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  • Articles  (253)
  • Noctuidae  (253)
  • Springer  (253)
  • Oxford University Press
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (253)
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  • Articles  (253)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-activity relationships between stimulus molecule and response of a pheromone receptor cell in turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1661-1675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity relationships ; single-cell recordings ; turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; molecular shape ; dipole moments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of an antennal receptor cell of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, was recorded during stimulation with a series of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate analogs with structural variations of the acetate group. The investigated receptor cell is known to be highly selective to (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate. All parts of the acetate group were found to be of great importance for full biological activity. The results indicate very strict requirements on the shape of the polar functional group, as well as on its electron distribution for a successful interaction with the antennal receptor cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987353
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of feeding by a generalist insect due to increased volatile leaf terpenes under nitrate-limiting conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2059-2067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heterotheca subaxillaris ; Asteraceae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; volatile terpenes ; nitrogen ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen-limited plants ofHeterotheca subaxillaris accumulate greater quantities of leaf volatile terpenes than do nitrogen-rich plants. A series of feeding trials were performed to determine if such nitrate-limited plants are better defended against generalist-feeding insect herbivores. Soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens) larvae were fed leaves fromH. subaxillaris rosettes grown under high and low nitrate supply regimes. Larval consumption, growth, and survival declined as the leaf volatile terpene content increased. Larval consumption and growth were enhanced by higher plant nitrate supply and with increasing leafage. The results suggest that the higher quantity of volatile terpenes in the leaves of nitrate-limited plants may better defend these leaves against generalist-feeding insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012871
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of male response to multicomponent pheromones in noctuid mothsTrichoplusia ni andPseudoplusia includens (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 47-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Trichoplusia ni ; multicomponent pheromone blends ; sustained-flight tunnel ; behavioral thresholds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of male cabbage looper (CL) and soybean iooper (SBL) moths was observed in the flight tunnel and measured in field tests to the six-component CL pheromone, the five-component SBL pheromone, and toZ7–12: OAc, the major component common to each pheromone. In both the flight tunnel and the field, male CL exhibited significantly greater levels of response to their six-component blend than toZ7–12: OAc alone. A low level of cross-attraction of male CL to the SBL pheromone was observed in both the flight tunnel and the field, but it was quantitatively and qualitatively similar to their response toZ7–12: OAc alone. Thus the minor components of the SBL blend did not appear to disrupt the flight behavior of male CL. With respect to SBL, in the flight tunnel males also exhibited a greater level of response to the five-component blend compared toZ7–12: OAc, but in the field their response was not significantly different to either treatment. There was also a low level of cross-attraction of male SBL to the CL blend, but this appeared to involve a significant arrestment effect on the upwind flight of males, as well as a difference in male sensitivity to the blend of components compared withZ7–12: OAc alone. The observed arrestment effect may have been due to male perception of one or more minor components of the CL pheromone. The results show that the multicomponent pheromones of these species function effectively as specific mating signals and that discrimination of odor quality by male moths can occur as the result of minor components affecting male sensitivity or their upwind flight response to the pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01022530
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selected factors influencing neurohormonal regulation of sex pheromone production inHeliothis species (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2063-2069 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Heliothis phloxiphaga ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; neuropeptide hormone ; mating ; host plant factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone production and release in females ofHeliothis species exhibit a diel periodicity. Phermone production is controlled by a hormone, the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). Release of PBAN to activate pheromone production follows a circadian rhythm. InH. zea females, mating terminates pheromone production. An unidentified hemolymph-borne factor is transferred from the male to the female during mating. It is speculated that this factor interacts with the release mechanism of PBAN to prevent further production of the pheromone following mating. Wild females ofH. phloxiphaga (reared from larvae collected in the field) did not produce or release the sex pheromone unless kept in association with the host plant. Pheromone production could be induced in these females by the injection of PBAN. It is suggested that a signal from the host plant is essential to trigger the release of PBAN to induce pheromone production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014250
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of cuticular oxidases used for sex pheromone biosynthesis byHeliothis zea (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2131-2145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone biosynthesis ; cuticle ; alcohol oxidase ; alcohol ; aldehyde ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Biosynthesis of the aldehydic sex pheromone components released by females ofHeliothis zea was found to be catalyzed by primary alcohol oxidases residing in the cuticle that covers the glands. Activity, as indicated by conversion of primary alcohol to aldehyde, was as high in cell-free cuticle as it was in intact pheromone glands. Studies indicated that some activity was associated with the surface of the epicuticle and could be removed, into buffer, by sonication. However, the majority of activity lies within the inner epicuticle and exo- and endocuticular layers. The oxidase was not functional in pharate pupae that did not have mature adult cuticle but became functional just prior to adult emergence. The enzyme in individual glands was saturated at alcohol concentrations above 100 n. moles. Nonionic detergents did not affect the activity of the oxidase in the cuticle but treatment with either 7 M urea or 1% SDS resulted in total loss of activity. Studies on the effect of pH indicated an optimum at 6.4; however, activity was high throughout the range of 5–9. The oxidase was functional in both dichloromethane and hexane, suggesting that this enzyme system may have applications for organic synthesis of aldehydes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014254
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    The influence of dietaryβ-carboline alkaloids on growth rate, food consumption, and food utilization of larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Hubner) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 475-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: β-Carboline alkaloids ; harman ; harmins ; Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) ; beet armyworm ; antifeedant ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract β-Carboline alkaloids are found worldwide in many plant families. Harman, harmine, and other simple β-carboline alkaloids were tested for activity against a generalist phytophagous insect, the beet army worm [Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)]. Chronic dietary exposure tests (neonate to pupa) reveal potent antifeedant and possible toxic effects. Acute dietary exposure tests on fifth-instar larvae also demonstrate antifeedant activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013899
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Identification of a male-produced pheromone ofAnticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) attractive to conspecific males (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1121-1130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anticarsia gemmatalis ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; pheromone ; hairpencils ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; male-produced pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Observations in the laboratory and in the field indicated that maleAnticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), the velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), are attracted to conspecific courting males. Male VBC subsequently were found to be attracted to extracts of male abdominal tips including the extrudable hairpencils. The active chemical in these extracts was identified as (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene, which is also one of the major components of the female VBC sex pheromone. Male VBC in a wind tunnel and in the field exhibited a bimodal response distribution to a range of ratios of the (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene, with one maximum at the pure heneicosatriene alone and the other at the 60∶40 female blend. This demonstrates that the male response to the male hairpencil component is distinct from that to the female sex pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019340
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Multivariate analysis of the correlation between noctuidae subfamilies and the chemical structure of their sex pheromones or male attractants (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1187-1215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex attractants ; sex pheromones ; correspondence analysis ; chemotaxonomy ; multidimensional analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female-emitted pheromones and sex attractants of Noctuidae were investigated using a specific computer procedure to analyze data collected from the literature. Correspondence analysis was used to survey the structure-activity relationships of sex pheromones in seven subfamilies. Structural, stereochemical, and functional features of active molecules were related to taxonomy. This multidimensional analysis revealed that the prevalent chemical frame of noctuid moth pheromones was a monounsaturated acetate withZ stereochemistry and a double bond on the fifth carbon closest to the nonfunctional branch of the molecule. Possible phylogenetic relationships within Noctuidae and between Noctuidae and other families are discussed in light of the sex pheromone biochemistry. Female sex pheromones appeared to be an additional character to be considered in the classification of noctuid moths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019346
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1583-1596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Biological control ; artificial diet ; preflight behavior ; wind tunnels ; oviposition ; age ; chemosensory receptors ; chilling pupae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed cowpea seedlings produced volatile semiochemicals to whichMicroplitis demolitor Wilkinson responded in a wind tunnel. However, mostM. demolitor females reared fromH. zea larvae fed an artificial diet were not responsive at emergence to the same volatile semiochemicals. A preflight contact with frass fromH. zea fed cowpea was needed to stimulate a response of sustained flight in a wind tunnel. The most consistent flight response was 7–10 days postemergence. Response resulting from both antennal and ovipositor contact with host frass during preflight stimulation was no better than from antennal contact alone. Chilling the parasitoid pupae rendered most of the emerging females unresponsive to volatile semiochemicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012524
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Influence ofHeliothis virescens sex pheromone dispensers on captures ofH. zea males in pheromone traps relative to distance and wind direction (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 265-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; cotton bollworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; virelure ; trapping ; pheromone interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evaluations conducted by placingHeliothis virescens (F.) sex pheromone (virelure) dispensers at different distances in the predominant downwind and upwind directions fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) pheromone traps indicated that reductions inH. zea male captures were greatest relative to distance when theH. zea traps were located downwind from the virelure dispensers than when the traps were located upwind. When operating traps for both species at the same site, the influence of virelure dispensers on captures inH. zea pheromone traps would be minimized by placing theH. zea traps upwind of theH. virescens traps and, if wind direction is variable, the traps should be spaced at least 75 m apart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01022546
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemical studies of proteins that degrade pheromones (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2033-2046 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cyclopropanation ; cyclopropanol ; enzyme inhibitor ; pheromone analog ; vinyl ketone ; Heliothis virescens ; Plutella xylostella ; α-fluoroaldehyde ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Plutellidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aldehyde components of lepidopterous pheromones are converted to carboxylic acids by aldehyde oxidizing enzymes (AOEs) that are present at high levels in antennal tissues of adult moths. The AOEs may include O2-requiring aldehyde oxidases as well as nucleotide-cofactor-requiring aldehyde dehydrogenases. Three classes of inhibitors were synthesized and examined in vitro for AOE inhibition usingHeliothis virescens antennae: (1) cyclopropanols, (2) α-fluorinated aldehydes, and (3) α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. First, cyclopropanated analogs of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16∶A1), a common unsaturated aldehyde component of many species' pheromone blends, were synthesized as isosteric pheromone analogs and as potential inhibitors of the moth AOEs. NMR assignments are reported for thecis- andtrans-cyclopropanols. Cyclopropanols appear to act as oxidase-activated AOE inhibitors, perhaps via the unstable cyclopropanones. Second, α-fluoro and α,α-difluoro substituted analogs ofZ9–14∶A1 were synthesized and shown to be modest inhibitors of both the alcohol oxidase and AOE activities. Finally, the most potent inhibitors were α,β-unsaturated carbonyl mimics of theZ11–16∶A1. The α-methylene aldehyde was 1000-fold less effective than the vinyl ketoneZ1,11–16∶3-oxo. This inhibition appears irreversible and is postulated to involve electrophilic modification of an active site sulfur nucleophile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014248
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Double-bond location in monounsaturated fatty acids by dimethyl disulfide derivatization and mass spectrometry: Application to analysis of fatty acids in pheromone glands of four lepidoptera (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 265-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fatty acid analysis ; double-bond location ; dimethyl disulfide adducts ; mass spectrometry ; pheromone ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; C. occidentalis ; C. pinus pinus ; Plusia chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid analytical procedure for the determination of the position of double bonds in mixtures of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters has been developed. The method is based on direct capillary GC-MS-EI analysis of dimethyl disulfide adducts. The procedure was applied to mixtures of monounsaturated fatty esters from pheromone gland extracts of three tortricids from theChoristoneura genus,C. fumiferana, C. occidentalis, andC. pinus pinus, and one noctuid from the Plusiinae subfamily,Plusia chalcites. A correlation was found between the known major pheromone components in the four species with the corresponding fatty acids. Some of the additional fatty acids may be precursors to as yet unidentified minor pheromone components, present in extremely small quantities, in these species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01411414
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Components of female sex pheromone of spotted bollworm,Earias vittella F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Identification and field evaluation in Pakistan (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 929-945 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spotted bollworm ; Earias vittella ; spiny bollworm ; Earias insulana ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; gas chromatography ; electroantennography ; pheromone traps ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; (Z,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; octadecanal ; (Z)-11-octadecenal ; (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ovipositor washings from virgin femaleEarias vittella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths were examined by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography (EAG). Six components were detected by the male moth. These were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of a range of synthetic standards on fused silica capillary GC columns as hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, octadecanal, (Z)-11-octadecenal, and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol in 1∶2∶10∶2∶4∶1 ratio. Field testing in Pakistan showed that a 2∶10∶2 mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, and (Z)-11-octadecenal was as attractive to maleE. vittella moths as the six-component mixture and equal in attractiveness to a virgin female moth. Omitting (Z)-11-hexadecenal or (Z)-11-octadecenal greatly reduced this attractiveness. It was found that synthetic lures must be protected from sunlight to prevent loss of attractiveness caused by isomerization of the conjugated diene aldehyde, and addition of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal, one of the products of isomerization, was shown to reduce attractiveness significantly. During this work, a 10∶1 mixture of (E,E)-10, 12-hexadecadienal and (Z)-11-hexadecenal was shown to be as attractive toE. insulana (Boisd.) male moths as a virgin female moth, and the attractiveness of this mixture was further increased by addition of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01018784
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  • 14
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    Female sex pheromone of iris borer,Macronoctua onusta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1559-1566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-11-Hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; iris ; iris borer ; Macronoctua onusta ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chromatographic and mass spectrometry studies of heptane extracts of the ovipositors of the iris borer,Macronoctua onusta, showed that the females produce several compounds that are the same as those produced by females of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens. In trapping experiments, a mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (94∶4∶2) proved to be the minimum set of compounds required to cause effective capture of iris borer males in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012383
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  • 15
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    Influence of pheromone trap color and design on capture of male velvetbean caterpillar and fall armyworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1775-1784 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trap color ; trap design ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; fall armyworm moth ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; electroretinogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three pheromone traps were evaluated in paired field trials for effectiveness in capturing wild male velvetbean caterpillar moths (VBC),Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, and fall armyworm moths (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), using a wind-oriented trapping device. The traps were: (1) the standard multicolored bucket trap consisting of a forest green canopy, yellow funnel, white bucket and open (i.e., single wire) pheromone holder; (2) a forest green monocolored bucket trap; and (3) the Multi-Pher-1 trap consisting of a blue-green canopy, white funnel, white bucket, and white, multislotted pheromone holder. The Multi-Pher-1 trap differs primarily from the other two in that its entrance is smaller in diameter and is partially obstructed by the pheromone holder. Significantly fewer VBC and FAW males were captured in pheromone-baited monocolored (forest green) bucket traps than standard multicolored bucket traps. The Multi-Pher-1 trap also caught significantly fewer VBC moths than the standard multicolored bucket trap, but there was no significant difference in numbers of FAW moths caught in the two traps. The results further demonstrate the importance of considering visual cues, in this case color, in the design of pheromone traps for nocturnal insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012265
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  • 16
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    Reimer-Tiemann adducts as potential insect antifeedant agents Reviewing the structure-activity relationship theory of the antifeedant, warburganal (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2607-2623 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enedial ; Spodoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding deterrent ; pyrrole ; sulfhydryl ; van der Waals interaction ; Reimer-Tiemann adducts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Structure-activity relationships of naturally occurring enedials with antifeedant activity againstSpodoptera species have been extended via the synthesis and bioassay of a series of Reimer-Tiemann adducts. The activities attributed to the different chemical structures of these and other analogs interacting with the chemoreceptor site have been observed; a three-pronged mode of substrate binding via aromatic pyrrole formation, Michael addition of free sulfhydryl moieties, and van der Waals interactions of the A ring has been postulated to account for these observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014720
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  • 17
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    Gut redox conditions in herbivorous lepidopteran larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3277-3290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant-insect interactions ; redox ; reduction potential ; digestion ; Lepidoptera ; Danaus plexippus ; Lymantria dispar ; Manduca sexta ; Papilio glaucus ; Polia latex ; Danaidae ; Lymantriidae ; Sphingidae ; Papilionidae ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Large interspecific differences in redox potential exist among herbivorous lepidopteran larvae. Reducing conditions occur in the midguts ofManduca sexta (Sphingidae) andPolia latex (Noctuidae), whereas oxidizing conditions prevail in the midguts ofLymantria dispar (Lymantriidae),Danaus plexippus (Danaidae), andPapilio glaucus (Papilionidae). The epithelium of the posterior midgut ofM. sexta fed a diet containing bismuth subnitrate accumulates bismuth sulfide, suggesting that sulfide might be one of the reducing agents responsible for the maintenance of reducing conditions in this species. We propose that the effects of plant allelochemicals in insect herbivores will be strongly affected by gut redox conditions and that the regulation of gut redox conditions is an important adaptation of insect herbivores to the chemical defenses of plants. The redox state of the gut is yet another insect trait that must be included in the analysis of plant-insect interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982098
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  • 18
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    Acidic fog-induced changes in host-plant suitability (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2379-2390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acidic fog ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; nitrogen ; free amino acid ; soluble protein ; plantinsect interactions ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 〈 0.01,t tests), 2.5 (P 〈 0.05), or 3.0 (P 〈 0.01) increased percent total nitrogen (dry weight) of foliage as compared to plants subjected to control fogs with a pH of 6.3–6.5. Fresh weight concentrations of soluble protein and certain free amino acid concentrations were increased by plant exposure to acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 (t tests,P 〈 0.05). Concentrations of free amino acids considered essential for insect growth, as well as nonessential and total free amino acids were not significantly affected by any treatment (P 〉 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P 〉 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P 〈 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
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    Effects of double-bond configuration on interaction between a moth sex pheromone component and its receptor (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2023-2040 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity ; conformational energy ; molecular mechanics ; double-bond configuration ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; single-cell recordings ; receptor interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of the electrophysiological activity on the change of double-bond configuration of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, and a dienic analog, (E)-2,(Z)-5-decadienyl acetate, have been investigated by single-cell measurements and molecular mechanics calculations (MM2). A previously reported model for the interaction between a moth sex pheromone component and its receptor has been refined. This new model gives an essentially quantitative correlation between the measured activities and the calculated conformational energies for a biologically active conformation defined by the model. Previously obtained structure-activity results for chain-elongated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate are significantly improved by the refined model. The effect of a change of the double-bond configuration on the substrate-receptor interaction is not additive but depends on the conformational properties of the entire molecule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041729
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    Sex pheromone of oriental armywormMythimna separata Walker (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 977-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Mythimna separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 11-hexadecenal ; hexadecenal ; 11-hexadecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the mainland of China, the male Oriental armyworm was not attracted to the sex pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecenol identified by Takahashi et al. in 1979. By means of EAG, GC, and GC-MS techniques, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol were found in female gland washings, and encouraging captures were obtained in preliminary field trapping.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020531
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    Interpopulational variation in emitted pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 509-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from laboratory colonies initiated from three locations across the United States emitted similar quantities and blend ratios of the six known pheromone components. In contrast, females from a long-established laboratory colony emitted a greater proportion of four of the five minor components relative to the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate; only the relative proportion of 11-dodecenyl acetate was similar in all of the populations sampled. Females from this population emitted (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate at a rate similar to that from females from field-collected colonies. Within each population there were highly significant correlations among the quantities of pheromone components of similar molecular weights. Correlations between components of different molecular weights were not as great, but often were significant. Similarities of blend ratios among field populations may indicate that the chemical signal in this species is conservative. The difference of the blend ratios in our laboratory population from the other populations may indicate a decrease in the intensity of selection pressure that usually would maintain these values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021782
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    Biochemical activity of centipedegrass against fall armyworm larvae (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2677-2690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Resistance ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antibiosis ; bioactivity ; plant biochemicals ; chlorogenic acid ; maysin ; luteolin ; fall armyworm ; centipedegrass ; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Centipedegrass,Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack, severely inhibits growth of the fall armyworm larva,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Fresh centipedegrass extracts and extract fractions were deposited on Celufil, incorporated into meridic-based diets and bioassayed against neonate larvae of the fall armyworm in the laboratory. The methanol extract (F1) caused the greatest reduction in larval weight. When F1, was partitioned between méthylene chloride and water, the activity was transferred to the water-soluble fraction (F5), which, when further fractionated using preparative C-18 reverse-phase chromatography, yielded active F7 and F8 fractions. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed F7 to be 95% caffeoylquinic acids with chlorogenic acid as the major constituent. HPLC analysis of F8 revealed maysin [2″-O- α-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-(6-deoxy-Xylo-hexos-4-ulosyl)luteolin] and other luteolin derivatives. Chlorogenic acid and other caffeoylquinic acids, maysin, and other luteolin derivatives are the major factors responsible for the antibiotic resistance of centipedegrass to larvae of the fall armyworm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988078
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    Inactivation of baculovirus by quinones formed in insect-damaged plant tissues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1221-1236 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baculovirus ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; plant phenolics ; polyphenol oxidase ; tritrophic interactions ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; host plant resistance ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The infectivity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus, HzSNPV toHeliothis zea was significantly reduced when viral occlusion bodies were exposed to the plant phenolic chlorogenic acid in the presence of polyphenol oxidase. Chlorogenic acid is rapidly oxidized to the ortho-quinone, chlorogenoquinone, by foliar polyphenol oxidases of the tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum, when foliage is damaged during feeding by larvalH. zea. Our results indicate that chlorogenoquinone, a powerful oxidizing agent, covalently binds to the occlusion bodies of HzSNPV and significantly reduces their digestibility and solubility under alkaline conditions. This binding is proposed to interfere with the infection process by impairing the release of infective virions in the midgut.
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    Detoxification of isothiocyanate allelochemicals by glutathione transferase in three lepidopterous species (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1279-1288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Glutathione transferase ; isothiocyanate metabolism ; fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Lepidoptere ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glutathione transferase activity towards various plant isothiocyanates was studied in larvae of the two generalists, fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)], and cabbage looper [Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)], and the specialist, velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner) using the midgut soluble fraction as enzyme source. The generalists, but not the specialist, are adapted to feeding on isothiocyanate-containing crucifers. Allyl and benzyl isothiocyanate were found to be metabolized by glutathione transferase from the two generalist species, but no activity was detected with the specialist. The transferase activity towards these allelochemicals in the cabbage looper was two- to sixfold higher than that in the fall armyworm. In all instances, activity was induced by various allelochemicals including indole 3-acetonitrile, indole 3-carbinol, flavone, xanthotoxin, and its own substrates. The induction ranged from 1.3- to 10.1-fold depending on the allelochemical, with the fall armyworm being more inducible. The transferase system of fall armyworm also metabolized another analog, 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, but activity can only be observed after induction. Bioassay results showed that these isothiocyanates were all toxic to the lepidopterans, causing acute toxicity in neonates and final-instar larvae. The results suggest that glutathione transferase plays an important role in the detoxification of isothiocyanates and hence food-plant adaptation in phytophagous insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019352
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    Sex attractants and sex pheromone components of noctuid mothsEuclidea cuspidea,Caenurgina distincta, and geometrid mothEupithecia annulata (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2095-2111 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; sex attractant ; Noctuidae ; Geometridae ; epoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone components and sex attractant blends consisting of 3Z,6Z,9Z-triene hydrocarbons and racemic and chiral forms of3Z,6Z-cis-9, 10-epoxydienes have been elucidated for two noctuid and one geometrid moth species. MaleEuclidea cuspidea moths were attracted to blends of 3Z,6Z,9Z-heneicosatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-21∶H) with 3Z,6Z-cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene (3Z,6Z-cis-9,10-epoxy-21∶H). In addition to these compounds, 3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶H, and two regioisomeric C21 epoxides were tentatively identified in pheromone gland extracts.Caenurgina distincta moths were attracted by an 8∶∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-20∶H with3Z,6Z-cis- 9,10-epoxy-20∶H.Eupithecia annulata moths were attracted by either 3Z,6Z-cis-9,10-epoxy-20∶H or 3Z,6Z-cis-9,10-epoxy-21∶H, and by the 95,10R enantiomer of each epoxide. 3Z,6Z,9Z-21∶H and 3Z,6Z-cis-9,10-epoxy-21∶H were tentatively identified from pheromone glands. Pheromone components were identified by a combination of coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and field bioassays.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987994
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    Asarones fromAcorus calamus L. Oil (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1911-1920 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peridroma saucia ; variegated cutworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding behavior ; growth inhibitors ; conversion efficiency ; asarones ; Acorus calamus ; antifeedants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asarones (2, 4, 5-trimethoxypropenylbenzenes) isolated from the essential oil ofAcorus calamus L. rhizomes, are potent growth inhibitors and antifeedants to the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hubner.cis-Asarone added to artificial diet significantly inhibited growth and feeding by first-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae, whereas thetrans isomer produced an antifeedant effect alone. Gross dietary utilization (efficiency of conversion of ingested food, ECI) was decreased when the diet was supplemented withcis-asarone or when this compound was topically applied to fourth-instar larvae. Inhibition of growth occurred even at a moderate topical dose (5 μg/larva) primarily as a result of decreased efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), even though the approximate digestibility (AD) of the food was unchanged. Oral or topical treatment withtrans-asarone also significantly inhibited larval growth, but in this case the effect can be strictly attributed to decreased consumption, as dietary utilization (ECI) was not affected. Both isomers displayed a direct antifeedant effect based on leaf disk choice tests. Thecis isomer was 7.0 and 5.5 times more potent thant thetrans isomer against fourth- and fifth-instar larvae, respectively. Our data suggest that the two asarone isomers have different modes of action.cis-Asarone is toxic in addition to having strong antifeedant activity, whereas thetrans isomer acts only as an antifeedant with no appreciable toxicity.
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    Roles of amino acids, protein, and fiber in leaf-feeding resistance of corn to the fall armyworm (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1977-1995 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; corn ; Zea mays ; plant-insect interaction ; amino acids ; herbivory ; feeding resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The free amino acids have been shown by isolational work and choice bioassays to be more important than all other factors evaluated in defining leaf-feeding resistance of corn (Zea mays L.) to fall armyworm (FAW) [(Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)] larvae. 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone) and maysin, toxins present in corn, were shown not to be significant factors for leaf-feeding resistance to first-instar FAW larvae because of their low concentrations in the whorl. Amino acid analysis showed that while the ratios of the essential amino acids in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) lines were similar, there were differences in the nonessential amino acids, particularly aspartic acid, which was higher in R lines. Also, the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids was important, being too low in expressed whorl leaf juice (obtained from V8–V10 growth stage plants) to support larval growth, although juice was stimulatory in choice tests. The total protein content of whorls in S lines was about 15% higher than in R lines, but the significance of this difference is uncertain, because nutritional tests showed that larval growth increased with total protein only up to 12% protein. Sugars were only slightly stimulatory. Thus, the amino acids along with higher hemicellulose content of R lines, established by us earlier, appear to explain much of the basis of resistance in corn to larval leaf-feeding of the FAW.
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    An allelochemical elicits arrestment inApanteles kariyai in feces of nonhost larvaeAcantholeucania loreyi (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2009-2017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apanteles kariyai ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Acantholeucania loreyi ; Pseudaletia separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2,5-dialkyltet-rahydrofuran ; arrestant ; allelochemical ; antimone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the larval parasitoidApanteles kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal pellets ofAcantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with anA. loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However, such stinging did not result in any offspring. The allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is identical to a kairomone of the hostPseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast toA. loreyi, P. separata is a suitable host forA. kariyai, and oviposition inP. separata results in offspring production. The allelochemical mediating the interaction betweenA. loreyi andA. kariyai is discussed in the context of current allelochemical terminology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020512
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    Heliothis virescens: Response characteristics of receptor neurons in Sensilla Trichodea type 1 and type 2 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 953-972 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennogram ; single-cell recordings ; olfactory receptor cells ; cobalt tracing ; sex pheromones ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; host odors ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partial electroantennograms (EAGs) and single cell recordings fromHeliothis virescens males have demonstrated the presence of pheromones receptor neurons in sensilla trichodea type 2 as well as in type 1. This is supported by cobalt tracing experiments, showing that primary axons from the distal flagellum, containing only s. trichodea type 2, project into the macrogiomerulus complex in the male antennal lobes. Four types of finely tuned pheromone receptor neurons were found in males, whereas in females the corresponding neurons responded mainly to host odors. In males the majority (75 and 18%, respectively) were tuned to the majorHeliothis virescens pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16∶A1) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14∶A1). The others (5 and 2%, respectively) responded specifically to (Z)-1 1-hexadecen-1-ol (Z1 1-16∶OH) and (Z)-1 1-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z1 1-16∶Ac). No neurons responding selectively to the minor pheromone components were found. The Z11-16∶A1 neurons of both sensilla types possessed similar specificity. However, the sensitivity decreased toward the medial and distal part of the flagellum, where s. trichodea type 2 are located. This suggests that the pheromone concentrations can be detected peripherally by a spatial as well as a temporal mechanism. Differences in temporal response patterns (pronounced phasic vs. tonic component) were found within the same type of neurons, suggesting different ability to encode intermittency of the pheromone plume as well as to mediate maintenance of flight.
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    Impact of UV radiation on activity of linear furanocoumarins andBacillus thuringiensis var.Kurstaki againstSpodoptera exigua: Implications for tritrophic interactions (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 973-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Linear furanocoumarins ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; UV light ; tritrophic interactions ; Bacillus thuringiensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acidic fogs with a pH of 2.0 and duration of 2 hr did not reduce the efficacy ofBacillus thuringiensis var.Kurstaki (Berliner). Therefore, the impact of UV radiation was investigated on the interactions between (1) levels of the antibacterial linear furanocoumarins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin inApium graveolens (L.) occurring following a 2.0 pH acidic fog episode, (2) the noctuidSpodoptera exigua (Hübner), and (3) a sublethal dosage of the microbial pathogenB. thuringiensis var.Kurstaki. Mean time to pupation in the absence of UV radiation (survival was too low to conduct this analysis for insects exposed to UV) was significantly extended by the addition of either psoralens orB. thuringiensis. Larvae developing on diets containingB. thuringiensis plus psoralens required nearly 40% longer to pupate than controls, but their effects were additive as the interaction was not significant. Although the mean times to adult emergence were significantly different, time spent in the pupal stage did not vary significantly between treatments, indicating that increases in larval developmental time were responsible for the observed decrease in developmental rate. Mean time to mortality, a weighted average time of death, was not significantly affected by any of the treatments. In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial analysis, all main effects (linear furanocoumarins.B. thuringiensis, UV radiation) reduced survival significantly, as did the three-way interaction. Thus, antagonistic interactions with psoralens that would reduce the effectiveness ofB. thuringiensis in the field were not observed. When pairs of main effects were nested within the two levels (presence and absence) of the third factor, several two-way interactions were found. Interestingly, the activity ofB. thuringiensis and the psoralens, individually or in combination, was enhanced by exposure to UV radiation. Implications of this research are discussed for both natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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    (3Z,6Z,9Z)-Nonadecatriene and enantiomers of (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-Epoxy-nonadecadiene as sex attractants for two geometrid and one noctuid moth species (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2153-2166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae ; Eufidonia convergaria ; Caripeta angustiorata ; Rivula propinqualis ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxy-nonadecadiene ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex attractants for the geometrid mothsEufidonia convergaria andCaripeta angustiorata, and the noctuid mothRivula propinqualis have been elucidated during field screening of a series of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons (C17–22), and the racemic and enantiomerically enriched monoepoxydienes derived from those hydrocarbons. Biologically active compounds were identified by a combination of field testing of synthetic standards, electroantennography, and coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection.E. convergaria males were optimally attracted by a 1∶1 blend of (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H); other abbreviations follow the same system) with (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). The 6R,7S enantiomer of the epoxide had no apparent biological activity, either as an attractant or as a behavioral antagonist. Male moths also were attracted to blends of the C18 and C20 homologs of the triene and the epoxide. 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and 3Z,6Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19∶H were identified inE. convergaria female pheromone gland extracts. Males of the geometrid moth speciesC. angustiorata were attracted by a 1∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H. Males of the noctuid mothR. propinqualis were attracted by an approximately 10∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6S, 7R-epoxy-19∶H. The components were synergistic, with neither being attractive alone. The blend ratio was quite specific, as the attractiveness of blends decreased sharply on either side of the optimum ratio.
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    Semiochemicals for use with parasitoids: Status and future (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3067-3089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid behavior ; parasitoid manipulation ; foraging environment ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelochemicals are known to serve important roles at all steps in the host-searching sequence of parasitoids. We discuss the various roles of these allelochemics and the type of information needed to develop their use in pest control, which to date has been very limited. Rapid advancements are being made with respect to airborne chemicals and longer-range foraging behavior. Moreover, recent discoveries have shown that genetic diversity in parasitoid populations and phenotypic plasticity of individuals, together with their physiological state, often result in substantial variations in the response to chemical cues. Successful application of semiochemical-parasitoid systems will require management of these intrinsic parasitoid variables as well as management of the foraging environment. We illustrate emerging technology for such an application. For the immediate future, the development of this technology will allow us to: (1) define the genetic and phenotypic foraging profiles important to consistent and efficient parasitoid foraging, and (2) establish the proper propagation and release procedures and monitoring bioassays necessary to ensure appropriate behavioral and physiological qualities of released organisms. For the long term, we envision technology for comprehensively manipulating the pest/crop environment in ways that would provide foraging stimuli and other needs important to retention and efficiency of parasitoids.
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    Identification of sex pheromone of bristly cutworm,Lacinipolia renigera (Stephens) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2615-2621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lacinipolia renigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; bristly cutworm ; insect pheromones ; (itZ)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z, E)-9 ; 12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; bolas spider ; Mastophora hutchinsoni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the bristly cutworm moth,Lacinipolia renigera was identified as a blend of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (itZ9–14): Ac and (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZE-9,12–14: Ac). Extracts of female glands were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography on three columns of different polarities. In each analysis, peaks with retention times identical to Z9–14:Ac andZE–9, 12–14: Ac were observed. GC-MS analysis of gland extracts supported the identification of these two compounds. Volatiles emitted from female sex pheromone glands during 10-min collection periods contained 7.8 ±2.01 ng ofZ9- 14: Ac. On average the blend contained 3.8 ± 1.43%ZE-9,12–14: Ac. Blends ranging from 1% to 10%ZE- 9,12–14: Ac in Z9-14: Ac (1 mg) were effective in capturing males in the field. The number of males captured in traps baited with a 3 % blend ofZE- 9,12-14: Ac in Z9-14: Ac was not significantly different than the number caught in traps containing two virgin females.
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    Adaptive significance of furanocoumarin diversity inPastinaca sativa (Apiaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 207-215 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; corn earworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pastinaca sativa ; wild parsnip ; Apiaceae ; furanocoumarins ; defense ; xanthotoxin ; photoactivation ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fruits ofPastinaca sativa (Apiaceae), the edible parsnip, contain six different furanocoumarins that are differentially capable of ultraviolet-mediated cross-linkage of DNA and inhibition of DNA transcription. Individually, none of the other furanocoumarins present in parsnip seeds is as toxic as the photosensitizer xanthotoxin. Nevertheless, the natural mixture of compounds is toxicologically more effective againstHeliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), both in the presence and absence of UV light, than is an equimolar amount of xanthotoxin. The difference in toxicity diminishes with increasing light levels. Thus, a series of structurally related natural products can display toxicity lacking in individual compounds and may represent an adaptive compromise to varying environmental conditions.
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    Identification of hairpencil secretion from maleMamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and electroantennogram studies (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 239-246 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mamestra brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hairpencils ; male-produced compounds ; identification ; benzaldehyde ; 2-methylpropanoic acid ; 2-methylbutanoic acid ; benzyl alcohol ; 2-phenylethanol ; phenol ; electroantennography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of maleMamestra brassicae (L.) hairpencils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and by GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts were found to consist of six components. Benzaldehyde, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, and phenol were present in the extracts as well as the previously identified benzyl alcohol and phenyl ethanol. The two major components were 2-phenylethanol and 2-methylbutanoic acid. They represented, respectively, 74% and 12.5% of the total blend in 3-day-old male extracts. Electroantennograms were recorded on male and female antennae in response to stimulation by hairpencil compounds. Male and female antennae responded to each chemical but the female responses were significantly higher than those of the males.
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    α-Tocopherol alteration of soybean antiherbivory toTrichoplusia ni larvae (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1941-1951 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: α-Tocopherol ; elicitor ; alterable resistance ; soybean ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antiherbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antioxidant vitamin E, α-tocopherol, was tested as a candidate elicitor of alterable antiherbivory in soybean plants against cabbage looper larvae. Although a nonspecific antioxidant, vitamin E proved elicitory to the involved sulfhydryl-dependent receptor-energy transducer protein in soybean plasma membrane. Effects of α-tocopherol were dependent on dosage, time, and space in the plant. The observed elicited effects were all decreases in herbivory. The best negative phytochemical correlate of looper feeding was the percentage of increased total HPLC peak area of extractables from elicited as compared to nonelicited leaves. Some specific compounds, e.g., glyceollins, were quantitatively major components of the total profile of secondary metabolites.
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    Evidence for presence and nature of female sex pheromone ofBrithys crini fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2035-2042 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; Brithys crini ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The existence of a female sex pheromone of the noctuid mothBrithys crini Fabricius was confirmed in both laboratory bioassay and field tests. Crude extracts and airborne volatiles from females were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and the data compared with authentic compounds. The primary sex pheromonal compound was Z11-16: Ald. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the external surface of the sex pheromone gland was covered with folds that might increase the sex pheromone evaporation area.
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    Evaluation of flavonoids inGossypium arboreum (L.) cottons as potential source of resistance to tobacco budworm (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 105-114 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton ; Gossypium arboreum ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance ; allelochemicals ; flavonoids ; gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside ; gossypetin 8-0-glucoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asiatic cottons [Gossypium arboreum (L.)] have been investigated as a source of resistance to the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fab.)] because their diversely colored petals have been presumed to contain various allelochemicals. However, we found that larvae fedG. arboreum squares (buds) grew about equally compared with those fed squares from commercialG. hirsutum lines. The best source of resistance was found in severalG. hirsutum double-haploid (DH) lines. In our investigation of allelochemicals, G.arboreum lines were found to contain much less gossypol in leaves, squares (buds), and petals thanG. hirsutum L. lines. Flavonoids were significantly higher inG. arboreum lines only in petals. Of 22G. arboreum lines from which squares were gathered and fed to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae in the laboratory, larval growth was not significantly decreased on any, but larval survival was decreased on six. When the square flavonoids were isolated and incorporated in laboratory diets for the TBW, moderate toxicity was observed. However, the estimated toxicities were not greater than those of the same flavonoid isolates fromG. hirsutum lines. The most prevalent flavonoids, all previously found in G.arboreum plant tissues, were gossypetin 8-0-glucoside and gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside, neither of which were present inG. hirsutum tissue. Quercetin 3-0-glucoside, quercetin-3′-0-glucoside, and quercetin 7-0-glucoside were also present in significant amounts in both species. Gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside and gossypetin 8-0-glucoside were the most toxic flavonoids tested (the ED50% was estimated to be 0.007 and 0.024) and therefore may prove to be contributing factors of resistance to TBW feeding.
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    Selection of pheromone trap and attractant dispenser load to monitor black army cutworm,Actebia fennica (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Actebia fennica ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cutworm ; pheromone traps ; pheromone ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catch rates of black army cutworm moths,Actebia fennica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were determined for different types of traps and different dispenser loads of sex attractant. Of the five traps tested, highest catch (35 males/per night) was obtained with Uni-Traps, whereas Pherocon 1CP, Delta and Hara traps rapidly became saturated at 9, 6, and 11 males/per night, respectively. Multi-Pher traps, like the Uni-Traps, have a covered vertical cone with a large collecting bucket but only catch about 1/3 of the number of moths (9 males/per night) as the Uni-Traps, thus reducing potential saturation. Red rubber septa loaded with 500 μg of attractant blend gave a consistent catch for at least 60 days; 1000 and 2000 μg loadings lasted for a minimum of 90 days. Polyvinylchloride and red rubber septa dispensers containing 100 μg of attractant had similar catch rates, which decreased rapidly with age. Based on these trap and lure-loading experiments, Multi-Pher traps baited with 1000 μg of attractant in a red rubber septum were selected for future calibration studies between catch density and population fluctuations on susceptible sites. Two years of monitoring results also are reported.
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    Evolution of behavioral responses to sex pheromone in mutant laboratory colonies ofTrichoplusia ni (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 231-238 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; behavior ; evolution ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from two colonies in which all females express an abnormal sex pheromone production phenotype were evaluated in a laboratory wind tunnel for upwind flight responses to the normal and abnormal sex pheromones. The abnormal sex pheromone blend consisted of 20 times as much (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and 30-fold less (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate compared to the normal pheromone blend. Initially, these males exhibited poor behavioral responses to the abnormal sex pheromone and maximum responses to the normal pheromone blend, indicating that there was no linkage between signal production and response. After 49 generations of laboratory rearing, males from the mutant colonies maintained good responses to the normal pheromone and increased their behavioral response to the abnormal sex pheromone to the same levels as for the normal pheromone. Over the same period, normal males maintained their preference for the normal pheromone. These results indicated that evolution had occurred in mutant colonies in favor of greater male responsiveness to the abnormal sex pheromone, resulting in the broadening of the response spectrum to pheromone blend ratios. This evolution presumably resulted from a mating advantage to those males that did not discriminate against mutant-type females in the mutant colonies.
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    Attraction ofHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to volatiles from extracts of cotton flowers (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 907-914 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton ; gossypium hirsutum ; oviposition ; attractant ; floral extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mated and virgin female and virgin male tobacco budworm moths,Heliothis virescens (F.), responded via directed upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays to volatiles from floral extracts of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L. Significantly more male and female moths landed on cloth dispensers treated with a methylene chloride extract of debracted flowers than on control dispensers treated only with methylene chloride. Only mated females landed in significant numbers on the dispensers treated with extract of cotton squares, flowers (including bracts), or flower petals. After landing, most of the moths examined the dispensers by probing with their antennae, proboscis, and/or ovipositor.
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    Influence of cabbage proteinase inhibitorsin situ on the growth of larvalTrichoplusia ni andPieris rapae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1009-1024 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Artogeia rapae ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pieridae ; trypsin inhibitors ; chymotrypsin inhibitors ; serine proteinase inhibitors ; cabbage ; Cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors are proteins that are developmentally regulated in foliage of cabbage plants, appearing at high concentrations in young foliage on mature plants. This temporal and spacial regulation of foliar proteinase inhibitors is synchronized with the appearance and distribution of foliar feeding Lepidoptera. When insects were allowed to select their feeding sites, larvalPieris rapae fed on the young foliage of cabbage plants, while larvalTrichoplusia ni fed on the mature foliage on cabbage plants. LarvalP. rapae that fed on mature plants were significantly smaller than larvae feeding on young plants, while there was no significant difference between larvalT. ni feeding on mature plants and those feeding on young plants. Thus, there was a significant inverse correlation between the level of proteinase inhibitory activity in cabbage foliage and larval growth. WhenP. rapae andT. ni were provided with an artificial diet containing total protein (including significant levels of proteinase inhibitors) that was extracted from cabbage foliage, there was a significant reduction in growth and development of both species of Lepidoptera.
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    Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Schiffermüller) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1063-1073 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oxime ether ; NMR data ; pheromone mimics ; ESG studies ; structure-response relationships ; turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum Schiff. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Schiff.) were synthesized by the acidolytic opening of cyclic enol ethers withO-alkyl hydroxylamine hydrochlorides. The compounds varying in chain lengths and in the position of the C=N double bond were studied by electrophysiological single sensillum recordings (electrosen-sillography: ESG). The ESG data indicate in general reduced receptor interaction of all analogs investigated in comparison with natural pheromone components of the turnip moth. The data also show that the grade of decrease of receptor interaction depends on specific structural changes within the molecule. The results demonstrate high complementary pheromone-receptor relationships, predominantly depending on the position of the unsaturated group in the chain, whereas analogs with other structural changes are still recognized as a pheromone-like compound by the receptor.
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    Differences in sex pheromone communication systems of closely related species:Spodoptera latifascia (walker) andS. descoinsi lalannecassou & silvain (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 641-660 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera latifascia ; Spodoptera descoinsi ; pheromones ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; sexual activity rhythms ; cross-attraction ; electrophysiology ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract S. latifascia andS. descoinsi are closely related species that occur sympatrically over limited areas in French Guiana. We examined allopatric populations,S. latifascia originating from Barbados andS. descoinsi from French Guiana. Studies on nocturnal activity cycles showed temporal partitioning of female calling behavior, male sexual activity, and mating behavior.S. descoinsi were sexually active in the first half of the scotophase whereasS. latifascia were sexually active in the second half. Seven compounds (Z9–14: Ac,Z9,E12–14: Ac,Z11–16: Ac,E9,E12–14: Ac,Z9–14: Ald,Z9,E11–14: Ac andZ11–14: Ac) were identified in females of bothS. latifascia andS. descoinsi extracts.Z9–14: Ac was a main pheromone component for the two species. The major difference between the pheromones ofS. latifascia andS. descoinsi was the proportion ofZ9,E12–14: Ac in the extracts: 7% forS. latifascia and 42% forS. descoinsi. The proportion ofZ9,E12–14: Ac relative to the sum ofZ9–14: Ac andZ9,E12–14: Ac in individual gland extracts was 4±1% (mean ± standard deviation) forS. latifascia and 44.8±6% forS. descoinsi. Electrophysiological studies showed no major differences between species in the morphology and physiology of the pheromone receptors of males. Receptors were identified forZ9–14: Ac andZ9,E12–14: Ac, but no receptor was found for the other compounds. In the wind tunnel, synthetic blends withZ9–14: Ac andZ9,E12–14: Ac gave the same behavioral responses as conspecific female extracts for the males of the two species. Some cross-attraction was observed with synthetic blends and female extracts. Nethertheless, previous field trapping experiments in French Guiana were species-specific and suggested differences in the attractivity of males. In the laboratory,S. latifascia andS. descoinsi could hybridize in both reciprocal crosses. FemaleS. descoinsi × maleS. latifascia mating rate was significantly lower than for the reciprocal cross, and 26.7% of femaleS. descoinsi could not separate from maleS. latifascia after mating. These copulatory problems may involve genital incompatibilities between males and females. Several barriers against interbreeding betweenS. latifascia andS. descoinsi seem to combine including differences in nocturnal activity cycles, pheromone differences, and genital barriers. The study of sympatric populations will be necessary to define the role of sex pheromones in the reproductive isolation ofS. latifascia andS. descoinsi.
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    Alkyl ether and enol ether analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum: probing a proposed bioactive conformation for chain-elongated analogs (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 815-832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analogs ; structure-activity ; chain-elongated analogs ; enol ethers ; alkyl ethers ; single-sensillum recordings ; receptor interaction ; molecular mechanics ; MM2 ; MM3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to test a previous conclusion that chain-elongated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate(1), a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, adopt a loop conformation of the terminal alkyl chain in the bioactive conformation, a series of alkyl ether and enol ether analogs of1 and (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate(2) have been synthesized and tested using singlecell electrophysiology. In these analogs a methylene group in positions 7 and 9 of1 and in positions 7 and 11 in2 have been replaced by an oxygen atom in order to energetically facilitate the formation of a loop conformation in the chain-elongated analogs. The electrophysiological results in combination with molecular mechanics (MM2 and MM3) calculated conformational energies show that the activity decreases of the chain-elongated ether analogs are significantly smaller than that for2 and that these activity decreases parallel the conformational energies for a loop formation of the terminal chains in the analogs. The results support our previous conclusion that the terminal chain of chain-elongated analogs of1 adopts a loop conformation in their bioactive conformations.
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    Diterpene resin acids: Major active principles in tall oil against Variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1075-1084 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tall oil ; resin acids ; abietic acid ; dehydroabietic acid ; isopimaric acid ; Peridroma saucia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; variegated cutworm ; bioactivity ; natural insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tall oil, a by-product of the kraft process for pulping softwood, has been shown to have insecticidal properties. In the present study, the active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hübner, were investigated. GC-MS analysis showed that abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids were major resin acid components of crude tall oil and depitched tall oil. When crude tall oil samples of differing resin acid composition were incorporated into artificial diet at a concentration of 2.0% fresh weight, they suppressed larval growth by 45–60% compared to controls. This suppression was significantly (P≤0.05) correlated with the equivalent contents of abietic, dehydroabietic, isopimaric, and total resin acids. These results were also evident from a diet choice test, showing that the second-instar larvae obviously selected diets with low levels of resin acids when different diets were randomly arranged in a Petri dish. Bioassays with pure resin acids (abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids) demonstrated that all individual chemicals have similar bioactivity against this insect. Comparison of the bioactivities of depitched tall oil and an equivalent mixture of pure resin acids in thePeridroma chronic growth bioassay indicated that pure resin acids and depitched tall oil share a common mode of action to this insect. This study confirms that resin acids are major active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm, but other chemicals likely also contribute to the bioactivity of tall oil.
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    Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes: Behavioral response to contact with host feces (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1219-1231 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host recognition behavior ; entomopathogenic nematodes ; feces ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Popillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Blattella germanica ; Blatteria ; BlattellidaeAcheata domesticus ; Orthoptera ; Gryllidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may occur through contact with insects' excretory products, cuticle, or gut contents. We analyzed the behavioral responses of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes during contact with feces of natural or experimental hosts. Host recognition by nematodes was manifested in alterations in the frequency and/or duration of one or more search parameters including forward crawling, headwaving, body-waving, stopping, backward crawling, head-rubbing, and headthrusting.Heterorhabditis bacteriophora andSteinernema glaseri showed behavioral responses to contact with feces of their natural hosts,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) andPopillia japonica (Coleoptera), and to the experimental hosts,Acheata domesticus (Orthoptera) andBlatella germanica (Blatteria).Steinernema carpocapsae responded only toB. germanica feces, whereas5. scapterisci did not significantly respond to any of the insect species. During contact with cockroach feces, all nematodes, exceptS. scapterisci, showed avoidance behavior. We suggest that ammonia present in cockroach feces is inhibitory to nematodes. Specific host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may be an important mechanism to maintain host affinities.
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    Behavioral response of femaleHelicoverpa (Heliothis)armigera HB. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths to synthetic pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) kairomone (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 821-837 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Cajanus cajan ; EAG ; Helicoverpa armigera ; kairomone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; oviposition stimulant ; pheromone ; pigeonpea ; sesquiterpene ; β-caryophyllene ; α-humulene ; α-guajene ; α-muurolene ; γ-muurolene ; α-bulnesene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract FemaleH. armigera moths are highly attracted by a steam distillate from pigeonpea plants, one of their main hosts. A mixture of six compounds, all sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene,α-humulene,α-guajene,α-muurolene,γ-muurolene, andα-bulnesene), mixed in the proportions as found in the steam distillate, elicited the same behavioral responses (oriented upwind flights and contacts with the odor source) as the steam distillate. Onlyα-bulnesene was attractive by itself, but still less than the whole mixture. In addition, the sesquiterpene mixture acts as an oviposition stimulant. Both behavioral responses, orientation and oviposition, are concentration dependent. Electrophysiological recordings from female and male antennae (EAG) showed the same qualitative and quantitative responses to each of the compounds of the sesquiterpene mixture. The EAG responses to the original steam distillate were higher and similar to chickpea kairomonal components, which were also tested. The pigeonpea sesquiterpene mixture and its individual components elicited weak EAG responses only. The response of the male antenna to female-produced pheromone components was in the same range as the pigeonpea steam distillate.
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    Hydrocarbons with a homoconjugated polyene system and their monoepoxy derivatives: Sex attractants of geometrid and noctuid moths distributed in Japan (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 787-798 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; lepidopterous attractant ; field test ; unsaturated hydrocarbon ; epoxydiene ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Although several sex pheromones of the family Geometridae have been characterized, investigations on Japanese species are limited. In order to obtain more information, screening using known sex pheromones and their analogs was carried out. The (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-triunsaturated and (Z,Z)-6,9-diunsaturated hydrocarbons with straight C19-C21 chains were synthesized by the Grignard coupling reaction as a key step starting from linolenic and linoleic acids, respectively. Oxidation of the homoconjugated trienes withm-chloroperoxybenzoic acid yielded a 1∶1∶1 mixture of three monoepoxy derivatives that could be separated by silica gel chromatography. The chemical structure of each positional isomer was confirmed using two-dimensional NMR techniques and MS measurements, which enabled characteristic fragment ions from the isomers to be identified. Field tests using lures incorporating only one of the above six hydrocarbons or nine epoxides were carried out in a forest in Tokyo. Consequently, attraction of male moths of 14 geometrid species in addition to four species in another family, the Noctuidae, was observed. It was concluded that hydrocarbons with a homoconjugated polyene system and the monoepoxy derivatives are important components of sex pheromones produced by Japanese lepidopterous insects, particularly the geometrid moths.
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    Response of Egg Parasitoid Telenomus busseolae to Sex Pheromone of Sesamia nonagrioides (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2437-2444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; corn ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; semiochemicals ; Y-tube olfactometer ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory cues involved in the host-finding behavior of Telenomus busseolae Gahan, a solitary egg parasitoid of the corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre), were studied. The female wasp was attracted to odors from calling virgin females of S. nonagrioides in a Y-tube olfactometer. No response was elicited by noncalling virgin female moths and/or mated female moths. A four-component commercially available sex pheromone of the corn borer was also tested, as were the individual components of the mixture. T. busseolae respond to the whole blend [(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and dodecyl acetate in the ratio of 8.5:1:1:2]. Z11–16:OH was the only compound that elicited no significant activity. These results suggest that the sex pheromone released by the host female S. nonagrioides is used by T. busseolae as an indirect cue to locate egg masses of this host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006657.11973.27
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    Identification of Sex Pheromones of Leucania anteoclara Sm. and Leucania commoides Gn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hadeninae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 473-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leucania anteoclara ; Leucania commoides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl aldehyde ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol ; seasonal flight period ; abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone components of two species of Leucania that occur sympatrically in western Canada were identified in abdomen-tip extracts from calling female moths. (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was the main component and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate the second component in both species. The third component necessary for specific attractancy was (Z)-11-hexadecenyl aldehyde for L. anteoclara and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol for L. commoides. The third component for each species was an attractant inhibitor when added as a fourth component to the attractant blend for the reciprocal species. The most effective synthetic blend for the attraction of males in the field was Z9–14:Ac/Z11–16:Ac/Z11–16:Ald in a ratio of 1:10:4 for L. anteoclara and Z9–14:Ac/Z11–16:Ac/Z11–16:OH in a ratio of 5:4:1 for L. commoides.
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    A Genetic Analysis of Population Differences in Pheromone Production and Response Between Two Populations of the Turnip Moth,Agrotis segetum (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1487-1503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; genetics ; population variation ; pheromone production ; behavioral response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of the differences in female pheromone blend ratio and male behavioral response in the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, was examined by crossing individuals derived from Scandinavian and Zimbabwean populations. These two populations differ both in the ratio of the three major female pheromone components,Z5–10:OAc,Z7–12:OAc, andZ9–14: OAc and in the behavioral response of the males in both wind-tunnel and field-trapping assays. The female pheromone blend in this study is treated as the log ngZ5–10:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc and log ngZ9–14:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc for statistical analysis. The mean log ngZ5–10:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc, is under control by a major autosomal factor or factors, but it is unclear what genetic factor or factors may control the mean log ngZ9–14:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc. Frequency distributions of the proportions of each component show wide individual variation and also suggest control ofZ5–10:OAc andZ7–12:OAc by major autosomal factors, which forZ5–10:OAc may show partial dominance. Analysis of male behavioral response to synthetic blends in the wind tunnel yields inconclusive results, but suggests thatA. segetum may have a broad window of response that reflects the range of individual variation in female blends.
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    Aggressive Chemical Mimicry by the Bolas Spider Mastophora hutchinsoni: Identification and Quantification of a Major Prey's Sex Pheromone Components in the Spider's Volatile Emissions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1235-1243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect pheromones ; pheromone emission ; aggressive chemical mimicry ; predation ; allomone ; Araneae ; Araneidae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The adult female bolas spider Mastophora hutchinsoni feeds exclusively on attracted males of a few moth species. This exclusivity and the behavior of the approaching moths suggest that the spider aggressively mimics the sex pheromones of its prey species. Males of the bristly cutworm, Lacinipolia renigera, are a major prey of this spider, accounting for about two thirds of the biomass of prey consumed. Female bristly cutworms produce a pheromone blend consisting of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14 : Ac) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecenyl acetate (ZE-9,12–14 : Ac). To determine if M. hutchinsoni females mimic the sex pheromone components and blend ratio of L. renigera, we collected volatiles from hunting adult female spiders and analyzed them with gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-EAD analysis of volatile collections, using a male bristly cutworm antenna as the detector and two capillary columns of different polarities, revealed the presence of peaks with retention times (R ts) identical to Z9–14 : Ac and ZE-9,12– 14 : Ac. The mass spectrum of a peak with R t of Z9–14 : Ac was identical to the mass spectrum of the synthetic equivalent. There was an insufficient quantity of the compound with R t of ZE-9,12–14 : Ac to get a full spectrum, but selective detection of ions at m/z 61 and 192 at the correct R t supported the identification. On average, the blend collected from spiders contained 54.8 ± 20.8 (SE) pg/min of Z9–14 : Ac and 2.5 ± 1.7 (SE) pg/min of ZE-9,12–14 : Ac. The latter, on average, comprised 2.6 ± 0.7% of the total, which is similar to the blend ratio emitted by bristly cutworm females. Our results indicate that the adult female M. hutchinsoni produces an allomone blend that mimics not only the composition, but also the blend ratio, of the sex pheromone of a major prey species.
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    Maturation and senescence of an insect chemosensory response (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 587-594 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennogram ; acceptors ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; maturation ; senescence ; age ; benzaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; male pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram responses of male and femalePseudaletia unipuncta to the two major components of the presumed pheromone associated with the male anterior abdominal scent brushes vary with age. There is a postemergence period of maturation of responsiveness, followed by senescence. The age of maximum responsiveness differs according to the sex and to the compound tested.
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    Relative efficiency of sticky and cylindrical electrical grid traps in capturingSpodoptera exigua (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 733-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Beet armyworm ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone trap ; trap efficiency ; Pherocon 1C trap ; population monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative efficiency of sticky traps and cylindrical electrical grid traps for capturing male beet armyworm moths,Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), was studied using night vision equipment. The sticky and grid traps captured 34 and 40%, respectively, of the insects which oriented to them. The grid trap's capacity was limited only by the size of the receptacle (3.8-liter bucket) at the base of the funnel. The maximum capacity of the sticky trap was ca. 110 insects, and the efficiency of this trap declined rapidly when captures exceeded 50% capacity. This decline was caused by the physical blockage of the sticky surface by the captured insects. There was no evidence to indicate that captured males had any repelling effect on other males subsequently attracted to the sticky trap.
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 909-917 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; biological control ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma pretiosum Riley females exhibit success-motivated searching after oviposition. The stimulatory effect of contact with host eggs makes host-egg density an important factor in determining the appropriate strategy for behavioral manipulation, using kairomones, that simulate host seeking, in biological control programs. Host eggs can be used, in conjunction with kairomones or by themselves, to improve the performance of these important beneficial insects.
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    Effects of cotton condensed tannin, maysin (Corn) and pinitol (soybeans) onHeliothis zea growth and development (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1429-1436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; bioassay ; host plant resistance mechanisms ; allelochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maysin, a flavone glycoside from corn silks, inhibits ingestion, and thus growth, ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae. Pinitol from soybeans inhibitedH. zea growth by the same mechanism. Despite the widely held assumption that tannins inhibit growth by inhibiting assimilation, cotton condensed tannin inhibitedH. zea growth by reducing ingestion; no evidence was found for a reduction in assimilation. Neonate larvae are shown to be much more sensitive to allelochemics than larvae that have fed on control diet before being transferred to diet containing plant allelochemics.
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    Sex pheromone components ofEuxoa drewseni Chemical identification, electrophysiological evaluation, and field attractancy tests (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 335-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euxoa drewseni ; Chorizagrotis thanatologia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; parapheromone ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-pentadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven compounds structurally similar to known lepidopterous pheromone components were identified in the extract from 18 calling female moths ofEuxoa drewseni (Staudinger). The identifications were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors simultaneously. Detector antennae were from five species of moths. In the field, male moths were specifically attracted to a three-component blend of dodecyl, (Z)-5-dodecenyl, and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetates in a ratio of 2∶6∶1. This blend at 1000 μg/rubber septum dispenser is recommended as a trap bait for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-7-tetradecenol inhibited the attraction of moths to the three-component blend. (Z)-7-Pentadecenyl acetate functioned as a parapheromone in place of (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate in the pheromone blend, and they appear to react via the same antennal receptor.
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    Structure-activity relationships in sex attractants for north American noctuid moths (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 731-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkenylcompounds ; pheromones ; chemotaxonomy ; decenyl dodecenyl ; tetradecenyl ; hexadecenyl ; trapping ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex attractants known for 145 species of noctuid moths have many common features both as to chemical constituents and to their relationships in blends. The great majority of constituents are straight-chain (Z)-alkenols, -alkenals, or -alkenyl acetates of even carbon number (10 through 16). The unsaturation is nonterminal in odd-numbered positions (5 through 11). In effective lures, these components are blended in specific ratios and the components in a sex pheromone or sex attractant blend are structurally related by “one-change” steps. This means that any blend component differs from one or more other components by a single structural alteration, such as a change in double bond position, or a change in carbon chain length, or a change in the oxygen function. For the few multicomponent systems known in detail, the central place in the “one-change” framework is occupied by the predominant blend component. Different patterns of occurrence of lure components occur in the subfamilies Acronictinae, Noctuinae, Hadeninae, Cuculliinae, Amphipyrinae, Heliothidinae, Plusiinae, Acontiinae, and Pantheinae, and some subfamilies are as yet without known lures. Some guiding principles for elucidation of blend compositions for unstudied species are presented; these guidelines can also be used in improvement of some synthetic blends of unsatisfactory quality.
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    Toxicity studies of analogs of 2-tridecanone, a naturally occurring toxicant from a wild tomato (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 837-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 2-Tridecanone ; structure-activity relationships ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.M. Mull ; Heliothis zea (Boddie) ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxicity bioassays of the naturally occurring insecticide 2-tridecanone and a group of structural analogs against the tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea) reveal a significant influence of chain length on toxicity of methyl ketones. This effect may be due to the differential ability of these compounds to penetrate lipid barriers and reach the active site, since a close relationship is seen between toxicity and lipophilicity. Congeners of chain lenths 15 and over are less active than predicted by this relationship, possibly due to steric effects.
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    Contact stimulants fromHeliothis virescens that influence the behavior of females of the tachinid,Eucelatoria bryani (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1183-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; contact chemicals ; arrestant ; host seeking ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Factors acting at contact or close range affected the behavior associated with host seeking of females, but not of males, of the tachinid,Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky. Females were arrested by components of larvae ofHeliothis virescens (F.) and by a dichloromethane extract of okra leaves. A hexane extract ofH. virescens frass and a chloroform-methanol extract ofH. virescens larvae were both active. In addition to chemicals, shape and size were involved because females were arrested by small inert objects the size ofH. virescens larvae and frass.
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    Triunsaturated hydrocarbons, sex pheromone components ofCaenurgina erechtea (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1413-1423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer) ; forage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene have been identified as components of the sex pheromone of the noctuid,Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer), the forage looper. Structural assignments were made on the basis of spectroscopic and chromatographic data and were confirmed by comparison with synthetic material. Flight tunnel behavioral studies demonstrated that either component, when tested individually, would elicit wing fanning responses in males; however, mixtures of the two components increased this response and were essential for initiation of upwind flight and landing. In field experiments, traps baited with either component alone captured few or no adult forage looper males while those baited with both components captured several target males.
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    Identification of a sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moth (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 645-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; 3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; 3,6,9-eicosatriene ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moths,Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, that attracts conspecific males was isolated and identified as a blend of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene in a ratio of ca. 5∶3, respectively, when combined. The synthesized compounds elicited responses by velvetbean caterpillar moth males equivalent to those elicited by females in both laboratory wind tunnel bioassays and field trapping experiments.
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    Effect of soybean phytoalexins on the herbivorous insects mexican bean beetle and soybean looper (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 657-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoplusia includens ; soybean looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Epilachna varivestis ; Mexican bean beetle ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; feeding preferences ; nutrition ; food utilization ; host-plant resistance ; induced resistance ; glyceollin ; isoflavonoids ; soybean ; phytoalexins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of soybean phytoalexins on the feeding of the soybean looper and Mexican bean beetle were investigated to test the hypothesis that phytoalexins might be a defense mechanism of plants against insects as well as against pathogens. Short-term behavioral responses to the phytoalexins were analyzed using dual-choice tests with phytoalexin-rich and phytoalexin-poor (control) tissues. Phytoalexin production was elicited with ultraviolet radiation. Results from the dual-choice tests indicated that 6th instar soybean looper larvae fed equally on the control and phytoalexin-rich tissues. Feeding by adult and 4th instar Mexican bean beetles, however, was strongly deterred by the phytoalexins as evidenced by “single-bite” mandible scars on the phytoalexin-rich cotyledon discs. Nutritional effects of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin glyceollin on early instar soybean looper larvae were tested by incorporating the phytoalexin into an artificial medium at a level of 1% dry weight (0.15% fresh weight). The larvae were reared for 7 days from emergence on diets of control and glyceollin-containing media. Although survival on the glyceollin diets was initially less than on the control diets, under the experimental conditions glyceollin had no significant effect on the growth, development, or subsequent survival of the larvae. Efficiency of food utilization (ECI) was reduced, indicating that the phytoalexins may be a mild digestibility-reducing factor for the loopers. Implications of the results for host-plant resistance are discussed.
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    Identification of new sex pheromone components inTrichoplusia ni, predicted from biosynthetic precursors (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1309-1323 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to the previously identified components (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and dodecyl acetate, sex pheromone glands ofTrichoplusia ni release (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. Bioassays in a flight tunnel showed that a synthetic blend of these six compounds elicited complete flights to the source from 95% of the males tested and elicited hairpenciling responses at the end of the flights from 88% of the males tested. This blend was not significantly different from intact pheromone glands, which elicited complete flights to the source from 98% of the males tested and hairpenciling responses from 91% of the males tested. In contrast, the previously identified two-component blend elicited significantly fewer complete flights to the source (33%) and did not elicit hairpenciling responses from any of the males tested. The search for additional sex pheromone components was prompted by our previous identification of unusual fatty acyl moieties in the gland that seemed to be possible biosynthetic intermediates.
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    Potential uses of kairomones for behavioral manipulation ofCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1377-1384 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Cotesia ; (=Apanteles)marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; kairomone ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of kairomone pattern and preconditioning on parasitization rates of fall armyworm larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) byCotesia (=Apanteles)marginiventris (Cresson) were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse using a hexane extract of frass and actual fall armyworm frass. Parasitization rates increased 55 and 26% in Petri dishes and on corn seedlings, respectively, when the entire experimental area was sprayed with the frass extract. Applying the extract in spots resulted in a 20–30% reduction in parasitization compared to treating the entire area. However, spot application produced significantly better parasitization rates compared to the control treatment. Exposing the parasitoids to actual fall armyworm frass resulted in ca. 50% greater retention in the release area and an increase of ca. 60–75% in the number of parasitoids searching.C. marginiventris parasitized factitious hosts topically treated with an extract of fall armyworm frass.
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    Insect olfactory receptor responses to components of pheromone blends (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 451-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; insect attractant ; electrophysiology ; olfactory receptor ; pheromone blend
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Multicomponent pheromone systems are common in many insect species. As our knowledge about the number of different chemical compounds actually involved in a particular communication system increases, so too does the need for an efficient neural mechanism for the encoding of behaviorially relevant odor compounds. Here we consider the electrical activity of olfactory receptor neurons in a subset of the individual pheromone-sensitive sensilla on the antennae of male cabbage looper moths (Trichoplupia ni). Responses to single- and multiple-component stimuli, drawn from seven behaviorally active compounds, were obtained at several different intensities. Some blends elicited electrical responses which were not readily predicted from a knowledge of the receptor neuron's response to individual components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020566
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    Behavioral responses of male turnip moths,Agrotis segetum, to sex pheromone in a flight tunnel and in the field (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1209-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; decyl acetate ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; field tests ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of individual male turnip mothsAgrotis segetum was observed in a sustained flight tunnel to a mixture of decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in proportions similar to those found in gland extracts from virgin females (0.6: 1:5:2.5). Lures containing 3–30 μg (Z)-5-decenyl acetate proved to be maximally attractive, with approximately 60% of the males completing all behavioral steps from activation to copulation efforts. A 300-μg dosage caused significant arrestment of upwind flight. Peak response to synthetics, however, was significantly lower than to female glands. Omitting decyl acetate from the blend did not affect the activity, while omission of any of the three monounsaturated acetates caused a dramatic decrease in response. In the field maximum trap catches were achieved with 1- to 30-μg lures. The subtractive assay carried out in the field confirmed the neutrality of decyl acetate and the importance of the three monoenes. Adding 1% of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (earlier reported as an “inhibitor”) to the four-component mixture decreased the trap catch to about 50%, and increasing the amount of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate to 27% decreased the activity further to about 10%. (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate also decreased the number of successful flights in the flight tunnel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024109
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    Chemical and behavioral analyses of volatile sex pheromone components released by callingHeliothis virescens (F.) females (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 107-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Volatile sex pheromone blend ; behavior ; chemistry ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analyses were conducted on pheromone gland extracts, volatiles collected from excised pheromone glands, and volatiles collected from calling females. In addition to tetradecanal, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, hexadecanal, (Z)-7-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal, four other compounds, tetradecanol, (Z)-9-tetradecenol, hexadecanol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol, were also identified from gland extracts. Only the six aldehyde components were found in gland and female volatile collections. The mean percentage of components identified from volatiles collected from calling females was 13.0% tetradecanal, 18.1% (Z)-9-tetradecenal, 7.3% hexadecanal, 0.6% (Z)-7-hexadecenal, 1.0% (Z)-9-hexadecenal, and 60.0% (Z)-11-hexadecenal. Bioassays using rubber septa formulated to release the female volatile blend indicated that all six aldehyde components play major roles in close-range male reproductive behavior. Deletion of (Z)-9-hexadecenal from the six-component blend reduced the number of copulation attempts while (Z)-7-hexadecenal exerted subtle effects on all close range behaviors. Tetradecanal affected the number of times males reorient from close range. Deletion of hexadecanal from the six-component blend resulted in a significant reduction in the number of times males landed. Comparison of the six-component synthetic blend (released at somewhat less than 1 female equivalent per hour) with calling females indicated that the six-component blend was indistinguishable from the females in inducing all of the behaviors monitored.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045595
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    Male moth sensitivity to multicomponent pheromones: Critical role of female-released blend in determining the functional role of components and active space of the pheromone (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 659-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; active space ; Trichopulsia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Grapholita molesta ; Tortricidae ; multicomponent pheromones ; sustained-flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the present study male redbanded leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), and Oriental fruit moths, (Grapholita molesta), were tested in a flight tunnel to (1) the major pheromone component, (2) theZ/E pheromone component mixtures for Oriental fruit moth and redbanded leafroller, (3) and the female-released blends, over a series of dosages. Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that male response downwind of a female is initiated by the major component and that minor components function only to elicit behaviors close to the female during close-range approach and courtship. The results did not support this hypothesis, but rather showed that males initiated upwind flight in significantly higher percentages to the complete blends of components, at all dosages, compared to single components or partial blends. Addition of minor components also signficantly enhanced male perception of the major component at lower dosages, resulting in completed flights to dosages of the major component that alone did not elicit any upwind flight. Our results support the concept that minor components function to enhance male sensitivity to the pheromone, and the specificity of the signal. Our results also support the hypothesis that the active space of the pheromone is a function of the upper and lower concentration thresholds for the blend of components, and not simply for the major component.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012100
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    Effects of cuticular duvane diterpenes from green tobacco leaves on tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) oviposition (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1349-1359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworms ; Heliothis virescens (F) ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; tobacco ; Nicotiana tabacum L. ; diterpenes ; duvanes ; host plant resistance ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Five cuticular chemical components isolated from the green leaves of tobacco introductions (TIs) and a commercial tobacco cultivar were tested for their effects on tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (F), oviposition in cage bioassays, and field experiments. These chemicals were sprayed onto budworm-resistant TI 1112 tobacco which produces low levels of most cuticular components. Individual duvane diterpenes (α- and β-4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ols and α- and β-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols) increased tobacco budworm egg laying on sprayed TI 1112 plants.cis-Abienol, docosanol, and docosanyl myristate were inactive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012354
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1247-1262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; parasitoid behavior ; habitat location ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; female flights ; preflight handling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oriented responses ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) to airborne odors of actively feedingHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae were observed in a flight tunnel. The behavior ofM. croceipes prior to and during sustained, oriented flights was videotaped and analyzed in detail. Preflight exposure of the parasitoid to feces and other components of the plant-host complex were found to be vital in effective flight behavior, while maturation of the parasitoid had little effect. The increased frequency of oriented flight that resulted from preflight exposure of a plant-host complex persisted for at least 24 hr.
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    Plant allelochemicals and insect parasitoids effects of nicotine onCotesia congregata (say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) andHyposoter annulipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1319-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant allelochemical ; parasitoids ; three trophic level interactions ; nicotine ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Noctuidae ; Cotesia congregata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Hyposoter annulipes ; Ichneumonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Parasitoids developing within tobacco hornworms or fall army-worms exhibit significant differences in development and survival depending on whether their hosts fed on nicotine-free or nicotine-containing diets. The effects of nicotine were more severe on the relatively less adapted parasitoid,H. annulipes than the specialist parasitoid,Cotesia congregata. Labeled alkaloid originally placed in herbivore diet was incorporated in several parasitoid tissues. These results suggest that interactions between plant allelochemicals and parasitoids should be considered in the development of theory on insect herbivory and plant defense.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012351
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    Comparison of electroantennograms from female and male cabbage looper moths (Trichoplusia ni) of different ages and for various pheromone concentrations (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1443-1453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; pheromone ; electroantennogram ; age ; maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electroantennogram (EAG) responses of both male and femaleTrichoplusia ni to two components of the female-released sex pheromone were determined over a range of concentrations of chemical and age of insect. The EAG was at a peak at a dose of 100 μg for both dodecyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12∶OAc) for both sexes. The EAG responses varied with age of the insect. Responsiveness to both components was at a maximum at three days postemergence for males followed by a fairly rapid senescence, and for females it peaked at three days followed by a rapid senescence forZ7–12∶OAc but not for dodcecyl acetate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012290
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    Identification of sex pheromone components of darksided cutworm,Euxoa messoria, and modification of sex attractant blend for adult males (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1187-1199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Darksided cutworm ; Euxoa messoria ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven “pheromone-like” compounds were identified in excised abdomen tip extracts of calling adult females of darksided cutworm,Euxoa messoria (Harris). The essential pheromone components were (Z)-7- and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetates in a ratio of 1∶40, which agreed with an attractant blend developed empirically by field testing the attractancies of synthetic blends. The pheromone component, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, improved the attraction of darksided cutworm males whereas the components (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate inhibited their attraction. The other “pheromone-like” compounds identified in the female extracts had no obvious effect on the attraction of darksided cutworm males. Three compounds that functioned as parapheromones when substituted for (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate in the two-component blend were (Z)-7-pentadecenyl, (Z)-7-tetradecenyl, and (Z)-7-tridecenyl acetates. (Z)-11-hexadecenal was not detected in the female extracts, but it had a synergistic effect on the attraction of darksided cutworm moths and inhibited the attraction of male moths of a nontarget species,Helotropha reniformis (Grote). As a trap bait for monitoring purposes, we recommend a four-component blend of (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal at 12.5, 500, 1, and 10 μg/red rubber septum dispenser containing 5 μg of antioxidant 2,6-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol. This blend is effective under field conditions for at least six weeks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020548
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    Technique for injecting intact glands for analysis of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera by capillary gas chromatography (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1299-1311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solid-sample injection ; sex pheromone analysis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Bombyx mori ; Mamestra brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Bombycidae ; Noctuidae ; site of pheromone release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The structure elucidation of sex pheromones of Lepidoptera by a solid-sample injection technique in conjunction with capillary gas chromatography is described. The applicability of this method in GC and GC-MS modes was demonstrated by reanalyzing the sex attractants of females ofOstrinia nubilalis andBombyx mori. The pheromone complex ofMamestra brassicae was reinvestigated and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecenol were found in addition to already known pheromone components of this species. By using the solid-sample injection, the exact site of pheromone release could be determined inM. brassicae.
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    Effect of qualitative and quantitative variation in allelochemicals on a generalist insect: Iridoid glycosides and the southern armyworm (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 335-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycosides ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; allelochemical variation ; toxicity/deterrence ; plant-insect interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral and physiological effects of plant allelochemicals have been difficult to demonstrate; it is not often clear whether the compounds are deterrent, toxic, or both. In this study, we compared the qualitative and quantitative effects of several iridoid glycosides on a generalist lepidopteran herbivore,Spodoptera eridania (Noctuidae). Larval growth and survivorship and larval preference or avoidance were measured on artificial diets containing different iridoid glycosides at different concentrations. We also tested the toxicity/deterrence of these compounds. We found that iridoid glycosides retarded larval growth significantly at relatively low concentrations and that they were usually avoided in preference tests. The toxicity/ deterrence test did not always reflect the results of these other tests. The merits of using a variety of methods for determining deterrence and/or toxicity of plant allelochemicals are discussed.
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    Effects of dietary protein and lupine alkaloids on growth and survivorship ofSpodoptera eridania (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1391-1403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lupinus ; Fabaceae ; lupines ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; southern army worm ; sparteine ; lupanine ; alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxic chemicals and nutrients are often positively correlated within and among plants. We studied how such correlations affect the suitability of plants as food for herbivores by assessing the growth and survivorship ofSpodoptera eridania (army worm) on artificial diets containing lupine alkaloids and casein. We found that (1) the effects of casein were determined by other dietary components: increased dietary casein led to increased larval growth only when the diet was also high in wheat germ. (2) Dietary alkaloids were effective at very low concentrations, reducing both growth and survivorship. The alkaloids lupanine and sparteine were not synergistic in their effects, and the interaction between alkaloids and casein was significant only in the low-wheat-germ diets. (3) The effects of casein and alkaloids were generally apparent only in the first instar, and the growth of fifth-instar larvae was unaffected by diet. (4) Using these artificial diet experiments, we can make simple predictions about the food quality of plants grown under various nutrient regimes. These predictions are consistant with recent ideas about optimal plant defenses.
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    Age-specific titer and antennal perception of acetic acid, a component of malePseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) hairpencil secretion (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 641-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudaletia unipuncta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hairpencils ; male pheromone ; acetic acid ; benzaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; antennal ; response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hairpencil secretion ofPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) contains acetic acid as well as previously identified benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. Age-specific titers of acetic acid were significantly greater than those of benzaldehyde and, at 25 °C, accumulation of both compounds in the hairpencils peaked on the second day after emergence. Excised antennae of males and females perceived both compounds. Antennal response to acetic acid did not vary significantly with age or sex, but male response to benzaldehyde was significantly greater than female response at all ages tested. Antennal response of both males and females to benzaldehyde tended to be greater on the fourth and eighth days after emergence than on the second.
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    Effect of ergot alkaloids from fungal endophyte-infected grasses on fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 169-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Balansiae ; Clavicipitaceae ; ergot alkaloids ; fall armyworm ; feeding deterrents ; acquired chemical defense ; fungal endophytes ; grasses ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ergot alkaloids produced by endophytic fungi in the tribe Balansiae (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycetes), which infect grasses, may provide plant defense against herbivores. This study examined the effects of six ergot alkaloids on survivorship, feeding, and growth of larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a generalist herbivore of grasses. Corn leaf disks were soaked in solutions of individual ergot alkaloids at different concentrations and presented to neonate larvae. At the highest concentrations (77–100 mg/liter) of ergonovine, ergotamine, ergocryptine, agroclavine, and elymoclavine, larval weights and/or leaf area consumed after eight days were reduced relative to controls. Lysergol had no effect on larval weights and leaf consumption at any concentration. Although active concentrations were higher than those reported from two host grasses, in vivo levels of ergot alkaloids have not been quantified for most endophyte-infected grasses. The detrimental effects on fall armyworm observed in this study suggest that ergot alkaloids could be responsible, at least in part, for the greater insect resistance of endophyte-infected grasses.
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    Fusaric acid (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fusaric acid ; corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; saponin ; gossypol ; 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone ; synergism ; allelochemical ; mycotoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ability of naturally occurring levels of theFusarium spp. fungal metabolite fusaric acid to synergize the toxicity of the allelochemicals gossypol, a saponin, and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone to larvae ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) was tested. Levels of fusaric acid comparable to those found near the fungus increased mortality ofH. zea to gossypol, the saponin, and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone, and decreased the development rate of surviving larvae exposed to gossypol and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone. Some effect was also noted for levels of fusaric acid found generally distributed throughout infected plants. The chemical properties of fusaric acid suggest that it synergizes the toxicity of the allelochemicals by inhibiting oxidative enzymes responsible for detoxification. Production of the biosynthetically simple fusaric acid may be a fungal strategy for conserving resources as compared to those fungi that produce biosynthetically complex toxins of their own.
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    Isolation, identification, and biosynthesis of compounds produced by male hairpencil glands ofHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 413-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hairpencil glands ; male-produced compounds ; hexadecanyl acetate ; hexadecanol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; octadecanyl acetate ; octadecanol ; tetradecanoic acid ; hexadecanoic acid ; octadecanoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of the intact hairpencil glands and hairs from the hairpencil glands of males ofHeliothis virescens (F.) were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and by GC-mass spectroscopy. These analyses indicated that hexadecanyl acetate (212.4 ng/male), hexadecanol (22.3 ng/male), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (3.5 ng/male), octadecanyl acetate (14.2 ng/male) octadecanol (7.5 ng/male), tetradecanoic acid (2.7 ng/male), hexadecanoic acid (22.3 ng/male), and octadecanoic acid (6.5 ng/male) were present in the extracts. These compounds also were found in volatiles released from the hairpencil glands. In addition, GC analysis using both polar and apolar capillary columns indicated that extracts of the glands and extracts of the hairs from the hairpencil glands contained small amounts of tetradecanyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, tetradecanol, (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol. No (Z)-9-tetradecenal was present. Studies indicated that titers of the compounds increased rapidly during the 36 hr after adult eclosion and then leveled off, being maintained at high levels until released when the glandular hairs were exposed. During exposure of the hair pencils substantial amounts of the compounds were released. In vivo application of 500 ng of suspensions of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, or (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in dimethyl sulfoxide to the surface of the denuded hairpencil gland showed that biosynthesis proceeds to the alcohol via the acetate.
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    Activation of plant foliar oxidases by insect feeding reduces nutritive quality of foliage for noctuid herbivores (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2667-2694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polyphenol oxidase ; peroxidase ; digestibility reduction ; plant-insect interactions ; phenolic-protein binding ; chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; host-plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The foliage and fruit of the tomato plantLycopersicon esculentum contains polyphenol oxidases (PPO) and peroxidases (POD) that are compartmentally separated from orthodihydroxyphenolic substrates in situ. However, when leaf tissue is damaged by insect feeding, the enzyme and phenolic substrates come in contact, resulting in the rapid oxidation of phenolics to orthoquinones. When the tomato fruitwormHeliothis zea or the beet army-wormSpodoptera exigua feed on tomato foliage, a substantial amount of the ingested chlorogenic acid is oxidized to chlorogenoquinone by PPO in the insect gut. Additionally, the digestive enzymes of the fruitworm have the potential to further activate foliar oxidase activity in the gut. Chlorogenoquinone is a highly reactive electrophilic molecule that readily binds cova-lently to nucleophilic groups of amino acids and proteins. In particular, the —SH and —NH2 groups of amino acids are susceptible to binding or alkylation. In experiments with tomato foliage, the relative growth rate of the fruitworm was negatively correlated with PPO activity. As the tomato plant matures, foliar PPO activity may increase nearly 10-fold while the growth rate of the fruitworm is severely depressed. In tomato fruit, the levels of PPO are highest in small immature fruit but are essentially negligible in mature fruit. The growth rate of larvae on fruit was also negatively correlated with PPO activity, with the fastest larval growth rate occurring when larvae fed on mature fruit. The reduction in larval growth is proposed to result from the alkylation of amino acids/protein byo-quinones, and the subsequent reduction in the nutritive quality of foliage. This alkylation reduces the digestibility of dietary protein and the bioavailability of amino acids. We believe that this mechanism of digestibility reduction may be extrapolatable to other plant-insect systems because of the ubiquitous cooccurrence of PPO and phenolic substrates among vascular plant species.
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    Myristicin, safrole, and fagaramide as phytosynergists of xanthotoxin (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xanthotoxin ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; myristicin ; fagaramide ; safrole ; isosafrole ; synergism ; phytosynergist ; phototoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The methylenedioxyphenyl-containing (MDP) inhibitors of mixed-function oxidase detoxification enzymes, myristicin, safrole, fagaramide, and isosafrole, occur with xanthotoxin or other toxic furanocoumarins in plants of the families Umbelliferae and Rutaceae. All four MDP compounds have a synergistic effect on the toxicity of xanthotoxin toHeliothis zea. Myristicin also increased the phototoxicity of xanthotoxin in the presence of UV light. The term phytosynergist is used to describe plant compounds that are present at concentrations producing no toxic effect by themselves but have a synergistic effect on cooccurring toxins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027792
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    Differential effect of tomatine and its alleviation by cholesterol on larval growth and efficiency of food utilization inHeliothis zea andSpodoptera exigua (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 387-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; saponin ; glycoalkaloid ; tomatine ; cholesterol ; developmental sensitivity ; nutritional indices ; allelochemical interactions ; host-plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of tomatine on larval growth ofHeliothis zea andSpodoptera exigua was assessed by rearing larvae on diets with different concentrations of the chemical added. When reared from neonates, linear dose-response relationships were obtained for both species, withS. exigua being three times more sensitive to tomatine thanH. zea. Tomatine toxicity was completely alleviated inH. zea by the addition of equimolar cholesterol into the diet; however, inS. exigua some toxicity was maintained. Larvae ofS. exigua that were started on control diet were insensitive to tomatine after five days; larvae started on diet with an EC50 of tomatine and then switched to control diet after five days failed to recover from toxicosis. Larval growth ofH. zea, on the other hand, was affected both at the neonate and third-instar stage, but normal growth resumed when the larvae were transferred to control diet. Tomatine had little or no affect on food consumption, assimilation, or dietary utilization of the food by third-instar larvae ofS. exigua, except at a concentration 10 times the EC50. In contrast, the efficiency of food utilization ofH. zea larvae decreased with increasing tomatine concentrations. Assimilation of the food tended to increase, although not significantly, as tomatine levels increased. Food consumption ofH. zea larvae also increased when the tomatine concentration was greater than an EC50. The addition of equimolar cholesterol to diets with an EC50 of tomatine restored weight gain and nutritional indices values to control values. These results are related to the utility of using tomatine in host-plant resistance programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027799
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    Genetic aspects of interpopulational differences in pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2935-2946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Genetics ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of interpopulational differences in the pheromone blend emitted by the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was examined by crossing individuals from a field-derived population (P1) with individuals from a long-maintained laboratory colony (P2). These colonies differed in the emission rate and relative proportions of four of the five known minor pheromone components, but not in the emission rate of the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). These differences in pheromone blend were quantitatively small but biologically significant, because in the field, males responded preferentially to traps baited with a pheromone blend that is similar to that emitted by P1 females relative to a blend similar to that emitted by P2 females. In initial crosses, variation in the quantity and quality of pheromone blends among families of P1, P2, and F1 hybrid females was examined. In F1 females the relative proportions (quantity relative to the major component) of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12∶Ac) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶Ac) were intermediate to parental lines. In a second more extensive set of crosses, analyses included P1, P2, F1, F2, and selected backcrosses. The relative proportion of Z5-12∶Ac, Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac emitted by F1 females were intermediate to parental lines. The frequency distributions of relative proportions of these components emitted by females were not consistent with those expected under a single autosomal or sex-linked gene hypothesis, suggesting that more than one gene is involved in the quantitative differences in the pheromone blend.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979485
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  • 87
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    Identification of sex pheromones of two sibling species in dingy cutworm complex,Feltia jaculifera (GN.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2981-2992 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Feltia jaculifera ; Feltia ducens ; dingy cutworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; pheromone polymorphism ; pheromonal phenotypes ; sibling species ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone components of the two sibling species of the dingy cutworm that occur on the prairies of western Canada were identified in abdomen-tip extracts from calling female moths. Three monounsaturated acetates, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, are common to both species in ratios of 100∶13∶3 for species A and 0.3∶0.5∶100 for species B. The most effective synthetic blends for the attraction of male moths in the field consisted of these three components in ratios of 10∶1∶0 at 8.8Μg/lure for species A and 1∶1∶2000 at 500Μg/lure for species B. The addition of Z5-12∶Ac to either blend reduced the catches and the addition of Z7-12∶OH orZ11-16∶OH to the three-component blend reduced the catches of species B males. The species are morphologically indistinguishable, but the identity of the males attracted to the synthetic blends could be confirmed by their antennal responses to a test blend of the three components using a GC-EAD system. Both synthetic attractant blends are competitive with females and will be useful for studying the distribution, biology, and relative abundances of the two species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979489
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  • 88
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    Comparison of sex pheromone composition and pheromone-mediated male behavior of laboratory-reared and wildHeliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1259-1265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; laboratory rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor extracts of lab-reared (〉 120 generations) and wildHeliothis zea indicated small but significant differences in the percent composition of the four aldehyde components of the sex pheromone. (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11–16∶OH) was present in both populations and amounted to only 2.8% of the total pheromone. There was no significant difference in four of the six behavioral categories between lab-reared and wild males exposed to the four-component sex pheromone in the flight tunnel. Ninety and 84% males flew to the pheromone source, respectively. However, with the addition ofZ11–16∶OH to the pheromone blend, none of the wild males flew upwind to the stimulus source, whereas 36% of the lab-reared males completed the flight. It is suggested that prolonged inbreeding in closed quarters rendered these males less discriminating to qualitative differences in a pheromone blend.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014828
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  • 89
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    Response of male potato stem borer moths,Hydraecia micacea (Esper) to conspecific females and synthetic pheromone blends in the laboratory and field (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1365-1378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hydraecia micacea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; potato stem borer ; sex pheromones ; field trapping ; reproductive behavior ; tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Behavior of males ofHydraecia micacea (Esper) responding to virgin females and to synthetic pheromone blends were investigated in a laboratory wind tunnel. The synthetic blend consisted of saturated 14∶Ac (68.9%),Z9–14∶Ac (3.4%),E11–14∶Ac (14.6%), andZ11–14∶Ac (13.1%). Virgin females were significantly better lures than the four-component synthetic blend for most behaviors. By deleting components individually from the four-component blend,Z9–14∶Ac,Z11–14∶Ac, and saturated 14∶Ac were found to be necessary for communication butE11–14∶Ac was found to have no effect on typical pheromone-mediated reproductive behaviors. Close-range studies suggested that chemicals of low volatility, released from moths, were important in eliciting copulation attempts. Field studies reinforced laboratory findings regarding the effectiveness of different lures and indicated thatHeliothis traps were the most effective for monitoring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014836
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  • 90
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    Identification and field testing of additional components of female sex pheromone of African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1349-1364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera exempta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ovipositor washings from virgin femaleSpodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) linked to a male electroantennogram (EAG). GC retention times of the two major EAG responses observed were consistent with their assignment as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, as previously identified. However, three other EAG responses were also noted that had GC retention times consistent with (Z)-9-tetradecenal, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-o 1, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate. The components were present in the ratio of 100∶5∶1.5∶3.5∶4, respectively. Further analysis of the ovipositor washings by GC linked to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) confirmed these findings and indicated the presence of a sixth component consistent with (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate present at 2 % of the major component. In field tests carried out in Kenya, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was the only newly identified component to enhance the catch of the original two-component mixture when presented in their natural ratio. The addition of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol reduced catch, while (Z)-9-tetradecenal and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate had no apparent effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014835
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    Toxicity of allelochemicals from wild insect-resistant tomatoLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum toCampoletis sonorensis, a parasitoid ofHeliothis zea (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2051-2060 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2-tridecanone ; trichomes ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; tomato ; plant defense ; allelochemical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Greenhouse-grown plants of five tomato lines varying in their level of 2-tridecanone-mediated resistance toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were found to adversely affect larvae ofCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron), a larval endoparasitoid ofHeliothis zea (Boddie), in a manner directly related to their level of resistance. The parasitoid larvae, which emerge as fifth instars from their host and construct a cocoon on the foliage of their hosts' host plant, suffered extensive mortality during cocoon spinning on highly resistant foliage. Mortality was greatest (82%) on the highly resistant plants ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum (accession PI 134417) and an F1 backcross [(L. esculentum × PI 134417) × PI 134417] selection. Mortality was intermediate (40 and 28%, respectively) on backcross selections with moderate and low levels of resistance and least (8%) on susceptibleL. esculentum. Removal of the glandular trichomes, which contain 2-tridecanone in their tips, from the foliage eliminated differences in parasitoid mortality among plant lines. Bioassays of 2-tridecanone indicated that it is acutely toxic to fifth instarC. sonorensis larvae at the quantities associated with highly resistant foliage and produces symptoms identical to those observed on resistant foliage. 2-Undecanone, a second methyl ketone present in the glandular trichomes of resistant foliage, was also toxic toC. sonorensis larvae, but significantly less so than 2-tridecanone. The results support the hypothesis that 2-tridecanone is responsible for the observed mortality ofC. sonorensis larvae during cocoon construction on resistant foliage.
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  • 92
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    Response of parasitoidEucelatoria bryani to selected plant material in an olfactometer (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 499-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; biological control ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; parasitoid ; habitat selection ; semiochemical ; Heliothis spp ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky to fresh plant material and several plant extracts was examined in an olfactometer. The plants tested can serve as a food source for hosts (Heliothis spp.) of the parasitoid. Females responded positively to 13 of the 19 fresh plant tissues tested, and all of the extracts tested. Males responded to only two of the fresh plant tissues and to none of the extracts. The significance of plant variety, morphology, and phenology on the host habitat-selection behavior of this parasitoid is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021781
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  • 93
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    Structure-activity relationships for chain-shortened analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 667-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity ; single-cell recordings ; receptor interaction ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; chain-shortened analogs ; volatility ; vapor pressure ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Structure-activity relationships for chain-shortened analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, have been studied by electrophysiological single-sensillum technique and interpreted in terms of a previously reported receptor-interaction model. The results indicate that the terminal methyl group, as well as the acetate group, interacts with highly complementary receptor sites. The terminal alkyl chain is suggested to interact with a hydrophobic “pocket” extending over the two methylene groups closest to the terminal methyl group. The amounts of stimulus actually released from the odor source have been studied. The results demonstrate the necessity to take differences of volatility into account in comparisons of electrophysiological data for compounds of different chain lengths. It is shown that relative vapor pressures may to a good approximation be employed to estimate correction factors.
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  • 94
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    Behavioral and physiological responses of cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), to steam distillates from resistant versus susceptible soybean plants (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1903-1915 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; cabbage looper ; Glycine max ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; plant resistance ; plant volatiles ; soybeans ; steam distillates ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soybean plant volatiles, extracted as steam distillates, significantly affected the behavior and biology of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Distillates from the susceptible Davis variety attractedT. ni larvae and female adults, whereas those from resistant PI 227687 plants repelled them. When mixed in an artificial diet, steam distillates from PI 227687 plants caused mortality of first-instar larvae. Adults emerging from pupae topically treated with 5 μg of such PI 227687 extractable showed developmental abnormalities. Larval feeding was significantly less on Davis leaves treated with PI 227687 volatiles as compared to solvent (acetone) or such Davis extractables. However, Davis volatiles on PI 227687 leaves did not increase larval feeding. HPLC analyses of steam distillates from susceptible Davis versus resistant PI 227687 indicated differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013239
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    Compound interactions effects of plant antioxidants in combination with carbaryl on performance ofTrichoplusia ni (Cabbage Looper) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 887-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antioxidant ; insecticide ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antagonist ; Synergist ; chemical heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plant chemicals naturally exist in complex mixtures, which can interact either additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. We investigated the potential interactions of three naturally occurring antioxidants— nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), safrole, and α-tocopherol—with the general insecticide carbarayl to affect the performance of cabbage looper larvae (Trichoplusia ni). The cabbage looper is known to produce a mixed-function oxidase enzyme system in response to the presence of carbaryl. We proposed that plant antioxidants would interfere with enzymatic oxidation, enhancing the susceptibility of this insect to carbaryl. Insects were fed artificial diets containing each antioxidant alone or in pairwise combinations with the insecticide carbaryl to test for their effects on the insect's nutritional measurement indices. The three antioxidants tested were not equally effective individually against insect survivorship and interacted differentially in combination with the insecticide. The nutritional indices were measured on insects fed diets containing the chemicals at nonlethal doses. Insects fed 0.001 % wet wt NDGA diets grew 1.62 times less, and had gross and net conversion efficiencies reduced 3.20 and 3.63 times, respectively, compared to the control larvae. Carbaryl (0.002% wet wt) in combination with NDGA acts as an antagonist to the effects mentioned above, while safrole (1 × 10−4 wet wt) had an additive effect when combined with the insecticide, reducing 1.76 times larval relative growth rate and efficiency of conversion of ingested food in respect to the control. The larvae fed significantly more (1.2 times) on both insecticide and safrole diets than on the controls or their combined diets. Larvae fed α-tocopherol alone or in combination with carbaryl had similar growth and conversion efficiencies as controls. We conclude that the effects of different combinations of compounds cannot be predicted a priori and must be determined experimentally.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016498
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    Identification of sex pheromone components ofSpodoptera sunia Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 683-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone analysis ; Spodoptera sunia ; solid sample injection ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Moths belonging to the speciesSpodoptera sunia have been recognized as a new pest of cotton in Central America. By means of electro-physiologic investigations, solid sample injection gas chromatography, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (9Z,12E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, in a ratio of 100∶5∶31∶20, were identified in the pheromone gland of female insects. These substances should serve as a base for the development of a pheromone-monitoring system for this lepidopteran pest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013915
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    Responses of braconid parasitoidsMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) andM. demolitor Wilkinson to stereoisomers of kairomone 13-methylhentriacontane (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 883-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; parasitoids ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; 13-methylhentriacontane ; stereoisomers ; enantiomers ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) andMicroplitis demolitor Wilkinson to theR andS stereoisomers of the kairomone 13-meth-ylhentriacontane were evaluated. Singly and in combination at 5, 50-, and 500-ng dosage levels each were tested. There was a linear dosage response by both species to the three dosages. Furthermore, there was no difference between responses to the two stereoisomers or their combination by either species at any dosage level. The effects of the two stereoisomers were fully interchangeable and additive. This is the first report of parasitoid responses to stereoisomers of a kairomone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01018780
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    Plant defenses: Chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase enhance toxicity ofBacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki toHeliothis zea (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 217-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki ; chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-plant resistance ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; polyphenol oxidase ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two chemicals implicated in resistance of the tomato plant, chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase, are known to form orthoquinones in damaged plant tissue. Orthoquinones have been reported to alkylate −NH2 and −SH groups of proteins and amino acids, altering solubility, digestibility, and, for some pathogenic viruses, infectivity. Here we explore effects of quinone alkylation on toxicity of an important microbial insecticide,Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki (BTk), to larvalHeliothis zea. BTk incubated with these phytochemicals and fed to larvae was more toxic than untreated BTk. Similar but less dramatic results arose when BTk was incubated with polyphenol oxidase alone. Digestibility experiments suggest that alkylation enhanced the solubilization and/or proteolysis of crystal protein in vivo. Implications of our results for compatibility of BTk with host-plant resistance and biological control are discussed.
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 141-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; anemotaxis ; parasitoid ; jet plumes ; optomotor response ; semiochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Odor-mediated host-searching by femaleMicroplitis croceipes, a braconid endoparasitoid of larvalHeliothis species, was studied in a flight tunnel. Volatiles emitted by third-instarH. zea feeding on cowpea seedling leaves were released and carried with the wind, resulting either in an irregularly shaped plume, or injected with high velocity, resulting in a conically shaped jet plume. Flight maneuvers ofM. croceipes had a higher stereotype in jet plumes compared to irregularly shaped plumes. Variation in odor concentration in jet plumes due to intermittent feeding of the host larvae did not affect the number of flights. At the levels employed, odor concentration did not alter the rate of upwind progress in jet plumes. Because air velocity inside a jet increases in the upwind direction,M. crocepies regulates its ground-speed during its approach to the odor source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027780
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    Flight response ofHeliothis subflexa (Gn.) females (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to an attractant from groundcherry,Physalis angulata L. (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis subflexa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; kairomone ; groundcherry ; Physalis angulatus ; flight tunnel bioassay ; plant-insect interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mated femaleHeliothis subflexa (Gn.) (HS) moths 1–7 days old responded positively in a Plexiglas flight tunnel to an attractant extracted with methanol from fresh whole-leaf washes of groundcherry,Physalis angulata L. Response to the groundcherry extract, as indicated by plume-tracking (i.e., upwind flight toward the odor source) and contact with the chemical dispenser did not change significantly during the first 5 hr of scotophase. Overall, ca. 50% of the responding moths also landed on the chemical dispenser; ca. 50% of the moths that landed also deposited eggs. There were no significant differences in the behavioral responses of females mating only once and those that had mated two or more times. Virgin females and male moths were significantly less responsive to the groundcherry attractant than mated females. The flight tunnel bioassay described provides an excellent system for evaluating plant allelochemics associated with host-plant selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027784
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