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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques  (42)
  • 04.06. Seismology  (24)
  • Data analysis / ~ processing
  • E62
  • INGV  (35)
  • Elsevier Science Limited  (27)
  • Wiley  (8)
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Keywords
  • 1
    facet.materialart.
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    INGV
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Exist­-fdsn-­station is an open source software that implements the standard fdsnws/station web service, integrating the application into a native XML database containing seismic stations metadata in the StationXML file format. Through its HTTP Application Programming Interface, extended with the PUT method for writing, this software can be used as a RESTful microservice. The software is publicly available and licensed under a General Public License. This manual describes all the operational phases, from installation to distribution in a production environment, for using exist-­fdsn-­station to store a set of StationXML files and exposing them efficiently with a standard fdsnws/station webservice.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-28
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: FDSN Station webservice ; XML based database ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.02. Data dissemination
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Nel 2018 è stato avviato il progetto FOCUS - Fiber Optic Cable Use For Seafloor Studies Of Earthquake - coordinato da Marc-André Gutscher del Laboratoire Géosciences Océan dell’Università di Brest, in Francia. Questo progetto indaga la sismicità e la struttura crostale del Mar Ionio attraverso l’analisi e l’interpretazione di dati raccolti da strumentazione sottomarina e da reti di monitoraggio disponibili o appositamente installate nelle zone di costa. In tale contesto, l’Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti (ONT) e l’Osservatorio Etneo (OE), entrambe Sezioni dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), e il Laboratorio di Sismologia dell'Università della Calabria (UniCal), hanno contribuito al progetto con l’installazione di una rete sismica temporanea lungo la costa ionica calabro-siciliana a integrazione della rete permanente presente nell’area dello Stretto di Messina. La rete temporanea, costituita da 13 stazioni, ha acquisito dal mese di dicembre 2021 al mese di giugno 2023. Nel gennaio 2022, i partner internazionali del progetto FOCUS hanno installato una rete temporanea di sismometri OBS e sensori di pressione per fondali marini. La grande quantità di dati raccolta e la loro integrazione, consentirà di migliorare il monitoraggio sismico e le conoscenze relative alla struttura terrestre dell’area con particolare attenzione alle strutture sismogenetiche con un dettaglio mai raggiunto fino a ora. Tutte le istituzioni coinvolte in FOCUS collaborano per l’acquisizione e l’elaborazione dei dati, l’imaging dell’interno della Terra attraverso l’utilizzo di tecniche avanzate, l’interpretazione e la modellazione dei dati. Il presente lavoro descrive la progettazione, la realizzazione e la gestione della rete temporanea a terra definita FXland, fornendo indicazioni relative sul suo generale funzionamento e sulle caratteristiche del dataset acquisito.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-26
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Progetto FOCUS ; Reti sismiche temporanee ; Sismicità ; FOCUS project ; Temporary seismic networks ; Seismicity ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: A catalogue of precisely located micro-seismicity is fundamental for investigating seismicity and rock physical properties in active tectonic and volcanic regions and for the definition of a ‘baseline’ seismicity, required for a safe future exploitation of georesource areas. In this study, we produce the first manually revised catalogue of micro-seismicity for Co. Donegal region (Ireland), an area of about 50K M2 of on-going deformation, aimed at localizing natural micro-seismic events occurred between 2012 and 2015. We develop a stochastic method based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) sampling approach to compute earthquake hypocentral location parameters. Our results indicates that micro-seismicity is present with magnitudes lower than 2 (the highest magnitude is 2.8).The recorded seismicity is almost clustered along previously mapped NE-SW trending, steeply dipping faults and confined within the upper crust (focal depth less than 10 km). We also recorded anthropogenic seismicity mostly related to quarries' activity in the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 62-76
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: Over the years, seismic anisotropy characterization has become one of the most popular methods to study and understand the Earth’s deep structures. Starting from more than 20 years ago, considerable progress has been made to map the anisotropic structure beneath Italy and the Central Mediterranean area. In particular, several past and current international projects (such as RETREAT, CAT/SCAN, CIFALPS, CIFALPS-2, AlpArray) focused on retrieving the anisotropic structure beneath Italy and surrounding regions, promoting advances in the knowledge of geological and geodynamical setting of this intriguing area. All of these studies aimed at a better understanding the complex and active geodynamic evolution of both the active and remnant subduction systems characterising this region and the associated Apennines, Alps and Dinaric belts, together with the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian basins. The presence of dense high-quality seismic networks, permanently run by INGV and other institutions, and temporary seismic stations deployed in the framework of international projects, the improvements in data processing and the use of several and even more sophisticated methods proposed to quantify the anisotropy, allowed to collect a huge amount of anisotropic parameters. Here a collection of all measurements done on core refracted phases are shown and used as a measure of mantle deformation and interpreted into geodynamic models. Images of anisotropy identify well-developed mantle flows around the sinking European and Adriatic slabs, recognised by tomographic studies. Slab retreat and related mantle flow are interpreted as the main driving mechanism of the Central Mediterranean geodynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: SE215
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic Anisotropy ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: The seismic monitoring of the national territory and of the EuroMediterranean area makes use of the velocimetric, accelerometric and GPS (geodetic) data acquired by the stations of the National Seismic Network, by the RING Network and by the MedNet Network. As part of the FISR 2017 project “Integrated operating rooms and monitoring networks for the future: INGV 2.0” (2017), sensors capable of detecting both geophysical and geochemical parameters at the same time are being integrated. This technical report describes the integration of a Rn222 sensor (radon hereafter). Over the past few decades radon has found a variety of Earth Science applications, ranging from its use as a potential earthquake precursor and tectonic stress indicator to its specific role in volcanic environments, where significant changes in concentration previous or concomitant to eruptive crises are also induced by volcanic gases, CO 2 for example, which act as carriers accelerating the migration of radon through the earth’s crust and therefore its detection. In order to explore the possibility of a link between seismogenic processes and temporal variability of radon emissions, a permanent national network has been created, IRON (Italian Radon mOnitoring Network), which uses both commercial radon instruments, equipped with a proprietary system for data storage, transmission and consultation, and INGV sensors that need an interface to acquire and make data available remotely. A hardware and software interface has therefore been designed, built and tested capable of i) counting and storing the pulses in TTL format generated by the instrument which measures the 8 radon concentration in air, ii) being connected to a router for sending the acquired data to a server. A service (syncproc) was also created in PHP to query remote stations at regular intervals and collect the acquired data intended to populate a database created with MariaDB. An expressly created website allows to extract the stored data from the database and configure each installed sensor. The various software elements have been designed using open source resources.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-18
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Radon ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The “Giornata ONT 2023” arises from the will to let know within INGV how many activities do people from the Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti (ONT), and how strong is their contribution to the INGV missions: Research, Services, Education, Communication. In the nearly seven years of the current management the ONT has experienced a continuous evolutionary, sometimes complex, path. But it is always a straight path to pursue the objective of a continuous growth of the ONT. During these years the ONT has changed its name (from Centro Nazionale Terremoti – CNT, to ONT); it has experienced the coming out of some employees that moved to create the Irpinia new Section; it has lived the novelty of incoming people (example from the Centro Allerta Tsunami). It has also faced the need to overcome the limitations due to the worldwide pandemic emergency COVID19, either for the h24 services or for the research activities. Therefore in 2020 and 2021 we have only remotely attended the ONT days. The drive to be “in presenza” comes from this latter issue. We strongly want to meet, to talk face to face, to “Welcome” the young colleagues who are the injection of new ideas and perspectives, that are the necessary fuel to evolve the knowledge. As a matter of fact it emerges from the DNA of the ONT, i.e. the inclusiveness and the multidisciplinarity. This latter is widely testified by the ONT activities that are shared among the three Departments and their strategic objectives. The agenda of the “Giornata ONT 2023” has specifically emphasized the variety of the technical and scientific contents, that for sake of simplicity have been collected in the following themes: • Infrastructures, Data­Sharing and Laboratories • Analysis, Modelling, Interpretation of Geophysical Phenomena • National and International Projects (Research Results and Products from Completed Projects; Ongoing Projects) • Society ­ Communication, Dissemination, Emergency Management • Seismic Surveillance And Tsunami Warning Overall, the contributions have been 100, most of which are posters (77) and the remaining (23) in different exhibit formats. The wide interest about the proposed contents and the positive feedback from the attendance, pushed the decision to collect and publish the contributions in a Miscellanea INGV, where the documents can be easily found. And we are finally ready to make the Miscellanea available to the reader. I would warmly thank the Authors for their enthusiastic acceptance to contribute, the Conveners of the “Giornata ONT 2023” Sessions for their availability to organise and manage the submitted poster/exhibits, the Editorial Board members for their hidden work that led to this Miscellanea. In conclusion, let me spend a few words about my personal journey as Director of the ONT. After 2504 days it has come to an end and the “Giornata ONT 2023” and the Miscellanea are, somehow, the cherry on top. It is really difficult to say “Thanks” one by one to the people who helped me along this complex and long path. So, please, let me simply say Grazie a tutti voi! Salvatore Stramondo - Director ONT (2017-2023)
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-206
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Osservatorio Nazionale Terremoti ; GIORNATA ONT 2023 ; Research scientific and service ; 01.01. Atmosphere ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.09. Miscellaneous ; ; Research scientific and
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: This work was carried out within the 2015 ART-IT project (Early Earthquake Alert in ITaly). Its main purpose is to investigate the performance and the critical issues of an early warning system with particular reference to the PRESTo system (PRobabilistic and Evolutionary early warning SysTem, [Iannacone et al., 2010; Satriano et al., 2011]) whose use has been tested in the framework of the above mentioned project. The correct operation of an early warning system can effectively guarantee a more effective management of a seismic emergency from the first seconds after the occurrence of a strong earthquake, allowing quick actions to reduce exposure and seismic risk. The work was substantially subdivided into two main steps. A first calibration phase, carried out in the first part of the project and aimed to identify the best values of the software configuration parameters in terms of event triggering and declaration. Once the values of the aforementioned parameters have been identified, the second phase of the work was focused on testing the software in real time configuration, on a test site area and the subsequent evaluation of its performance in terms of declaration and localization capacity. This work focuses mainly on the second part of the experimentation and is aimed describing and summarizing the analysis carried out to evaluate the response of the PRESTo software (and in general of an early warning system) after one year of experimentation and acquisition and highlight any problems and critical issues of the software and more generally of the rapid alert systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-32
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sistema di allerta rapido, Rischio sismico, Early warning system, Seismic risk ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: This report describes the state of the art of the installation techniques for seismic stations developed by the Seismology Group and the Seismology Laboratory at the INGV branch in Pisa, with examples of applications taken from long‐duration field experiments carried out in different areas of Tuscany, such as Monte Amiata and the Mugello basin. Our goal was to develop a low‐cost infrastructure, portable and easily adaptable to different terrains, suitable for hosting a variety of real‐time seismic stations. In addition to improving the structural resistance of the deployment, we also developed applications for the remote monitoring of the state of health of the seismic stations, which allowed a more efficient maintenance of the instrumentation. The proposed type of installation has proved to be sufficiently robust and suitable for installations with a temporal duration of a few years, and in agreement with the expected targets, as proved by the analyses carried out during and at the end of the experiments in which they were used.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-30
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Stazioni sismiche, Installazione sensori sismici, Rete temporanea, Seismic stations, Seismic sensor installation, Temporary network ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: Nel mese di maggio 2022 è iniziato uno sciame sismico, di breve durata, che ha interessato una piccola area del Chianti fiorentino a circa 15 km a sud dalla città di Firenze. I due terremoti più energetici hanno avuto una magnitudo momento pari a 3.7; nonostante la magnitudo modesta, tali eventi sono stati avvertiti distintamente fino a distanze di diverse decine di chilometri, e hanno destato preoccupazione nella popolazione prossima all’area epicentrale. Inoltre, dato l’ingente patrimonio artistico presente nel capoluogo toscano, questo episodio ha sollevato interrogativi sulla sua vulnerabilità anche a scuotimenti del suolo di piccola entità. Al fine di migliorare le conoscenze sulla ubicazione e le dimensioni delle strutture sismogenetiche attive in prossimità di Firenze, l’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) è intervenuto nell’area interessata dallo sciame attraverso il Gruppo Operativo (GO) di emergenza SISMIKO. Il 4 maggio, giorno successivo all’inizio dello sciame, cinque stazioni sismiche mobili sono state installate a distanza ravvicinata dall’area epicentrale, e integrate nel sistema di monitoraggio permanente INGV. Questo lavoro descrive le procedure relative a: (i) l’installazione, la manutenzione e la disinstallazione della rete sismica mobile; (ii) la gestione e il controllo di qualità dei dati acquisiti. Infine, vengono presentate, in riferimento al contesto sismotettonico dell’area, le caratteristiche spaziali e l’evoluzione temporale dello sciame, che ha presentato una piccola ripresa nell’attività sismica ad agosto del 2022, con un terremoto di magnitudo locale 2.7 e successive repliche.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-26
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sciame sismico ; Reti sismiche di pronto intervento ; Chianti fiorentino ; Seismic swarm ; Rapid response seismic networks ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: The latest version of the CPTI15 seismic catalogue (January 2022) includes more than two hundred earthquakes marked AMGNDT95. Their parameters are derived from expeditious studies produced as part of the GNDT/CNR ‘Hazard Project’ (1993-1995). Some of them simply parameterise data taken from bibliographic references in the PFG85 catalogue, i.e., mostly Mario Baratta’s seismological compilation “I terremoti d’Italia” [1901] or twentieth-century seismological bulletins. Others go back as far as the original sources of the references themselves. As part of the B2 Convention between INGV and DPC (2016-2021), a review of these earthquakes was initiated, starting with the most relevant ones, for which a good margin of improvement in knowledge can be assumed. At the same time, first-level research was also begun on a dozen or so earthquakes of low energy, but still above the damage threshold, which for various reasons had never been studied so far and whose parameters in the CPTI15 are still those of the POS85 catalogue. We present here the results of the study of about thirty earthquakes belonging to both categories. The overall result is generally a strong improvement of the available information, from which it will be possible to derive epicentral parameters more up-to-date and more robust than the previous ones.
    Description: Questo lavoro è stato realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento nazionale della Protezione Civile, Allegato B2.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-260
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Italy ; Historical Earthquakes ; Italian parametric earthquake catalogue ; Historical seismology ; Terremoti storici ; Banca dati macrosismica ; Catalogo parametrico dei terremoti italiani ; Macroseismic Database ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: This paper is intended as a short presentation of the main limitations affecting seismic hazard assessment, revisiting possible methods available in the literature to be applied for this purpose. The convergence of the African Plate with the Eurasian Plate is the cause of the high seismic activity characterizing the Mediterranean region, with particular intensity in its eastern part. It is clear that the associated seismic risk requires appropriate measures for its mitigation. Seismic risk, the amount of resources that the community is expected to pay to earthquakes in the long term, is the product of three factors, such as seismic hazard, vulnerability and value of the exposed goods. As earthquakes cannot be prevented, seismic risk can be mitigated by improving our knowledge of seismic hazard, which is largely based on statistical analysis of historical earthquake catalogs. Nevertheless, historical records are affected by problems of reliability, completeness and shortness, as they commonly span time lengths of the same order of magnitude or even shorter than the inter-event time of the strongest earthquakes produced by specific seismic sources. In this respect, alternative methods can be proposed for integrating and improving our knowledge of seismogenic processes, and estimating both time-independent and time-dependent occurrence rates of strong earthquakes. We propose the application of physics-based earthquake simulators, requiring the knowledge of a robust geological-geophysical seismogenic model.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic Hazard Assessment ; Statistical analysis; ; Historical earthquake catalogs ; Earthquake simulators ; Mediterranean region ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Mobile network routers in seismic and volcanic surveillance
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-36
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: mobile ; router ; cellulare ; sourveillance ; router ; sorveglianza ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-06-27
    Description: This text is an introduction to the problem of low frequency electromagnetic monitoring, with particular emphasis on VLF band. All related issues have been addressed: from historical outlook to numerical analysis, from seismology to geotechnics, electronics, information technology. The approach is informative and didactic. This interdisciplinary approach does not imply a problem of skills to the reader, and my goal has been to complete each specific cultural background. Geophysics is a topic where different training paths converge, usually geological or physical. In this case, addressing also technical aspectcts, it is not really possible to setup a guide for a specific professional figure. For this reason, while some topics will be new, others instead will inevitably seem trivial or superficially addressed. The reality is that every topic, as far as possible, has been treated on the same level. When necessary, an appendix to the text will offer further specific insights from time to time.
    Description: Questo testo vuole essere un’introduzione alle problematiche del monitoraggio elettromagnetico a bassa frequenza, con particolare approfondimento sulla banda VLF. Vengono affrontate tutte le tematiche correlate, dall’analisi storica all’analisi numerica, dalla sismologia alla geotecnica, all’elettronica, all’informatica. L’impostazione è divulgativa e didattica. L’approccio interdisciplinare non porrà al lettore un problema di competenze, anzi l’obiettivo è quello di completare ogni specifico bagaglio culturale. La geofisica è già un argomento in cui convergono percorsi formativi diversi, solitamente di impostazione geologica o fisica. In questo caso, in cui si affronta anche un aspetto tecnico, non è proprio possibile indirizzare una guida a una specifica figura professionale. Per questo motivo, mentre alcuni argomenti risulteranno nuovi, altri inevitabilmente appariranno scontati o forse affrontati superficialmente. La realtà è che ogni tematica, per quanto possibile, è stata affrontata allo stesso livello. All’occorrenza, un’appendice offrirà di volta in volta ulteriori approfondimenti specifici.
    Description: Progetto INGV “Pianeta Dinamico” (codice progetto INGV 1020.010) finanziato dal MIUR ("Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese", legge 145/2018).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-142
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: earthquake ; electromagnetic ; precursors ; precursori ; elettromagnetici ; terremoto ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2022-12-21
    Description: We present here the results of a five-years-long earthquake educational project aiming to commemorate the hundredth anniversaries of five large Northern Apennines earthquakes occurred between 1916 and 1920 in the areas of: Rimini (1916, Mw 6.1), Valtiberina (1917, Mw 5.9), Romagna Apennines (1918, Mw 5.9), Mugello (1919, Mw 6.3) and Garfagnana (1920, Mw 6.5) earthquakes. We saw these anniversaries as the occasion for leading the Northern Apennines people to rediscover their past, in a positive way, and to improve their awareness of the earthquake as a natural feature of the regions in which they live. The activities that we planned for schools students encouraged them to go hunting for traces of the earthquakes of one hundred years ago in their home towns and to rediscover the memories and traditions of their communities. Together with their teachers, we also led the teenagers to find creative ways to involve the grownups in the process of discovery and knowledge. The Project had to cope with two emergencies: the great Central Italy earthquake of 2016-2017 and the Covid-19 epidemic. However, these stumbling blocks did not deter teachers and students from taking part in the process actively and even enthusiastically. Their families and communities were actively involved too. This experience taught us some valuable lessons. First of all, we learned to adapt the project, as we had conceived it at the start, to a wide gamma of social and cultural contexts. Not all the involved communities were equally aware of the level of seismic risk they are exposed to. On the affluent Adriatic coast, where tourism is the main source of income, past earthquakes are something best forgotten, by citizens and administrators alike. On the contrary, in the poorer inland mountain areas (Forlivese Apennines, Mugello, Garfagnana and Lunigiana) a more down-to-earth attitude prevails: earthquakes are looked upon as something that can and does happen and people are quick to grasp how important it is to contribute to initiatives whose aim is reducing seismic risk. Thus, we had to adapt our approach to the different contexts, modifying each time the activities we proposed to the schools with the aim of obtain the best possible results from each situation. Presentiamo i risultati di un progetto di educazione al rischio sismico attivato in occasione dei centenari di cinque terremoti storici che hanno colpito l’Appennino settentrionale tra gli anni 1916 e 1920 e precisamente i terremoti di Rimini 1916 (Mw 6.1), Valtiberina 1917 (Mw 5.9), Appennino romagnolo 1918 (Mw 5.9), Mugello 1919 (Mw 6.3) e Garfagnana 1920 (Mw 6.5). Abbiamo pensato di utilizzare questi anniversari come punto di partenza per accompagnare i cittadini a riappropriarsi del loro passato in modo positivo, facendo crescere la loro consapevolezza del terremoto come un carattere del loro ambiente naturale. A tal fine, nelle attività realizzate con le scuole, abbiamo incoraggiato gli studenti a cercare le tracce dei terremoti di un secolo fa nell’ambiente urbanizzato e a indagare le memorie e le tradizioni ancora presenti nelle comunità. Insieme ai loro insegnanti abbiamo spinto i ragazzi a trovare modi creativi per coinvolgere gli adulti in questo processo di scoperta e conoscenza. Il progetto è stato messo alla prova dal forte terremoto dell’Italia centrale (2016­2017) e dall’epidemia di Covid­19, ma nonostante queste difficoltà insegnanti e studenti hanno partecipato con grande interesse a questo percorso e hanno coinvolto nelle attività del progetto le famiglie e le comunità locali. Anche noi abbiamo imparato nuove lezioni. Un aspetto importante che abbiamo appreso è il bisogno di adattare il progetto a contesti sociali e culturali che si sono rivelati molto diversi. Le comunità coinvolte non condividono lo stesso livello di consapevolezza del rischio: sulla costa adriatica, a vocazione turistica, i terremoti sono qualcosa che è meglio dimenticare, sia da parte dei cittadini che dalle amministrazioni. Al contrario, nell’Appennino forlivese, nel Mugello, in Garfagnana e Lunigiana, i terremoti sono una presenza costante e le persone si sono sentite subito coinvolte in un processo attivo di riduzione del rischio e di attenzione quotidiana. Questo ci ha spinto ad adattare ogni volta l’approccio ai diversi contesti, modificando le proposte di attività che abbiamo realizzato nelle scuole.
    Description: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Allegato A, tematica “M”.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-40
    Description: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: EDURISK Educazione al rischio ; Rischio sismico ; Edurisk: risk education ; Seismic risk ; 04.06. Seismology ; Risk education
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2022-11-23
    Description: In Italy, historical research on earthquakes has a long and glorious tradition, which in recent decades has gone through very different phases. In the first half of the 1980s and up to the mid- 90s, two very demanding research ventures were developed: the research program financed by ENEL for the qualification of sites susceptible to nuclear plants in three areas of the country (Piedmont, Lombardy, Puglia), later merged into the “Catalog of Strong Italian Earthquakes” (CFTI) of the ING/INGV, and the “Hazard project” of the GNDT/CNR, aimed at preparing all the basic data necessary for a model of hazard updated. As part of these two ventures, for about a decade over a hundred researchers, mostly “professional” historians, have worked to update their knowledge of Italian historical earthquakes. Researches developed by the “Hazard Project” - complementary to those of the CFTI - aimed only at rapidly re-evaluating the knowledge on about 600 intermediate energy earthquakes. Some of these studies, after a couple of decades, are now largely obsolete. For this reason, a work plan was launched aimed at deepening the knowledge on several dozens of these studies, marked in the current Parametric Catalog of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI15) by the initials AMGNDT95, providing them with an updated and, hopefully, better database. This work presents the results of research carried out on 6 earthquakes included in the 1949– 1971 time span. Such researches have allowed a significant improvement of the epicentral parameters of these earthquakes and, at the same time, an enhancement of seismic histories of numerous localities.
    Description: Lavoro realizzato nell’ambito della Convenzione fra INGV e Dipartimento nazionale della Protezione Civile, Allegato B2.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-274
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sismicità minore ; Catalogo sismico ; Revisione di terremoti ; Minor seismicity ; Earthquake catalog ; Earthquakes reappraisal ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2021-06-18
    Description: Questa è una traduzione commentata del raro documento citato da oltre un secolo di bibliografia come “Milne, 1890”. Si è studiato il testo per verificare la realisticità di alcune recenti affermazioni sul fatto che questo rapporto (oggi difficilmente reperibile) avesse trattato per la prima volta di precursori elettromagnetici. Si è cercato di indagare su ogni episodio e personaggio, identificando i criptici (e a volte inesistenti) riferimenti bibliografici, rintracciando quasi tutti i testi, ampliando e commentando spesso le relative citazioni. La mia opinione è che nessuno all’epoca di Milne avesse consapevolmente, ma forse nemmeno accidentalmente, osservato un precursore di origine elettromagnetica. I fenomeni descritti sono studiati da un punto di vista puramente elettrico o magnetico. I segnali elettrici riguardano tensioni e correnti troppo alte. I fenomeni magnetici già all’epoca furono contestati come prodotti di effetti inerziali ma comunque è difficile pensare che la componente campo magnetico di un segnale EM possa deviare stabilmente l’ago di una bussola. Questa stessa ricerca ha tuttavia portato alla luce qualche altro caso sospetto che sarebbe opportuno indagare in modo più approfondito, in quanto potrebbe risultare realmente il primo caso documentabile dell’osservazione di un precursore elettromagnetico del terremoto.
    Description: This is a commented translation of the rare document cited by more than a century of bibliography as "Milne, 1890". The text was studied to verify the veracity of some recent claims that this report (presently difficult to find) had dealt with electromagnetic precursors for the first time. An attempt was made to investigate each episode and character, identifying the cryptic (and sometimes non-existent) bibliographic references, tracing almost all the texts, often expanding and commenting on the relative citations. My opinion is that no one, at the time of Milne, had consciously, but maybe not even accidentally, observed a precursor of electromagnetic origin. The phenomena described are studied from either a purely electrical or magnetic point of view. Electrical signals concern too high voltages and currents. Magnetic phenomena, already at the time, were contested as products of inertial effects, but in any case it is difficult to think that the magnetic field component of an EM signal can permanently deflect the needle of a compass. However this same research has brought to light some other potentially interesting cases that should be investigated further. One of them, could actually be the first documentable case of the observation of an electromagnetic seismic precursor.
    Description: Progetto INGV “Pianeta Dinamico” (codice progetto INGV 1020.010) finanziato dal MIUR ("Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese", legge 145/2018).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-48
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake ; electric precursors ; magnetic precursors ; precursorori ; terremoto ; electromagnetic precursors ; precursori elettromagnetici ; John Milne ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: The Western Ionian Sea is characterised by an active and diffuse seismicity, directly related to the convergence of the European and African Plates and by gravitational sinking and rollback of the oceanic lithosphere. In this area, the location of earthquakes is characterised by considerable uncertainties due to large azimuthal gaps, resulting in notable location errors. This problem was partially overcome with the use of data recorded by NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory (October 2002 - February 2003; June 2012 - May 2013). We relocated 1130 crustal and sub-crustal earthquakes using land network and NEMO-SN1 data. As most events occurred on Mt. Etna, we focused on 358 earthquakes in the offshore area and near the coasts of Sicily and Calabria. The use of the combined land-marine networks has improved the earthquake locations in terms of azimuthal GAP, as well as in horizontal and vertical errors. The comparison between locations performed with and without NEMO-SN1 data shows that differences in latitude, longitude and depths are more evident in the Western Ionian Sea and in the coast of Sicily, where values of the differences over 5 km correspond to structural heterogeneities. The increased number of seismic stations deployed on land from 2003 to 2012 did not influence the location of events occurring offshore, where NEMO-SN1 continued to be the distinctive tool in the location process. Moreover, the new 73 focal mechanisms computed with P-wave polarities from NEMO-SN1 and land stations are in agreement with the regional structural model, showing a prevalent normal, normal/oblique, and strike-slip kinematics. The similarity of two new focal solutions with the mechanisms of the main shock and aftershock of the 1990 earthquake demonstrates that the seismic structures are still active and potentially dangerous. The P-wave travel time residual analysis confirms the activity along the main structural alignments. A single point of observation in the Ionian Sea can significantly improve the quality of locations, giving an opportunity to focus on the seismogenic structures responsible for the occurrence of medium-to-high magnitude earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: Se655
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake location ; Focal mechanisms ; Tectonic and volcanic structures ; NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory ; Ionian Sea ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: The present paper describes the process of moving from a research study of most common vulnerable non-structural elements, to deliver solutions, tools and guidelines to improve understanding of and responsiveness to community concerns about seismic risk and non-structural elements. The observed damage to non-structural elements following recent earthquakes in Italy, Portugal and Iceland, were used for designing communication tools under the KnowRISK EU project for multi-stakeholders (students, business and citizens): the Practical Guide, the Students Short Guide, the KnowRISK Portfolio of Solutions, the Move, Protect and Secure video, the augmented reality apps, the maquettes, the students notebooks, videos, board games and hands-on tools. The philosophy behind these deliverables is that some risks, once identified, can be eliminated or reduced by informing people and suggesting preventive or emergency measures. These tools are devoted to improving the seismic performance of non-structural elements and to reduce the associated economic losses, loss of functionality, and potential threats to life safety. The rationale behind the selection of the information that people need to know for converting knowledge to more safety is discussed and a description of the transference of the findings of research to communication solutions is presented. The tools were planned following the engagement-model in risk communication to ensure that needs of communities and selected stakeholders were acknowledged, and that recipients are addressed in a way that appeals to them. Different media and communication channels such as print, television, online, face-to face communication and interviews were used for risk communication.
    Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).
    Description: Published
    Description: SE322
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic risk ; seismic damage ; non-structural damage ; preventative measures ; risk awareness ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2023-10-13
    Description: This simple and qualitative discussion is an attempt to include in a comprehensive framework the problem of earthquake forecasting and univocally clarify the meaning of "precursor" and the true importance of their study. It is also the starting point to present the potential of the electromagnetic precursor in the framework of classic precursors. The fact that seismic precursors are truly existing phenomena does not represent the solution to the problem of deterministic forecasting. Currently a precursor is not a prediction aid but an investigative tool of the earthquake preparation process: aka the complex mechanism of microfracturing, growth and self-organization of fractures that is necessary to produce ruptures in the crust. Scholz's "Theory of Dilatance" (ToD), improved and further developed for decades after 1960, remains one of the best explanations for the existence of observable precursors and still seems to highlight the only plausible common cause. ToD is presented here in an "extended" vision in the framework of geotechnical knowledge on rock fracturing in the laboratory. Dilatance is a systematic and necessary process with respect to rock breaking. It would itself be the ideal precursor to the earthquake if it did not lack the essential characteristic of being directly observable. At the moment, the only way to detect dilatance in nature is through its interaction with the surrounding environment and its ability to change the physical characteristics of the rock, that is, through secondary phenomena that it can cause. These phenomena sometimes visible on the surface are what we call precursors. We have reviewed the main "classic" precursors by examining them in the light of the ToD. The study of dilatance, which requires a comparative, systematic and extensive monitoring of precursor phenomena, could lead to a key of interpretation of the precursors themselves for the prediction of the earthquake.
    Description: Questa trattazione divulgativa è un tentativo di presentare il problema della previsione dei terremoti nella sua globalità per chiarire il significato di “precursore” e la vera utilità dello studio dei precursori. È anche lo spunto per presentare al pubblico le potenzialità del precursore elettromagnetico nel panorama dei precursori classici. Il fatto che i precursori sismici siano fenomeni realmente esistenti non rappresenta la soluzione al problema della previsione deterministica. Attualmente un precursore non è uno strumento di previsione ma un mezzo di sondaggio di ciò che chiamiamo “preparazione del sisma”: il complesso meccanismo di microfratturazione, accrescimento e autoorganizzazione delle fratture che è necessario a produrre la rottura nella crosta. La “teoria della Dilatanza” (TdD) di Scholz, più volte perfezionata dal 1960 ad oggi, resta una delle migliori trattazioni invocabili per motivare l’esistenza dei precursori documentati e sembra tuttora restare l’unica plausibile forma di inquadramento comune. Essa viene qui ripresentata in una visione “estesa” alla luce delle conoscenze geotecniche sulla fratturazione della roccia in laboratorio. La dilatanza è un processo sistematico e necessario rispetto alla rottura della roccia. Sarebbe essa stessa il precursore ideale del terremoto se non mancasse della caratteristica essenziale di essere visibile. Al momento l’unico modo per rilevare la dilatanza in natura è attraverso la sua interazione con l’ambiente circostante e la sua capacità di mutare le caratteristiche fisiche della roccia, cioè attraverso fenomeni secondari che essa può causare. Questi fenomeni, talvolta visibili in superficie, sono ciò che chiamiamo precursori. Abbiamo messo in rassegna i principali precursori “classici” esaminandoli alla luce della TdD. Lo studio della dilatanza, che richiede un monitoraggio comparato, sistematico ed esteso dei fenomeni precursori, potrebbe condurre alla definizione di una chiave interpretativa comune e generale dei precursori stessi per la previsione del terremoto.
    Description: Progetto INGV “Pianeta Dinamico” (codice progetto INGV 1020.010) finanziato dal MIUR ("Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese", legge 145/2018).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-40
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake precursors ; earthquake ; precursors ; electromagnetic precursors ; precursori ; terremoto ; precursori elettromagnetici ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-12-18
    Description: probably confirm this opinion, with qualifica ons. Historical earthquake catalogues, up to CPTI11 [Rovida et al., 2011], report only one Mw 5.1 event on 13 November 1948: it was located in the Sardinian Sea, and had very modest effects on land. In later decades, the seismic networks did record very few earthquakes of moderate energy (Mw 〈5), mostly located off-shore, either south-east of Cagliari or west of Olbia or in the Sea of Sardinia. The most recent ones (occurred in 2000, 2004 and 2006) had very slight effects on the island. Given the low level of instrumental seismicity and the weak macroseismic effects of known historical earthquakes, Sardinia's seismic risk is perceived as very low. The low seismicity of the region certainly has a geological explana on, given that the Corsica-Sardinia block is among the most stable areas of the Mediterranean basin. “Low”, however, does not mean “non- existent”: recent historical research has improved knowledge on the major known historical earthquake of Sardinia (it occurred on June 4, 1616 and was responsible for minor but widespread damage to the system of coastal watchtowers, south-west of Cagliari) and rediscovered several minor earthquakes, part of which were known to the seismological tradi on but had been almost completely forgo en. This paper collects all the documenta on available at present on the seismic history of Sardinia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-160
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sardinia ; Seismicity ; Seismic history ; Historical Earthquakes ; Historical seismology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-02-19
    Description: Questo rapporto tecnico descrive le attività svolte da SISMIKO [Moretti et al., 2012; 2016a; 2016b; Pondrelli et al., 2016] in occasione della sequenza sismica che ha interessato l’area in provincia di Campobasso tra i comuni di Montecilfone, Guardialfiera e Larino a partire dal 14 agosto 2018 e che ha visto nel terremoto di magnitudo ML 5.2 (MW 5.1) del 16 agosto 2018 (18:19 UTC), ben risentito in un’ampia area che comprende molte regioni dell’Italia centro meridionale, l’evento più significativo della sequenza. SISMIKO è uno dei gruppi operativi dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) per la gestione delle emergenze sismiche [Pondrelli et al., 2016], e come per ogni terremoto con magnitudo superiore a 5.0, ovvero alla soglia prevista nella vigente Convenzione tra l’INGV e il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), a seguito del terremoto del 16 agosto 2018 (ML 5.2) ha predisposto un intervento volto al miglioramento del monitoraggio sismico dell’area interessata. L’integrazione di stazioni sismiche temporanee nella geometria della Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN [Michelini et al., 2016; INGV Seismological Data Centre]), consente infatti un miglioramento nella individuazione dei terremoti e un perfezionamento del calcolo dei parametri ipocentrali, soprattutto della profondità che è strettamente connessa alla distanza media tra le stazioni sismiche. L’intervento principale è stato svolto nella giornata del 17 agosto [SISMIKO working group, 2018], ma nelle due settimane successive i siti allestiti sono stati più volte visitati e il giorno 30 si è proceduto con l’integrazione di ulteriori 2 stazioni, portando a 5 i punti di acquisizione della rete temporanea. La rete sismica è stata operativa per circa 2 mesi. I dati sono stati trasmessi in tempo reale al centro di acquisizione dati della rete mobile presso la sede di Roma di SISMIKO e al contempo integrati nel sistema di sorveglianza sismica INGV [Michelini et al., 2016] per essere utilizzati nelle localizzazioni e nei prodotti scientifici forniti in tempo reale. On 16 August 2018 at 18:19:04 UTC an earthquake with magnitude ML 5.2 (MW 5.1) occurred in the Molise region. The earthquake was felt in a large area including many regions of Central and Southern Italy. The seismologists on duty in the 24H seismic monitoring room of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) located the event in the province of Campobasso, 4 km south­east of Montecilfone and at a preliminary depth of 9 km. The same area was affected two days before by a MW 4.6 event (August 14 at 23.48 Italian time1). Following the MW 5.1 event and the associated aftershock sequence, the SISMIKO Operational Group was activated [Moretti et al., 2012; 2016a; 2016b; Pondrelli et al., 2016] for the installation of temporary seismic stations to integrate the permanent stations of the National Seismic Network (RSN [Michelini et al., 2016; INGV Seismological Data Centre]) deployed in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-32
    Description: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: SISMIKO ; Seismic networks temporary ; Seismic emergency ; Molise ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2020-03-04
    Description: A seguito di un evento sismico al di sopra della soglia del danno, una parte del personale dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) viene coinvolto nei gruppi di emergenza e si prepara, nel più breve tempo possibile, a partire per raggiungere l’area epicentrale. Ogni gruppo ha il compito di raccogliere dati, effettuare misurazioni e rilievi, per studiare il terremoto sotto diversi punti di vista, e per supportare le attività di Protezione Civile. In questo contesto rientrano le attività di rilievo del gruppo QUEST (QUick Earthquake Survey Team), formato da personale specializzato nel rilievo macrosismico dell’INGV e altri enti, che ha il compito di raggiungere le aree colpite dal sisma per fornire un rilievo degli effetti sull’edificato, sull’ambiente e sulle persone. L’indagine macrosismica che ne deriva, contribuisce allo studio del terremoto attraverso l’osservazione diretta e la classificazione del danno mediante l’utilizzo della scala macrosismica EMS98 [Grünthal, 1998]. Attualmente questa indagine viene svolta con l’ausilio di schede cartacee predisposte per la raccolta del dato ed una serie di mappe, generalmente immagini da satellite, delle località da investigare [Tertulliani et al., 2010]. Nel tempo si è cercato di studiare tecniche di rilievo sempre più rapide al fine di raccogliere il dato reale del danneggiamento prima che gli inevitabili interventi di messa in sicurezza dei vigili del fuoco o ulteriori repliche dannose modifichino lo scenario del danno sull’edificato. Per questo scopo si sta mettendo a punto uno strumento per la raccolta del dato macrosismico di campagna, basato sull’utilizzo di tablets, corredati di una interfaccia grafica tale da permettere la raccolta delle informazioni direttamente su mappe delle località da investigare. In particolare, l’inserimento dell’informazione puntuale per ogni edificio investigato, con il relativo dato di vulnerabilità e grado di danno, permette di condividere le informazioni in tempo reale tra le varie squadre sul terreno. Tale strumento permette inoltre, all’operatore, di lavorare off line e quindi di poter acquisire informazioni anche in assenza di copertura del segnale telefonico e di inviare in un secondo momento i dati. L’informazione viene centralizzata presso la sede operativa che può gestire e coordinare lo spostamento delle squadre nell’area epicentrale. In questo modo si aprono nuovi interessanti scenari sia a vantaggio della rapidità e della conoscenza del danneggiamento dell’edificato, sia in termini di gestione del personale coinvolto per ottimizzare così le operazioni di rilievo.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-24
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: QUEST ; Rilievo macrosismico ; INGV ; QUEST-DATA ; Survey ; EMS-98 macroseismic scale ; Danno ; Vulnerabilità ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2020-05-25
    Description: We explore the three‐dimensional structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy sequence using ~34,000 ML ≥ 1.5 earthquakes that occurred between August 2016 and January 2018. We applied cross‐correlation and double‐difference location methods to waveform and parametric data routinely produced at the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. The sequence activated an 80 km long system of normal faults and near‐horizontal detachment faults through the MW 6.0 Amatrice, the MW 5.9 Visso, and the MW 6.5 Norcia mainshocks and aftershocks. The system has an average strike of N155°E and dips 38°–55° southwestward and is segmented into 15–30 km long faults individually activated by the cascade of MW ≥ 5.0 shocks. The two main normal fault segments, Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove to the North and Mt. della Laga to the South, are separated by an NNE‐SSW‐trending lateral ramp of the Sibillini thrust, a regional structure inherited from the previous compressional tectonic phase putting into contact diverse lithologies with different seismicity patterns. Space‐time reconstruction of the fault system supports a composite rupture scenario previously proposed for the MW 6.5 Norcia earthquake, where the rupture possibly propagated also along an oblique portion of the Sibillini thrust. This dissected set of normal fault segments is bounded at 8–10 km depth by a continuous 2 km thick seismicity layer of extensional nature slightly dipping eastward and interpreted as a shear zone. All three mainshocks in the sequence nucleated along the high‐angle planes at significant distance from the shear zone, thus complicating the interpretation of the mechanisms driving strain partitioning between these structures.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB018440
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: normal fault ; shear zone ; fault segmentation ; apennines ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: “Move, protect, secure” were the three key points that the KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project posed at the core of its communication and dissemination strategy. This three key points enable each person, professional or not, to reduce non-structural damage caused by earthquakes. Dissemination is usually the last but never the least step of a communication plan, and indeed it played a crucial role in KnowRISK project for conveying the three key-point message to the widest audience. Standard dissemination activities, such as open-door events, and internet allowed us to achieve a wide spreading of ideas and best practices, reaching more than 4,000 non-professionals and almost 50,000 page views of the KnowRISK project website (in three years), respectively. As communication was recipient-targeted, the dissemination task of the project was addressed to professionals, layman, and schools. In particular, schools were chosen in order to profit from the chain-reaction action that is capable to spread a message from students to the surrounding environment.
    Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection through the European project KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements; Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).
    Description: Published
    Description: SE328
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic risk ; data dissemination ; environmental risk ; educational issues ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk ; 05.03
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: Pulsatory eruptions are marked by a sequence of explosions which can be separated by time intervals ranging from a few seconds to several hours. The quantification of the periodicities associated with these eruptions is essential not only for the comprehension of the mechanisms controlling explosivity, but also for classification purposes. We focus on the dynamics of pulsatory activity and quantify unsteadiness based on the distribution of the repose time intervals between single explosive events in relation to magma properties and eruptive styles. A broad range of pulsatory eruption styles are considered, including Strombolian, violent Strombolian and Vulcanian explosions. We find a general relationship between the median of the observed repose times in eruptive sequences and the viscosity of magma given by eta approximate to 100.t(median). This relationship applies to the complete range of magma viscosities considered in our study (10(2) to 10(9) Pas) regardless of the eruption length, eruptive style and associated plume heights, suggesting that viscosity is the main magma property controlling eruption periodicity. Furthermore, the analysis of the explosive sequences in terms of failure time through statistical survival analysis provides further information: dynamics of pulsatory activity can be successfully described in terms of frequency and regularity of the explosions, quantified based on the log-logistic distribution. A linear relationship is identified between the log-logistic parameters, mu and s. This relationship is useful for quantifying differences among eruptive styles from very frequent and regular mafic events (Strombolian activity) to more sporadic and irregular Vulcanian explosions in silicic systems. The time scale controlled by the parameter mu, as a function of the median of the distribution, can be therefore correlated with the viscosity of magmas; while the complexity of the erupting system, including magma rise rate, degassing and fragmentation efficiency, can be also described based on the log-logistic parameter s, which is found to increase from regular mafic systems to highly variable silicic systems. These results suggest that the periodicity of explosions, quantified in terms of the distribution of repose times, can give fundamental information about the system dynamics and change regularly across eruptive styles (i.e., Strombolian to Vulcanian), allowing for direct comparison and quantification of different types of pulsatory activity during these eruptions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
    Description: Published
    Description: 160-168
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: explosions pulsatory activity magma viscosity repose interval source dynamics eruptive style ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The carbon dioxide emissions of volcanoes have been targeted as effective contributors of CO2 to the atmosphere. However, different sources can be effective and active at the same time in the generation and release of CO2 in volcanic zones. Since isotopic fingerprinting of CO2 allows the precise identification of different sources, coupling carbon isotope and CO2 flux measurements enables the evaluation of the mass contribution of each source to the carbon dioxide emissions. This paper accounts for the first extensive spatial analysis of coupled measurements of carbon isotopologues of CO2 in the soil gases and CO2 fluxes discharged by soils on Vulcano Island. An innovative method has been designed, tested and fine-tuned in the laboratory to measure δ13C(CO2) values directly in field using a new type of laser-based isotopologues analyzer, namely a DeltaRay™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The method can be used to determine the carbon isotope composition across the full range of CO2 concentrations in the soil gases (0 – 100 vol%). These data have been combined with measurements of the CO2 contents in the soil gases to distinguish CO2 from deep origins from CO2 of biogenic origin in the inhabited area of Vulcano Porto. The method of evaluating the amount of deep-origin CO2 in the soil gases is widely applicable in volcanic and geothermal zones for evaluation and monitoring purposes for both gas and volcanic hazards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-70
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; CO2 flux ; CO2 soil degassing ; CO2 isotope composition ; Volcano monitoring ; Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands) ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present new real-time measurements of the CO2 concentration and δ13C made from July 16 to 20, 2014 in diluted gases of the active plume emitted by the Central Craters at Mount Etna volcano, Italy. This innovative study involved measuring 13C in plume gases at a very high frequency over 5 days of measurements. The carbon-isotope composition calculated for volcanic CO2 ranged from –1.3‰ to +1.5‰, with uncertainties in the repeated single measurements (i.e., made over periods from 4 to 20 min) that were generally 〈0.7‰, and yet surprisingly varied by larger amounts over the 5-day study period. The range of calculated 13C values mostly overlaps with that indicated for the plume of the Central Craters obtained by discrete sampling and using the isotope-ratio mass spectrometry technique (–2.5‰ 〈 13C 〈 –0.5‰). However, we propose that during particular conditions of volcanic activity, the carbon-isotope composition of CO2 degassed from magma can reach values (up to +1.5‰) that are higher than those reported previously. During this campaign we also made simultaneous measurements of the CO2 and SO2 concentrations using the MultiGAS technique. The volcanic 13C and CO2/SO2 ratios exhibited similar trends over the 5 days of measurements, with the ratios of both tracers peaking on July 16, possibly as a result of the early degassing of CO2 while an eruption was ongoing at Mount Etna. The observed variations and the highest 13C values measured at Mount Etna during this campaign lead to new questions about the variability of this geochemical tracer. The comparisons with the CO2/SO2 ratio also confirm that monitoring 13C in plume gases in real time, coupled to other geochemical tracers, is important for elucidating the magma dynamics at depth.
    Description: Published
    Description: 182-191
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: d13C ; CO2 concentration ; real-time measurements ; Crater plume ; CO2/SO2 ratio ; Mount Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2021-03-05
    Description: In summer 2013 a toxic and polluting gas blowout (19 tonnes day−1 CO2, 95 kg day−1 CH4) occurred from two shallow boreholes drilled at only 50 m from the International Airport of Rome (Italy), in the town of Fiumicino. Another gas blowout occurred in the same period from a borehole located offshore, 2 km away, also generating sea-water acidification; it lasted only a couple of days. Onshore, CO2was also diffusing fromholes within the soil, particularly toward the airport, generating a soil flux up to 1.8 tonnes day−1. In 3.5 months ~1500 tonnes of CO2 and 5.4 tonnes of CH4 were emitted in the atmosphere. Temporal monitoring of gas geochemistry indicates that in this area a mixing occurs between shallow and pressurized gas pockets, CO2-dominated, but with different chemical (i.e., He/CH4 ratio) and isotopic (3He/4He, δ13C-δDCH4) characteristics. Numerical simulation of CO2 dispersion in the atmosphere showed that dangerous air CO2 concentrations, up to lethal values, were only found near the vents at a height of 0.2 m. Fiumicino is a high blowout risk area, as CO2 rising through deep reaching faults pressurizes the shallowaquifer contained in gravels confined underneath shales of the Tiber delta deposits. The Fiumicino blowout is a typical example of dangerous phenomenon that may occur in urban context lying nearby active or recent volcanoes and requires quick response on hazard assessment by scientists to be addressed to civil protection and administrators.
    Description: Published
    Description: 54-65
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Endogenous gas blowout from shallow wells ; Chemical and isotopic composition of gas and water ; Viscous flux and diffuse soil gas flux measurements ; Simulation andmonitoring of air CO2 dispersion ; Hazard assessment ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Here we report the first measurements of gas masses released during a rare period of strombolian activity at the Bocca Nuova crater, Mt. Etna, Sicily. UV camera data acquired for 195 events over an ≈27 minute period (27th July 2012) indicate erupted SO2 masses ranging from ≈0.1 to ≈14 kg per event, with corresponding total gas masses of ≈0.1 to 74 kg. Thus, the activity was characterised by more frequent and smaller events than typically associated with strombolian activity on volcanoes such as Stromboli. Events releasing larger measured gas masses were followed by relatively long repose periods before the following burst, a feature not previously reported on from gas measurement data. If we assume that gas transport within the magma can be represented by a train of rising gas pockets or slugs, then the high frequency of events indicates that these slugs must have been in close proximity. In this case the longer repose durations associated with the larger slugs would be consistent with interactions between adjacent slugs leading to coalescence, a process expedited close to the surface by rapid slug expansion. We apply basic modelling considerations to the measured gas masses in order to investigate potential slug characteristics governing the observed activity.We also cross correlated the acquired gas fluxes with contemporaneously obtained seismic data but found no relationship between the series in line with the mild form of manifest explosivity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103–111
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Mild strombolian activity ; Ultra-violet imaging ; Volcanic gas measurements ; Slug dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: We present a coupled fluid-dynamic and electromagnetic model for volcanic ash plumes. In a forward approach, the model is able to simulate the plume dynamics from prescribed input flow conditions and generate the corresponding synthetic thermal infrared (TIR) image, allowing a comparison with field-based observations. An inversion procedure is then developed to retrieve vent conditions from TIR images, and to independently estimate the mass eruption rate. The adopted fluid-dynamic model is based on a one-dimensional, stationary description of a self-similar turbulent plume, for which an asymptotic analytical solution is obtained. The electromagnetic emission/absorption model is based on Schwarzschild's equation and on Mie's theory for disperse particles, and we assume that particles are coarser than the radiation wavelength (about 10 μm) and that scattering is negligible. In the inversion procedure, model parameter space is sampled to find the optimal set of input conditions which minimizes the difference between the experimental and the synthetic image. Application of the inversion procedure to an ash plume at Santiaguito (Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala) has allowed us to retrieve the main plume input parameters, namely mass flow rate, initial radius, velocity, temperature, gas mass ratio, entrainment coefficient and their related uncertainty. Moreover, by coupling with the electromagnetic model we have been able to obtain a reliable estimate of the equivalent Sauter diameter of the total particle size distribution. The presented method is general and, in principle, can be applied to the spatial distribution of particle concentration and temperature obtained by any fluid-dynamic model, either integral or multidimensional, stationary or time-dependent, single or multiphase. The method discussed here is fast and robust, thus indicating potential for applications to real-time estimation of ash mass flux and particle size distribution, which is crucial for model-based forecasts of the volcanic ash dispersal process.
    Description: Published
    Description: 129–147
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Volcanic ash plume ; Volcanic ash plume ; Thermal camera ; Inversion ; Mass flow ; Particle size ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Different procedures were used to analyze a comprehensive time series of nighttime thermal infrared images acquired from October 2006 to June 2013 by a permanent station at Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, Italy). The methodologies were aimed at the detection and quantification of possible spatiotemporal changes in the ground-surface thermal features of an area affected by diffuse degassing. Long-term infrared time series images were processed without taking into account atmospheric conditions and emissivity estimations. The data obtained were compared with the trends of independent geophysical and geochemical parameters, which suggested that long-term temporal variations of the surface maximum temperatures were governed by the dynamics of the deeper hydrothermal system. Analogously, the dynamics of the shallow hydrothermal system are likely to control the short-period thermal oscillations that overlie the long-term thermal signals. The map of the yearly rates of temperature change shows temperature increases clustered in the thermal anomalous area of the infrared images, without evidence of modifications to the extension of the anomaly or of growth of new areas with significant thermal emission. This suggests that in the present state, the heat transfer is mainly due to hot gas emission through preexisting fractures and vents. Our data indicate that the comprehensive picture of the spatiotemporal evolution of the thermal features of the hydrothermal sites obtained by long-term infrared monitoring can provide useful information toward refining physical and conceptual models, as well as improving surveillance of active volcanoes.
    Description: The TIR monitoring system was partially funded by the 2000–2006 National Operating Programme and by the Italian Civil Protection Department in the framework of the 2004–2006 agreement with the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 812–826
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Thermal Infrared Monitoring ; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Naples is a large city located between two active volcanic areas: Campi Flegrei to theWand Vesuvius to the SE. The Solfatara crater, inside the caldera of the Campi Flegrei and nearest to the western quarters of the city, is a prodigious source of natural CO2 with a mean emission rate of 1067 ton/d, i.e. seven times higher than that of Vesuvius(151 ton/d). This study shows that the area around the Solfatara and part of the urban area of Naples are affected by the volcanic plume when atmospheric circulatory patterns are dominated by the locally frequent sea breezes. Under these conditions the CO2 content in the air increases above normal values, reaching more than 1000 ppm in proximity to the Solfatara crater to a few tens of ppm several kilometres from the source. Although these values do not indicate a health risk even under the most unfavourable atmospheric conditions, the volcanic source contributes to the total CO2 burden from all urban emissions and hence to overall air quality. An emission rate ten times higher than the present one would lead to an air CO2 concentration in excess of recommended health protection thresholds.
    Description: Published
    Description: 52-61
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: CO2 dispersion; Solfatara; Gas hazard; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We installed a permanent SO2 camera system on Stromboli, Italy, in May 2013, in order to improve our capacity to monitor the SO2 emissions from this volcano. The camera collects images of SO2 concentrations with a period of ~ 10 s, allowing quantification of short-term processes, such as the gas released during the frequent explosions which are synonymous with Stromboli. It also allows quantification of the quiescent gas flux, and therefore comparison with the FLAME network of scanning ultraviolet spectrometers previously installed on the island. Analysis of results from the SO2 camera demonstrated a good agreement with the FLAME network when the plume was blown fully into the field of view of the camera. Permanent volcano monitoring with SO2 cameras is still very much in its infancy, and therefore this finding is a significant step in the use of such cameras for monitoring, whilst also highlighting the requirement of a favourable wind direction and strength. We found that the explosion gas emissions are correlated with seismic events which have a very long period component. There is a variable time lag between event onset time and the increase in gas flux observed by the camera as the explosion gas advects into the field of view of the camera. This variable lag is related to the plume direction, as shown by comparison with the plume location detected with the FLAME network. The correlation between explosion gas emissions and seismic signal amplitude show is consistent with a gas slug-driven mechanism for seismic event production. Comparison of the SO2 camera measurements of the quiescent gas flux shows a fair quantitative agreement with the SO2 flux measured with the FLAME network. Overall, the SO2 camera complements the FLAME network well, as it allows frequent quantification of the explosion gas flux produced by Stromboli, whose signal is in general too brief to be measured with the FLAME network. Further work is required, however, to fully automate the calculation of SO2 flux from the SO2 images captured with the camera, and to adequately account for scattering effects.
    Description: Published
    Description: 95-102
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Stromboli ; SO2 flux ; VLP ; Explosion ; SO2 camera ; volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2019-04-03
    Description: Since January 2011, Mt. Etna volcano has been affected by more than forty paroxysmal eruptions at the summit (New South East Crater; NSEC). On the basis of their very variable duration, seven eruptions have been selected among the twenty-five of 2011–2012 in order to decipher potential differences in their triggering mechanism. Paroxysms have been investigated through a multidisciplinary approach that integrates data from volcanic tremor and petrology (textures and micro-analysis on plagioclase crystals). Our results lead to the conclusion that close relationships exist between the duration of the eruptions and the temporal evolution of the volcanic tremor amplitude, especially during the Strombolian phase preceding the paroxysmal activity. In this regard, we distinguished: 1) paroxysms preceded by long-lasting initial Strombolian phases, characterized by low rate of volcanic tremor amplitude increase; and 2) eruptions preceded by short initial Strombolian phases, showing high rate of volcanic tremor amplitude increase. Based on the pattern of volcanic tremor amplitude increase, the former mainly showed a ramp-shaped morphology, while the latter a bell-shaped trend. Location of the volcanic tremor centroid during the quiescent intervals between the paroxysmal eruptions has highlighted the presence of a magmatic volume at 1–2 km a.s.l. beneath the North East Crater (NEC). During the syn-eruptive Strombolian and lava fountaining phases, the centroid of volcanic tremor migrates below the NSEC. This leads to the consideration that the magma batch residing beneath NEC played an important role in the volcanic activity at NSEC during the considered period. Also the textures and compositional zoning (anorthite and iron variations) in selected plagioclase crystals of the analyzed lavas suggest relations between duration of the paroxysms and dynamics of pre-eruptive magmatic processes at depth. Particularly, two mechanisms have been accounted for triggering of eruptions at the NSEC on the basis of the concordant or discordant behavior of anorthite and iron in plagioclase coupled with disequilibrium textures at the rim. Concordant anorthite and iron increases in plagioclase crystals with sieve-textured rims indicate recharge by more mafic, gas-rich magma. This textural-compositional behavior has been related to long-lasting eruptions, whose volcanic tremor amplitude evolution produced ramp-shaped increase of the volcanic tremor amplitude before the paroxysmal phase. On the contrary, crystalswith sieve-textures at the rim, characterized by increasing iron at rather constant or decreasing anorthite, suggest the prominent role of gas injections into the residing system. In this instance, the compositional behavior has been linked with short-lasting eruptions, whose volcanic tremor amplitude evolution led to a sudden increase of the seismic amplitude before the climax of the eruption. Thus, our work put forward the idea that the evolution and duration of the Strombolian phase preceding the paroxysmal eruptions of 2011–2012 at Mt. Etna are strongly controlled by the eruption triggering mechanism, which can be either gas burst or gas-rich magma recharge.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1–13
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Etna ; Volcanic tremor ; Paroxysmal activity ; Plagioclase Texture ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2021-12-02
    Description: In this paper an estimation ismade of the temporal evolution of volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from Mt. Etna during its eruption phases. The retrieval is performed using MSG-SEVIRI (Meteosat Second Generation — Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra Red Imager) images in the TIR (Thermal InfraRed) spectral range. The ash and SO2 plume abundance maps are computed using the Volcanic Plume Removal (VPR) procedure originally applied to MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensors on board the NASA Terra and Aqua satellites. As test cases, two 2011 lava fountain episodeswere considered. The set of parameters required by VPR for the Mt. Etna volcano, Volz type particles, and the SEVIRI sensor are presented. Once the parameters have been computed, the VPR approach requires as input only the SEVIRI-TIR radiances of the bands centered at 8.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm, together with the plume temperature and altitude. The VPR returns maps of plume particles' effective radius, aerosol optical depth at 550 nm, and columnar abundance of ash and SO2. A new procedure for estimating wind speed and direction is also presented. Since the ash and SO2 abundance maps, and wind speed at the plume altitude are known, it is possible to reconstruct the ash and SO2 fluxes emitted during the eruption through time. The VPR procedure, applied to TIR SEVIRI data, allows for fast and reliable ash and SO2 retrieval with high temporal resolution during both day and night, and is thus suitable for operational use during a volcanic crisis.
    Description: Published
    Description: 63-71
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: ash and SO2 volcanic monitoring, retrieval techniques, remote sensing, SEVIRI data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
    Description: We report here on thefirst record of carbon dioxide gas emission rates from a volcano, captured at≈1 Hz. These data were acquired with a novel technique, based on the integration of UV camera observations (to measure SO2 emission rates) and field portable gas analyser readings of plume CO2/SO2 ratios. Our measurements were performedat the North East crater of Mount Etna, southern Italy, and the data reveal strong variability in CO2 emissions over timescales of tens to hundreds of seconds, spanning two orders of magnitude. This carries importantimplications for attempts to constrain global volcanic CO2 release to the atmosphere, and will lead to an increased insight into short term CO2 degassing trends. A common oscillation in CO2 and SO2 emission rates in addition to the CO2/SO2 ratios was observed at periods of ≈89 s. Our results are furthermore suggestive of an intriguing temporal lag between oscillations in CO2 emissions and seismicity at periods of ≈300–400 s, with peaks and troughs in the former series leading those in the latter by ≈150 s. This work opens the way to the acquisition of further datasets with this methodology across a range of basaltic systems to better our understandingof deep magmatic processes and of degassing links to manifest geophysical signals
    Description: Published
    Description: 115–121
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Passive degassing ; Volcanic remote sensing ; Plume imaging ; Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: La rivista non prevede l'Abstract e inizia direttamente dall'Introduzione, che viene sotto riportata. In ambiente vulcanico, al fine di monitorare e studiare l’azione delle sorgenti, è di fondamentale importanza riuscire a misurare con estrema precisione l’espansione/contrazione del mezzo. Questo è ottenibile attraverso l’utilizzo di strumenti noti come borehole strainmeters (o dilatometri da pozzo). Lo strumento di base e' da un punto di vista teorico abbastanza semplice. Consiste di un tubo cilindrico, al suo interno riempito di specifico fluido (solitamente olio di silicone), da installare in un foro appositamente trivellato ponendolo in contatto con le pareti rocciose del foro attraverso l’utilizzo di cementi ad espansione, che consentono un perfetto accoppiamento strumento-mezzo. La variazione di livello del fluido indotta dalla variazione dello strain nel mezzo circostante è quindi misurata con estrema precisione attraverso un apposito sensore. I dilatometri da pozzo sono gli strumenti più sensibili alle variazioni dello stato degli sforzi finora realizzati a fini geofisici (sensibilità nominale dV/V fino a 10-12). La tipologia di strumentazione utilizzata nelle installazioni all’Etna è quella nota come Sacks-Evertson borehole strainmeters (o dilatometers) [Sacks et al., 1971]. Le principali caratteristiche tecniche della strumentazione sono riportate in tabella 1. Gli strainmeters e l’elettronica di controllo sono prodotti dal Department Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) del Carnegie Institution di Washington. I colleghi del DTM sono presenti alle fasi finali d’installazione e di avvio dell’operatività strumentale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-25
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcano monitoring ; borehole dilatometers ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: Between January 2011 and April 2012, Santorini volcano (Greece) experienced a period of unrest characterised by the onset of detectable seismicity and caldera-wide uplift. This episode of inflation represented the first sizeable intrusion of magma beneath Santorini in the past 50 years. We employ a new approach using 222 Rn– δ 13 C systematics to identify and quantify the source of diffuse degassing at Santorini during the period of renewed activity. Soil CO 2 flux measurements were made across a network of sites on Nea Kameni between September 2010 and January 2012. Gas samples were collected in April and September 2011 for isotopic analysis of CO 2 ( δ 13 C), and radon detectors were deployed during September 2011 to measure ( 222 Rn). Our results reveal a change in the pattern of degassing from the summit of the volcano (Nea Kameni) and suggest an increase in diffuse CO 2 emissions between September 2010 and January 2012. High-CO 2 -flux soil gas samples have δ 13 C ∼ 0 .Using this value and other evidence from the literature we conclude that these CO 2 emissions from Santorini were a mixture between CO 2 sourced from magma, and CO 2 released by the thermal or metamorphic breakdown of crustal limestone. We suggest that this mixing of magmatic and crustal carbonate sources may account more broadly for the typical range of δ 13 CvaluesofCO 2 (from ∼− 4 to ∼+ 1 )in diffuse volcanic and fumarole gas emissions around the Mediterranean, without the need to invoke unusual mantle source compositions. At Santorini a mixing model involving magmatic CO 2 (with δ 13 C of − 3 ± 2 and elevated ( 222 Rn)/CO 2 ratios ∼ 10 5 –10 6 Bqkg − 1 )andCO 2 released from decarbonation of crustal limestone (with ( 222 Rn)/CO 2 ∼ 30–300 Bqkg − 1 ,and δ 13 Cof + 5 ) can account for the δ 13 C and ( 222 Rn)/CO 2 characteristics of the ‘high flux’ gas source. This model suggests ∼ 60% of the carbon in the high flux deep CO 2 end member is of magmatic origin. This combination of δ 13 Cand( 222 Rn) measurements has potential to quantify magmatic and crustal contributions to the diffuse outgassing of CO 2 in volcanic areas, especially those where breakdown of crustal limestone is likely to contribute significantly to the CO 2 flux
    Description: Published
    Description: 180-190
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: volcanic unrest ; soil gas measurements ; carbon isotopic analysis ; magmatic degassing ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Copahue volcano is part of the Caviahue–Copahue Volcanic Complex (CCVC),which is located in the southwestern sector of the Caviahue volcano-tectonic depression (Argentina–Chile). This depression is a pull-apart basin accommodating stresses between the southern Liquiñe–Ofqui strike slip and the northern Copahue–Antiñir compressive fault systems, in a back-arc setting with respect to the Southern Andean Volcanic Zone. In this study, we present chemical (inorganic and organic) and isotope compositions (δ13C-CO2, δ15N, 3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, δ13C-CH4, δD-CH4, and δD-H2O and δ18O-H2O) of fumaroles and bubbling gases of thermal springs located at the foot of Copahue volcano sampled in 2006, 2007 and 2012. Helium isotope ratios, the highest observed for a Southern American volcano (R/Ra up to 7.94), indicate a non-classic arc-like setting, but rather an extensional regime subdued to asthenospheric thinning. δ13C-CO2 values (from −8.8‰ to −6.8‰ vs. V-PDB), δ15N values (+5.3‰ to +5.5‰ vs. Air) and CO2/3He ratios (from 1.4 to 8.8 × 109) suggest that the magmatic source is significantly affected by contamination of subducted sediments. Gases discharged from the northern sector of the CCVC show contribution of 3He-poor fluids likely permeating through local fault systems. Despite the clear mantle isotope signature in the CCVC gases, the acidic gas species have suffered scrubbing processes by a hydrothermal system mainly recharged by meteoric water. Gas geothermometry in the H2O-CO2-CH4-CO-H2 system suggests that CO and H2 re-equilibrate in a separated vapor phase at 200°–220 °C. On the contrary, rock–fluid interactions controlling CO2, CH4 production from Sabatier reaction and C3H8 dehydrogenation seem to occur within the hydrothermal reservoir at temperatures ranging from 250° to 300 °C. Fumarole gases sampled in 2006–2007 show relatively low N2/He and N2/Ar ratios and high R/Ra values with respect to those measured in 2012. Such compositional and isotope variations were likely related to injection of mafic magma that likely triggered the 2000 eruption. Therefore, changes affecting the magmatic systemhad a delayed effect on the chemistry of the CCVC gases due to the presence of the hydrothermal reservoir. However, geochemical monitoring activities mainly focused on the behavior of inert gas compounds (N2 and He), should be increased to investigate the mechanism at the origin of the unrest started in 2011.
    Description: Published
    Description: 44–56
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Fluid geochemistry ; Copahue volcano ; Fumarolic fluid ; Hydrothermal reservoir ; Volcanic unrest ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Measurements of soil fluxes of hydrothermal gases, with special emphasis on C6H6, as well as chemical composition of mono-aromatic compounds in fumaroles and air, were carried out in April 2012 at the Solfatara crater (Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy) to investigate the distribution and behavior of these species as they migrate through the soil from their deep source to the atmosphere. Soil fluxes of CO2, CH4 and C6H6 exhibit good spatial correlation, suggesting that diffuse degassing is mainly controlled by local fractures. The calculated total output of diffuse C6H6 from Solfatara is 0.10 kg day 1, whereas fluxes of CO2 and CH4 are 79 103 and 1.04 kg day 1, respectively. A comparison between soil gas fluxes and fumarole composition reveals that within the crater soil CH4 is significantly affected by oxidation processes, which are more efficient for low gas fluxes, being dependent on the residence time of the uprising hydrothermal gases at shallow depth. Benzene degradation, mainly proceeding through oxidation via benzoate, seems to be strongly controlled by the presence of a shallow SO2 4 -rich aquifer located in the central and southwestern sectors of the crater, suggesting that the process is particularly efficient when SO2 4 acts as terminal electron acceptor (SO4 reduction). Relatively high C6H6/C7H8 ratios, typical of hydrothermal fluids, were measured in air close to the main fumarolic field of Solfatara crater. Here, C6H6 concentrations, whose detection limit is 0.1 lgm 3, are more than one order of magnitude higher than the limit value for ambient air (5 lgm 3). This suggests that hydrothermal fluids have a strong impact on air quality in the immediate surroundings of the fumarolic vents. Significant concentrations of endogenous mono-aromatics were also detected in air samples collected from the northern and western sides of the crater, where these gas compounds are mostly fed by diffuse degassing through the crater bottom soil.
    Description: Published
    Description: 142–153
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: hydrothermal gases ; Solfatara crater ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Herein, we present a method for continuous measurement of soil CO2 flux that is completely new and distinct from existing instruments. The foremost difference is that instead of using an infrared gas analyser (IRGA), the new device measures soil CO2 flux by means of a simple pressure sensor, measuring pressure transients inside a closed polymeric tube inserted into the soil. This allows continuous measurements even in soil placed in environments that could potentially damage IRGA. In addition, due to the innovative operating principle, measurements of soil CO2 flux can be effortlessly performed also in strongly harsh weather conditions. Theoretical equations were derived for calculating soil CO2 flux solely using measured transient values. The reliability of the equations was rigorously tested with a variety of experiments. Continuous measurements over four months, acquired in a high-emission area on the Island of Vulcano, compared favourably with the data obtained using an established method.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102-109
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Soil CO2 flux measurements ; Continuous monitoring ; Methods of measurement ; Polymeric membranes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Our study is aimed to develop a 3D physical model of the Campi Flegrei geothermal system, in order to achieve a more accurate and comprehensive representation of the hydrothermal processes occurring in the caldera. The new model, developed by using the TOUGH2 code simulator, accounts for the caldera rocks' physical properties, bathymetry and water table topography. In particular, the computational domain is constrained by density values obtained by tomographic inversion of gravity data collected during several surveys at CF both onshore and offshore the caldera. Empirical relations between density and porosity and between porosity and permeability, derived by published data on samples cored in deep wells or collected in outcrops, allowed us to characterize the main rocks physical parameters controlling the dynamic of the CF geothermal system. We have performed and compared several simulations investigating the effects of the injection at depth, underneath Solfatara crater, of a hot gaseous mixture rich in CO2. We show that, with respect to the available literature on 2D axisymmetric models, the effects of the water table topography together with the bathymetry and the heterogeneous distribution of the rocks' physical properties, lead to important differences in the hydrothermal circulation of fluids at CF. These constraints allow the activation of convective cells with different behaviors, which produce variable patterns of temperature inside the hydrothermal system. As a consequence, the predominant effect is again represented by a central plume below the Solfatara crater, but with a non-axisymmetric structure and a wider extension. Additionally, high temperature zones are present near the coastline and in the middle part of the submerged area of the caldera with a SE–NW alignment. Moreover, our results indicate that, the submerged part of the CF caldera would deserve a more accurate study and survey, being affected by phenomenon of heating and degassing. This information could be very useful in terms of hazard assessment and volcanic risk mitigation in such an active and densely inhabited volcanic and geothermal area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 172-182
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; Geothermal system ; 3D model ; Water table topography ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The UV camera is becoming an important new tool in the armory of volcano geochemists to derive high time resolution SO2 flux measurements. Furthermore, the high camera spatial resolution is particularly useful for exploring multiple-source SO2 gas emissions, for instance the composite fumarolic systems topping most quiescent volcanoes. Here, we report on the first SO2 flux measurements from individual fumaroles of the fumarolic field of La Fossa crater (Vulcano Island, Aeolian Island), which we performed using a UV camera in two field campaigns: in November 12, 2009 and February 4, 2010. We derived ~ 0.5 Hz SO2 flux time-series finding fluxes from individual fumaroles, ranging from 2 to 8.7 t d−1, with a total emission from the entire system of ~ 20 t d−1 and ~ 13 t d−1, in November 2009 and February 2010 respectively. These data were augmented with molar H2S/SO2, CO2/SO2 and H2O/SO2 ratios, measured using a portable MultiGAS analyzer, for the individual fumaroles. Using the SO2 flux data in tandem with the molar ratios, we calculated the flux of volcanic species from individual fumaroles, and the crater as a whole: CO2 (684 t d−1 and 293 t d−1), H2S (8 t d−1 and 7.5 t d−1) and H2O (580 t d−1 and 225 t d−1).
    Description: Published
    Description: 47-52
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: UV camera ; fumaroles ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the last thirty years, numerous eruptions and associated deformation episodes have occurred at Mt. Etna volcano. Datasets recorded by continuous monitoring of these episodes provide a unique opportunity to study the relationships between volcanism, flank instability and faulting activity. We have investigated the stress triggering mechanism between magmatic reservoir inflation, intrusive episodes and flank dynamics. Using three-dimensional numerical Boundary Elements Models we simulated volcano-tectonic events and calculated Coulomb stress changes. Using this modeling approach, we analyzed four realistic scenarios that are representative of recent kinematics occurring at Mt. Etna. The main results obtained highlight how (1) the inflation of a deep spherical magma source transfers elastic stress to a sliding plane and faults (2) the opening of the NE Rift and S Rift (to a less efficient extent) favor movements of the instable sector and may encourage seismicity on the eastern flank faults, and (3) flank instability may trigger the uprising of magma. Defining the effects of the elastic stress transfer and relationships among the main forces acting on volcano, may help to forecast possible eruption scenarios during future episodes of unrest at Mount Etna and provide an important tool for decision makers during volcanic emergencies involving the highly populated areas of the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 149-158
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Coulomb Stress changes ; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 45
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    Elsevier Science Limited
    In:  Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.08. 013.
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A pilot GIS-based system has been implemented for the assessment and analysis of hazard related to active faults affecting the eastern and southern flanks of Mt. Etna. The system structure was developed in ArcGis® environment and consists of different thematic datasets that include spatially-referenced arc-features and associated database. Arc-type features, georeferenced into WGS84 Ellipsoid UTM zone 33 Projection, represent the five main fault systems that develop in the analysed region. The backbone of the GIS-based system is constituted by the large amount of information which was collected from the literature and then stored and properly geocoded in a digital database. This consists of thirty five alpha-numeric fields which include all fault parameters available from literature such us location, kinematics, landform, slip rate, etc. Although the system has been implemented according to the most common procedures used by GIS developer, the architecture and content of the database represent a pilot backbone for digital storing of fault parameters, providing a powerful tool in modelling hazard related to the active tectonics of Mt. Etna. The database collects, organises and shares all scientific currently available information about the active faults of the volcano. Furthermore, thanks to the strong effort spent on defining the fields of the database, the structure proposed in this paper is open to the collection of further data coming from future improvements in the knowledge of the fault systems. By layering additional user-specific geographic information and managing the proposed database (topological querying) a great diversity of hazard and vulnerability maps can be produced by the user. This is a proposal of a backbone for a comprehensive geographical database of fault systems, universally applicable to other sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 170-186
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 5.5. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: GIS-based system ; Hazard assessment ; Volcano-tectonics ; Flank dynamics ; Georeferenced arc-features ; Active fault database ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: From October 2008 to November 2009, soil CO2, radon and structural field surveys were performed on Mt. Etna, in order to acquire insights into active tectonic structures in a densely populated sector of the south-eastern flank of the volcano, which is involved in the flank dynamics, as highlighted by satellite data (InSAR). The studied area extends about 150 km2, in a sector of the volcano where InSAR results detected several lineaments that were not well-defined from previous geological surveys. In order to validate and better constrain these features with ground data evidences, soil CO2 and soil radon measurements were performed along transects roughly orthogonal to the newly detected faults, with measurement points spaced about 100 m. In each transect, the highest CO2 values were found very close to the lineaments evidenced by InSAR observations. Anomalous soil CO2 and radon values were also measured at old eruptive fractures. In some portions of the investigated area soil gas anomalies were rather broad over transects, probably suggesting a complex structural framework consisting of several parallel volcano-tectonic structures, instead of a single one. Soil gas measurements proved particularly useful in areas at higher altitude on Mt. Etna (i.e. above 900 m asl), where InSAR results are not very informative/ are fairly limited, and allowed recognizing the prolongation of some tectonic lineaments towards the summit of the volcano. At a lower altitude on the volcanic edifice, soil gas anomalies define the active structures indicated by InSAR results prominently, down to almost the coastline and through the northern periphery of the city of Catania. Coupling InSARwith soil gas prospectingmethods has thus proved to be a powerful tool in detecting hidden active structures that do not show significant field evidences.
    Description: This work was funded by the DPC-INGV project “Flank”
    Description: Published
    Description: 27-40
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: CO2 ; Radon ; InSAR ; Faults ; Etna ; Volcano-tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The ordinary, low intensity, activity of Stromboli volcano is sporadically interrupted by more energetic events termed, depending on their intensity, “major explosions” and “paroxysms”. These short-lived energetic episodes represent a potential risk to visitors to the highly accessible summit of Stromboli. Observations made at Stromboli over the last decade have shown that the composition of gas emitted from the summit craters may change prior to such explosions, allowing the possibility that such changes may be used to forecast these potentially dangerous events. In 2008 we installed a novel, remote-controlled, open-path FTIR scanning system called Cerberus at the summit of Stromboli, with the objective of measuring gas compositions from individual vents within the summit crater terrace of the volcano with high temporal resolution and for extended periods. In this work we report the first results from the Cerberus system, collected in August-September 2009, November 2009 and May-June 2010. We find significant, fairly consistent, intra-crater variability for CO2/SO2 and H2O/CO2 ratios, and relatively homogeneous SO2/HCl ratios. In general, the southwest crater is richest in CO2, and the northeast crater poorest, while the central crater is richest in H2O. It thus appears that during the measurement period the southwest crater had a somewhat more direct connection to a primary, deep degassing system; whilst the central and northeast craters reflect a slightly more secondary degassing nature, with a supplementary, shallow H2O source for the central crater, probably related to puffing activity. Such water-rich emissions from the central crater can account for the lower crystal content of its eruption products, and emphasise the role of continual magma supply to the shallowest levels of Stromboli's plumbing system. Our observations of heterogeneous crater gas emissions and high H2O/CO2 ratios do not agree with models of CO2-flushing, and we show that simple depressurisation during magma ascent to the surface is a more likely model for H2O loss at Stromboli. We highlight that alternative explanations other than CO2 flushing are required to explain distributions of H2O and CO2 amounts dissolved in melt inclusions. We detected fairly systematic increases in CO2/SO2 ratio some weeks prior to major explosions, and some evidence of a decrease in this ratio in the days immediately preceding the explosions, with periods of low, stable CO2/SO2 ratios between explosions otherwise. Our measurements, therefore, confirm the medium term (~ weeks) precursory increases previously observed with MultiGas instruments, and, in addition, reveal new, short-term precursory decreases in CO2/SO2 ratios. immediately prior to the major explosions. Such patterns, if shown to be systematic, may be of great utility for hazard management at Stromboli's summit. Our results suggest that intra-crater CO2/SO2 variability may produce short-term peaks and troughs in CO2/SO2 time series measured with in-situ MultiGas instruments, due simply to variations in wind direction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 66-76
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: OP-FTIR scanning system ; Stromboli Volcano ; Explosive activity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic edifices are often unable to support their own load, triggering the instability of their flanks. Many analogue models have been aimed, especially in the last decade, at understanding the processes leading to volcano flank instability; general behaviors were defined and the experimental results were compared to nature. However, available data at well-studied unstable volcanoes may allow a deeper understanding of the specific processes leading to instability, providing insights also at the local scale. Etna (Italy) constitutes a suitable example for such a possibility, because of its well-monitored flank instability, for which different triggering factors have been proposed in the last two decades. Among these factors, recent InSAR data highlight the role played by magmatic intrusions and a weak basement, under a differential unbuttressing at the volcano base. This study considers original and recently published experimental data to test these factors possibly responsible for flank instability, with the final aim to better understand and summarize the conditions leading to flank instability at Etna. In particular, we simulate the following processes: a) the longterm activity of a lithospheric boundary, as the Malta Escarpment, separating the Ionian oceanic lithosphere from the continental Sicilian lithosphere, below the most unstable east flank of the volcano; b) spreading due to a weak basement, with different boundary conditions; c) the pressurization of a magmatic reservoir, as that active during the 1994–2001 inflation period; d) dike emplacement, as observed during the major 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions. The experimental results suggest that: 1) the long-term activity of a lithospheric tectonic boundary may create a topographic slope which provides a differential buttressing at the volcano base, a preparing factor to drive longer-term (〉105 years) instability on the east flank of the volcano; 2) volcano spreading (b104 years) has limited effect on flank instability at Etna; 3) magmatic intrusions (b101 years), both in the form of Mogi-like sources or dikes, provide the most important conditions to trigger flank instability on the shorter-term.
    Description: Thisworkwas partially funded by INGV and the Italian DPC (DPC-INGV project V4 “Flank”).
    Description: Published
    Description: 98-111
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcano instability ; analogue modeling ; Etna ; unbuttressing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We analyzed crater SO2 fluxes from Mt Etna, together with soil CO2 effluxes from the volcano's flanks, in the period from 2001 to 2005. Between the 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions, persistently low values of both parameters suggest that no new gas-rich magma was accumulating at shallow depth (b5 km) within Etna's central conduit, whereas very high SO2 sin-eruptive fluxes during the two eruptions indicated sudden decompression of an un-degassed magma rising along newly-formed eccentric conduits. In November 2003, soil CO2 data indicate migration of gas-rich magma from deep (〉10 km) to shallow (b5 km) portions of the feeding conduits, preceded by an increase in crater SO2 fluxes. A similar behavior was observed also during and after the following 2004–2005 eruption. This degassing style matches a period of increased structural instability of the volcanic edifice caused by acceleration of spreading that affected both its eastern and southern flanks. Spreading could have triggered progressively deeper depressurization in the central conduit, inducing release of the more soluble gas (SO2) first, and then of CO2, contrary to what was observed before the 2001 eruption. This suggests that the edifice has depressurized, promoting ascent of fresh-magma and increasing permeability favouring release of CO2 flux. By integrating geochemical and structural data, previous degassing models developed at Mt. Etna have been updated to advance the understanding of eruptive events that occurred in recent years.
    Description: This work was funded by grants from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and from the Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 90-97
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geochemical modeling ; volcano monitoring ; volcanic gases ; Tectonics and magmatism ; flank collapse ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Cuticle micromorphology together with epidermal and epistomatal wax, in both current- and first-year-old needles of conifer Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) trees growing under volcanic gas fumigation was analysed in Pisciarelli area, Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy. As a control, current- and first-year-old needles growing far from volcanic gas emission were also sampled. Using a multidisciplinary approach with SEM, TEM and X-ray, volcanic gases were shown to cause degradation on epicuticular and epistomatal waxes. Significant statistical variations of ultrastructural components of the cuticle, with 30 measurements, including total thickness of the cuticle, and details and proportions of all different layers, and use of confidence interval, revealed a high degree of sensitivity of Aleppo pine to this extreme environment. In the present study, non-significant thickness variations of the cell wall plus cuticle among current- and first-year-old needles of both fumigated and non fumigated trees have been found. However, at the ultrastructural level, significant variations in cell wall and total cuticle thickness, especially within the three zones of B1 fibrillar layer, revealed different equilibria for each of the four types of material. Using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, no sulphur was found in either cuticle or epidermal cells, but the presence of H2S in the fumarole gas is suspected to cause indirect and/or direct cuticle alterations of wax structure. Ultrastructural characters of plant cuticles related to emission of volcanic gases during the geological past are also discussed. Among these considerations, an identification key enabling distinction between non fumigated and fumigated materials with 9 characters, provides a good tool detecting the influence of volcanism for extant and fossil plants.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1–17
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; Volcanic gases ; Pinus halepensis ; Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Results of observations of the Mt. Vesuvius caldera, carried out by means of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in May 2005, October 2006 and June 2009, are reported here. In each survey the whole crater was acquired with 17/20 scans from 6 different viewpoints and the corresponding digital surface models were generated and registered into the UTM-WGS84 reference frame. In this way, a comparison between the multitemporal models leads to an evaluation of the occurred changes. The deformation maps, i.e. the contouring plots of the differences between the models along the direction of maximum variations, showed a progressive mass loss due to rock-falls from the NE vertical crater wall whose area was about View the MathML source. The TLS data also showed the accumulation at the bottom. The volume loss which occurred from 2005 to 2009, was computed by subtraction of volumes defined with respect to reference planes parallel to the caldera walls and was estimated to be View the MathML source. The volume uncertainties due to registration errors, subsampling noise effects, and effects due to choice of the reference plane, were also estimated. Some results were also interpreted on the basis of micro-seismic and meteorological data in order to plan a monitoring technique where seismic signals related to rock-fall and/or signals of intense rainfalls are used as alarms for fast TLS surveys able to characterize the corresponding changes of the caldera walls. The proposed methodology, in particular the simple but effective approach used in the estimation of volume uncertainties, can be applied to each rock slope instability phenomenon, regardless of the particular environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 327–336
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Terrestrial laser scanning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2021-09-03
    Description: Gas hazard was evaluated in the three most important cold gas emission zones on the flanks of the quiescent Colli Albani volcano. These zones are located above structural highs of the buried carbonate basement which represents the main regional aquifer and the main reservoir for gas rising from depth. All extensional faults affecting the limestone reservoir represent leaking pathways along which gas rises to the surface and locally accumulates in shallow permeable horizons forming pressurized pockets that may produce gas blowout when reached by wells. The gas, mainly composed by CO2 (〉90 vol.%), contains appreciable quantities of H2S (0.35-6 vol.%), and both represent a potentially high local hazard. Both gases are denser than air and accumulate near ground where they may reach hazardous concentrations, and actually lethal accidents frequently occur to animals watering at local ponds. In order to evaluate the rate of degassing and the related hazard, CO2 and H2S diffuse soil flux surveys have been repeatedly carried out by accumulation chamber. The viscous gas flux of some important discrete emissions has been also evaluated and the CO2 and H2S air concentration measured by portable devises and by Tunable Diode Laser profiles. The minimum potential lethal concentration of the two gases (250 ppm for H2S and 8 vol.% for CO2) is 320 times higher for CO2, whereas the CO2/H2S concentration ratio in the emitted natural gas is significantly lower (15-159). This explains why H2S reaches hazardous, even lethal, concentrations more frequently than CO2. A relevant hazard exists for both gases in the depressed zones (channels, excavations) particularly in the non-windy early hours of the day.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: gas hazard ; hydrogen sulfide ; carbon dioxide ; Colli Albani volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2023-01-25
    Description: Cosmic-ray muon radiography is a technique for imaging the variation of density inside the top few 100m of a volcanic cone. With resolutions up to 10s of meters in optimal detection conditions, muon radiography can provide images of the top region of a volcano edifice with a resolution that is considerably better than that typically achieved with conventional methods. Such precise measurements are expected to provide us with information on anomalies in the rock density distribution, like those expected from dense lava conduits, low density magma supply paths or the compression with depth of the overlying soil. The MU-RAY project aims at the construction of muon telescopes and the development of new analysis tools for muon radiography. The telescopes are required to be able to work in harsh environment and to have low power consumption, good angular and time resolutions, large active area and modularity. The telescope consists of two X–Y planes of 2x2 square meters area made by plastic scintillator strips of triangular shape. Each strip is read by a fast WLS fiber coupled to a silicon photomultiplier. The readout electronics is based on the SPIROC chip.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120-123
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Muon radiography ; Volcano structure ; Silicon photomultiplier ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the past, variations in the chemical contents (SO4 2−, Cl−, cations) of crater lake water have not systematically demonstrated any relationships with eruptive activity. Intensive parameters (i.e., concentrations, temperature, pH, salinity) should be converted into extensive parameters (i.e., fluxes, changes with time of mass and solutes), taking into account all the internal and external chemical–physical factors that affect the crater lake system. This study presents a generalized box model approach that can be useful for geochemical monitoring of active crater lakes, as highly dynamic natural systems. The mass budget of a lake is based on observations of physical variations over a certain period of time: lake volume (level, surface area), lake water temperature, meteorological precipitation, air humidity, wind velocity, input of spring water, and overflow of the lake. This first approach leads to quantification of the input and output fluxes that contribute to the actual crater lake volume. Estimating the input flux of the "volcanic" fluid (Qf - kg/s) –– an unmeasurable subsurface parameter –– and tracing its variations with time is the major focus during crater lake monitoring. Through expanding the mass budget into an isotope and chemical budget of the lake, the box model helps to qualitatively characterize the fluids involved. The (calculated) Cl− content and dD ratio of the rising "volcanic" fluid defines its origin. With reference to continuous monitoring of crater lakes, the present study provides tips that allow better calculation of Qf in the future. At present, this study offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date literature review on active crater lakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 161-173
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geochemical monitoring ; Active crater lakes, ; Box model ; Mass budget ; Isotope and chemical budget ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.02. Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A series of computer microtomography experiments are reported which were performed by using a third-generation synchrotron radiation source on volcanic rocks from various active hazardous volcanoes in Italy and other volcanic areas in the world. The applied technique allowed the internal structure of the investigated material to be accurately imaged at the micrometer scale and three-dimensional views of the investigated samples to be produced as well as three-dimensional quantitative measurements of textural features. Thegeometryof thevesicle (gas-filledvoid) network in volcanic products of both basaltic and trachytic compositions were particularly focused on, as vesicle textures are directly linked to the dynamics of volcano degassing. This investigation provided novel insights into modes of gas exsolution, transport and loss in magmas that were not recognized in previous studies using solely conventional two- dimensional imaging techniques. The results of this study are important to understanding the behaviour of volcanoes and can be combined with other geosciences disciplines to forecast their future activity.
    Description: In press
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: high-resolution three-dimensional imaging ; X-ray computed microtomography ; volcanic eruptions ; volcanic rock textures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: One of the main objectives of the project “Development and application of remote sensing methods for the monitoring of active Italian volcanoes” is directed to an operational use of differential interferometry as a tool for volcano monitoring. A first step to achieve this goal is to test commercial software in order to evaluate the most suitable for the project purposes. For testing software, SAR images collected by ERS2 from May 98 to August 98, before and after the strong eruptive event occurred on 22 July 98 at Voragine crater of Etna, have been selected. The explosive event was classified sub-plinian producing a 12 km high eruptive column and lapilli fell on land as far as 70 km south-eastward along the dispersal axis. Pre, post and across event image pairs have been processed. In particular the pair 13 May 98-22 July 98, 22 July 98-26 August 98, 13 May 98-26 August 98 are used for testing respectively pre, post and across event. In first analysis, the fringes in the differential products show a positive elevation trend in the summit area of the volcano. In particular, an increased of about 1,5 fringes in the period pre-event, and a decrement of 1 fringe in the period post-event is observed. This result is agreement whit field of deformation expected in such kind of event, confirming that the interferometric processing tool used id suitable for the purpose of the project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 15-20
    Description: open
    Keywords: SAR interferometry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The inversion problem dealt with is the identification of the parameters of a magma-filled dike which causes observable changes in ground deformation data. It is supposed that ground deformation data are measured by using the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Interferometry technique. The inversion approach, which is carried out by a systematic search technique based on the Simulated Annealing (SA) optimization algorithm, guarantees a high degree of accuracy. The results given in the paper are supported by experiments carried out using an interactive software tool developed ad hoc, which allows both direct and inverse modeling of SAR interferometric data related to the opening of a crack at the beginning and throughout a volcanic activity episode.
    Description: Published
    Description: 30-35
    Description: open
    Keywords: ground deformations ; volcanic areas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Within the framework of the European MVRRS project (Mitigation of Volcanic Risk by Remote Sensing Techniques), in June 1997 an airborne campaign was organised on Mt. Etna to study different characteristics of the volcanic plume emitted by the summit craters in quiescent conditions. Digital images were collected with the Airborne Multispectral Imaging Spectrometer (MIVIS), together with ground-based measurements. MIVIS images were used to calculate the aerosol optical thickness of the volcanic plume. For this purpose, an inversion algorithm was developed based on radiative transfer equations and applied to the upwelling radiance data measured by the sensor. This article presents the preliminary results from this inversion method. One image was selected following the criteria of concomitant atmospheric ground-based measurements necessary to model the atmosphere, plume centrality in the scene to analyse the largest plume area and cloudless conditions. The selected image was calibrated in radiance and geometrically corrected. The 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) radiative transfer model was used to invert the radiative transfer equation and derive the aerosol optical thickness. The inversion procedure takes into account both the spectral albedo of the surface under the plume and the topographic effects on the refl ected radiance, due to the surface orientation and elevation. The result of the inversion procedure is the spatial distribution of the plume optical depth. An average value of 0.1 in the wavelength range 454-474 nm was found for the selected measurement day.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: aerosol optical thickness ; volcanic plume ; MIVIS ; DEM ; radiative transfer model 6S ; inversion technique ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: We present an empirical model of sulphur solubility that allows us to calculate f S2 if P, T, fO2 and the melt composition, including H2O and S, are known. The model is calibrated against three main experimental data bases consisting in both dry and hydrous silicate melts. Its prime goal is to calculate the f S2 of hydrous basalts that currently lack experimental constraints of their sulphur solubility behaviour. Application of the model to Stromboli, Vesuvius, Vulcano and Etna eruptive products shows that the primitive magmas found at these volcanoes record f S2 in the range 0.1-1 bar. In contrast, at all volcanoes the magmatic evolution is marked by dramatic variations in f S2 that spreads over up to 9 orders of magnitude. The f S2 can either increase during differentiation or decrease during decompression to shallow reservoirs, and seems to be related to closed versus open conduit conditions, respectively. The calculated f S2 shows that the Italian magmas are undersaturated in a FeS melt, except during closed conduit conditions, in which case differentiation may eventually reach conditions of sulphide melt saturation. The knowledge of f S2, fO2 and fH2O allows us to calculate the fluid phase composition coexisting with magmas at depth in the C-O-H-S system. Calculated fluids show a wide range in composition, with CO2 mole fractions of up to 0.97. Except at shallow levels, the fluid phase is generally dominated by CO2 and H2O species, the mole fractions of SO2 and H2S rarely exceeding 0.05 each. The comparison between calculated fluid compositions and volcanic gases shows that such an approach should provide constraints on both the depth and mode of degassing, as well as on the amount of free fluid in magma reservoirs. Under the assumption of a single step separation of the gas phase in a closed-system condition, the application to Stromboli and Etna suggests that the main reservoirs feeding the eruptions and persistent volcanic plumes at these volcanoes might contain as much as 5 wt% of a free fluid phase. Consideration of the magma budget needed to balance the amounts of volatiles emitted in the light of these results shows that the amount of nonerupted magma could be overestimated by as much as one order of magnitude.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: sulphur ; hydrous basalts ; volcanic gas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: We have characterized the textures of pumice clasts from Phlegraean Fields to gain insights into the conduit flow-dynamics of alkaline explosive eruptions. Vesicularities, vesicle number densities, and vesicle sizes and shapes were measured to obtain the bulk and groundmass properties of the juvenile fraction of Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) and Agnano Monte Spina (AMS) eruptions. The results report the coexistence of three end-member pumice types in the deposits of both eruptions, 1) microvesicular, 2) tube and 3) expanded, which differ according to clast morphology and the macro- to microscopic vesicle texture. Vesicularities (0.85-0.94 for CI, 0.51-0.91 for AMS) and vesicle number densities (2-4×105 cm-2 in CI, 3×105-106 cm-2 in AMS) span quite a wide range in all the three pumice types. Overall, tube pumices exhibit the highest bulk (0.89) and groundmass (CI 0.85, AMS 0.82) average vesicle volume fractions but the lowest average vesicle number densities (CI 2×105, AMS 4×105 cm-2). Comparison with textures of calc-alkaline pumices has revealed many similarities and points to a common origin and distribution of the products from both magma compositions within the volcanic conduit. In addition, the results of the textural analysis were interpreted in the light of the conduit flow modeling of Phlegraean Fields eruptions. The comparison of textural observations with results from simulations of conduit magma ascent has exhibited a good agreement between measured and numerically calculated vesicularities for both compositions, helping to constrain the overall dynamics of alkaline versus calc-alkaline eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Phlegraean Fields ; Plinian eruptions ; vesicle textures ; magma ascent dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: An overview of novel laser techniques suitable for volcanic monitoring, based on different kinds of infrared laser sources, is presented. Their main advantages and drawbacks are discussed focusing on the achievable sensitivity and precision levels in analysis of gaseous species. Some of the most recent experimental results obtained in laboratory development as well as in field tests of home-built laser spectrometers are reported. New perspectives in optical devices aimed at geochemical and geophysical applications are also considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: diode laser ; absorption spectroscopy ; optical fiber ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: On 17th and 18th July 2001, several fractures opened on Mt. Etna southern flank generating different lava flows spreading both in Valle del Bove and towards Nicolosi. On 29th July the image spectrometer MIVIS was flown over Mt. Etna to acquire high-resolution images of the eruption. The MIVIS airborne campaign was planned simultaneously with TERRA, EO-1 and Landsat 7 satellite acquisitions, in order to compare hyperspectral and multispectral data referred to active lavas. This work focuses on the thermal mapping of lava flows, taking advantage of MIVIS sensor high technical performances. The MIVIS high spatial resolution allows a detailed analysis of the lava flow topographic distribution. Its 12 bit dynamic range consents an estimate of the temperature even for the «hottest» pixels. The main target of this work is the evaluation of the energy flux by means of remote-sensing techniques. Surface temperature analysis was performed on distinct lava flows using the dualband technique. These quantities were compared with the integrated temperatures retrieved using the MIVIS thermal infrared bands. The influence of topography was also considered in the flux calculation using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Mt. Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: remote-sensing ; volcano monitoring ; thermal infrared ; dual-band technique ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: An analytical approach to estimate the relative contribution of the fluid pressure and tectonic stress in hydrothermal/ volcanic areas is proposed assuming a Coulomb criterion of failure. The analytical procedure requires the coefficient of internal friction, cohesion, rock density, and thickness of overburden to be known from geological data. In addition, the orientation of the principal stress axes and the stress ratio must be determined from the inversion of fault-slip or seismic data (focal mechanisms). At first, the stress magnitude is calculated assuming that faulting occurs in 'dry' conditions (fluid pressure=0). In a second step, the fluid pressure is introduced performing a grid search over the orientation of 1) fault planes that slip by shear failure or 2) cracks that open under different values of fluid pressure and calculating the consistency with the observed fault planes (i.e. strike and dip of faults, cracks, nodal planes from focal mechanisms). The analytical method is applied using fault-slip data from the Solfatara volcano (Campi Flegrei, Italy) and seismic data (focal mechanisms) from the Vesuvius volcano (Italy). In these areas, the fluid pressure required to activate faults (shear fractures) and cracks (open fractures) is calculated. At Solfatara, the ratio between the fluid pressure and the vertical stress ?is very low for faults ( ?=0.16) and relatively high for cracks ( ?=0.5). At Vesuvius, ?=0.6. Limits and uncertainties of the method are also discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: hydrothermal fluids ; faults ; cracks ; fluid pressure ; volcanic/hydrothermal areas ; seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: A 2D finite elements study was carried out to analyse the effects caused by dike intrusion inside a heterogeneous medium and with a realistic topography of Mt. Etna volcano. Firstly, the method (dimension domain, elements type) was calibrated using plane strain models in elastic half-spaces; the results were compared with those obtained from analytical dislocation models. Then the effects caused both by the topographic variations and the presence of multi-layered medium on the surface, were studied. In particular, an application was then considered to Mt. Etna by taking into account the real topography and the stratification deduced from seismic tomography. In these conditions, the effects expected by the dike, employed to model the 2001 eruption under simple elastic half-space medium conditions, were computed, showing that topography is extremely important, at least in the near field.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: FEM ; ground deformation ; dike intrusion ; real medium ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Vesuvius, dominating the densely-populated Neapolitan area, is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the World. Its destructive power derives from energetic subplinian and plinian eruptions, such as the one which occurred in 79 A.D. Generally such large-scale events follow a long period of quiescence; a behaviour interpreted as the gradual build-up of magma volumes between periods of major activity. After the 1631 subplinian eruption until the last 1944 A.D. eruption, it experienced an almost continuous and less energetic explosive/effusive activity. The erupted magmas are characterized by undersaturated potassic to ultrapotassic nature, and compositional and Sr-isotopic variability. Furthermore geobarometric studies indicate two different crystallization depths located at 4 and 〉11 km, respectively. According to most of the recent literature, the eruptions were triggered by the injection in a shallower magma chamber, of isotopically distinct magma batches derived from heterogeneous mantle source(s) and/or contamination processes occurred within the deep reservoir. In our review of petrochemical data, we consider the period between the 3550 years BP plinian eruption and the 472 A.D. sub-plinian eruption, which includes 79 A.D. event, and the most recent period of activity which started in 1631 A.D. and lasted up to the 1944 A.D. eruption, characterized by a near continuous effusive/explosive activity. For both periods we identify a correlation between Sr-isotopical features of magmas and their crystallization depth. In particular, we show that pyroxenes have Sr-isotopic ratios lower than 0.7074 and an equilibrium crystallization depth of 22-11 km. Moreover feldspars have higher 87Sr/86Sr values (0.7075-7) and an equilibrium crystallization depth of about 4 km. Therefore the most radiogenic magmas did not derive from a deeper reservoir but their higher Sr-isotopic ratios have been acquired at a shallower depth likely by crustal contamination during magma evolution. In contrast, the lower Sr-isotope compositions characterise the less contaminated magmas coming from deeper crustal levels. On the basis of this evidence, the temporal Sr-isotopical variation of magma which erupted in the 1631-1944 A.D. period probably derives from the progressive withdrawal of the shallow magma chamber, which was completely empty before the 1805-1944 A.D. period of volcanism. Therefore the effusive and explosive events of the most recent 1805-1944 A.D. period were fed directly by the deep reservoir located at a depth exceding 11 km.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Somma-Vesuvius ; magma chamber ; crustal contamination ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Newly acquired high-resolution, low-altitude aeromagnetic data over Vulcano Island and Southwestern Lipari in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea resolve the major volcanic features in the area associated with the past and present activity. The magnetic character changes in amplitude and frequency from south-east to north-west. The Primordial Vulcano, the Lentia Complex, the Piano Caldera units, the Fossa Caldera deposits, and the currently active La Fossa cone and Vulcanello represent the main volcanic phases on Vulcano Island. They show a distinct magnetic anomaly pattern, whereas prior to this survey, no magnetic signatures of these features were found.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: aeromagnetic data ; magnetic anomalies ; geomagnetism ; Vulcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 3201061 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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    Wiley
    In:  Hoboken, NJ, 633 pp., Wiley, vol. 16B, no. 2, pp. 125-169, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Textbook of mathematics ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Modelling ; software ; manual ; computer ; algebra ; symbolic ; mathematics
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    Wiley
    In:  New York, Wiley, vol. 2, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 0-08-043751-6)
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing
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    Wiley
    In:  Chichester, Wiley, vol. 231, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-470-02298-1)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Correlation ; Seismic stratigraphy ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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    Wiley
    In:  New York, 2nd Edition, 709 pp., Wiley, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 2-203, (ISBN: 3-7643-7143-9)
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Correlation ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; fit ; Textbook of mathematics
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