestris. The present results indicate that a substance immunologically related to mammalian Tg is synthesized in earthworms. This suggests that some conservative sequences of Tg structure arose very early in evolution and supports the idea of a common evolutionary origin for endocrine and nervous systems.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 391-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development, ontogenetic ; Lymph nodes ; Non-lymphoid cells ; Lymphocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the various cell populations in the rat popliteal lymph node was investigated applying enzyme-histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. From birth, T-lymphocytes and interdigitating cells were demonstrable. During the development of the young lymph node, T-lymphocytes of the helper phenotype outnumbered the T-cells with a suppressor phenotype; they account for approximately 70% and 30% of all T-lymphocytes, respectively. At the very first day of postnatal life, post-capillary venules were already present. B-lymphocytes occurred later than T-cells during ontogeny; they were found on the second day after birth, most of them being IgM- or IgG-bearing lymphocytes. The first primary follicles occurred at day 18 and contained principally membrane-stained IgM cells and, to a lesser extent, membrane-stained IgG cells. The appearance of follicular dendritic cells correlated with the formation of primary follicles. With respect to the macrophages, it appeared that the ED1- and ED3-positive subpopulations were present with a similar distributional pattern as seen in adults, but in considerably lower numbers. The expression of ED2, however, showed a sudden increase in the third week of life. Findings of the present study are discussed in relation to those obtained in other investigations dealing with the ontogenetic development of lymphoid organs.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ca2+-binding protein ; Parvalbumin ; Retina ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular distribution of parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity (PA-LI) in normal retina of rat, monkey, and human was investigated by immunohistochemical peroxidase antiperoxidase methods, and the levels of PA-LI in normal rat retina and brain were measured by radioimmunoassay. The antibody, raised in rabbits using rat skeletal muscle parvalbumin, did not cross-react with other Ca2+-binding proteins such as calmodulin or S-100 proteins. In rat retina, PA-LI-containing cells are located in the proximal inner nuclear layer and send processes to the external half of the internal plexiform layer, suggesting that they are amacrine cells. In monkey and human retina, PA-LI positive cells exist in the outermost sublayer of inner nuclear layer, and PA-LI-containing fibers that extend horizontally are found in the internal zone of outer plexiform layer. The radioimmunoassay revealed that the rat retina contained 1710±91 ng PA-LI/mg protein, the levels of which were higher than that of brain (881±165 ng PA-LI/mg protein). These results show an additional location for PA-LI outside skeletal muscle and brain, and also provide information on the function of interneurons of retina, which are still poorly understood.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Cat ; Monkey (Macaca fuscata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the rat, cat, and monkey (Macaca fuscata) was studied by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and an antiserum against serotonin. In all three species, the pattern of fibers was denser in the ventral portion of the LGN (LGNv) than in the dorsal nuclear portion (LGNd). In the LGNd of rat, serotonin-immunoreactive fibers were evenly distributed in the form of a dense network, but in cat and monkey there were marked regional differences. Serotonin-immunoreactive elements were most numerous in the C complex and medial interlaminal nucleus of cat, and in the S layer and interlaminar zones of Macaca fuscata.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Met5-enkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8 ; Enkephalin ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; Opioid peptides ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and characterization of the opioid octapeptide met5-enkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8 (met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8) within the gastrointestinal tract of the rat has been determined by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay by use of a newly developed antibody to met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8. With both techniques, met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8-immunoreactivity (met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8IR) was detected in all regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract except the esophagus. The highest concentration of immunoreactive met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8 was observed in the colon, while intermediate concentrations were found in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Immunostained somata were observed chiefly in the myenteric plexus; immunostained processes were present primarily in the myenteric plexus and the circular muscle layer. This distribution pattern is similar to that previously observed with antiserum to met5-enkephalin-arg6-phe7 (met5-enk-arg6phe7). Chromatographic analysis of met5-enk-arg6-gly7leu8-immunoreactive peptides extracted from the GI tract revealed the presence of an immunoreactive peptide of high molecular weight which accounted for approximately three-quarters of met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8-IR in both stomach and colon. These findings suggest a role for peptides related to the octapeptide met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8 in the regulation of GI function.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Atrial-specific granules ; Atrial natriuretic polypeptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Impulse-conducting system ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study of atrial natriuretic polypeptides was carried out on embryonic, fetal and neonatal rat hearts, using an antiserum raised against α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (α-hANP). Weakly immunoreactive cells were seen in both atrial and ventricular walls at 11 days post coitum (pc). After this stage, the immunoreactive cells became more intensely stained in both atrial and ventricular walls. The immunoreactivity during the prenatal period was stronger in the superficial cell layer beneath the endocardium, than in the deep cell layer of the atrial wall. The cells in the trabecular meshwork also had an apparent, but weak, immunoreactivity, which showed a greater intensity in the left ventricle than in the right one. It is suggested that these immunoreactive cells in the ventricle may differentiate, in situ, into the cells of the impulse-conducting system during the further development of the heart.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topography of oxytocin (OT)- and vasopressin (VP)-containing axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system was studied in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) by means of immunohistochemistry. Compared with other mammalian species, the neurohypophysis of Phodopus shows some peculiarities. Accumulations of OT-immunoreactivity around the distal vessels of the primary portal plexus can be observed in the distal median eminence and neural stem. This staining pattern indicates that OT is secreted into portal blood. In the neural lobe, OT- and VP-immunopositive fibers terminate in different areas. The vast majority of the OT-containing axons is distributed in the dorsal part of the neural lobe. In contrast, VP-containing axons are mainly found in the centre of the neural lobe up to the pars intermedia.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anglerfish islet ; Oxytocin ; Insulin ; Innervation ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent reports indicate that oxytocin exerts direct effects on the release of insulin and glucagon from the endocrine pancreas of the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine whether oxytocin-like immunoreactivity is present in the anglerfish islet, and if it is associated with subsets of hormone-producing cells. Antisera against oxytocin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and the 200 — kd neurofilament polypeptide were applied to serial 5 μm sections of pancreatic islets. The antiserum to the 200 — kd neurofilament polypeptide labeled nerve bundles and axons, some of which were also stained with the oxytocin antiserum. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was observed in large nerves that branched into varicose fibers. These fibers were consistently associated only with clusters of insulin-producing cells. Successive application of oxytocin and insulin antisera to the same section provided additional verification of this relationship. Oxytocin-labeled nerves were not associated with cells immunoreactive to glucagon, somatostatin, or neuropeptide Y (anglerfish peptide Yg). The results demonstrate that oxytocin or an oxytocin-like peptide is located in fibers that surround only insulin-producing cells in the anglerfish islet. Although the functional significance of this observation remains to be determined, the results imply that oxytocin, or an oxytocin-like peptide, may affect the synthesis or release of insulin from anglerfish islets.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teeth ; Dental pulp ; Periodontium ; Neurofilament protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve fibers in molars, periodontal ligament and gingiva of the rat shows a complex pattern. Decalcified material including the alveolar bone was sectioned in three different planes and stained by means of immunohistochemistry for detection of the neurofilament protein (NFP); the immunoreactive neural elements were clearly visualized in three-dimensional analyses. NFP-positive nerve fibers formed a subodontoblastic plexus in the roof area of the dental pulp; some of them entered the predentin and dentin directly through the dentinal tubules. This penetration was found mainly in the pulp horn, and was limited to a distance of about 100 μm from the pulpo-dentinal junction. In the periodontal ligament, NFP-positive nerve fibers were found densely distributed in the lower half of the alveolar socket. Two types of nerve terminals were recognized in the periodontal ligament: free nerve endings with tree-like ramifications, and expanded nerve terminals showing button- or glove-like shapes. The former tapered among the periodontal fibers, some even reaching the cementoblastic layer. The latter were located, frequently in groups, within the ligament restricted to the lower third of the alveolar socket. A well-developed plexus of NFP-positive nerves was revealed in the lamina propria of the free gingiva, the innervation being denser toward the epithelium of the gingival crevice. The characteristic distribution of NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers revealed in this study is discussed in relation to region-specific sensations in the teeth and surrounding tissues.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Branched histiocytic cells ; T-zone histiocytes ; Intraepithelial histiocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Branched histiocytic cells of the epidermis, the oral and anal mucosa, the tonsillar crypt epithelium, the thymus and of the T-cell-dependent areas of lymph node, spleen, and tonsil were examined with immunohistochemical single- and double-staining techniques. The markers used were a monoclonal anti-T6-antibody, a monoclonal anti-HLA-DR-antibody, heteroantiserum to S-100 protein and peanut agglutinin. Anti-HLA-DR and peanut agglutinin reacted with a considerable number of branched histiocytic cells, whereas anti-T6 and anti-S-100 protein only stained relatively small subpopulations. Concerning the population of branched histiocytic cells, double-staining revealed that the tissue distributions of all the markers used overlapped each other to various degrees; this was demonstrated by the different numbers of double-stained cells obtained in the experiments using all six possible combinations of primary reagents. The number of branched histiocytic cells co-expressing the markers varied depending upon marker combinations, types of tissue and microenvironment. We suggest that much of the immunologic phenotype of branched histiocytic cells is dynamic rather than static.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Extracellular matrix ; Collagen fibers and filaments ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology, composition, and function of struts that interconnect the lateral surfaces of cardiomyocytes were examined in the hearts of rats and hamsters. Methods included brightfield and fluorescent light microscopy, secondary and backscatter scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with silver stain, cationic dye, and antibody to type-I collagen. These studies reveal a twisted, beaded appearance and a complex substructure of collagen fibrils embedded in a ground substance that has a positive reaction with cationic dye. A hierarchy of patterns of branching and attachment was seen among intercellular struts ranging in diameter from 0.1 μm to several urn. The hypothesis that struts tether not only the surfaces but the contractile lattices of laterally adjacent myocytes is supported by the following: (a) the attachments of struts to the collagen weave of the sarcolemma, often lateral to the level of Z bands, (b) the presence of collagen type I in a composite material arrangement, (c) the relative dispositions and configurational changes of struts and myocyte surfaces in various physiological states and induced, non-physiological perturbations of cardiac muscle, (d) the corrugated sarcolemmas with infoldings near Z bands, and (e) the continuity of intracellular filaments from Z bands to the inner aspect of the sarcolemma in relaxed and contracted myocytes. Implications of struts acting as tethers and sites for storage of energy in the motions of myocytes during the cardiac cycle are discussed.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 459-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Schwann cells ; Neurilemoma ; Human foetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary From approximately 7 weeks gestational age in developing human peripheral nerve, as in adult nerve, S-100 protein was found to be expressed solely and uniformly by Schwann cells associated with axons. In embryos younger than 7 weeks S-100 was much less constant and many cells did not show clear staining. The trigger for the initial appearance of the protein at around this age remains unclear although a relationship of S-100 expression in Schwann cells to close axonal contact is suggested. The value of S-100 protein in distinguishing Schwann cells from perineurial cells in normal nerves and nerve sheath tumours remains unclear.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosa ; Lymphoid tissue ; Nose ; Development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study concerns the development of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue in the rat, using immuno- and enzyme-histochemical staining techniques on cryostat sections. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue is present at birth as a small accumulation of mainly T lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells; B cells are rare. Distinct areas of T and B cells appear at 10 days after birth; by that time high endothelial venules are also observed. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes are present, most of them being T-helper cells. ED1+ macrophages are seen throughout the tissue. The proportion of ED1+cells does not change during ontogeny. ED2+cells (tissue macrophages) are present predominantly at the border between the lymphoid tissue and the surrounding connective tissue, in all age-groups. ED3+mononuclear cells are scattered throughout the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue of young animals. Later on, the ED3+ cells migrate into the border-area between lymphoid and connective tissue. Ia+ non-lymphoid cells in the nasal lymphoid tissue increase in number during ontogeny. Only a few of them show acid phosphatase activity, indicating that the proportion of classical scavenger macrophages is low. Some of them may be antigen presenting (dendritic) cells. Ia+ dendritic cells also occur between the epithelial cells. Moreover, some epithelial cells express the Ia marker.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Natural killer cells ; Monocytes ; Granulocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study reports a specific cross-reactivity of the three anti-human-hematopoetic-cell monoclonal antibodies, anti-Leu-7 (HNK-1), anti-Leu-11a (NKP-15), and anti-Leu-M1 (MMA), with different epitopes in the brain of the adult rat. The distribution of these epitopes in rat brain is determined by means of immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded frontal serial sections. The reaction pattern of anti-Leu-11a monoclonal antibody is very similar to that of polyclonal antibodies against the myelin basic protein. Both antisera give a specific reaction with myelinated fibers. Immunoreaction products with the anti-Leu-7 monoclonal antibody are found as diffuse, mostly punctiform material in the neuropil and even more evident as small granules coating the cell surface of many neurons. In the white matter anti-Leu-7 reveals a moderate reactivity, which occurs predominantly as spots and fine-stranded material within the myelinated fiber tracts. Anti-Leu-M1 immunoreactivity is present between myelinated fiber bundles of the white matter, where it has a reticulate appearance, and as fine-granulated material within the grey matter of the cortex and the nuclei. The characteristic feature in the grey matter is that of irregularly shaped immunopositive plaques, which are often located around small blood vessels. The cytoplasm of glial and neuronal cells appeared negative with this MAB. The exact topographical distribution of the Leu-7 and Leu-M1 epitopes throughout the rat brain is described. The present hypotheses concerning the nature of this shared antigenicity between hematopoetic cells and nervous tissue are discussed.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Brain ; Neurohypophysis ; Pineal body ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lampetra japonica (Cyclostomata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of molluscan cardio-excitatory tetrapeptide Phe—Met—Arg—Phe—NH2 (FMRFamide) was determined by means of immunohistochemistry in the brain and neurohypophysis of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Many FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons were found in the periventricular nuclear region and in a region near the mammillary recess. Neurons situated in the former region were larger. The immunoreactive cell groups were shown to be located at sites differing from those of the AF-positive cell groups. The fibers of immunoreactive neurons extended in all directions within the brain and towards the spinal cord, some reaching the third ventricle and capillaries. Thus, FMRFamide-like immunoreactive peptides appear to function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and possibly also as neurohormones. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive material was rarely observed in the posterior neurohypophysis (neural lobe), but was noted to be present to a limited extent in the caudal part of the anterior neurohypophysis (median eminence). It would thus follow that FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons may not necessarily be related to the hypothalamo-neural lobe system, but may possibly be associated with the hypothalamoadenohypophysial system. The pineal body showed no FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 585-592 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axonal retrograde tracing ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Methionine-enkephalin ; Septum ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the cells giving rise to the methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk)-ergic innervation of the lateral septal nucleus has been investigated in the rat by combining immunohistochemistry and retrograde axonal tracing. Small volumes (0.06 μl) of apo-horseradish peroxidase (Apo-HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and coupled with colloidal gold particles (WGA-ApoHRP-gold) were injected into the lateral septum. The retrogradely labeled cell bodies were visualized by silver intensification of the gold particles on Vibratome sections that were subsequently processed for immunohistochemistry for Met-Enk. Cells labeled with WGA-ApoHRP-gold were observed in the septal area, throughout the hypothalamus (mainly in the perifornical and lateral nuclei) and in the mesencephalon. The localization of Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells was as previously described. With the exception of a few septal cells close to the injection site, doubly labeled cells were found only in the perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus. Almost all perifornical magnocellular cells were doubly labeled ipsilateral to the injection site, whereas on the opposite side, only about 25% of the Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells contained WGA-ApoHRP-gold. Other brain regions containing retrogradely labeled or Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells (particularly the raphe nuclei) did not show double-labeled neurons. This study demonstrates, using a new and sensitive technique for specific neurochemical tracing of tracts, that the origin of the Met-Enk-ergic innervation of the rat lateral septal nuclei lies in the magnocellular perifornical nuclei of the hypothalamus. The precise involvement of this pathway in limbic functions remains to be determined.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Light microscopy ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Neuropeptides ; Columba livia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of VIP- and TRH-immunoreactivity in neurons and processes within the hypothalamus of the pigeon was investigated with light-microscopic immunocytochemical techniques. Most of the VIP-containing neurons are concentrated in the middle and caudal parts of the hypothalamus, with the greatest concentration of perikarya occurring in the medial and lateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the infundibular nucleus. These cells give rise to axons that seem to extend into the median eminence. An extensive network of VIP-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities occupy the external layer of the median eminence. The majority of TRH-containing neurons is found in the anterior hypothalamus with the greatest concentration of cells in the magnocellular preoptic, medial preoptic, suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei. TRH-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities form a dense arborization in the external layer of the median eminence. Lactation seems to induce substantial changes in VIP as well as in TRH-immunostaining in the median eminence and other hypothalamic regions as compared to control, sexually active animals. Furthermore, TRH-immunoreactivity decreased in the median eminence following 60-min exposure to cold. These results suggest that VIP- and TRH-containing pathways in the pigeon hypothalamus are involved in the mediation of neuroendocrine responses.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Opioid peptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Annelida: Hirudinea ; Theromyzon tessulatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of antisera directed against met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, dynorphin or α-neoendorphin, immunoreactive structures were visualized in the central nervous system and proboscis of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Their distribution in the various compartments of the supra- and subesophageal ganglia was mapped. No correspondence could be established between the neurons containing met- or leu-enkephalin-like substances and the different types of neurosecretory cells classically described in Hirudinea. Successive localization of leu- and met-enkephalin on the same section revealed that these two peptides occur in different neurons. Only one cell located in compartment 6 of the supraesophageal ganglion was both dynorphin- and leu-enkephalin-positive. The other dynorphinimmunoreactive cells were not stained with the anti-leuenkephalin serum. The α-neoendorphin-immunopositive cells were leu-enkephalin immunonegative and vice versa.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 99-106 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) ; Glutamic acid decarboxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Auditory system ; Chicken (White Leghorn)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in nuclei of the higher auditory pathway of the chicken was investigated by immunocytochemical methods employing antisera to the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and to GABA. In the mesencephalic auditory center (MLD) about 20% of the cells reveal immunoreactivity. In contrast, the thalamic relay station nucleus ovoidalis is devoid of immunostained somata. This nucleus contains a high density of punctate immunoreactive structures presumed to be GABAergic axon terminals. In the auditory forebrain center field L and the auditory portions of the hyperstriatum ventrale, up to 8% of the cells were immunopositive. These neurons were significantly smaller than estimated from measurements of the overall cell population in these nuclei. From the two-dimensional arrangement of immunopositive neurons it is suggested that the GABAergic system in the avian auditory telencephalon consists of two separate groups of neurons: one subgroup mediating local inhibitory interactions, the other responsible for lateral inhibition between different frequency representations.
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