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  • Articles  (636,308)
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  • Elsevier  (634,697)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (636,308)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastic Properties of Nickel-Based Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells as a Function of the Fraction of Reduced NiO (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The changes in porosity and elastic moduli of YSZ-containing nickel-based anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells were studied as a function of the fraction of reduced NiO. Anode samples were reduced in a gas mixture of 4% hydrogen and 96% argon for different periods of time at 800°C and their Young's and shear moduli were determined afterward at room temperature using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and impulse excitation. It was found that the magnitude of Young's and shear moduli decreased significantly with increasing fraction of reduced NiO and that the magnitude of the elastic moduli of a fully reduced Ni–YSZ anode was ∼45% lower than that of unreduced NiO–YSZ. Because the elastic moduli of NiO are close to those of Ni, the observed decrease in the magnitude of the elastic moduli was found to be caused mainly by the significant increase in the porosity of the sample as a result of NiO reduction. Expressions are presented for the amount of porosity and the magnitude of the elastic moduli as a function of the fraction of reduced NiO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07499.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manufacturing SiC-Fiber-Reinforced SiC Matrix Composites by Improved CVI/Slurry Infiltration/Polymer Impregnation and Pyrolysis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two- and three-dimensional SiCr/SiC composites have been prepared starting from Tyranno SA(tm) fiber preforms. Preform densification has been performed by a modified preceramic polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP) process consisting of filling the preform large interbundle voids with SiC powder before the PIP process. This step was accomplished by low-pressure infiltration of a SiC powder dilute slurry through the preform thickness. Specimens were further processed with polymer impregnation and pyrolysis to determine the effects on structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the obtained composites. High-temperature pyrolysis treatment, which promoted polymer derived SiC matrix crystallization, markedly increased thermal diffusivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.tb20093.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry Measurement of Emissions Concentration from Glass Manufacturing (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Carbon is commonly added to sulfate-fined silicate-glass batches to enhance the fining process. Reactions between carbon and Na2SO4 modify the SOx emissions from Na2SO4 decomposition. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry is used to analyze the emission of air pollutants from the isothermal decomposition of Na2SO4 + C undertaken using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR spectrometer is calibrated using standard gas mixtures containing CO, CO2, SO2, NO, and NO2. The collected spectra are quantified using the classical least-squares (CLS) approximation. The TGA-FTIR system provides SOx, and COx, concentrations versus time data from the isothermal decomposition of Na2SO4, in the presence of a carbon black. Mass spectrometry (MS) complements FTIR by being able to detect SO(g).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.tb20094.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reexamination of the Role of SrMoO4 in the Enhancement of the Low-Field Magnetoresistance of Sr2FeMoO6 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Different ratios of the precursor phases of SrFeO3–x (SFO) and SrMoO4 (SMO) were used to prepare Sr2FeMoO6 (SFMO) by a solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the phases. A residual SMO was observed to exist in the sample with an SFO/SMO ratio of 0.9:1. The sample with a residual SMO phase had higher resistivity, lower magnetization, but higher low-field magnetoresistance (LFMR). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to identify the compositions and phases. Nanometer-sized amorphous-like clusters of SMO phase were located inside the grains rather than at grain boundaries; however, some boundaries were rich in the strontium ion. The possible mechanisms for the conduction and the increase of LFMR of SFMO are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.tb20098.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nanoindentation Characterization of Submicro- and Nano-Sized Liquid-Phase-Sintered SiC Ceramics (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Submicro- and nano-sized liquid-phase-sintered SiC ceramics were mechanically tested by nanoindentation in the peak load range 5–400 mN. The submicro-sized sample showed a marked indentation size effect which the nano-sized samples did not exhibit. The relevance of indentation depth with respect to the microstructural scale has been outlined. In the investigated grain-size range, the hardness dependence on the grain size could be described by a load-dependent inverse Hall–Petch relation. Young's modulus was less microstructure- and load-dependent. Because of the very fine microstructure, the nano-sized SiC materials gave lower elastic values than the submicro-sized SiC ceramic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06366.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulating Properties of Lanthanum-Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics Prepared by Low-Temperature Synthesis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of composition Ba1−xLaxTi1−x/4O3, x= 0, 0.003, 0.03, and 0.10, were prepared by an alkoxide sol–gel route with final firing of ceramics at 1100°C, 2 h in air. All samples showed bulk insulating behavior with no evidence of semiconductivity caused by either direct donor doping or oxygen loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06370.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CORRECTION (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06375.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cement Composition Effects on the Rheological Property Evolution in Concentrated Cement–Polyelectrolyte Suspensions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the rheological property evolution and hydration behavior of white and ordinary portland cement (type I) pastes and concentrated cement–polyelectrolyte suspensions. Cement composition had a marked effect on the elastic property evolution (G′(t)) and hydration behavior of these suspensions in the presence of poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer (PAA/PEO), even though their affinity to adsorb such species was nearly identical. Both white and ordinary portland cement pastes exhibited G′0 values of ∼104 Pa and fully reversible G′(t) behavior until the onset of the acceleratory period (t= 2 h), where the pastes stiffened irreversibly. In contrast, cement–PAA/PEO suspensions exhibited G′0 values of ∼1 Pa and G′(t) behavior comprised of both reversible and irreversible features. Interestingly, ordinary portland cement–PAA/PEO suspensions experienced a gel-to-fluid transition on high shear mixing at short hydration times (〈1 h), and the particle network did not rebuild until ∼24 h of hydration. In sharp contrast, white portland cement–PAA/PEO suspensions remained weakly gelled throughout the initial stage of hydration even after high shear mixing. At longer hydration times (〉1 h), both cement–PAA/PEO suspensions exhibited G′i(t) ∼ exp(t/τc) with τc values of 5.6 and 1.3 h for ordinary and white portland cement, respectively. Our observations suggest that hydration phenomena impact interparticle forces during early stage hydration and, ultimately, lead to initial setting through the formation of solid bridges at the contact points between particles within the gelled network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06327.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Freeze-Casting Technique for Ceramics with Sublimable Vehicles (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new ceramic freeze-casting technique capable of manufacturing near room temperature with a sublimable vehicle was accomplished. Fluid-concentrated slurries of Al2O3 powder in molten camphene (C10H16) were prepared at 55°C. These slurries were quickly solidified (frozen) at room temperature to yield rigid solid green bodies, followed by frozen camphene removal by sublimation (freeze-drying) with negligible shrinkage. Sintering without any special binder burnout process yielded sintered bodies with over 98% theoretical density. The proposed advantages include (1) elimination of extremely cold temperatures, (2) elimination of troublesome binder burnout process, and (3) fast manufacturing cycle due to quick solidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06331.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive Hot Pressing of Titanium Nitride–Titanium Diboride Composites at Moderate Pressures and Temperatures (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dense composites in the Ti-B-N system have been produced by reactive hot pressing of titanium and BN powders. The effect of the addition of a small amount of nickel (1–3 wt%) on the reaction kinetics and densification of TiN–TiB2 (40 vol%) composite has been studied. Composites of ∼99% of theoretical density have been produced at 1600°C under 40 MPa for 30 min with 1% nickel. The hardness and fracture toughness of these composites are 24.5 ± 0.97 GPa and 6.53 ± 0.27 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The microstructural studies on samples produced at lower temperatures indicate the formation of a transient liquid phase, which enhances the kinetics of the reaction and densification of the composite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06333.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis for Synthesis of Spherical Zirconia Particles (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents new findings on ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of zirconium hydroxyl acetate precursor drops whose sizes were precisely measured using laser light diffraction technique. Precursor concentration plays a predominant role in determination of product particle size. At 0.01 wt% precursor concentration, conventional spray pyrolysis at 750°C using precursor drops 5–8 μm in diameter, generated by an ultrasonic nebulizer at 2.66 MHz, yielded uniform spherical yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particles 73 nm in diameter measured by scanning electron microscopy. The YSZ particle diameters were much smaller than those predicted by the one-particle-per-drop mechanism. Under similar reaction conditions, the high-throughput ultrasound-modulated two-fluid (UMTF) spray pyrolysis of larger precursor drops (28-μm peak diameter) also yielded spherical dense particles; they were significantly smaller in size than those produced by the low-throughput conventional ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of smaller drops (6.8-μm peak diameter).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06332.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Thermoelectric Metal Oxide Elements Prepared by the Pulse Electric-Current Sintering Method (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermoelectric elements consisting of the layered polycrystalline materials of Al-doped ZnO and NaCo2O4 were prepared using the pulse electric-current sintering (PECS) method at 900°C for 3 min. Direct contact between the polycrystalline Al-doped ZnO and the NaCo2O4 was obtained in a single-step process for the stacked powders. The electrical conductivities of the polycrystalline materials prepared by PECS were higher than those of materials prepared by conventional sintering, despite their porous structure. The thermoelectric voltage of the 1-mol%-Al-doped ZnO and NaCo2O4 polycrystalline element (measuring ∼6 mm × 3 mm × 15 mm) was 83 mV at dT= 500 K, when the junction of the elements was at 800°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06336.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low Temperature Coefficient of Resonance Frequency Composition in the System Pb(Zr,Ti)O3—Pb(Mn1/3 Nb2/3)O3 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pb(Zr,Ti)O3–Pb(Mn1/3 Nb2/3)O3 (PZT–PMnN) system has been studied for high-power piezoelectric applications. This study investigates this system to find out the composition with high-power density piezoelectric characteristics and low tem-perature coefficient of resonance frequency (TCF). It was found that the composition 0.9PZT–0.1PMnN (Zr/Ti = 0.51/0.49) modified with 6 mol% Sr exhibits a TCF of −8 ppm/°C (−20 to +80°C). Further, the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of this composition are as follows: kp= 0.53; Qm= 800; d33= 274; ε33/ε0= 1290 and tan δ=1.1%, which shows the suitability of this composition for ultrasonic devices used under fluctuating thermal environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06339.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring Permeability of Rigid Materials by a Beam-Bending Method: V, Isotropic Rectangular Plates of Cement Paste (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Beam bending is an excellent method for measuring low permeabilities (≤10−18 m2) in homogeneous materials, because it is fast, requires no high pressure, and provides a concurrent measurement of the modulus of the material. The method was previously analyzed and substantiated for cylindrical or square beams. Recently, the analysis was extended to include isotropic and transversely isotropic rectangular beams. In this paper, the analysis is applied to measurements performed on cement paste, and it is shown that the solution for isotropic rectangular beams accounts for changes in the hydrodynamic behavior caused by changing the aspect ratio of the sample. The permeability and elastic modulus results are verified through comparison to previous measurements on cylindrical beams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06342.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compression Deformation Mechanism of Silicon Carbide: I, Fine-Grained Boron- and Carbon-Doped β-Silicon Carbide Fabricated by Hot Isostatic Pressing (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformation behavior of boron- and carbon-doped β-silicon carbide (B,C-SiC) with an average grain size of 260 ± 18 nm containing 1 wt% boron was investigated by compression testing at elevated temperatures. Extensive grain growth during deformation was observed. The stress–strain curves were compensated for grain growth by assuming power-law type of dependence on grain size and strain rate. The stress exponent n was ∼1.3 and the grain size exponent p was ∼2.7 at temperatures ranging from 1593° to 1758°C. The apparent activation energy of deformation Qd was ∼760 kJ/mol, which was lower than the activation energy for lattice diffusion of silicon and carbon in SiC and higher than that for grain-boundary diffusion of carbon in SiC. These results suggest that the deformation mechanism of the fine-grained B,C-SiC is grain-boundary sliding accommodated by the grain-boundary diffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06341.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural Characterization of Lanthanum Chromite Perovskite Coating Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering on an Iron-Based Chromium-Containing Alloy as a Promising Interconnect Material for SOFCs (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chromium-containing stainless steel (SS) is a prospective material for use as an interconnect in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, during operations at high temperatures, the growth of oxide scales causes the performance of the interconnect and SOFC as a whole to deteriorate. The coating of SS 446 with a conducting perovskite is a potential method of slowing the growth of oxide scale and, therefore, improving overall SOFC performance. In the present research, the structural characterization of a pure LaCrO3 thin film on the SS 446 substrates has been performed as a model material that can be used as a barrier coating for the metallic interconnect. The deposition of an amorphous La-Cr-O thin film on SS 446 was performed using radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering. The deposited amorphous film was annealed in air to form the desired perovskite phase. The film underwent an amorphous to LaCrO4 phase transition during annealing at 500°C with further transformation to LaCrO3 orthorhombic phase during annealing at 700°C. A self-organized dendritic structure was reported as a result of the perovskite-phase formation. Although formation of various oxides, such as Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, was observed during the annealing of uncoated SS 446 in air, the coating of SS 446 surface with LaCrO3 film prevented formation of various oxide phases at the interconnect surface. The structural characterization of the films and SS 446 surfaces was accomplished using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffractometry, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06350.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Density, Surface Tension, and Viscosity of PbO-B2O3-SiO2 Glass Melts (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The density, surface tension, and viscosity of the melts from the PbO-B2O3-SiO2 system have been measured at temperatures in the range 1073–1473 K. The effect of composition on these properties was also investigated. The density of the melt was found to increase linearly with increasing PbO content. Molar volume was derived from the density data, and its deviation from the additivity of partial molar volumes was calculated. These deviations in molar volume from those obtained from additivity rules have been used along with the ratio of various coordination numbers of boron (as reported by Bray) to discuss the structure of the melts. The surface tension was found to decrease with decreasing SiO2/B2O3 ratio, and to increase in the range of the PbO content between 30 and 60 mol%, showing a maximum at ∼60 mol% PbO, and then decreased with further additions. This result suggested that the surface tension would be affected primarily by the B2O3 content in the range of the PbO content between 30–60 mol%, and mainly by the PbO content in the range of the PbO content 〉60 mol%, respectively. The viscosity of the melt was found to decrease linearly with increasing PbO content. The results obtained indicate that the increase in viscosity with B2O3 was half that of SiO2 (on a molar basis), and an empirical equation has been proposed for the viscosity as a function of mole fraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb19937.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Core Materials on the Formation of Hollow Alumina Microspheres by Mechanofusion Process (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Core/shell structures have been prepared via a mechanofusion system by employing several kinds of spherical polymers as a core material and Al2O3 powder or a mixture of Al2O3 and SiO2 powders as a shell material. The effect of the kind of core polymers on the quality of the resulting hollow alumina microspheres has been discussed on the basis of the thermal decomposition behavior of spherical polymers used as a core material. A large fraction of hollow alumina microspheres reflecting the shape and the particle size distribution of the core polymer could be fabricated after sintering at 1600°3C for 3 h, when highly cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres with a gel fraction of 99.03% were used as a core polymer, and abrupt firing at temperatures higher than 500°3C was adopted to remove the PMMA microspheres. The addition of 5 mass% SiO2 to the Al2O3 shell layer was found to be useful for maintaining the spherical shell structure during the firing process and for fabricating a large fraction of hollow alumina microspheres after the sintering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00060.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of BaTiO3 Particles with Tailored Size by Precipitation from Aqueous Solutions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Well-defined and stoichiometric spherical particles of BaTiO3 of narrow size distribution were produced at 82° and 92°3C by precipitation from chloride solutions in a strong alkaline environment. The size of the particles can be tailored in the range from ≅103 to 70–80 nm by increasing the barium concentration from ≅0.07 to 0.7 mol/L. The particles are composed of tight aggregates resulting from the assembly of several nanocrystals. The size of the nanocrystals decreases from 200–300 to 30–40 nm by increasing reactant concentration. At low barium concentration (≤0.07 mol/L at 82°3C, ≤0.06 mol/L at 92°3C), formation of BaTiO3 is strongly slowed down and nonstoichiometric, Ti-rich powders are produced. Under these conditions, the particles have the tendency to develop a dendritic-like morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00079.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Expansion of δ-Yttrium Disilicate (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crystals of δ-Y2Si2O7 (space group P121/c1) were examined using high-temperature powder X-ray diffractometry to determine their unit-cell dimensions from 296 to 1473 K. The lattice deformation induced by thermal expansion was investigated using matrix algebra analysis to determine the directions and magnitudes of the principal distortions (Λi, i= 1,2, and 3). The directions of Λ1 and Λ3 were defined by the acute angle Λ1c, which linearly decreased from 5(2)° to —5.5(3)° with increased temperature from 504 to 1473 K. The Λ2-axis invariably coincided with the crystallographic b-axis. The magnitudes of Λ1 and Λ2 steadily increased to, respectively, 1.0061(1) and 1.0068(1) during heating to 1473 K, while Λ3 remained almost constant for the entire temperature range. The mean principal distortion, Λm (= (Λ1+Λ2+Λ3)/3), steadily increased to 1.0044(1) with increased temperature to 1473 K. The coefficient of mean linear thermal expansion (α) was derived from the mean principal strain (Λm - 1) as α= (Λm - 1)/ΔT. The temperature dependence was determined to be α= 2.03 times 103+ 1.36(T - 296) (10-9 K-1). Provided that the rule-of-mixtures holds for the Y2Si2O7/Y2SiO5 composites as protective coating on SiC substrates, the volume fractions of 0.72-0.77 (70–75 mass%) would be necessary for the Y2Si2O7 component to match the α-values of both materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00089.x
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    Novel Microcellular Ceramics from a Silicone Resin (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Microcellular silicon oxycarbide open cell ceramic foams were fabricated from a silicone resin. Microcellular foams, with a cell size ranging from ∼1–80 μm, were fabricated using poly(methyl methacrylate) microbeads as sacrificial templates. The compression strength of the foams decreased with increasing cell size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00152.x
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    Influence of Microstructure Evolution on the Electroconducting Behavior of Intragranular TiN/ZTM Nanocomposites (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electroconductive zirconia-toughened mullite (TiN/ZTM) intragranular nanocomposite was fabricated by hot-pressing a powder mixture of nano-sized TiN, ZrO2(2Y), and mullite gel. The material showed a good sinterability and could be highly densified at a low temperature of 1300°3C. Sintering temperature strongly influenced the microstructure and electrical resistivity of the material. The electrical resistivity increased monotonously from 20 Ω-cm to 1.5 times 106°3Cm, as the sintering temperature was increased from 1300° to 1500°3C. TEM results indicated that such a phenomenon could be ascribed to the changes in the microstructure of the material, which led to a decrease in the connectivity of the TiN network in the sample as the sintering temperature was increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00162.x
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  • 23
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    Effects of Fluids on the Simulated Clinical-Dental Machining of a Glass Ceramic (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Effects of fluids on material removal rate, chipping damage, and surface roughness in the simulated clinical-dental machining of a dental-type glass ceramic were investigated. Significant differences in removal rate were obtained among the fluids investigated, but only a 4 wt% boric acid solution gave a higher removal rate than conventionally used water. Chipping damage was substantially lower for the boric acid and an oil-emulsion coolant compared with other fluids tested. Surface roughness was independent of the fluids used. The results indicate that improvement can be achieved in both material removal rate and machining damage by the appropriate selection of coolant chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00173.x
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  • 24
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    Electronic Structure and Bonding of All Crystalline Phases in the Silica–Yttria–Silicon Nitride Phase Equilibrium Diagram (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper reviews the structures and properties of 10 binary, ternary, and quaternary crystals within the equilibrium phase diagram of the SiO2–Y2O3–Si3N4 system. They are binary compounds SiO2, Y2O3, Si3N4; ternary compounds Si2N2O, Y2Si2O7, and YSi2O5; and quaternary crystals Y2Si3N4O3 (M-melilite), Y4Si2O7N2, (N-YAM), YSiO2N (wallastonite), and Y10(SiO4)6N2 (N-apatite, N-APT). Although the binary compounds are well-known and extensively studied, the ternary and the quaternary crystals are not. Most of the ternary and the quaternary crystals simply have been referenced as secondary phases in the processing of nitrogen ceramics. Their crystal structures are complex and not precisely determined. In the quaternary crystals, there exists O/N disorder in that the exact atomic positions of the anions cannot be uniquely determined. It is envisioned that a variety of cation–anion bonding configurations exist in these complex crystals. The electronic structure and bonding in these crystals are, therefore, of great interest and are indispensable for a fundamental understanding of structural ceramics. We have used ab initio methods to study the structure and bonding properties of these 10 crystals. For crystals with unknown or incomplete structural information, we use an accurate total energy relaxation scheme to obtain the most likely atomic positions. Based on the theoretically modeled structures, the electronic structure and bonding in these crystals are investigated and related to various local cation–anion bonding configurations. These results are presented in the form of atom-resolved partial density of states, Mulliken effective charges, and bond order values. It is shown that Y–O and Y–N bonding are not negligible and should be a part of the discussion of the overall bonding schemes in these crystals. Spectroscopic properties in the form of complex, frequency-dependent dielectric functions, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and the electron energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) spectra in these crystals also are calculated and compared. These results are discussed in the context of specific bonding configurations between cations (silicon and yttrium) and anions (oxygen and nitrogen) and their implications on intergranular thin films in polycrystalline Si3N4 containing rare-earth elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06352.x
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  • 25
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    Simultaneous Synthesis and Sintering of α-Ti1–xAlx(N) (0 ≤x≤ 0.08) by a Self-Propagating High-Temperature Combustion Method (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous synthesis and sintering of hexagonal α-Ti1−x-Alx(N) (0 ≤x≤ 0.08) solid solutions, which contain a small amount of nitrogen, have been performed by a self-propagating high-temperature combustion method under a nitrogen pressure of 4 MPa. Dense materials (∼99% of theoretical) prepared directly from a mixture of elemental (Ti and Al) powders reveal homogeneous microstructure composed of fine grains (12–16 μm). α-Ti1−xAlx(N) (x= 0.02; Ti0.98Al0.02N0.26) exhibits a three-point bending strength σb of 390 MPa, a Vickers hardness Hv of 9.24 GPa, and a fracture toughness KIC of 4.89 MPa·m1/2; their mechanical properties are much improved by doping Al into α-Ti(N), in comparison with those (σb= 245 MPa, Hv= 9.02 GPa, and KIC= 3.77 MPa·m1/2) of α-Ti(N) fabricated under the same conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06357.x
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  • 26
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    Nickel–Alumina Functionally Graded Materials by Electrophoretic Deposition (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrophoretic deposition has been used to synthesize nickel–alumina, functionally graded materials from NiO and alumina suspensions in ethanol. Suspension stability and the kinetics of deposition were studied to determine optimum conditions. Deposition starts with an alumina suspension into which a stream of NiO suspension is injected at various flow rates to obtain the desired profiles. The latter were controlled by varying the deposition current density and component flow rate. The green bodies obtained were sintered in Ar/H2 atmosphere to reduce the NiO to nickel. Various gradation profiles were obtained illustrating the facility of EPD to synthesize continuously graded materials. NiO was used as the precursor for nickel to alleviate settling and rough columnar deposit problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06359.x
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  • 27
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    Computer Simulations of Diffraction Effects due to Stacking Faults in β-SiC: I, Simulation Results (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns from nominally β-SiC specimens often differ from those expected for the cubic crystal structure. These differences include the presence of additional peaks, enhanced background intensities, peak broadening, changes in relative peak heights, and shifts in peak positions. It has long been recognized that they are due to the presence of stacking faults, and models relating the experimental observations to stacking fault population have continued to evolve. The presence and relative magnitude of these features vary among different β-SiC specimens. In this work, computer simulations were used to show that the variations are closely related to differences in the type and spatial distribution of stacking faults in each specimen. In these simulations, stacking sequences were generated using a selectively activated 1-D Ising model with a Boltzmann-type probability function for specifying errors, which allows a wide variety of fault configurations to be generated. Direct correlations between different features in the XRD data to the underlying fault population are demonstrated, which are discussed in this paper. It is also shown that this computer model is general, in the sense that many of the models presented in prior work can be interpreted as limiting cases of it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03034.x
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  • 28
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    THE BOUSSINESQ WEDGE AND THE Jk, L AND M INTEGRALS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper examines the application of the Jk, L and M integrals, in complex-variable form, to the Boussinesq wedge. The wedge is symmetrical and subjected to a point couple and point forces at the apex of the wedge. In the case of a point couple acting at the wedge apex the Jy, L and M integrals are found to vanish for all wedge angles whereas Jx displays a 1/r3 path-dependence; where r is a radial dimension measured from the wedge apex. When the wedge is subjected to point forces at the wedge apex then Jx and Jy are 1/r path-dependent whereas L and M are path-independent.The property that the L and M integrals are path-independent for the Boussinesq wedge is applied to the problem of determining the modes I and II stress intensity factors for a corner-loaded edge crack in a half-plane subjected to both normal and parallel point forces to the free surface of the half-plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01534.x
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  • 29
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    A STUDY ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER OUT-OF-PHASE COMBINED LOADINGS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue tests were performed on thin-walled tubular specimens of S45C steel under tension-compression, pure torsion, in-phase and out-of-phase axial-torsional loadings. The relationship between cracking behaviour and stress components on the crack plane was investigated. Measurement of microcrack density showed that microcracking was governed predominantly by the shear stress amplitude acting on the crack plane for all loading conditions. The failure crack was formed by coalescence of many cracks initiated near the maximum shear planes. The cracks grew turning their orientation to the direction perpendicular to the maximum normal stress. The transition of crack orientation occurred at relatively longer crack lengths at a higher stress ratio. The crack growth behaviour for all loading modes can be correlated using an equivalent strain intensity parameter based on shear and normal strains on the crack plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01536.x
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  • 30
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    ANALYSIS AND MODELISATION OF SHORT CRACK GROWTH BY DUCTILE FRACTURE MICROMECHANISMS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A ductile medium strength steel has been modelled by means of the Gurson model, and been used to investigate the effect of crack tip constraint in several fracture mechanics specimens. Both numerical and experimental results have been obtained, in the course of the crack extension process, for single edge notch bending specimens with different crack length-to-width ratios. The geometries with the shorter cracks always exhibited higher J values at initiation and steeper J crack growth resistance curves, and these results have been explained in terms of the stress and strain fields and damage development in the region ahead of the crack tip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00297.x
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  • 31
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    LOW-TEMPERATURE AUTOFRETTAGE: AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE THE FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF THICK-WALLED TUBES AGAINST PULSATING INTERNAL PRESSURE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— It is shown that autofrettage at low temperatures is superior to autofrettage at room temperature in enhancing the fatigue resistance of thick-walled tubes against pulsating internal pressure. The physical reason is based on the well-known temperature dependence of the mechanical behaviour of metals and alloys which generally exhibit an enhancement of both the yield stress and strain hardening behaviour at lower temperatures. As a consequence, significantly larger compressive residual hoop stresses can be introduced during pressurization at low temperatures than at room temperature. Experimental data obtained on thick-walled tubes of the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 L which were subjected to pulsating internal pressure at room temperature after autofrettage at temperatures between-110°C and room temperature are presented. These data demonstrate convincingly the advantages offered by low-temperature autofrettage in enhancing both the fatigue life in the finite-life region and the fatigue endurance limit in comparison with autofrettage at room temperature. In conclusion, some specific materials requirements for optimum low-temperature autofrettage performance are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00291.x
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  • 32
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    APPLICATION OF A NORMALIZATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING J-R CURVES IN GLASSY POLYMER PVC AT DIFFERENT CROSSHEAD SPEEDS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new single-specimen testing method, the normalization method with the so-called LMN calibration function, based on the load separation principle and function calibrations from an individual test record, was used to construct J-R curves directly from load versus load-line displacement records without any additional on-line crack-length monitoring equipment. The research was done on CT-specimens of a glassy polymer PVC at different crosshead speeds ranging from 0.01 to 50 mm/min. The J-R curves evaluated from the normalization method are in good agreement with those from the conventional multiple-specimen testing method in the whole range of the tested crosshead speeds. The results demonstrated the applicability of the normalization method for developing J-R curves at different crosshead speeds in PVC. The crack initiation J-integral values, J0.2, showed a two-regime dependence on the crosshead speeds in the tested crosshead speed range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00272.x
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  • 33
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    EFFECT OF BIAXIAL MEAN STRESS ON CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE AND BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS IN A HIGH STRENGTH SPRING STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Biaxial fatigue tests were conducted on a high strength spring steel using hour-glass shaped smooth specimens. Four types of loading system were employed, i.e. (a) fully reversed cyclic torsion, (b) uniaxial push—pull, (c) fully reversed torsion with a superimposed axial static tension or compression stress, and (d) uniaxial push—pull with a superimposed static torque, to evaluate the effects of mean stress on the cyclic stress—strain response and short fatigue crack growth behaviour. Experimental results indicate that a biaxial mean stress has no apparent influence on the stress—strain response in torsion, however a superimposed tensile mean stress was detrimental to torsional fatigue strength. Similarly a superimposed static shear stress reduced the push—pull fatigue lifetime. A compressive mean stress was seen to be beneficial to torsion fatigue life. The role of mean stress on fatigue lifetime, under mixed mode loading, was investigated through experimental observations and theoretical analyses of short crack initiation and propagation. Using a plastic replication technique the effects of biaxial mean stress on both Stage I (mode II) and Stage II (mode I) short cracks were evaluated and analysed in detail. A two stage biaxial short fatigue crack growth model incorporating the influence of mean stress was subsequently developed and applied to correlate data of crack growth rate and fatigue life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00276.x
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  • 34
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    CRACK INITIATION MECHANISMS IN TORSIONAL FATIGUE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The development of fatigue damage in Co45Ni specimens during push—pull and reversed torsion tests, performed inside a scanning electron microscope, was observed and the different stress states compared. It appeared that transgranular crack initiation and development is delayed and intergranular crack initiation promoted under torsional loading. This was explained in terms of reduced surface distortion at the emergence of persistent slip bands (PSBs) and smaller compatibility stresses at the PSB-matrix interfaces. The influence of the mechanical strength of grain boundaries on the difference between tensile and torsional fatigue lives is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00280.x
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  • 35
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    STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS AND WEIGHT FUNCTIONS FOR SEMI-ELLIPTICAL SURFACE CRACKS IN FINITE-THICKNESS PLATES UNDER TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A Fourier series approach is proposed to calculate stress intensity factors using weight functions for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates subjected to two-dimensional stress distributions. The weight functions were derived from reference stress intensity factors obtained by three-dimensional finite element analyses. The close form weight functions derived are suitable for the calculation of stress intensity factors for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates under two-dimensional stress distributions with the crack aspect ratio in the range of 0.1 ≤a/c≤ 1 and relative depth in the range of 0 ≤a/t≤ 0.8. Solutions were verified using several two-dimensional non-linear stress distributions; the maximum difference being 6%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01517.x
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    AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HOT SPOT STRESSES IN TUBULAR JOINTS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A conventional finite element method may show a weakness when determining the hot spot stress distributions in the brace/chord intersection region of offshore tubular joints. This is because the chosen element displacement functions do not implicitly satisfy the conditions which prevail on the free surfaces. A procedure has been proposed to modify the conventional finite element method so as to allow the hot spot stresses, which occur at the free boundary of the weld toe of tubular joints, to be determined with improved accuracy. The results obtained by this modified method are compared with both an experimental and a traditional finite element solution. The comparison shows that the modified solution is in better agreement with the experimental data as compared with the traditional solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01523.x
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01504.x
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    A SIMPLE TEST METHOD FOR ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE, CTOA AND THE STUDY OF SIZE AND TRANSFERABILITY EFFECTS FOR LARGE AMOUNTS OF DUCTILE CRACK GROWTH (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Simple extensions to the standard deep notch bend test procedure are suggested to allow the collection of data relevant to the energy dissipation rate, D, crack opening angle, COA, and J, all for arbitrarily large amounts of growth in extensive plasticity. The methods of analysis are detailed for real elastic-plastic behaviour of a high strength low-hardening type metal with a view to encouraging use on a wider range of materials. A proposal is made, and equations given, that the particular version of J used for an R-curve derived from the area under the loading diagram, should correspond to the value of the far-field integral, Jff.The relationship between the global measure of COA that emerges from D and the local crack tip opening angle, CTOA, as used in computational studies, is established. Transferability of CTOA data is examined in the light of effects of size and configuration. An explicit rule of the form CTOA √G =f (material and configuration) is proposed for the modelling of ductile growth in finite element studies. It is applied to a set of data in the literature, for the variation of CTOA with size in the deep notch bend test and for the configurations, bending, double edge and centre cracked tension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01507.x
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    THE ELECTRON CHANNELLING CONTRAST TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO THE CHARACTERISATION OF DISLOCATION STRUCTURES IN THE VICINITY OF A FATIGUE CRACK (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this investigation the Electron Channelling Contrast (ECC) technique in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to reveal the dislocation structures in the vicinity of surface fatigue cracks in comparison to those of cyclically-deformed recrystallized polycrystalline copper. The plastic zone around a fatigue crack was found to consist of an innermost region containing cells, followed by a region containing dense veins and PSBs, surrounded by a structure of loose veins, bundles and loop patches typical of the cyclically deformed matrix. A relation between plastic strain amplitude values deduced from cyclic stress-strain investigations and the dislocation structures near fatigue cracks are given. Typical regions of damage accumulation were identified and plastic strain contours for surface fatigue cracks established. The essentially non-destructive ECC technique is particularly suited to identify the changes in mesoscopic dislocation structures from surface layers to the interior of specimens over large specimen areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01510.x
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01494.x
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    PREDICTION OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT OF CRACKED SPECIMENS BASED ON THE CYCLIC R-CURVE METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The propagation behaviour of fatigue cracks emanating from pre-cracks was numerically simulated to evaluate the development of crack closure with crack growth. The crack opening stress intensity factor at the threshold was approximated as a function of the applied stress and the amount of crack extension. Pre-cracked specimens of a medium-carbon steel with a small surface crack and a single-edge crack were fatigued to investigate experimentally the initiation and propagation of cracks from pre-cracks. Crack closure was dynamically measured by using an interferometric strain/displacement gauge. The threshold condition of crack initiation from pre-cracks was given by a constant value of the effective stress intensity range which was equal to the threshold value for long cracks. The cyclic R-curve was constructed in terms of the threshold value of the maximum stress intensity factor as a function of crack extension approximated on the basis of the experimental and numerical results. The cyclic R-curve method was used to predict the fatigue thresholds of pre-cracked specimens. The predicted values of the fatigue limits for crack initiation and fracture, and the length of non-propagating cracks agreed very well with the experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01497.x
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  • 42
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    THREE-DIMENSIONAL CRACK-SHAPE EFFECTS DURING THE GROWTH OF SMALL SURFACE FATIGUE CRACKS IN A TITANIUM-BASE ALLOY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A basic study was performed on the evolution of three-dimensional shapes of small surface fatigue cracks during fatigue, and the effect of this evolution on small-crack growth behavior of a titanium-base alloy. Specifically, the nature and the magnitude of variations in crack aspect ratio, a/c (a is the crack depth and c is the half-surface crack length), during cyclic crack growth and its impact on growth rates have been studied. Experiments were performed on naturally initiated micro-cracks in a microstructure consisting of equiaxed primary-α2 phase in a Widmanstätten (transformed β) matrix. Several cracks under stress ratio (R) levels of 0.1 and −1, were studied. A specialized experimental system, consisting of a laser interferometer (to measure precisely the small-crack surface displacements), and a photo microscope (to automatically and continuously photograph the fatigue micro-cracks) was employed in the study. Apparent aspect ratios of surface cracks were calculated from the compliance response and the surface crack length data as a function of fatigue cycles. These data enabled accurate calculations of growth rates at the surface crack tip as well as the tip at depth in the bulk over the entire crack growth period, thus giving an insight into the crack growth process. Measurements of closure levels of small cracks were also performed and were used to partly account for the differences in growth rates. In the comparisons of small-crack growth data with the large-crack data, surface growth rates correlated relatively well with the large-crack data. Growth rates at depth exhibited large variations due to the irregularity of crack fronts at this location, and these rates deviated significantly from the large-crack behavior. Additionally, these growth rates varied between different cracks. An attempt was made to rationalize these observations in terms of the effects of inhomogeneities present in the microstructure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01500.x
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    PREDICTION OF FATIGUE FAILURE IN A CRANKSHAFT USING THE TECHNIQUE OF CRACK MODELLING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new technique, known as crack modelling, is used here to predict fatigue failure in a crankshaft component. The technique uses a linear elastic finite element (FE) analysis to derive a stress intensity factor (K) for the component under load. The novel feature of the technique is that K is calculated without introducing a crack into a component; the stress field around the maximum stress point is examined and compared to that for a standard centre-cracked plate. The fatigue limit for a crankshaft was successfully predicted, when compared to experimental data. The only material parameter required for this prediction was the threshold stress intensity range, ΔKth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00397.x
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    EFFECTS OF DRAWING STRAIN AND BLUING ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF EUTECTOID STEEL WIRES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effects of bluing, associated with drawing strain, on the fatigue strength of eutectoid steel wires have been investigated. The fatigue limit increases by bluing and the increase is more significant with higher drawing strain. The peak in the fatigue limit with regard to the drawing strain in the wires, at a strain of 2.5, disappears after bluing. On the other hand, in the ferritic steel wires investigated for comparison, the fatigue limit gradually increases with the drawing strain up to 7.7. Furthermore, no appreciable change in the fatigue limit due to bluing is found. Based on the results of hardness tests on fatigue specimens with- and without-bluing, it is deduced that the decrease of the fatigue limit beyond the peak drawing strain in the eutectoid steel wire can partly be attributed to insufficient locking of the high-density dislocations by solute atoms. The effect of relaxation of residual stress during bluing is also briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01520.x
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    LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR, K, AS A FRACTURE PARAMETER IN THE FATIGUE PROPAGATION OF SHORT CRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— It is well known that for very short cracks the stress intensity factor K is not a suitable parameter to estimate the stress level over the small but finite Stage II process zone activation region of size rs near the crack tip, within which crack growth events take place. A critical appreciation of the reasons for the limitations on the applicability of ΔK as a fatigue crack propagation (FCP) parameter, when the crack length a is of the same order of magnitude or smaller than the size of the ‘fatigue-fracture activation region’, rs is presented. As an alternative to ΔK the range Δσs of the cyclic normal stress at a point situated at the fixed distance s=rs/2, ahead of the crack tip, inside the fatigue-fracture activation region, is proposed. It is observed that the limitation on the use of ΔK when the crack is short, is mathematical (and not physical) but this inconvenience is easily circumvented if the stress Δσs at the prescribed distance is used instead of ΔK since nowadays Δσs can be obtained numerically by using finite element methods (FEM). It follows that the parameter Δσs is not restricted by the mathematical limitations on ΔK and so it would seem that there is, a priori, no reason why the validity of the parameter Δσs cannot be extended to short cracks. It is shown that if the Paris law is expressed in terms of Δσs (πrrs)½ instead of ΔK the validity of the modified Paris law can be extended to short cracks.A coherent estimate of the value of the fatigue-fracture activation region rs is derived in terms of the fatigue limit ΔσFL obtained from S-N tests and of the threshold value ΔKth obtained from tests on long cracks where both relate to Stage II crack growth that ends in failure, namely, rs= (ΔKth/ΔσFL)2/π. An overall, threshold diagram is presented based on the simple criterion that, for sustained Stage II FCP, Δσs must be greater than ΔσFL. The study is based on a simple continuum mechanics approach and its purpose is the investigation of the suitability of both ΔK and Δσs to characterise the crack driving force that activates complex fracture processes at the microstructure's scale. The investigation pertains to conditions that lead to the ultimate failure of the component at values of Δσs 〉 ΔσFL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01521.x
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  • 46
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    A SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATION SOLUTION FOR THE LINEAR ELASTIC CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT OF AN ARBITRARILY SHAPED PLANE CRACK: PART II REGULAR INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The boundary value problem for an arbitrarily shaped plane crack embedded in a 3D linear elastic solid can be reduced to a governing hyper-singular integral equation. A discretizing procedure based on a triangulation of the crack area has been offered in Part I of this work. The main goal of Part I is to introduce the analytical results for the 18 resulting finite-part integrals defined over a triangular mesh area. The finite-part integrals occur in those triangles where the source point coincides with one of the element nodes. Mostly the source point lies outside of the considered triangle. In these cases the occurring area integrals are regular.The aim of Part II is, therefore, the derivation of the closed form expressions for the relevant 18 regular area integrals. The resulting relations are of algebraic form which can easily be coded in compact form. Their numerical proof by two different methods shows the highest accuracy and, therefore, the correctness of the final solutions. The relevant numerical results are offered in Appendix I.With the formulae provided in Part I and Part II of the paper the determination of the coefficient matrix, necessary for the calculation of COD values from a linear equation system, is precise and needs only minimum computer time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01506.x
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  • 47
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    SUBINTERFACIAL FRACTURE IN FERRITE-AUSTENITE JOINTS UNDER MODE—III LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Circumferentially notched cylindrical specimens are tested in torsion to obtain critical J values from crack resistance curves. The specimens are explosion cladded, half ferrite, half austenite, with the interface perpendicular to the cylinder axis and the circumferential notch at, or parallel to, the interface. Critical J values for crack extension in mode III were found to be a factor 1.1 to 2.1 higher than under comparable mode I loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01511.x
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    THE MINIATURISATION OF THE 4-POINT-BEND TEST (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Strength measurements are becoming increasingly important for electroceramics. Bending of specimens small enough to be cut out of small electroceramic components may be one possibility. Therefore the miniaturisation of the 4-point bend-test for ceramic specimens is now being attempted. In this paper the errors in determining the flexural strength arising from the test principle itself, plus the geometry and measuring inaccuracies are calculated and expressed as a function of the outer span length. Contact pressure and a tolerable total measuring inaccuracy determines the dimensions of miniature specimens and fixtures. The possibilities of appropriate specimen preparation are also investigated.Ceramic materials show a volume (i.e. a specimen size) dependence of strength which is described by Weibull's statistical theory. The applicability of the miniature bend-fixtures is demonstrated by measuring this volume effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01514.x
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    AN IMPROVED NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SIMULATING THE GROWTH OF PLANAR FATIGUE CRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper describes a versatile technique for simulating the fatigue growth of a wide range of planar cracks of practical significance. Crack growth is predicted on a step-by-step basis from the Paris law using stress intensity factors calculated by the finite element method. The crack front is defined by a cubic spline curve from a set of nodes. Both the 1/4-node crack opening displacement and the three-dimensional J-integral (energy release rate) methods are used to calculate the stress intensity factors. Automatic remeshing of the finite element model to a new position which defines the new crack front enables the crack propagation to be followed. The accuracy and capability of this finite element simulation technique are demonstrated in this paper by the investigation of various problems of both theoretical and practical interest. These include the shape growth trend of an embedded initially penny-shaped defect and an embedded initially elliptical defect in an infinite body, the growth of a semi-elliptical surface crack in a finite thickness plate under tension and bending, the propagation of an internal crack in a round bar and the shape change of an external surface crack in a pressure vessel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01495.x
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    RELAXATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AT COLD-WORKED FASTENER HOLES DUE TO FATIGUE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Cold-expansion of fastener holes is now commonly used within the aerospace industry to increase the fatigue endurance of airframes. Although a number of methods of cold expansion are possible, the split-sleeve cold-expansion process is the most widely accepted and is frequently used in the repair and manufacture stages of both military and civil aircraft. In the present work, the redistribution of residual hoop stresses due to the application of constant amplitude fatigue loading at 4% cold-expanded holes has been studied. A modified Sachs method was adopted to evaluate the residual stress profiles and a replication technique was used to quantify crack growth. It was found that the decay of the residual hoop stress profile near the bore of the hole was due to the initiation and growth of small fatigue cracks. Cracks were found to initiate both near and below the fatigue limit, but subsequently arrested so stabilising the overall residual stress profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01501.x
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    FACTORS CONTROLLING THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF NITRIDED TITANIUM (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The factors affecting the fatigue strength of nitrided titanium were clarified. The fatigue strength depended strongly on the fracture strength of the compound layer formed on the surface by nitriding. We found a Hall-Petch relationship between the fatigue strength of nitrided titanium and the grain size. The findings indicated that the reduction in the fatigue strength by nitriding results from both the formation of the compound layer possessing low fracture strength and grain growth occurring from ordinary nitriding. Furthermore, low-temperature nitriding (620°C, 24 h) was proposed to suppress grain growth. This treatment method improved not only the wear resistance and the corrosion resistance but also the fatigue strength of titanium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00404.x
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    REINFORCEMENT FRACTURE AND TENSILE DUCTILITY IN SPHERE-REINFORCED METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Sphere-reinforced metal-matrix composites are modelled as a three dimensional array of hexagonal cylinders, each one with a broken or intact spherical reinforcement at its centre. Using this model, the stress-strain response of the composite in uniaxial tension was obtained. A parametrical analysis of the influence of matrix and reinforcement properties as well as volume fraction on the ductility of these composites was performed. It was found that the decrease in ductility with respect to the unreinforced matrix depended mainly on the reinforcement/matrix strength ratio and on the defect distribution in the particulates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00301.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF LOADING RATE ON HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING OF MICRO ALLOYED STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Since the degradation effect due to environment on the cracking of materials depends on time, the loading rate has an important influence on the parameters that characterise its behaviour. This work analyses the effect of loading rate on the resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) of two microailoyed steels, E690 and E500. Monotonic loading tests were performed on precracked CT samples using a slow strain rate machine. Tests were done under constant displacement rate varying from 4.1 × 10–7 m/s to 8.2 × 10–10m/s on the two steels that were cathodically charged with hydrogen at different current densities (1, 5 and 10 mA/cm2) to obtain different hydrogen concentration levels inside the material.Based on an analytical study, the initiation conditions for cracking as well as the crack propagation rates were determined in each case, and analysed as a function of K1. An extensive fractographic SEM study has been performed to help in the analysis of the different zones of behaviour obtained as an effect of loading rate, for each material and environmental condition used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00303.x
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    CYCLIC FATIGUE OF Al2O3 AND Al2O3-Al2TiO5 COMPOSITES IN DIRECT PUSH-PULL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A reaction sintering route is developed to produce, “in situ”, composites of alumina-aluminium titanate using alumina and titania as starting powders. Aluminium titanate, can be formed by a solid state reaction between Al2O3 and TiO2 at temperatures above the eutectoid temperature of 1280°C. These composites have different grain sizes of alumina matrix and a different quantity and distribution of aluminium titanate according to the heating cycle used.In the present work direct push-pull tests under cyclic loads have been carried out with both monolithic alumina and alumina-aluminium titanate composites. It has been found that all the samples show a decrease in tensile strength with the number of applied cycles of loading when plotted in graphical form but the slopes of these graphs for both Al2O3-Al2TiO5 composites are lower than for the alumina specimens. The role of aluminium titanate and the alumina matrix grain size in fatigue crack growth resistance has been studied during push-pull tests, where failure occurs by catastrophic propagation of small surface cracks after a very short regime of subcritical crack growth. These results have been compared with measurements of slow stable fatigue crack growth rates in Al2O3-Al2TiO5 composites carried out elsewhere with pre-notched specimens of the compact tension type. These latter tests provide information about the behaviour of significantly long cracks, i.e. cracks that are several millimetres long.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00308.x
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    ESIS TC 6 ROUND ROBIN ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The Technical Committee “Ceramics” (TC 6) of the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS) organized a round robin relating to the fracture toughness of ceramic materials at room temperature. Five materials were tested with five testing methods by eighteen laboratories. The five testing methods were: chevron notched beam in four point bending, direct measurement of the cracks emanating from a Vickers indentation, indentation strength by four-point bending, single edge precracked beam in four-point bending, and single edge notched beam in four-point bending. The results of the round robin performed in the period 1993 to 1994 are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00284.x
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    THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF A CENTRE CRACKED TENSILE SPECIMEN (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper reviews the stress intensity factor, limit load, compliance and J-integral functions for a centre cracked tensile (CCT) specimen available in the literature. Compliance and J-integral functions are derived from the optimum stress intensity factor and limit load solutions. The functions are compared with the results obtained from two-dimensional finite element analyses of the specimen.The finite element results have confirmed the accuracy of the compliance and limit load functions available in the literature and suggest that the unloading compliance technique, based on crack mouth opening displacement, could be developed for a CCT specimen. Non-linear finite element analyses have shown that J can be estimated from the measured load versus load-point displacement behaviour providing a/W≥ 0.5
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00278.x
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    COMPRESSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF AN ALUMINIUM ALLOY: EFFECT OF OVERLOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The behaviour of fatigue cracks in an Al-alloy under cyclic compression, either with or without overloads, was studied. For constant-amplitude compressive cycling, a non-catastrophic (saturation) character of the fatigue crack behaviour was confirmed, with the final depth of a crack depending on the applied load level. Single (tensile or compressive) intermittent overloads were shown to re-activate a previously arrested crack while reversed (tensile—compressive or compressive—tensile) ones were also shown to maintain continual fatigue crack extension under otherwise fully compressive cycling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00282.x
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    AN ACCELERATED TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING NEAR-THRESHOLD STRESS INTENSITY VALUES IN HSLA STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new method for accelerating the collection of near-threshold corrosion fatigue crack propagation data, using local hydrogen embrittlement in the crack tip region, has been investigated for ASTM A710 HSLA steel. Fatigue tests were conducted at 10 and 0.2 Hz (stress ratio, R= 0.1) on “constant K” contoured double cantilever beam (CDCB) specimens, to establish near-threshold crack growth rates in a locally hydrogen charged region at the crack tip. Hydrogen charging was then discontinued and crack growth rates were monitored in the uncharged material. Near-threshold fatigue crack growth rates were found to be 100 times faster in the locally hydrogen charged specimens than in the uncharged material. Fatigue thresholds, ΔKth, were defined in less than one fifth the time required for load shedding tests in air at 0.2 Hz. Although demonstrated for HSLA steels, the technique is applicable to any material which can be embrittled by hydrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01518.x
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    CHARACTERIZATION OF DELAMINATION GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF HYBRID BONDED LAMINATES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The objective of this work is to study the delamination growth behaviour of hybrid composite-aluminium bonded laminates. A modified Double Crack Lap Shear (DCLS) specimen was chosen for this study. An expression relating the delamination size and the compliance of a DCLS specimen was derived, and a test method for the delamination growth rate in DCLS specimens developed. The delamination sizes and the delamination growth rates of DCLS specimens were determined by monitoring the compliances of specimens during fatigue. Delamination growth rates at different stress ratios (R= 0.1, 0.3,0.5) were measured. A Walker-type equation for the delamination growth rate was obtained by a multiple linear regression analysis.It was shown that the compliance method for determining the delamination growth rate of DCLS specimens is not only convenient and practical, but also accurate. The delamination size in DCLS specimens increases linearly with cycles during fatigue, i.e. delamination growth rate is constant, independent of delamination size. The energy release rate was adopted to characterize delamination growth behaviour. Good agreement between the Walker equation and test results of the delamination growth rate was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01522.x
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    A SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATION SOLUTION FOR THE LINEAR ELASTIC CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT OF AN ARBITRARILY SHAPED PLANE CRACK: PART I FINITE-PART INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The aim of the paper is to compute the local crack face displacements of a linear elastic body containing an arbitrarily shaped plane crack. From the crack face displacements the local stress intensity factors can be derived.The boundary value problem for a plane crack of arbitrary shape, embedded in a linear elastic medium, has been treated by several authors by the singular integral equation (SIE) approach. Their computations lead to a set of hyper-singular integral equations for the Cartesian components of the unknown crack face displacements. To solve these equations the authors present a discretization procedure based on six-node triangular finite elements. A total set of 24 finite-part integrals defined over a triangular area can be developed. These 2D-finite-part integrals can be split into both a 1D-regular and a 1D-finite-part-integral by means of the polar coordinates so that they can be solved in closed form. Finally, the investigation of the SIEs is reduced to a discrete set of linear algebraic equations for the unknown nodal point values. The necessary steps will be demonstrated in detail. The derived closed-form solutions will be offered in the text and in the appendices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01505.x
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    A NEW POWERFUL TOOL FOR SURVEYING CLEAVAGE FRACTURE SURFACES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new tool is presented to investigate cleavage fracture surfaces. It is based on the combined techniques of crystal orientation measurements using the Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD)-technique and 3-dimensional surfaces reconstruction by an Automatic Surface Reconstruction System (ASRS).With this tool we can perform crystallographic fractometry of cleavage fracture facets of polycrystals within the limits of the resolution of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), e.g. we can determine the crystallographic indices of cleavage planes and of directions on such planes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01509.x
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    A FRACTURE MECHANICS APPROACH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS WITH REDUCED BRITTLENESS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Ordinary ceramic refractories are used as lining material for industrial pyro-processes. A high resistance to mechanical failure from an imposed strain or thermal shock is usually termed “flexibility”. A scientific approach to enhance this property is hindered by the fact that there is a lack of understanding, definition and measurement of this parameter in relation to its physical basis.Wedge splitting tests were performed on a variety of typically shaped refractories together with standard procedures. This type of test enables stable crack propagation even for relatively large specimen dimensions that are necessary due to the size effect. High “flexibility” proved to be achievable in low brittleness materials and can be characterised by a brittleness number, the characteristic length or the thermal shock fracture resistance parameter according to Hasselman. A sufficient decrease of brittleness can be successfully achieved by the formation of precracks during the burning process which enhance the development of a fracture process zone. For a magnesia refractory (with additions of magnesia-alumina spinel) a friction bridging mechanism plays an important role in reducing brittleness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01513.x
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  • 63
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    DISLOCATION STRUCTURE AND NON-PROPORTIONAL HARDENING OF TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper describes the microstructure of Type 304 stainless steel after cyclic loading at room temperature under tension-torsion non-proportional strain paths. The degree of cyclic non-proportional hardening is correlated with changes in the dislocation substructure. Dislocation cells, dislocation bundles, twins and stacking faults are all observed. The type of microstructure formed and resultant stress response is dependent on the degree of non-proportional loading and strain range. Cyclic stress range was uniquely correlated with mean cell size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01496.x
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    THE EFFECT OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SHEAR LIPS ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN Al 2024 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Multiple underloads and overloads with constant ΔK were carried out on centre-cracked tension specimens. It was found that when shear lips develop, underloads or overloads affect the crack growth rate da/dN and the subsequent retardation. The appearance of the shear lip fracture surfaces depends on the frequency. At higher frequencies a greater number of rough shear lip fracture surfaces will develop, while at lower frequencies there is a tendency towards smooth shear lips. The amount of crack closure differs in each case. It was found that the type of shear lip, rough or smooth, can be related to the effect on da/dN during and after underloads. The effect of rough and smooth shear lip growth was investigated in constant ΔK tests, performing these tests with and without crack closure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01499.x
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER ULTRASONIC FATIGUE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this paper, a stress and modal analysis of an ultrasonic vibration system consisting of a notched specimen and one or two amplifying horns have been performed by using 3D finite element calculations. The stress intensity factors in ultrasonic fatigue crack propagation are evaluated by means of displacement and energy approaches. The particular advantages as well as limitations of the two approaches are briefly discussed. Two types of ultrasonic fatigue loading, with a different stress ratio, are exerted on the specimen. From a comparison of the results a conclusion is formed that the energy approach is more accurate; it also has a wide range of practicality in engineering industries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00398.x
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    A THERMAL ACTIVATION APPROACH TO THE CRACK RESISTANCE OF STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this study, the relation between fracture toughness and mechanical properties, grain structure, temperature and strain rate is analysed on the basis of a thermo-activation analysis of the plastic deformation of metals.As a result of the study, the relationships obtained are of sufficient accuracy in relation to standard cracked samples of many steels.These relations can be used as a tool when designing new alloys which have a strong resistance to crack growth.This study is limited to temperatures in the range 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.2Tm and BCC metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00400.x
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    A NEW MODEL FOR THE NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF PITTING RESISTANCE OF GEAR TEETH FLANKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A numerical model for determining the pitting resistance of gear teeth flanks is presented in this paper. The model considers the material fatigue process leading to pitting, i.e. the conditions required for crack initiation and then simulation of fatigue crack propagation. The theory of dislocation motion on persistent slip bands is used to describe the process of crack initiation, where the microstructure of a material plays a crucial role. The simulation of crack growth takes into account both short crack growth, where the modified Bilby, Cottrell and Swinden model is used for simulation of dislocation motion, and long crack growth, where the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics is applied. The stress field in the contact area of meshing spur gear teeth and the functional relationship between the stress intensity factor and crack length are determined by the finite element method. For numerical simulations of crack initiation and crack propagation in the contact area of spur gear teeth, an equivalent model of two cylinders is used. On the basis of numerical results, and with consideration of some particular material parameters, the service life of gear teeth flanks is estimated. The developed model is applied to a real spur gear pair, which is also experimentally tested. The comparison of numerical and experimental results shows good agreement and it can be concluded that the developed model is appropriate for determining the pitting resistance of gear teeth flanks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00403.x
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    EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTS OF COLD EXPANSION OF FASTENER HOLES (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 21 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A series of experimental investigations concerning the residual stress fields at cold-expanded fastener holes and of the behavior of fatigue cracks at such holes has been conducted. These studies have included measurement of the initial, cold-work-induced residual stress fields at both uncracked and cracked holes and the performance of both constant amplitude and spectrum fatigue crack growth tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.1998.00430.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF COMPRESSIVE LOADS ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN METALS (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experimental study on Al alloy 7475-T7351 was conducted to determine the influence of compressive loads on fatigue crack propagation. The investigation was based on the determination of the crack propagation stress intensity factor, KPR , under three different basic loading sequences involving compressive loads. The data of the entire experimental program collapse onto a single ‘master curve’ which describes KPR as a function of Kmax and the unloading ratio UR. Load interaction effects are mainly due to the changes of the residual compressive stress state in front of the crack tip, while crack closure plays a minor part. The results give an improved understanding of fatigue crack propagation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.1998.00481.x
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    STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CORNER CRACKS AT A HOLE BY A 3-D WEIGHT FUNCTION METHOD WITH STRESSES FROM THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Stress intensity factors for quarter-elliptical corner cracks emanating from a circular hole are determined using a 3-D weight function method combined with a 3-D finite element method. The 3-D finite element method is used to analyze uncracked configurations and provide stress distributions in the region where a crack is likely to occur. Using this stress distribution as input, the 3-D weight function method is used to determine stress intensity factors. Three different loading conditions, i.e. remote tension, remote bending and wedge loading, are considered for a wide range of geometrical parameters. The significance of using 3-D uncracked stress distributions is studied. Comparisons are made with solutions available in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01485.x
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    FATIGUE, CREEP AND CREEP/FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF A NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOY AT 700°C (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper presents the results of an experimental testing programme to examine the uniaxial creep, low cycle fatigue and creep/fatigue interaction behaviour of a Ni-base superalloy at 700°C. The material is used in the manufacture of aeroengine turbine discs. A creep continuum damage mechanics model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the creep and creep rupture behaviour of the material. A healing term has been incorporated into the damage mechanics model to allow the behaviour under creep/fatigue conditions to be described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01488.x
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    EFFECT OF MIXED-MODE OVERLOADS ON ENVIRONMENTAL-HYDROGEN-INDUCED FRACTURE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of short periods of mixed-mode overloading on the environmental hydrogen induced fracture life of 0.42%C, 0.87%Cr, 0.21%Mo steel has been studied. Tests were performed in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution under continuous hydrogen charging conditions using a weight loading system. Experimental results show that the application of mixed-mode overloads can cause more severe crack growth retardation than those of mode I. Possible mechanisms responsible for the retardation of subsequent crack growth, such as crack deflection, plasticity-induced residual compression stresses, dislocation shielding and overload damage, are examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01491.x
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    EDITORIAL: AN ITALIAN SPECIAL ISSUE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00312.x
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    THE DAMAGE PROCESS IN A FINITE-SIZED BRITTLE SPECIMEN WITH INTERACTING MICROCRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The whole damage process in a finite sized specimen with interacting microcracks is simulated by a method combining the closed form crack solutions with boundary elements. Interactions among microcracks and boundary elements are taken into account with an explicit interaction matrix. A coalescence criterion is assumed to rule the intersection behaviour and propagation arrest. The fatal coalescence cluster resulting in the failure of the specimen, out of many intersections of propagating microcracks, is identified with a particular coalescence matrix. The numerical model proposed in this paper can be used to simulate the damage process in a brittle specimen of any shape, under arbitrary plane stress conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00316.x
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    CREEP CRACK GROWTH MICROMECHANISMS AT 405°C IN COLD BENT TUBES OF A C-Mn-Mo STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Creep Crack Growth (CCG) tests were performed at 405°C on specimens cut out of the cold bent extrados of five tubes of a C-Mn-Mo steel. Intergranular fracture and grain boundary cavitation was less in the C-Mn-Mo than in the C-Mn steels, in accordance with better CCG resistance of the former material. The dimensions and hardness variation across the crack tip process zone were measured by microhardness profiles performed on metallographic sections of the broken samples. TEM analysis of the dislocation patterns close to the fracture surface confirmed the presence of temperature- and stress-induced plasticity phenomena. A significant enrichment of N at grain boundaries (GB) inside the process zone was detected by Auger spectroscopy; N not only inhibits dislocation motion and stress field relaxation at the crack tip but also causes a decrease in GB cohesion ahead of the crack tip. These results help in understanding the micromechanisms which reduce the creep ductility of C-Mn-Mo and C-Mn cold bent tubes and the role of chemical composition in improving CCG resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00320.x
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    SIZE EFFECTS IN THE FRACTURE OF A PIPE-GRADE HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of specimen size on fracture toughness of a pipe-grade high density polyethylene has been examined using the J integral approach. It was found that the size requirements set up by common standards appear inadequate for this material. Measurements at low temperatures, at which a plane strain fracture toughness value could be obtained, turned out to be very effective in establishing a more appropriate size requirement for this material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00325.x
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN D16T A1-ALLOY SHEET SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL OUT-OF-PHASE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fractographic peculiarities of fatigue crack development are studied in cruciform specimens of D16T aluminium alloy under out-of-phase biaxial tension and tension-compression. In the range of the biaxial load ratios λ from −0.5 to +0.5 and an R-ratio of 0.3, fatigue striation formation took place beyond a crack growth rate near to 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The striation spacing and the crack growth rate increase as the φ-angle of the out-of-phase biaxial loads increases in the range of φ-angles from 0° to 180°. The ratio between the increment of crack growth, da/dN, and the striation spacing, δ, is approximately 1 to 1 when da/dN is greater than 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The relationship between the number of cycles from the beginning of a test up to the growth rate of 10−6 m/cycle (Nd), and the crack growth period, NP, from when the crack initiates up to the instant when that growth rate is reached, was determined for different λ ratios and φ angles. The value of Nd decreases as the φ angle is increased in the range from 0° to 1807deg;.Cycle loading parameters must be taken into account in order to describe the crack growth period when using a unified method that involves an equivalent stress intensity factor Ke=KIF1(λ, R)F2(φ). The values of F2(φ) were determined.The calculated fatigue crack growth period, Nc, applicable up to and including the stage of fatigue striation formation (predicted by using both of the F1(λ, R) and F2(φ) functions) is correlated with the experimental data and the error is of the order of 15%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01541.x
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    THE CRACK INITIATION TOUGHNESS FOR BRITTLE FRACTURE OF SUPER DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The occurrence of brittle stable crack growth before unstable fracture was demonstrated with the aid of heat-tinting, for a ferritic matrix super duplex stainless steel which had been age-hardened at 475°C. The critical crack tip opening displacement for stable crack growth, i.e. the crack initiation toughness, was measured using the direct-current-potential drop crack monitoring technique. A quantitative model for the effect of temperature and age-hardening on the brittle crack initiation toughness is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01543.x
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    HIGH RESOLUTION CRACK GROWTH MEASUREMENTS IN VIBRATING BEAMS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack propagation characteristics are measured by continuously determining the resonant frequency in vibrating systems, which is stabilized through a feedback control loop. The precisely controlled resonant frequency is related to the crack length by a nonlinear model based on fracture mechanics, hence crack growth can be monitored with respect to time with very high accuracy. The nonlinearity due to the opening and closing of the crack needs to be taken into account. In contrast to conventional fatigue tests, which require a long duration of time due to the high numbers of load cycles at low frequencies, the proposed technique operates at much higher frequencies, i.e. in the range of 100 Hz to 100 kHz. Thus the required time for measurements in the high cycle fatigue range is considerably reduced. The experimental setup is simple and inexpensive and does not require high energy inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01547.x
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    MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING TO THE FRACTURE STRESS AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF SILICON NITRIDE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Microstructure and mechanical properties of HP (Hot Pressed), HP/GP (Gas Pressed), and HP/HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressed)—Si3N4 are studied using scanning electron microscopy, bending tests and the indentation fracture method. The grain diameter distribution is analyzed to clarify the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties; and also the bending strength and fracture toughness. It is shown that bending strength increases with decreasing grain diameter. The results also show that a Hall—Petch type of relationship is obtained between grain diameter and fracture strength. The fracture toughness shows a linear relationship with 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:8756758X:FFE829:FFE_829_fu1" location="image_n/FFE_829_fu1.gif" extraInfo="missing"/〉, where σF= bending strength, β= a proportionality factor and da= average grain diameter, and is closely related to the aspect ratio of Si3N4 grains. It is concluded, from the morphological analysis, that a microstructure composed of Si3N4 grains, with both a small grain diameter and a large aspect ratio, is effective in improving both the fracture strength and fracture toughness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01527.x
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    THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL OF THERMAL STRIPING FOR CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRIES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The random temperature fluctuation produced by the incomplete mixing of hot and cold fluid streams passing over the surface of a component or structure is known as thermal striping. This phenomenon may cause thermal fatigue to occur. It is of particular concern in various types of nuclear reactors, for rapid shut-downs of hot plant and in thermal stratification. A computer code, “TBL”, is a design tool which has been developed to assess thermal striping damage in plates. This model is further developed in this paper to assess such damage in cylindrical components. A recent, universal weight function method is examined and incorporated into TBL. Good comparisons are found between TBL and finite element results for a sinusoidally varying temperature-time-striping history. Potential thermal striping damage is assessed for a cylindrical component of material typically found in the above-core region of a fast reactor under a random temperature-time-striping history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01531.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF AGEING AT INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURES ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF A DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL: Part II. FATIGUE LIFE AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The mechanical behaviour of AISI 329 steel has been investigated for ageing times up to 20,000 h at temperatures of 475, 425, 375, 325 and 275°C. The study has concentrated on the changes in the response to cyclic strains, in the low-and the high-cycle fatigue regimes, and in the resistance to fatigue crack propagation as a function of temperature and time of ageing.It is shown that ageing increases the fatigue resistance in the high-cycle fatigue regime, but the opposite occurs in the low-cycle fatigue regime. Ageing increases the LEFM threshold stress intensity factor range for fatigue crack propagation which reaches high values in these alloys, and is influenced by the fatigue load ratio. Crack closure contributes to the LEFM threshold stress intensity factor range for crack propagation only in the annealed condition of the AISI 329 steel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01535.x
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    MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECT ON LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR IN Ti-ALLOYS UNDER BIAXIAL LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Low cycle fatigue tests under axial, torsional and combined axial-torsional loading were conducted using thin-wall tubular specimens of Ti-6A1–4V titanium alloys. Two kinds of alloys with different microstructures, the (α+β) and β alloys, were investigated in fatigue tests at room temperature. When the failure life was correlated with the equivalent plastic strain, the life in axial loading shifted toward the lower life region compared with those in other loading modes in both alloys. Dominant surface cracks propagated in mode I under axial and combined loading in the two alloys. Although growth by the mode II type was predominant under torsional loading, the growth direction of the main crack coincided with the specimen axis in the (α+β) alloy, but the circumferential direction in the β alloy. The cracking morphology depended on the microstructure, especially under the torsional mode of loading, and was simulated successfully by using the proposed model for crack initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01537.x
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  • 84
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    FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF UNTREATED AND SILANE-TREATED TALC-FILLED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fracture behaviour of injection-moulded polypropylene filled with silane-treated talc was studied as a function of filler volume fraction (0–20%) and compared to that of polypropylene filled with untreated talc. High-rate tests (0.57 m/s) on SENB specimens were carried out using an instrumented Charpy impact pendulum, and linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) was applied to calculate the fracture parameters, KC and GC. It was found that moderate fractions of talc which were added to the polypropylene matrix increased the fracture toughness of the composite independent of the talc surface treatment. This general improvement seems to be due to the peculiar orientation of the talc platelets in the injection-moulded specimens. The fracture behaviour of the composites was also studied at low strain rate (1 mm/min) by tests on J-integral type specimens with the same SENB geometry. In this case, the composites with silane-treated talc presented poor J-integral values compared to those of the samples with untreated talc. This was attributed to a reduction of the plastic zone at the crack tip, since the improved coupling between the talc platelets and matrix increased the yield strength of the composite. All the results are explained on a basis of morphological and microstructural details.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00299.x
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    MODELLING THE TENSILE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF THE REINFORCING FIBRE YARNS IN CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Using experimentally determined data on fibre radius distributions, yarn geometry, matrix and fibre elastic moduli and frictional shear stress at the matrix/fibre interface (obtained by nano-indentation experiments), the failure probability of the composite fibre yarns (after matrix cracking) is estimated. Each fibre is divided into a fixed number of segments above and below the matrix crack. The failure probability on every segment of each fibre is computed using Weibull fibre strength statistics. A fibre is assumed to be broken when the cumulative failure probability for the complete yarn reaches a value of 0.5. The segment and fibre are then selected at “random”, according to their individual failure probabilities. After fibre failure, the broken fibre can only carry the frictional load and the load drop is transferred to its neighbours according to their distances to the broken fibre. The remote stress is then modified to match again the cumulative failure probability of 0.5 and a new fibre is broken. This procedure is repeated until all the fibres are broken. In this way, it is possible to obtain the “characteristic” load carried by the yarn and its corresponding elongation. Fibre extraction and pull-out behaviour are also considered. The roles of different load-transfer laws (from global to highly localised) are examined. The model is applied to simulate the fracture tensile behaviour of individual yarns of SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites. The results are compared with those obtained from tensile experiments on SiC/SiC individual yarns. The computed fracture morphology, in terms of individual pull-out lengths, is also compared to the actual SEM fractography of a woven SiC/SiC composite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00302.x
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    SOLVING TRANSIENT DYNAMIC CRACK PROBLEMS BY THE HYPERSINGULAR BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The subject of hypersingular boundary integral equations is a rapidly developing topic due to the advantages which this kind of formulation offers compared to the standard boundary integral method. The hypersingular formulation is particularly well suited for fracture mechanics problems, where there are important gradients of the stress field and singularities. This formulation for time domain antiplane problems has been recently addressed by the authors and in the present paper, the formulation for time domain plane problems is presented and applied for the first time. A mixed Boundary Element approach based on the standard integral equation and the hypersingular integral equation is developed. The mixed formulation allows for a very simple discretization of the problem, where no subregion is needed. Conforming quadratic elements are used for the crack and the external boundaries. The hypersingular integral equation is used for collocation points within the crack elements, while the standard integral representation is used for the external boundaries. Several examples with different crack geometries are studied to illustrate the possibilities of the method. The Stress Intensity Factor (S.I.F.) is very accurately computed from the crack tip opening displacements along the crack tip element. The results show that the proposed approach for S.I.F. evaluation is simple and produces accurate solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00309.x
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    DETERMINATION OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE MESH SIZE FOR A 2-D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE BEHAVIOUR (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed for plane stress conditions with 4-node isoparametric elements to examine closure behaviour of fatigue cracks, giving special attention to the determination of the most appropriate mesh sizes. It is found that a smaller mesh size does not always give more accurate simulation results in the fatigue crack closure analysis, unlike a conventional structural analysis. A unique, most-appropriate mesh size exists for a given loading condition that will provide numerical results which agree well with experimental data. The most appropriate mesh size can be determined approximately in terms of the theoretical reversed plastic zone size. In particular, the ratio of the most appropriate mesh size to the theoretical reversed plastic zone size is nearly constant for a given stress ratio in the so-called crack-length-fixed method proposed in this study. By using the concept of the most appropriate mesh size, the finite element analysis can predict fatigue crack closure behaviour very well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00285.x
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    THE HIGH STRAIN-RATE FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF DUCTILE METALS AT ELEVATED AND SUB-AMBIENT TEMPERATURES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— High strain-rate tensile tests have been carried out on pre-notched specimens of OFHC copper and Remko iron at both elevated and cryogenic temperatures. When properly expressed as a function of stress triaxiality at the centre of the notch (as predicted by numerical simulations of the experiment), the ductility of copper was found to be independent of temperature over a range from —190°C to 300°C. The specially-processed Remko iron was found to undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition at a temperature dependent on the stress triaxiality and the particular batch of the material. Otherwise the fully ductile strains-to-failure (when expressed as a function of stress triaxiality) for iron were found to decrease with increasing temperature up to 400°C; this being the maximum temperature tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00289.x
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    A TECHNICAL NOTE STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR THE EXTENDED COMPACT TENSION SPECIMEN OBTAINED BY SUPERPOSITION (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00293.x
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  • 90
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    FRACTURE SURFACE DEVELOPMENT IN AN OVERLOADED D16T Al-ALLOY SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL LOADING. A FRACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack growth experiments were carried out on cruciform specimens of D16T Al-alloy, loaded under uniaxial and biaxial loads, including a sequence of various overloads. It is shown that, for biaxial cyclic loads at stress ratios λ and various R-ratios, fracture surface development during overloads and the crack length dependences on the cyclic loads following overloads are similar to those for uniaxial loading.The aim of this investigation was to study interaction effects by analyzing the crack retardation length and associated parameters together with their relationships. These parameters’depend on the biaxial ratio (λ) and the stress ratio (R) and their uses in crack growth modelling are briefly considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00275.x
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    THE BRITTLE FRACTURE OF 475°C EMBRITTLED CAST DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The fracture behaviour of cast duplex stainless steels, heat treated to different ferrite contents and hardness was investigated using tensile and notched bend tests. The purpose was to identify the microstructural features which controlled the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition of 475°C embrittled duplex stainless steel. The results indicate that twin nucleated cleavage has a tensile stress fracture criteria and the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature depends on ferrite microhardness, ferrite grain size and constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00288.x
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    ANALYSIS OF CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN FRETTING FATIGUE: THE EFFECTIVE INITIAL FLAW SIZE METHODOLOGY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A number of fretting fatigue tests were carried out on CMV steel and INCO 718 alloys under closely controlled experimental conditions. A fracture mechanics-based lifing model was developed and the Paris Law employed to predict fatigue lives under a range of experimental conditions. An effective initial flaw size was used to describe initiation and early propagation of cracks. This approach was found to give good predictions of fatigue life of specimens for different values of bulk stress under the same fretting load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00402.x
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    SOME USEFUL FORMULAE FOR MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS RELATING TO THE WEIBULL AND TO THE EXPONENTIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper develops some useful formulae relating the estimated and the actual values of the parameters of the Weibull and of the Exponential Probability Distribution functions. These formulae simplify the calculations for Monte Carlo simulations executed for the estimation of some reference statistics, for instance, the reliability function. The reduction of the calculation is possible because of the reduction of the possible values that the parameters of the random numbers generating function should assume. In some cases of the reliability function, only one Monte Carlo simulation is necessary for a given data sample amplitude. An explanation is made of the use of these formulae when estimating the reliability function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00406.x
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00395.x
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    CTODi MEASURED BY MEANS OF A MODIFIED CHARPY-V-SPECIMEN (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Measurements of CTODi on Charpy-V-specitnens of mild steel St 37 and pressure-vessel steel 22NiMoCr37 have been carried out. Slotted and precracked specimens have been used besides the original V-notched ones. A definition of CTOD = 2(R – Ro) has been proposed which corresponds to δ45, defining the CTOD of fatigue cracks. The symbols Ro and R represent the original and the actual crack tip radii respectively. Additionally, this definition presents the opportunity to measure CTOD and CTODi by a direct metallographic method. It is demonstrated that COD testing, based on the hinge model, can also be applied to slotted bars, delivering CTOD and CTODi values which are equal to those evaluated by direct metallographic measurements.The results obtained on four different tip radii, Ro, show a linear increase of CTODi as a function of Ro, which is steeper for the softer material St 37. The extrapolation to the tip radius Ro=0 gives a CTODi, which is equal to those determined from precracked specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00399.x
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    AN EGF EXERCISE IN PREDICTING DUCTILE INSTABILITY: PHASE 2, CRACKED PRESSURE VESSEL (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 9 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This report discusses the results of a collaborative European Group on Fracture exercise to predict the pressure-crack size relationships of an experimental cracked pressure vessel which was undergoing tests for the CEGB. The details of the test and background mechanical properties data had been circulated to interested parties with a request for predictions to be returned prior to the vessel test results being published. The results of this exercise are described here, analysed in detail and compared with the test results.Collectively, eighteen individuals provided thirty eight different estimates of the vessel behaviour. The procedures used included R6 and variants of it, crack tip opening displacement approaches, engineering J design curve approaches, simple plastic collapse criteria and the GE J estimation scheme.Analysis of the predictions showed that:(1) in the prediction of maximum pressures, the plastic limit pressure was important;(2) in the prediction of initiation pressures the initiation toughness dominated;(3) the detailed form of the resistance curve had little influence on either the crack growth predictions or the maximum pressure predictions.(4) all forms of failure assessment diagram based upon the R6 axes were capable of producing accurate predictions.(5) where a poor model was used to represent the cracked section the results were unsatisfactory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1986.tb00451.x
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    FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION FOR GAUSSIAN RANDOM LOADS AT THE DESIGN STAGE (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 9 (1986), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue life prediction under variable amplitude loading normally involves a two stage process of cycle counting and damage summation. This paper shows that for certain classes of strain history, predictions can be made directly from a knowledge only of the power spectral density of the strain history and conventional fatigue strength data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1986.tb00444.x
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    FATIGUE LIFE BEHAVIOR OF MONOCRYSTALLINE COPPER IN 0.1 M PERCHLORIC ACID (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 8 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We have studied the fatigue lives of single crystals of copper in 0.1 M HClO4under different polarization potentials. Perchloric acid was chosen for the aqueous environment because it allows us to control the corrosion reactions rigorously. Persistent slip band (PSB) behaviour and crack nucleation were studied during life, and fracture surfaces after failure.Different behavior was observed depending on strain amplitude. At 2 × 10-3 plastic shear strain amplitude, anodic potential was observed to decrease life, whereas cathodic potenlial was found to be less damaging than laboratory air. Crack nucleation and propagation occurred along the primary slip plane for both conditions. The reduction of fatigue life under anodic potential is explained by enhanced localized strain at the PSB's and preferential dissolution within them.However, for a strain amplitude of 4 × 10-3, cracks nucleated and propagated along the secondary slip system. We observed crack nucleation to be associated with deformation-induced stress concentrations, and the aqueous solution showed no aggressive effect under either anodic or cathodic potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1985.tb00426.x
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    THE LOW CYCLE IMPACT FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF PEARLITIC PLAIN CARBON STEELS (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 8 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results of Stan ton and Bairstow (1908) have been reanalyzed to yield information on the composition dependence of the low cycle impact fatigue properties of pearlitic plain carbon steels. It has been found that the energy absorbed per impact, Ei, and the number of impacts are failure, Nf, are related by the equation:In this equation q is determined by the carbon, manganese and silicon contents of the steel; Eo is the impact endurance limit; and C and D are constants. The curve represented by this equation intersects that representing the Johnson-Keller high cycle impact fatigue equation at a value of logeNf equal to 1/C. Thus, the transition from low to high cycle impact fatigue occurs at this value of logeNf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1985.tb00428.x
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEW PATENTS (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 8 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1985.tb01196.x
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