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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rats ; hepatocytes ; phosphoinositide cascade ; zinc ; metallothionein ; alkaline phosphatase ; Ratten ; Hepatocyten ; Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystem ; Zink ; Metallothionein ; alkalische Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Modell primärer Rattenhepatocytenkulturen wurde die Beteiligung von Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems am Metabolismus von Metallothionein (MT) und alkalischer Phosphatase (ALP) untersucht. Alle Experimente wurden in DMEM/F12 (Ham)-Medium sowohl nach 24stündiger Vorinkubation mit foetalem Kälberserum (FCS) als auch nach Vorinkubation mit Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) durchgeführt. Die Versuche an den Hepatocytenkulturen wurden mit Dexamethason (DEX), Zink (Zn) und den Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems, der Calciumionophore A 23187, 1,2-Dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetat (TPA), Angiotensin II (AT), Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) und Arg8-Vasopressin (VP), durchgeführt. Als Parameter wurden die Konzentrationen an MT und die Aktivität der ALP im Zellmaterial bestimmt. Die Vitalität der Kulturen wurde über die Freisetzung der Aktivität der Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH) ins Kulturmedium, der Induzierbarkeit der Tyrosinaminotransferase (TAT) durch DEX und der Anfärbbarkeit der Zellen mit Trypanblau nachgewiesen. Die Zellvitalität wurde durch die FCS-Vorinkubation und DEX-Supplementierung insgesamt verbessert. Unabhängig davon, ob die Zellen mit FCS oder BSA vorinkubiert wurden, stieg der MT-Gehalt der Zellen durch Zn und DEX, als aus der Literatur bekannte direkte Induktoren von MT, um ein Mehrfaches an. Nach FCS-Vorbehandlung war ein moderater Anstieg der ALP-Aktivität nachzuweisen, der jedoch als Vitalitätseffekt interpretiert werden kann. DEX und Zn führten zu keinen Veränderungen der ALP-Aktivität. Alle getesteten Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems konnten weder MT noch ALP induzieren. Lediglich A 23187 führte zu einer signifikanten konzentrationsabhängigen Reduktion der beiden Parameter. Diese Beobachtung wurde, durch den Anstieg der LDH-Aktivität im Medium und der Zunahme mit Trypanblau anfärbbaren Zellen, auf einen cytotoxischen Effekt von A 23187 zurückgeführt. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems nicht in der Lage sind, den Metabolismus von MT und ALP primärer Rattenhepatocyten zu verändern. Die Ergebnisse früherer in vivo Experimente, in denen Agonisten des Phosphoinositol-Effektorsystems den Zn-Stoffwechsel der Leber modulierten, können somit als indirekter systemischer Effekt gedeutet werden.
    Notes: Summary Adult rat primary hepatocytes maintained in DMEM/F12 (Ham) media were used as a model system for studying the role of fetal calf serum (FCS) and agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade in the metabolism of metallothionein (MT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Experiments were performed both after a 24 h preincubation with FCS and with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Hepatocytes were treated with dexamethasone (DEX), zinc (Zn) and with the agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade A 23187, 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), angiotensin II (AT), platelet activating factor (PAF), Arg8-vasopressin (VP) and were analyzed for MT and ALP activity in cell homogenates. Cell viability was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) liberation into culture medium, induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) through DEX and by trypan blue exclusion. Overall, cell viability was improved by the FCS pretreatment and by DEX. Exposure of hepatocytes to the established direct inducers Zn and DEX of MT resulted in a manifold increase in MT, independent of whether the cultures were FCS pretreated or not. The FCS preincubation produced a moderate elevation of ALP activity by stimulating cell viability. However, ALP was unaltered in response to Zn and DEX. None of the experiments conducted with agonists of the phosphoinositide cascade led to an elevation of MT and ALP. Only the incubation of hepatocytes with A 23187 resulted in a concentration dependent significant decrease of MT and ALP. This observation was due to a cytotoxic effect of A 23187, displayed by LDH leakage and an increase in the number of cells stained with trypan blue. In conclusion, in primary hepatocyte cultures agonists of the phosphoinositide did not have an effect on the metabolism of MT and ALP. Previous in vivo results indicating alterations of Zn metabolism in liver, therefore seem to be caused by indirect systemic responses.
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  • 2
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    Animal cognition 2 (1999), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Social learning ; Temporal constraints ; Public information ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been proposed that use of socially acquired information by animals should increase as the time available for individual resource sampling decreases. We gave Norway rat “observers” either 2 or 5 h day–1 to sample four foods. Three of these foods were relatively palatable, but protein-poor; the fourth was relatively unpalatable, but protein-rich. We found that observer rats that for 2 h day–1 both sampled foods and interacted with demonstrators eating only the protein-rich food ate more of the protein-rich food than did observers that sampled for 2 h day–1 but had no opportunity to interact with demonstrators. On the other hand, observer rats that could sample foods for 5 h day–1 ate equal amounts of protein-rich food whether they interacted with a demonstrator fed protein-rich food or not. Subsequent analyses showed that the time available to observers to sample foods, rather than the opportunity to interact with demonstrators determined whether such interaction influenced observers’ food choices. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that animals increase their use of public information in response to temporal constraints on opportunities for resource sampling.
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  • 3
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    Agriculture and human values 17 (2000), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Agri-food network ; Gender ; Sustainable agriculture ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Actor network theory and supply chainmanagement theory provide suggestive researchdirections for understanding regional agri-foodnetworks. These theories claim that relationshipsbased upon trust and cooperation are critical to thestrength and vitality of the network. This means thatexploring and detailing these relationships among thesuppliers, producers, workers, processors, brokers,wholesalers, and retailers within specific regionalgeographies of these networks are critical forfurthering cooperation and trust. Key areas ofcooperation include resource sharing andapprenticeship programs. Employing food networks as akey unit of contextual analysis will deepen ourunderstanding of how to enhance their resiliency andvibrancy. Important questions can be raised about thedifference gender makes for farmers, brokers,entrepreneurs, and workers in local food networks.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 143-146 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rats ; chloroquine ; renal damage ; lysosomes ; acid hydrolases ; membrane damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The administration of chloroquine to rats resulted in a significant elevation of serum enzymes and a corresponding decrease of these enzymes in the tissues. The changes in serum and kidney enzymes were most marked, thus indicating a primary renal dysfunction.
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  • 5
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    Computers and the humanities 30 (1996), S. 381-392 
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: comparative demographic history ; census ; data set integration ; ICAPUMS ; IPUMS ; coding schemes ; Canada ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract The comparative use of census data is a useful way to study social characteristics across national boundaries. However, truly comparative demographic history is not possible without fully integrating separate census data, uniting multiple data files with a common set of comparably coded variables. This paper describes the integration of the 1871 Canadian census public use sample with similar samples of the 1850 and 1880 American censuses to form the Integrated Canadian-American Public Use Microdata Series (ICAPUMS). These data sets lent themselves well to integration because of their strong similarities in sampling design, data collection and data organization. Consistency in the availability and treatment of variables also eased integration of the samples, although the harmonization of occupation variables presented significant challenges. The ICAPUMS features a general household relationship variable which allows us to examine household structure across the two countries and three years. The paper concludes by proposing some general principles of census data set integration. This integrated data set is now available to researchers on the website of the University of Minnesota Historical Census Projects (www.hist.umn.edu/~ipums).
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Immobilization ; Rats ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The therapeutic effects of vitamin D analogs, 1,24(R)-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,24(R)(OH)2D3], 1,24(S)-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,24(S)(OH)2D3], and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] on immobilization osteoporosis were studied in rats. The right hind limb was immobilized through application of a plaster cast following the section of the sciatic nerve. The left hind limb was intact. Vitamin D analogs were orally administered for 6 weeks at dose levels of 0.02 and 0.10µg/kg/day, respectively. The mean lengths of the immobilized femurs were not significantly different from those of the intact femurs in all the experimental groups. In the immobilized femur of animals treated with 1,24(R)(OH)2D3, 0.10µg/kg, dry and ash weights were heavier and calcium and phosphorus contents greater than those in the nontreated group. Furthermore, the amount of calcified bone mass and the cortical thickness of the femurs of the immobilized limb in 1,24(R)(OH)2D3-treated animals were greater than those in the nontreated animals. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 at 0.10µg/kg caused an increase of the bone mass in both immobilized and intact femurs when compared with those of the control group. It was concluded that the administration of 1,24(R)(OH)2D3 diminished the effect of immobilization in the development of osteoporosis without any side effects.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: PTH ; Vitamin D ; Pituitary ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Parathyroid gland transplanted rats and hypophysectomized rats were raised from weaning on a diet without vitamin D and low in calcium (0.02%) for 4 weeks. At the end of this period the animals of both experimental groups, when compared to their respective controls (i.e., sham-operated animals for parathyroid-transplanted ones, and hypophysectomized plus bovine growth hormone-supplemented ones for hypophysectomized rats) were characterized by (a) moderate or absent secondary hyperparathyroidism; (b) near normal bone calcium content; and (c) a maintained responsiveness to the calcemic effect of parathyroid extract (PTE). The PTE action is a bone effect that does not require the presence of the kidneys and is not related to changes in serum calcium and/or phosphorus concentrations. These results indicate that when severe hyperparathyroidism is prevented, the sensitivity of bone to the calcemic action of PTE can be maintained in D-deficient calcium-deprived rats. They also suggest that in these animals the main factor leading to resistance to PTH is the state of severe chronic hyperparathyroidism.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Chronic uremia ; Rats ; Renal responsivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Various investigators have shown that chronic uremia is associated with a normal or exaggerated phosphaturic response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). To explore the relationship between progressive uremia, renal tubular cyclic AMP (cAMP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi) response to PTH and acidosis, in vivo and in vitro experiments were designed in rats with experimental uremia of 4–6 weeks’ duration. Both uremic and pair-fed control rats were treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) and/or chronic NH4Cl feeding. Urinary Pi and cAMP and plasma immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) were measured as well as PTH- and NaF-stimulated cAMP from isolated renal tubules. Excretion of cAMP decreased by 30% in uremic as compared to control rats despite a 3-fold rise in Pi excretion. Acidosis superimposed on uremia did not further decrease cAMP excretion, nor did it significantly alter the elevated Pi excretion. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment of uremic rats further lowered cAMP excretion although Pi excretion rose, hypercalcemia occurred, and plasma iPTH fell. In nonuremic control rats, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment led to hypercalcemia, a progressive decrease in cAMP, and increase in Pi excretion. Isolated renal tubules from uremic or acidotic uremic rats revealed a 50% reduction in both PTH- and NaF-stimulated cAMP generation compared to control rat renal tubules. This observation was unchanged by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Renal tubules of 1,25(OH)2D3-treated control rats demonstrated a decreased cAMP production in response to both PTH and NaF which was inversely related to the calcium content of the renal tubules. Renal tubular calcium levels of uremic rats, initially 3-fold elevated, also increased during 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that progressive uremia results in a dissociation between PTH, urinary cAMP, and Pi excretion which cannot be explained by either metabolic acidosis or 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 547-552 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rats ; Osteoporosis ; Anorganic ; Femur ; Castrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the SEM appearances of endosteal and periosteal surfaces of anorganic femoral diaphyses from 16-month-old normal and castrate male rats. Different types of surfaces could be recognized in both groups. Percentage areas occupied by each surface type were analyzed with a Ladd Data Analyzing Digitizer. Endosteal surfaces were composed of significantly more (P〈0.05) incompletely mineralized, forming surface and significantly less (P〈0.05) completely mineralized, resting surface in castrates than in controls. Both endosteal and periosteal surfaces from experimental bone demonstrated significantly more (P〈0.05) osteoblast lucunae than did control surfaces, and vascular canal entrances were significantly wider (P〈0.001) on castrate endosteal surfaces than on control endosteal surfaces. There was a greater proportion of small nodule forming surface/large nodule forming surface in castrate endosteal bone than in control, and a greater proportion prolonged resting surface/fibrous resting surface in control periosteal bone than in castrate. The results indicate that, when viewed in the SEM, anorganic endosteal and periosteal bone surfaces from femoral diaphyses of old castrate male rats demonstrate appearances characteristic of changes in bone turnover that occur with osteoporosis.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periosteal Hyperplasia ; Osteomyelosclerosis ; Magnesium ; Parathyroid ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un régime contenant 0.8 à 2 mg de Mg pour 100 g, administré à des rats jeunes ou adultes pendant 18 à 21 jours, provoque une croissance généralisée d'os médullaire (ostéomyélosclérose), ainsi que des tumeurs périostées de type desmoide, au niveau de la linea aspera du fémur. Ces modifications s'accompagnent d'une décroissance du magnésium osseux de 52 à 71%, déterminée par spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique. Au niveau des tumeurs périostées, la parathyroidectomie favorise la formation de cartilage. L'administration d'extrait parathyroidien inhibe la formation de cartilage en faveur de la formation de tissue fibreux et d'os. L'adjonction de magnésium au régime restitue rapidement l'apparence normale des tissus.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Nahrung mit 0,8–2 mg Mg per 100 g wurde jungen oder ausgewachsenen Ratten während 18–21 Tagen verfüttert; sie verursachte ein generalisiertes medulläres Knochenwachstum (Osteomyelosklerose) und ebenso desmoidartige Tumoren, des Periosts an der femoralen Linea aspera. Diese Veränderungen waren von einer Abnahme von 52–71% der Magnesium-Konzentration im Knochen begleitet (Bestimmung am Atomabsorptions-Spektrophotometer). Bei Tumoren des Periosts wurde die Knorpelbildung durch Parathyreoidektomie begünstigt. Durch Verabreichung von Parathyreoidea-Extrakt wurde die Knorpelbildung gehemmt und an deren Stell fibröses Gewebe und Knochen gebildet. Wurde der Nahrung Magnesium zugesetzt, so bekamen die Gewebe rasch ein normales Aussehen.
    Notes: Abstract A diet containing from 0.8 to 2 mg Mg/100 g, fed to young or adult rats for 18 to 21 days produced generalized medullary bone growth (osteomyelosclerosis) and also periosteal tumours of the desmoid type, at the femoral linea aspera. These changes were accompanied by decreases in bone magnesium concentration of 52 to 71% as measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the periosteal tumours, parathyroidectomy favoured cartilage formation. The administration of parathyroid extract inhibited cartilage formation in favour of fibrous tissue and bone production. The addition of magnesium to the diet quickly restored the normal appearance of the tissues.
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  • 11
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    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 191-214 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: geochemistry ; metals ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from 30 low-alkalinity lakes in northern New England (NE), New York (NY), the northern Great Lakes States (NGLS) of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Florida (FL) have been dated by 210Pb and analyzed for water and organic content, eight major elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K) plus four trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and V). Variations in the percentages of major elements through time are dominated by long-term independent variations in the abundance of SiO2, FeO, and to a lesser extent Ca and Al. Additional variations are caused by varying proportions of inorganic matter. Major variations in chemistry are generally unrelated to documented distrubances in the watersheds; most disturbances are minor fires or selective logging. Accelerated accumulation of Pb from atmospheric sources into sediment first occurs in sediment dated between 1800 and 1850 in NY and NE, slightly later in the NGLS region, and about 1900 in FL. Modern accumulation rates in all areas are comparable (ca. 1 to 4 μg cm−2 yr−1). Accumulation rates of Pb in some lakes have declined significantly from 1975 to 1985. Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Zn and Cu is also indicated by generally increasing accumulation rates in sediment cores, but the record is not as clear nor are chemical profiles in all lakes parallel to the trends in atmospheric emissions inferred on the basis of fossil fuel consumption, smelting, and other industrial activities. Inter-lake variations in profiles of Cu and Zn are large. Vanadium accumulation rates increase by the 1940s in NY and NE, but not until the 1950s in the NGLS region. This timing correlates with regional trends in the combustion of fuel oil, a major source of atmospheric V. Acidification of some of the lakes is suggested by decreases in the concentration and accumulation rates of Mn, Ca, and Zn in recent sediment, relative to other elements of catchment origin. The decreases generally occur slightly before the onset of acidification as indicated by diatoms. Increased sediment accumulation rates for Fe may indicate the acidification of watershed soils. The use of the accumulation rate of TiO2 as an indicator of rates of erosion and for normalization of trace metal accumulation rates is in question for lakes where the flux of TiO2 from the atmosphere varies and is a significant fraction of the total flux of TiO2 to the sediment.
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  • 12
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    Journal of risk and uncertainty 2 (1989), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: aeronautics-commercial ; safety ; United States ; employees ; perceptions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In a large cross-sectional sample, commercial airline pilots in the United States were asked for their perceptions of job safety hazards. Regression techniques are employed to investigate the relationship between these perceptions and both the length of tenure of pilots and their specific employer within the industry. The latter is found to have a far more significant impact on risk perception. No evidence is found for a learning curve of job risk with respect to experience. Pilots' assessments of inadequacies in training and aircraft maintenance are found to be significantly related to the financial health of their employer.
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  • 13
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    Mycopathologia 114 (1991), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: dermatophytes ; survey ; United States ; humans ; 1985/87
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1985 to 1987 in the United States. The survey included 54 locations with data from 45 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of the total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 54.8%, T. tonsurans 31.3%, T. mentagrophytes 6.0%, Microsporum canis 4.0%, Epidermophyton floccosum 2.0%, M. gypseum 0.6%, and T. verrucosum 0.2%. Out of a total of 14,696 isolates M. audouinii was cultured 13 times, T. violaceum 12 times, M. nanum 6 times, T. terrestre 4 times, and T. soudanense twice. Single isolations were made of M.fulvum, M. ferrugineum and T. schoenleinii. Collection of dermatophyte data in Tucson, Arizona, began in 1966. In 1987, the first case of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans was observed. Other isolates of this organism as the cause of tinea capitis were made in this city during that year. These infections were in black children. With the recent growth of Tucson, the percentage of blacks in the population increased and this pathogen was introduced into the general population.
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  • 14
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    Mycopathologia 138 (1997), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Learning ; Memory ; Morris water maze ; Passive avoidance ; Penitrem A ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intraperitoneal administration of the mycotoxin penitrem A 30 min before a training session in passive avoidance task, impaired performance of rats subjected to a test-session 24 h after. This effect was not antagonised by pretraining administration of physostigmine or bicuculline. Administration of penitrem A 20 min before a training session or 30 min before a test-session did not impair performance. In the Morris water maze, doses of penitrem A that induces slight to moderate tremors, but not a lower dose, disrupted place learning. These results suggest that penitrem A disrupts the processes that take place at the time of acquisition, but not those just after acquisition, and does not alter the restitution of information. This effect would not be related to a decrease of cholinergic neurotransmission nor to a stimulation of GABA A receptors. Nevertheless, it could not be totally excluded that the performance impairments induced by penitrem A would be secondary to a motor disruption.
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  • 15
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    Mycopathologia 121 (1993), S. 65-75 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Bones ; Candida albicans ; Experimental arthritis ; Radiography ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sprague-Dawley rats were inoculated intravenously (i.v.) withCandida albicans, and limb joints showing signs ofCandida-induced arthritis were subjected to radiographic and histologic examination. New bone formation and bone resorption were morbidly enhanced in bones sampled from the arthritic joints. Sparsely distributed needle-shaped calcified deposits began to be formed on bony surfaces in parallel with the onset of joint swelling. The calcified deposits gradually became denser and then covered the bony surfaces almost entirely, giving rise to an exostosis-like profile. In addition to the new bone formation, bone resorption was also observed in regions adjacent to the sites of new bone formation, and punched-out bone lesions were produced. Eventually, severe deformation of joint bones due to new bone formation and bone resorption was evident. Reflecting these unusual radiographic changes, abundant osteoblasts and osteoclasts were demonstrated histologically in the bones. On the basis of these results, possible mechanisms for the induction of arthritis byCandida infection are discussed.
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  • 16
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    European journal of law and economics 4 (1997), S. 147-232 
    ISSN: 1572-9990
    Keywords: Methodology ; history of social science ; economists ; political economy ; history ; historical school ; Germany ; England ; United States ; historicism ; economics ; philosophy ; Wolff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the place of Christian Wolff in the history of social science in English. The "Introduction" places Wolff in the context of the pre-history of modern social science. Samples are given of the great range of subjects on which he wrote. The importance of the German context is stressed. The second part is devoted to a sample of what the literature contains by and about Wolff. It emphasizes philosophy and science. Part three is a survey of works in the history of the social sciences that mention Wolff. He has a substantial place in political science and psychology, a much smaller place in economics and history, virtually none in anthropology, geography, and sociology. In the applied social sciences, he is found in the history of education. Possible reasons are given. Part four is devoted to the relationships of philosophy and philosophers in the pre-history of the social sciences. They were important in several different ways because they both shaped and reflected how many people thought about science and social problems. The “Summary and Conclusion” describes the present status. His contributions are summarized. He was a pivotal figure in the making of the German conception of social science. This is a preliminary study emphasizing the issues and problems that a more detailed examination would require. Several conventional judgments are challenged and possibilities for further research suggested.
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  • 17
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    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 163-195 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: cytogenetics ; diagrams ; genetics ; illustrations ; McClintock ; models ; molecular biology ; photographs ; twentieth-century ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her Nobel work began in 1944, and by 1950 McClintock began presenting her work on “controlling elements.” McClintock performed her studies through the use of controlled breeding experiments with known mutant stocks, and read the action of controlling elements (transposons) in visible patterns of pigment and starch distribution. She taught close colleagues to “read” the patterns in her maize kernels, “seeing” pigment and starch genes turning on and off. McClintock illustrated her talks and papers on controlling elements or transposons with photographs of the spotted and streaked maize kernels which were both her evidence and the key to her explanations. Transposon action could be read in the patterns by the initiated, but those without step by step instruction by McClintock or experience in maize often found her presentations confusing. The photographs she displayed became both McClintock's means of communication, and a barrier to successful presentation of her results. The photographs also had a second and more subtle effect. As images of patterns arrived at through growth and development of the kernel, they highlight what McClintock believed to be the developmental consequences of transposition, which in McClintock's view was her central contribution, over the mechanism of transposition, for which she was eventually recognized by others. Scientific activities are extremely visual, both at the sites of investigation and in communication through drawings, photographs, and movies. Those visual messages deserve greater scrutiny by historians of science.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 134 (1990), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Precipitation ; trends ; climate changes ; data errors ; United States ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There has been considerable interest in estimating secular trends in precipitation data in various regions of the world. It is therefore important to ascertain the manner in which errors of observation affect estimated trends. For this purpose we have compared trends at 1219 stations in the contiguous United States for two data sets: (a) original observations, also called “raw” observations, and (b) the observations, adjusted to compensate for suspected errors. The adjustments were made at the National Climate Data Center, Asheville (Quinlan et al., 1987;karl andWilliams, 1987), In order to focus on the effects of observational errors we attempted to avoid the effects of filling of missing data by limiting the analysis to the period 1940–1984 for which the number of missing values is much smaller than earlier periods. A least-square linear regression was performed on the raw and adjusted data for each station and the slopes of the fitted lines were compared. The comparison was made for monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation values. The results for annual precipitation showed that 23 percent of the stations have trends of opposite signs in the raw and adjusted data. The trends were identical in annual data at only 11 percent of the stations. When monthly data are combined to form seasonal and annual averages the magnitude of the difference between the slopes of the adjusted and the raw observations generally increases, indicating that the errors in the individual monthly observations are correlated. When the station data were averaged to obtain state-wide averages, the effects of the errors became less pronounced in most of the states. These results indicate that obtaining trends in precipitation from station data is a more difficult problem than has been realized.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Silica geothermometer ; Regional heat flow ; Geothermal energy ; Ground water circulation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Application of the silica geothermometer to over 70,000 non-thermal groundwaters from the United States has shown that there is a correlation between the average silica geotemperatures for a region (T SiO2 in °C) and the known regional heat flow (q in mW m−2) of the form: 1 $$TSiO_2 = mq + b$$ wherem andb are constants determined to be 0.67°C m2 mW−1 and 13.2°C respectively. The physical significance of ‘b’ is the mean annual air temperature. The slope ‘m’ is related to the minimum average depth to which the groundwaters may circulate. This minimum depth is estimated to be between 1.4 and 2.0 km depending on the rock type. A preliminary heat flow map based on equation (1) is presented using theT SiO2 for new estimates of regional heat flow where conventional data are lacking. Anomalously high localT SiO2 values indicate potential geothermal areas.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rats ; nutrients ; cholecystokinin ; pancreatic secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isocaloric and isovolemic amounts of protein (casein), fat (intralipid) and carbohydrate (saccharose) and an isovolemic control solution of water were administered intragastrically to conscious rats. The plasma CCK levels, determined by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay, showed an increment of 6.3±0.6, 2.7±0.5, 1.7±0.4 and −0.9±0.4 pM, respectively (basal value 2.5±0.3 pM). The threshold increment of plasma CCK to stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion by exogenous CCK was found to be 1.5 pM. It is therefore concluded that casein is a potent stimulus for CCK secretion and pancreatic secretion, but that fat and even carbohydrate, although less potent, also produce a CCK increment above the threshold for pancreatic secretion.
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  • 21
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    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 179-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Immobilization ; Osteoporosis ; Reversibility ; Rats ; 3H-Thymidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary One hind leg of 80 adult rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain was made osteoporotic by immobilization for 9 weeks. Osteoporosis was noted in both the femur and the tibia when the hydrated gross bone density and the bone surface areas were measured. No signs of reversibility were observed during 10 weeks after the period of immobilization. Tetracycline and DCAF labelling failed to show significant signs of increased bone formation during the 10 weeks after remobilization. At the moment of remobilization and for some weeks thereafter, there were signs of depressed mitotic activity in the bone cells when expressed as the3H-thymidine/DNA ratio. The conclusion was that neither the cell-proliferation rate nor the cellular activity increases sufficiently for restitution of the disuse osteoporosis.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 80-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: PGE2 ; Ovariectomy ; Rats ; New bone trabeculae ; Positive balance ; Accelerated bone turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Serum chemistry and bone morphometry of the proximal tibial metaphysis were performed in 3-month-old double fluorescent-labeled, female Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to bilateral ovariectomy or sham surgery for 4 months prior to treatment with 0, 0.3, 1, 3, or 6 mg of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)/kg/day subcutaneously for 30 days. The 4-month postovariectomized rats possessed an osteopenic proximal tibial metaphysis with 7% trabecular area compared with controls (19%). PGE2 treatment elevated osteocalcin levels and augmented proximal tibial metaphyseal bone area in ovariectomized and sham-operated rats. Osteopenic, ovariectomized rats treated with 6 mg PGE2/kg/day for 30 days restored bone area to levels of agematched sham-operated rats. Morphometric analyses showed increased woven and lamellar bone area, fluorescent-labeled perimeter (osteoblastic recruitment), mineral apposition rate (osteoblastic activity), bone formation rate (BFR/BV), and longitudinal bone growth. These dramatic bone changes were all significantly increased at the doseresponse manner. This study showed that in vivo PGE2 is a powerful activator of bone remodeling, it increases both bone resorption and bone formation, and produces an anabolic effect by shifting bone balance to the positive direction. Furthermore, PGE2-induced augmentation of metaphyseal bone area in ovariectomized rats was at least two times greater than in sham-operated rats.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulinlike growth factor I ; Interleukin 1 ; Oophorectomy ; Estrogen ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Oophorectomy (OOX) has been known to increase bone turnover, but its precise mechanism is not fully understood. In order to further investigate the mechanism, we determined insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in serum and bone tissue and interleukin 1 (IL-1) release from spleen macrophages in oophorectomized rats because it has been demonstrated that IGF-I stimulates bone formation and IL-1 stimulates bone resorption. Female 8-week-old Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) OOX, (3) OOX given estradiol, and (4) control given estradiol. Ten μg/kg of 17β-estradiol was given daily by subcutaneous injection. After 5 weeks of treatment, IGF-I concentrations in the extract from right femur and in serum were determined by specific radioimmunoassay. IL-1 activity released from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated spleen macrophages was determined by bioassay. IGF-I contents in the femur and IGF-I concentrations in serum in oophorectomized rats were significantly higher than those in control rats. Treatment by estradiol inhibited the increase in IGF-I concentrations both in femur and in serum. IL-1 release from LPS-stimulated spleen macrophages in oophorectomized rats was increased, and treatment by estradiol also inhibited the stimulated IL-1 release. The ash weights and the calcium contents of left femur in oophorectomized rats were lower than those in control rats. These results suggest that both IGF-I and IL-1 may be involved in the mechanism of the regulation of bone turnover in oophorectomized rats.
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 549-553 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone development ; Bone morphogenetic protein ; Artificial membrane ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown earlier that it is possible to improve bone healing, to regenerate previously existing bone, and to create new bone by means of an osteopromotive membrane technique. The present study addresses the question of whether it is possible to combine this technique with a locally applied factor, stimulatory to osteogenesis. Circular transosseous ‘critical size’ defects in mandibles of rats were either implanted with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (rhBMP-2) or were left empty; half the number of implanted and half the number of empty defects were covered with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane (GORE-TEX®). Results were evaluated after 12 and 24 days of healing by a histomorphological scoring system. Implantation of rhBMP-2 alone resulted in bony bridging of the defect after only 12 days, but also in voluminous amounts of new bone outside the original defect area. When rhBMP-2 was combined with membrane, newly formed woven bone bridged the defect and the bone contour was maintained by the membrane. The combined treatment with membrane and rhBMP-2 demonstrated a significantly better bone healing than with e-PTFE membrane alone at both 12 days and 24 days of healing. It was concluded that rhBMP-2 has a strong osteoinductive potential and, in contrast to what was found earlier with other types of BMP preparations, this potential was retained when combining the rhBMP-2 with the osteopromotive membrane technique, yielding better bone healing than with the membrane alone, and at the same time maintaining the bone contour. This combination may have important therapeutic applications for osseous healing and in reconstructive surgery. The study also shows the importance of an appropriate carrier material when applying stimulatory substances to enhance bone formation in combination with a membrane.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Microradiography ; Parturition ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypervitaminosis D ; Adult ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude microradiographique et histologique de l'os cortical et spongieux a permis de mettre en évidence des remaniements peu profonds chez des vaches, présentant une sévère hypocalcémie et des parésies peu avant la mise à bas. Les surfaces de l'os spongieux et haversien apparaissent inactives et identiques à des coupes de vaches non pleines ou ne fournissant pas de lait. Les surfaces inactives sont lisses et bordées par une zone de radiodensité augmentée. L'absence de réponse ostéoclastique n'est pas due à l'accumulation de tissu ostéoide le long des surfaces d'os haversien et spongieux. La lactation est associée à une augmentation triple de la résorption de l'os spongieux de 7 à 10 jours post-partum chez les vaches témoins. En soumettant les vaches à un régime pauvre en calcium pendant 30 jours, on observe une hypocalcémie significative et une augmentation double de la résorption osseuse. L'adjonction de doses pharmacologiques de vitamine D (30 millions d'unités par jour), du 20ème au 30ème jour de l'administration du régime pauvre en calcium provoque une résorption osseuse additionnelle (environ quintuplée), surtout à la surface de l'os spongieux. L'adjonction de vitamine D empêche le développement de l'hypocalcémie, mais ne produit pas une hypercalcémie décelable. Des concentrations identiques de vitamine D, administrées, pendant 3 à 10 jours, à des vaches, ingérant du calcium et du phosphore à doses normales, provoquent une hypercalcémie et des lacunes de résorption de l'os cortical. La vitamine D semble plus efficace que les régimes pauvres en calcium pour agir sur l'homéostasie du calcium, en modifiant le métabolisme squelettique des vaches adultes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch mikroradiographische und histologische Bestimmungen des kortikalen und trabekulären Knochens konnte ein niedriger Knochenumsatz bei Kühen nachgewiesen werden, die kurz vor dem Kalbern ein Syndrom von schwerer Hypocalcaemie und Parese entwickelten. Die trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen schienen inaktiv und sahen Schnitten von nicht säugenden und nicht trächtigen Kühen ähnlich. Die inaktiven Oberflächen waren glatt und von einer Zone erhöhter Röntgendichte umgeben. Der Ausfall der Osteoklastenreaktion beruhte nicht auf einer Anhäufung von Osteoid längs der trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen. Während der Laktation nahm die Resorption des trabekulären Knochens vom siebten bis zum zehnten Tag postpartum bei Kontrollkühen um das Dreifache zu. Wurden die Kühe während 30 Tagen mit einer calciumarmen Diät gefüttert, so entstanden eine signifikante Hypocalcaemie und eine zweifache Zunahme der Knochenresorption. Wurde vom 20. bis 30. Tag der calciumarmen Diätperiode Vitamin D in pharmakologischen Dosen (30 Millionen Einheiten pro Tag) zugesetzt, so erhöhte sich die Knochenresorption noch mehr (ungefähr um das Fünffache), vor allem längs der trabekulären Oberflächen. Das zugesetzte Vitamin D verhinderte die Bildung einer Hypocalcaemie, verursachte jedoch keine nachweisbare Hypercalcaemie. Gleiche Vitamin D-Dosen, die während 3 bis 10 Tagen an Kühe mit einer normalen Calcium- und Phosphateinnahme abgegeben wurden, verursachten eine Hypercalcaemie und zahlreiche Resorptionsräume im kortikalen Knochen. Es scheint, daß Vitamin D wirksamer ist als eine calciumarme Diät in der Beeinflussung der Calciumhomöostase durch Veränderung des Skelettmetabolismus bei ausgewachsenen Kühen.
    Notes: Abstract Microradiographic and histologic evaluation of cortical and trabecular bone revealed a low turnover in cows which developed a syndrome of profound hypocalcemia and paresis near parturition. Trabecular and Haversian surfaces appeared inactive and were similar to sections from nonlactating-nonpregnant cows. The inactive surfaces were smooth and bordered by a zone of increased radiodensity. The failure of osteoclastic response was not due to the accumulation of osteoid along trabecular and Haversian surfaces. Lactation was associated with a threefold increase in resorption of trabecular bone at 7 to 10 days postpartum in control cows. Feeding a calcium-deficient diet to cows for 30 days resulted in a significant hypocalcemia and a twofold increase in bone resorption. The addition of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D (30 million units daily) from the 20th to 30th day of feeding the calcium-deficient diet further increased bone resorption (approximately fivefold), primarily along trabecular surfaces. The added vitamin D prevented hypocalcemia but did not produce a detectable hypercalcemia. Similar levels of vitamin D administered for 3 to 10 days to cows with a normal calcium and phosphorus intake resulted in hypercalcemia and numerous resorption spaces in cortical bone. Vitamin D appeared to be more effective than calcium-deficient diets in influencing calcium homeostasis by altering skeletal metabolism in adult cows.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Boen ; Metabolism ; Rats ; Strontium ; Tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'on a procédé à une étude approfondie sur l'incorporation et l'enlèvement du strontium des os et des dents de rats dans les cas de régimes alimentaires à forte et faible teneur en strontium. Dans le cas d'un régime par ailleurs en tous points satisfaisant, l'adjonction d'une quantité de strontium de masse égale à celle du calcium provoque un phénomene débilitant très severe chez le jeune rat en pleine croissance, et peut même conduire à la mort du sujet. Les effets pathogéniques du strontium ont été découverts par des méthodes utilisées seulement en recherche dans les tissus durs. L'excédent de cellules osseuses, formées à l'origine du fait de la présence de grandes quantités de strontium dans l'alimentation, se résorbe si l'on passe à un regime à faible teneur en strontium. Il apparait qu'il y a deux types d'élimination dustrontium de l'organisme: a) par excrétion, et b) par assimilation dans les tissus durs. L'on n'a plus à démontrer que le strontium s'intègre par transfert dans les incisives. L'on a également observé, chez les sujets expérimentaux aussi bien que chez ceux du groupe de vérification, que des différences dans le taux de sodium et de potassium apparaissent dans les semi-mandibules.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Einlagerung sowie die Resorption von Strontium wurde an Rattenknochen und-zähnen mittels Zugabe von niedrigen und hohen Strontiumdosen zu der Diät untersucht. Wird bei einer sonst befriedigenden Diät Calcium durch äquimolare Strontiummengen ersetzt, so entsteht eine Schwächung bei jungen wachsenden Ratten, die bis zum Tode führen kann. Die pathologischen, durch Strontium entstandenen Veränderungen wurden nur mit denjenigen Methoden verfolgt, die zur Untersuchung der harten Gewebe angewendet werden. Das Übermaß an osteoidem Gewebe, welches ursprünglich bei Zugabe großer Strontiummengen zu der Nahrung entsteht, wird in einer darauffolgenden strontiumarmen Diätperiode resorbiert. Die Resorption des Strontiums scheint an zwei physiologische Prozesse gebunden zu sein: a) Ausscheidung aus dem Organismus; b) Eingliederung in die harten Gewebe. Der Strontiumtransport in den Schneidezähnen ist bewiesen worden. Es wurden auch Unterschiede im Natrium- und Kaliumgehalt des halben Unterkiefers bei Experiment- und Kontrollgruppen beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation and removal of strontium from the bones and teeth of rats under conditions of low and high dietary levels of strontium were investigated. In an otherwise satisfactory diet, an amount of strontium equimolar to that of calcium seriously debilitates the young growing rat and may culminate in death. The pathology due to strontium was found by the methods used only in the hard tissues. The excess osteoid formed originally in the presence of large amounts of dietary strontium is removed during a subsequent period of feeding on a low strontium regimen. Strontium removal from participation in physiologic processes appears to be of two types, (a) excretion from the body, and (b) incarceration within the hard tissues. The translocation of strontium to the incisor teeth has been demonstrated. Differences of sodium and potassium contents of the hemi-mandibulae of the experimental and control groups were also observed.
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  • 27
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    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 239-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Solanum malacoxylon ; Bone formation ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The plantSolanum malacoxylon is responsible for a syndrome of hypercalcemia, soft tissue mineralization, and progressive wasting in South American cattle known asenteque seco orespichamento. There is evidence that a glycoside of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active principle in the plant. The basis for the hyperostosis seen in the disease is unclear. To study the acute effects on bone formation rates, 8-week-old rats were given an aqueous extract equivalent to 250 or 1000 mg ofSolanum daily per os for 7 days. Bones were labeled by injection of fluochrome 2 days before the start of treatment and 2 days prior to sacrifice. Morphometric evaluation of undecalcified sections of caudal vertebrae revealed an increased amount of trabecular bone in bothSolanum treated groups with no difference due to dose level. This was associated with an increase in the bone apposition rate on trabecular surfaces. No differences were found in the amount of osteoid or osteoid seam width. Periosteal apposition rate and endochondral bone formation were also measured and no significant differences found. The findings indicate that acute stimulation of cell level bone formation on trabecular surfaces may play a role in the hyperostosis seen in the naturally occurring condition.
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  • 28
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    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 45-47 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dermestid beetles ; Cleaning bones ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Various parts of the skeleton of normal and osteoporotic rats were compared with respect to their dry weight, ash weight, and calcium content when the bones were cleaned byDermestes maculatus beetles or manually. Both techniques gave similar results. This was also true when whole body calcium measured by neutron activation and total skeletal calcium from bones cleaned by the beetles were compared. Thus dermestid beetles are useful as a technique to clean bones, especially for the parts of the skeleton which are difficult to dissect by hand.
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  • 29
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    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Castration ; Density ; Femur ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Forty young (23-day-old) and thirty old (1-year-old) male rats were castrated and sacrificed with controls at intervals up to 18 months of age. No differences were observed between femurs or mandibles of rats castrated at 23 days and those of controls. Year-old castrate rats developed femoral osteoporosis after 2 months, which became more pronounced 4 months after castration. This was characterized by reductions in femoral density, dry weight, dry weight per unit length, and ash weight, and by the appearance of resorption cavities in diaphyseal walls and a sparsity of trabeculae in metaphyses and epiphyses of castrate femurs. These results indicate that the year-old castrate male rat may be a valuable experimental model for studies of the treatment of osteoporosis.
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  • 30
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 510-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rats ; Osteopenia of oophorectomy ; 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; Parathyroid hormone ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of ovarian insufficiency on calcium metabolism has been thought to involve an increased bone resorptive effect of parathyroid hormone and possible impaired synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In the present study a rat model allowing for controlled serum levels of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was used. Oophorectomy in this species is associated with increased serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and decreased bone mass. Although thyroparathyroidectomy increased bone mass, an increased sensitivity of bone to parathyroid hormone in oophorectomized rats was not observed. Thus the development of the osteopenia did not seem to be related to increased parathyroid hormone sensitivity or to reduced levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased bone mass in oophorectomized as well as intact rats. Intestinal calcium transport was increased by moderate doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Intestinal calcium transport was also reduced by thyroparathyroidectomy and increased by the administration of parathyroid extract. A tendency for increased accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in blood in oophorectomized rats has been noted. It is suggested that the tendency to hypercalcemia in ovarian-insufficient females given 1-hydroxylated vitamin D compounds may be related to a diminished metabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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  • 31
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Young/adult ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of matrix vesicles in the maxillary bone of normal young and adult rats was demonstrated by both ultrastructural and enzymatic studies. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the vesicles are invested in trilaminar membranes. Occasionally, crystals were found both within the vesicles and in the surrounding matrix. Separated fractions of vesicles, membranes, and cells were studied biochemically. The amounts of vesicular protein and enzymatic activity per gram bone in the adult rats were significantly lower than in the young. This coincides with the higher number of vesicles observed in the TEM specimens of young rats when compared to that in the old ones. The specific activities of all enzymes examined in the three bone fractions obtained from both young and adult rats were similar. This indicates that no significant difference exists in the enzymatic characteristics of matrix vesicles from the maxillary bone of young and adult rats.
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  • 32
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 60-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorides ; Topical/Pharmacodynamics ; Penicillin/Pharmacodynamics ; Calcification ; Physiologic/Drug Effects ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'objet de ce travail était de comparer le phénomène de la maturation postéruptive dans les molaires des rats ordinaires et sans germes à qui on a donné à manger un régime «non-cariogène». On a étudié les effets de l'application topique du fluorure et de la nourriture de la penicilline sur la maturation. Les molaires des rats ordinaires (nourris d'un régime «chow» — aliment mixte pour les animaux préparé d'habitude sous la forme d'une farine ou en boulettes) traités topiquement avec une solution à 1% de NaF et les molaires des rats ordinaires nourris d'un régime «chow» complété avec la penicilline à 1% ont montré un degré de maturation significativement plus grand que les molaires des rats de la même portée nourris de «chow» et traités avec de l'eau. De l'autre côté, les molaires des rats sans germes traités topiquement avec une solution à 1% de NaF n'ont montré aucune différence significative dans le degré de maturation des molaires de rats de contrôle semblables traités topiqument avec l'eau. Ces résultats sont en accord avec l'hypothèse que dans un milieu normal le procédé de minéralisation (maturation) est opposé par un procédé de déminéralisation. Le procédé de déminéralisation est un résultat de la production d'acide par des bactéries qui métabolisent les aliments encastrés dans les «sulci» des molaires. On propose que dans les animaux ordinaires le fluorure et la penicilline peuvent influencer la maturation en empêchant le procédé de déminéralisation. Dans les animaux sans germes le procédé de déminéralisation est absent parce que la microflore orale est absente.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Zweck dieser Arbeit war ein Vergleich des nach dem Durchbruch auftretenden Reifungsphänomens der Backenzähne von gewöhnlich und von keimfrei gehaltenen Ratten, die mit einer nicht-cariogenen Diät ernährt wurden. Es wurden die Auswirkungen von topisch angewendetem Fluorid, verbunden mit Penicillin-Fütterung auf die Reifung untersucht. Die Backenzähne der gewöhnlich gehaltenen Ratten (mit “Chow”-Diät ernährt), die mit einer 1%igen Na-Fluoridlösung topisch behandelt wurden, und solchen deren “Chow”-Diät zu 1% mit Penicillin versetzt wurde, zeigten einen erheblich größeren Reifungsgrad als die Backenzähne von Tieren des gleichen Wurfes, die nur mit der “Chow”-Diät und Wasser ernährt wurden. Diese Resultate stimmen mit der Hypothese überein, daß in einer normalen Umgebung dem Mineralisationsprozeß (Reifung) ein Demineralisationsprozeß entgegenwirkt. Der Demineralisationsprozeß ist durch eine Säureproduktion von Bakterien bedingt, welche die in die Zahnfurchen eingepreßten Nahrungsbestandteile metabolisieren. Es wird die Annahme vorgeschlagen, daß Fluoride und Penicillin bei den gewöhnlich gehaltenen Tieren die Reifung durch eine Inhibition des Demineralisationsprozesses beeinflussen. Bei keimfrei gehaltenen Tieren findet dagegen kein Demineralisationsprozeß statt, da die orale Mikroflora fehlt.
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work was to compare the phenomenon of post-eruptive maturation in molars of conventional and germfree rats fed non-cariogenic diets. The effects of topical application of fluoride and feeding penicillin on maturation were studied. The molars of conventional rats (fed a chow diet) treated topically with a 1% NaF solution and the molars of conventional rats fed a chow diet supplemented with 1% penicillin showed a significantly greater degree of maturation than did the molars of littermate rats fed chow and treated with water. On the other hand, the molars of germfree rats treated topically with a 1% NaF solution showed no significant difference in degree of maturation from the molars of similar control rats topically treated with water. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that in a normal environment the mineralization (maturation) process is opposed by a demineralization process. The demineralization process is a result of production of acid by bacteria metabolizing the diet impacted in the sulci of molars. It is proposed that in conventional animals fluoride and penicillin may influence maturation by inhibiting the demineralization process. In the germfree animals the demineralization process is absent because the oral microflora is absent.
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  • 33
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    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1991), S. 239-241 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Immunology ; Human serum albumin (HSA) ; Magnetic fields ; Rats ; Females
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were designed to evaluate the primary and secondary humoral responses to a rotating magnetic field configuration, which is known to evoke significant biobehavioral changes. Ten days after inoculation with human serum albumin and 10 days before a booster, female rats were exposed to eigher a 0.5 Hz rotating magnetic field (RMF) or to room conditions (control). The lighting schedule was either continuous or involved a light-dark cycle (LD) of 12:12h. A third group of rats served as colony room controls. Group differences of low statistical significance were found when females were exposed to continuous lighting rather than the LD 12:12 light-dark cycle. However, the effects were considered trivial and not sufficient to explain the previously reported biobehavioral changes evoked by this field configuration.
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  • 34
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    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 90-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Rats ; Naproxen ; Hypoxia ; Organ weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed intermittently for 8h per day over 6 days at simulated high altitude of 20 000 feet. One group of altitude-exposed animals was treated with naproxen, a prostaglandin inhibiting drug. Significant reduction in body weight gain was observed in both altitude-exposed and drug-treated altitude-exposed animals compared to the control group. Right and left ventricular weights and weights of the adrenal glands were increased significantly in altitude-exposed and altitude-exposed drug-treated animals. The weight of the spleen was increased significantly in altitude-exposed animals whereas no such increase of splenic weight was observed in drug-treated altitude-exposed group of animals. On the other hand, the weight of the liver was decreased significantly in both cases. In drug-treated altitude-exposed animals, the unaltered splenic weight was thought to be due to inhibition of the erythropoietic activity.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Genes ; MHC class II ; Histocompatibility antigens ; Polymorphism (genetics) ; Rats
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  • 36
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    Radiation and environmental biophysics 38 (1999), S. 261-266 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Iodine uptake ; Lead ; Lithium ; Rats ; Thyroid ; Thyroid hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The influence of lead acetate (50 mg per kg body weight) on the 131iodine (131I) biokinetics (uptake and retention) in rat thyroid and serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) as well as thyroxine (T4) was evaluated as a function of time and in combination with lithium treatment. The 2-h and 24-h uptake of 131I in the thyroid was stimulated significantly by lead treatment. The 24-h uptake showed a maximum stimulation after 4 months of lead treatment. Lithium supplementation, however, showed the opposite effect by reducing the iodine uptake, whereby the maximum decrease was noticed after 2 months of treatment. Further, simultaneous lead and lithium treatment resulted in an even more pronounced increase of 2-h 131I uptake with a maximum after 3 months. However, the 24-h uptake after 3 months and 4 months of treatment did not differ significantly from the lead treated reference groups. The thyroidal biological half-life of 131I (Tbiol) was found to have clearly increased following the lead/lithium treatment. Interestingly, the combined lead/lithium treatment applied for 4 months caused a further growth of Tbiol, thus reflecting an increased retention of 131I. A maximum increase of Tbiol was seen after 2 months of combined treatment. A progressive decline of the circulating T3 and T4 levels following lead or lithium treatment was noticed and was more pronounced after combined treatment.
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  • 37
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    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 161-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environment ; Beliefs ; Values ; Paradigms ; Culture ; Attitudes ; Social change ; Political change ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The beliefs of Americans about the proper relationship between humans and their environment were profoundly affected by waves of immigration from Europe. Immigrants valued ownership of land, individuality, freedom, domination of nature, and technological development. These themes remain strong today as centerpieces of the American dominant social paradigm (DSP). That DSP has been reexamined and found wanting by an increasing proportion of Americans. This departure from the old DSP has progressed further among the public than among the elite who have a greater stake in preserving the status quo. Environmentalists constitute a vanguard trying to lead the people to a new, more environmentally oriented social paradigm. The beliefs of the old DSP and the new environmental paradigm (NEP) are contrasted in Table 2. Briefly, the NEP advocates stress love of nature rather than domination of it; compassion for other peoples, future generations, and other species; planning to avoid risk; limits to growth; fundamental social change; and a new structuring of politics. These two worldviews are likely to be in vigorous conflict for several decades in the USA. Social learning, spurred by deterioration of the old ways, is likely to lead Americans to a new perspective on their relationship to nature.
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  • 38
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    Environmental management 1 (1977), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: CO Reduction ; Health Benefits ; United States ; Air Quality ; COHb ; Automotive CO emissions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented by which an upper limit of the adverse health effect of existing ambient CO concentrations on the U. S. population can be estimated. The method is based upon estimating the primary human physiological response to CO concentrations (COHb%) for the population in terms of person-hour-COHb〉1.5% resulting from the time exposure of the population to CO concentrations in excess of the federally designated ambient air quality standard. The estimates of person-hour-COHb〉1.5% are for exposures only to ambient CO concentrations and do not take into account the additional CO exposure for people who smoke or have occupational exposures. We estimate that there were up to 30.9×109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% in 1973 due to ambient concentrations in excess of the ambient 8-hour CO standard, with approximately 5×109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% occurring West of the Continental Divide and 25.9〉109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% occuring East of the Continental Divide; of these 21.3×109 personhour-COHb〉1.5% occurred in New York City. It was also estimated that a 60% reduction in 1973 ambient concentrations of CO (corresponding to an automotive emmision standard of less than 15 g/mile) would be needed to reduce to zero the person-hour-COHb〉1.5%. The maximum estimated effects on the U.S. population of increases in ambient CO concentration above 1973 levels are also presented.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance ; Chromium ; Rats ; Cholesterol
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3 O(O2CCH2CH3)6 (H2O)3]+ 1 and a naturally occurring, biologically active form of chromium, low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr), to rats are described. Given that the complexes are proposed to function by interacting with insulin receptor, trapping it in its active conformation, in contrast to current chromium-containing nutrition supplements, which only serve as sources of absorbable chromium, changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism would be expected. After 12 weeks administration (20 μg/kg body mass), compound 1 results in 40% lower levels of blood plasma LDL cholesterol, 33% lower levels of total cholesterol, and significantly lower HDL cholesterol and triglyceride; these results are in stark contrast to those of administration of other forms of Cr(III) to rats, which have no effect on these parameters. LMWCr, in contrast to 1, has no effect as it probably is degraded in vivoor excreted. These results are interpreted in terms of the mechanism of chromium action in response to insulin and the activation of insulin receptor, and the potential for the rational design of chromium-containing therapeutics is discussed.
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  • 40
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    Environmental and resource economics 5 (1995), S. 115-129 
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Emission trading ; United States ; sulfur dioxide ; air pollution ; costs ; cost-effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that amended the Clean Air Act to create a new program to mitigate the effects of acid deposition in the U.S. through emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at electric utility plants across the country. The SO2 reductions, totalling a 40% reduction nationally from 1980 levels or a 10 million ton reduction annually, are achieved largely through an emission trading system, the largest program of its kind designed to date. This trading system has the potential to save up to half of the compliance costs associated with more traditional source-by-source emission limit programs. This paper briefly discusses background on the acid rain issue in the United States, and the principal features of the program, including: a permanent cap on utility emissions of SO2 beginning in 2010, decision to grant up-front allocation of emission credits to reduce individual approvals of trades, the use of continuous emission monitors and automatic penalties to ensure compliance, and integration of the Acid Rain program requirements with other Clean Air Act programs. The paper also discusses the development of the allowance trading market to date, including the types of compliance options chosen and quantity and type of emissions trading being conducted.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Rats ; stock comparisons ; social behavior ; food retrieval
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The social behavior of outbred Long-Evans (LE) and Wistar (WI) rats was compared in a situation where access to food was particularly difficult (clearing an aquatic barrier, plus the necessity of carrying the food back to the home cage). In groups of either six WI or LE rats, only about 50% of individuals carried the food, and the others survived by attacking those that did. However, behavioral profiles associated with these acts were different in the two cases: LE carriers, contrary to WI carriers, restole some food, and LE noncarriers expressed more agonistic behavior and were more often attacked than were the WI noncarriers. Food flow and all associated, interactive behaviors were more complex in the LE than in the WI rats, indicating the likelihood of potential genetic differences in this testing situation.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 211-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Rats ; Bone resorption ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoclasts in metaphyses from young rats were systematically sectioned at different levels. Two types of osteoclasts were recognized. One type had no ruffled border while the other, and predominant type contained a ruffled border in a part of its length; some of the latter contained two ruffled borders. The closest contact between osteoclast and bone occurred at the level of the ruffled border and this bone under the border showed characteristic changes indicative of resorption. In some osteoclasts the ruffled border consisted of numerous slender cytoplasmic projections separated by very narrow spaces or channels while in other osteoclasts it was more open. The ruffled border was commonly surrounded by a transitional zone containing numerous thin filaments. The osteoclast usually had its greatest dimension at the level of the ruffled border and the cytoplasm here contained many bodies and vacuoles but a sparse endoplasmic reticulum. Away from the level of the ruffled border the cytoplasmic vacuoles and bodies were fewer while the endoplasmic reticulum was often more pronounced. Parts of the osteoclasts were usually situated close to a vessel. It is suggested that there is a correlation between the development of the ruffled border and the degree of bone resorption and that osteoclasts without a ruffled border are, at least temporarily, inactive with respect to bone resorption. The numerous cytoplasmic bodies, interpreted as lysosomes, are presumed to be important in the resorption process. The closely adjacent positioning of osteoclasts and vessels may facilitate the transport of resorption products to the blood.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 306-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parenchyma of organs ; Rats ; Regeneration ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die sowohl nach singulärer 3H-Thymidin-Injektion als auch nach kontinuierlicher 3H-Thymidin-Dauerinfusion an Ratten erhobenen autoradiographischen Befunde lassen folgende Schlüsse ziehen: 1. Die während des Wachstums im Vergleich zum Ende der Foetalperiode ganz auffällige, unmittelbar postpartal nachweisbare Depression des 3H-Thymidin-Markierungs-Index im Parenchym von Leber, Niere und Pankreas wird auf eine funktionelle Umstellung und zumindest in der Leber auch auf eine strukturelle Umgestaltung bezogen. Schon am 30. Tag ergeben sich Anhaltspunkte für eine Umschaltung auf einen langsamen Proliferationsmodus, die bei 60 und 120 Tagen mit Halbierung der DNS-Syntheserate vollends abgeschlossen ist. 2. In der kompensatorisch regenerierenden Leber nach 2/3-Teilhepatektomie wird der Anteil nicht proliferierender Zellen — d.h. die non growth fraction — von juvenilen über eben ausgewachsene bis zu senilen Tieren kontinuierlich größer. 3. Bei der reparativen Regeneration in der unterbundenen Niere nach temporärer 1stündiger Ischämie ist der Proliferationsumfang in den am stärksten geschädigten Nephronabschnitten auch am größten. Es führt das Stratum subcorticale, dann folgt die Zona intermedia, das Stratum labyrinthicum und die Zona basalis. 4. Demgegenüber weist die Topik proliferierender Zellen bei kompensatorischer Nierenregeneration nach kontralateraler Ischämie bzw. Nephrektomie wohl quantitative aber keine qualitativen Unterschiede zu der beim physiologischen Zellersatz von Kontrollen auf. Das Stratum labyrinthicum zeigt die höchsten Werte und dann stellt sich eine stufenweise erfolgende Abnahme der prozentualen Markierung über das Stratum subcorticale zur Zona intermedia und Zona basalis ein. 5. Anhand der autoradiographischen Daten wird ein Modell für die Proliferation von Leberepithelien juveniler und ausgewachsener Ratten entworfen. Weiter befaßt sich dieses Modell mit der Zellneubildung nach Teilhepatektomie im Verlauf und nach Abschluß der Regeneration. Nach den entwickelten Vorstellungen wirkt eine partielle Hepatektomie an ausgewachsenen und senilen Tieren durch Verkleinerung der non growth fraction und Vergrößerung des proliferating pools im Sinne einer Verjüngerung der proliferatorischen Potenz des Leberepithels.
    Notes: Summary The autoradiographic results reported, are obtained on rats after single injections of 3H-thymidine as well as continuous 3H-thymidine infusions. They lead to the following conclusions: 1. Compared to the end of embryonic development the 3H-labelling index in parenchyma of liver (epithelium), kidney (tubule), and exocrine pancreas (acinus) is depressed during the first day of postnatal growth. From 1–4 days postpartal fluctuations occur, afterwards the labelling index increases between 7 and 12 days and from there on a decrease is observed up to 120 days. This depression and fluctuation of the labelling index is probably connected with a functional transposition and, especially in the liver, with a structural transformation. The reduction of the mean grain density of labelled nuclei by about a factor of 2, begins already at day 30 and is completed on day 60 and 120. It depends on a reduction of the rate of DNA synthesis. This might be explained as a consequence of a commutation from the rapid to the slow mode of cellular proliferation. 2. In the compensatory regenerating liver after 2/3 partial hepatectomy the portion of non labelled nuclei—i.e. the non growth fraction—increases continuously from juvenile to young adult and especially up to senile animals after a postoperative continuous 3H-thymidine infusion. 3. During reparative regeneration in the ligatured kidney following temporal (1 h) ischaemia the extent of proliferation after postoperative continuous 3H-thymidine infusion is hightest in those regions of the nephron with the largest postischaemic damage. The percentage of labelled nuclei decreases from the stratum subcorticale to the zona intermedia, stratum labyrinthicum, and zona basalis. 4. On the other hand only quantitative but not qualitative differences exist in the topic of proliferating cells between compensatory regeneration in the unligaturated kidney after contralateral temporal ischaemia or nephrectomy and the physiological cell renewal of controls. After continuous 3H-thymidine infusions the highest percentage of labelled cells is observed within the stratum labyrinthicum and then a gradual decrease occurs from there to the stratum subcorticale, zona intermedia and basalis. Thus, cellular proliferation in compensatory regeneration of the kidney is only an enhanced form of those proliferative processes occuring during physiological cell renewal. 5. With the autoradiographic data a model concerning proliferation of liver epithelia in juvenile and adult rats has been constructed. Furthermore this model deals with cell renewal during and after regeneration following partial hepatectomy. The conclusion is, that partial hepatectomy diminishes the non growth fraction and enlarges the proliferating pool. Thus this operation acts as a rejuvenating process in the proliferating potency of liver epithelia.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatids ; Nucleus ; Chromatoid body ; Golgi complex ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The movement and transport of material between intranuclear dense particles, the chromatoid body and the Golgi complex have been studied in early spermatids of the rat. The analyses involved observation of living accurately identified cells, time-lapse cinemicrography and electron microscopy. The chromatoid body establishes transient contacts with intranuclear material during early spermiogenesis. The chromatoid body also makes contacts with the Golgi complex. It is suggested that the chromatoid body receives material from the nucleus during the postmeiotic period and participates in the early formation of the acrosomic system.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 113-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Posterior pituitary ; Rats ; Degeneration ; Salt load ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of degenerating peptidergic neurosecretory fibres have been found in the posterior pituitary of chronically dehydrated albino rats. “Dark” neurosecretory fibres and their swellings contain neurosecretory granules, neurotubules, shrunken mitochondria and diffusely distributed fine dense material. Some swellings are filled with synaptic vesicles and/or conglomerations of dense membranes. The transitional forms exist between these fibres and extracellular accumulations of electron dense material. Synaptic vesicles, single neurosecretory granules, lipid-like droplets and lamellar bodies occur in the latter. Some neurosecretory fibres and swellings have numerous polymorphous inclusions arising due to degradation of secretory inclusions and organelles, mitochondria and neurotubules in particular. “Dark” neurosecretory elements and those with numerous polymorphous inclusions are enveloped by pituicyte cytoplasm. Sometimes the plasma membranes both of the pituicytes and neurosecretory fibres are destroyed or transformed into a multi-membrane complex. It is assumed that pituicytes may phagocytize degenerating neurosecretory elements. Neurosecretory fibres with a locally dissolved neuroplasm and/or large lucent vacuoles seem to be due to axonal degeneration by the “light” type. These neurosecretory elements, the largest of them in particular, may transform into large cavities bordered by a membrane and containing flake-like material and single-membrane vacuoles. Degeneration of neurosecretory elements seems to occur mainly due to hyperfunction of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system.
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 679-689 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Rats ; Cyclophosphamide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cyclophosphamide-induced changes in rodent odontogenesis were investigated by light and electron microscopy in four-day-old Sprague Dawley rats given one injection of 40 mg/kg of body weight of cyclophosphamide and killed at intervals of one hour, one day, one week and two weeks. Incisor and molar teeth were dissected from the animals, fixed in 2.0% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate with 3.4% sucrose, and subsequently some were incubated for alkaline phosphatase reaction, and embedded in Spurr's medium for sectioning at light- and electron-microscopic levels. From three days a cell-sparse zone was created in the pulp in the growing end of the tooth and progressive cellular changes were observed which became more severe in the one-week and two-week specimens. Subodontoblast and adjacent pulpal cells were the most affected showing nuclear changes, damage to, or loss of, organelles, and inclusion bodies. Odontogenic epithelium was less affected and odontoblasts appeared to be unaffected by the drug. A new irregular matrix was laid down in the defect area and seemed to be the product of depolarized odontoblasts. This new matrix showed alkaline phosphatase activity, as did the cells embedded in it, and later it became mineralized. It is speculated that the polarity of odontoblasts might be maintained by an intact subodontoblastic layer; when this is lost the odontoblasts become depolarized and capable of secreting matrix from both ends.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rats ; Radioautography ; Cholesterol-3H ; Steroids (biosynthesis) ; Adrenal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the zona reticularis of the rat adrenal cortex three types of cells are to be observed: light, dark, and very dark cells. A time study of the incorporation of cholesterol-3H into these elements has been made. The data obtained from autoradiographic study are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the light cells are elements in active steroido-synthesis, the dark cells are resting elements, and the very dark cells are elements in degeneration.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Afferent glomerular arteriole ; Renin ; Myosin ; Juxtaglomerular cells ; Tubulo-glomerular feedback ; Rats ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The PAP-technique and antibodies to myosin were used to demonstrate the prerequisites for vasoconstriction in the juxtaglomerular part of the preglomerular arteriole as compared with its proximal segment in rats and mice. In contrast with the myosin-positive/renin-negative proximal part of the afferent arteriole no myosin-like activity could be demonstrated in its distal, renin-positive part. In accordance, no thick myofilaments were found in fully differentiated juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells replete with mature secretory granules. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system was followed by an increase of the reninpositive/myosin-negative portions of the preglomerular arteriole. Marked interspecies and internephron variations in the length of this vessel segment under control and stimulated conditions were observed. The juxtaglomerular part of the preglomerular arteriole close to the macula densa seems therefore to have only limited capabilities for vasoconstriction. This finding may be of importance regarding the tubulo-glomerular feedback, a mechanism allegedly triggered by the so-called ‘macula densa-signal’. It is suggested that this non-contractile segment of the afferent arteriole may represent the renal vascular receptor responsible for the increase of renin secretion during pressure reduction. Unlike the afferent arterioles, most of the efferent arterioles showed the highest level of their weak but distinct myosin-like immunoreactivity in the juxtaglomerular region, indicating some efferent juxtaglomerular vasoconstrictive ability.
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    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestinal mucosa ; Small intestinal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Duodenum ; Jejunum ; Stereology ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative macroscopic, light-microscopic and electron-microscopic studies were performed on the small intestine of fasted and non-fasted adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. In non-fasted rats the small intestine was longer than in fasted rats. Due to the presence of villi the surface area in the duodenum and the jejunum was enlarged about six times. The microvilli on the villous crests caused a surface enlargement by 13 times in the duodenum (value corrected for overestimation due to section thickness), and 19 times in the jejunum of the fasted rats. At the base of the villi these values were about 50% lower. It was calculated that, in the fasted rats, the total enlargement of the luminal surface area — due to villi and microvilli — was 63 times in the duodenum and 81 times in the jejunum (corrected for section thickness). Differences between the villous crest epithelium and the villous base epithelium were also found with regard to the mean cell height, and the volume densities of the absorptive cell nuclei, the mitochondria, and the paracellular channels.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Alien species ; Anthropogenic disturbance ; Biological invasions ; Forests ; Ground vegetation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A probability-based sampling scheme was used to survey plant species composition in forests of 16 states in seven geopolitical regions of the United States (California, Colorado, Minnesota, and parts of the Pacific Northwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) in 1994. The proportion of alien species relative to the total species number and to canopy cover in the ground stratum (0–0.6 m height) was evaluated in 279 plots. Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., artificial regeneration, logging, prescribed burning, and grazing by livestock), if any, were recorded on each plot. In each of the seven regions we quantified (1) the percentage of the number of species and total cover comprised of alien species, (2) the difference in these percentages for disturbed and undisturbed plots, and (3) the origin or native range for the alien species. The percentage of alien species ranged from approximately 4.5% (Colorado) to approximately 13.2% (California). The percentage of alien species cover ranged from approximately 1.5% in Colorado to 25% in California. In five regions, species introduced from temperate Eurasia comprised the largest proportion of alien species and cover. In the Southeast, species introduced from far eastern and subtropical Asia dominated the alien flora. In the Mid-Atlantic, the majority of alien species was Eurasian and the majority of alien species cover consisted of far eastern and subtropical Asian species. The proportion of plots in which at least one alien species was recorded was significantly higher in disturbed than undisturbed plots in the Southeast and marginally significantly higher ($p=0.053$) in the Northeast. These results are consistent with other published studies that indicate that anthropogenic disturbance affects the structure and composition of both the ground stratum and upper canopy of forest habitats. In other regions, however, no significant differences were found.
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    Plant ecology 118 (1995), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Classification ; Definition ; United States ; Wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1979 the US Fish and Wildlife Service published and adopted a classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The system was designed for use in a national inventory of wetlands. It was intended to be ecologically based, to furnish the mapping units needed for the inventory, and to provide national consistency in terminology and definition. We review the performance of the classification after 13 years of use. The definition of wetland is based on national lists of hydric soils and plants that occur in wetlands. Our experience suggests that wetland classifications must facilitate mapping and inventory because these data gathering functions are essential to management and preservation of the wetland resource, but the definitions and taxa must have ecological basis. The most serious problem faced in construction of the classification was lack of data for many of the diverse wetland types. Review of the performance of the classification suggests that, for the most part, it was successful in accomplishing its objectives, but that problem areas should be corrected and modification could strengthen its utility. The classification, at least in concept, could be applied outside the United States. Experience gained in use of the classification can furnish guidance as to pitfalls to be avoided in the wetland classification process.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 9 (2000), S. 1313-1322 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: BIOCLIM ; birds ; conservation strategies ; ecological niche modeling ; endangered species ; GARP ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A first exploration of applications of ecological niche modeling and geographic distributional prediction to endangered species protection is developed. Foci of richness of endangered bird species are identified in coastal California and along the southern fringe of the United States. Species included on the Endangered Species List on the basis of peripheral populations inflate these concentrations considerably. Species without protection in the US National Park System are focused particularly in peninsular Florida. Application of this methodology to additional taxa and regions holds promise for diverse conservation applications.
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    Pharmacy world & science 12 (1990), S. 256-259 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Cell survival ; Cytotoxins ; Glutathione ; Liver ; Proteins ; Rats ; Models ; molecular ; Receptors ; adenosine ; Structure—activity relationship
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Pharmacy world & science 12 (1990), S. 79-80 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Hemodynamics ; Heart failure ; Congestive ; Myocardial infarction ; Pathology ; Rats ; Therapeutics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 220-223 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Antibodies ; Atrial natriuretic peptides ; Cardiovascular system ; Hemodynamics ; Homoeostasis ; Kidney function tests ; Rats ; Antibiotics ; Bacillus ; Clinical trials ; Colonization resistance ; Intestinal micro-organisms ; Pefloxacin
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Asthma ; Disease models, animal ; Guinea pigs ; Hypersensitivity ; Pathology ; Platelet activating factor ; Rabbits ; Rats
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the first part of this review the important role played by the bronchial hyperreactivity caused by chronic bronchopulmonary inflammation in asthma is described. Deliberately, more emphasis is placed on the role of pro-inflammatory eosinophils, alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes and platelets rather than on mast cells and neutrophils or the numerous mediators. The reason for this is that, on account of the large number of mediators and their multitude of functions and interactions in asthma, antagonism of a specific mediator will probably not be clinically relevant for optimally effective curative treatment of asthma. Inhibition of the infiltration and activation of pro-inflammatory cells is likely to be a more successful approach. In the second part, various animal models of bronchial hyperreactivity, which could be suitable for testing anti-asthmatic drugs, are discussed. Most animal models pay too little attention to chronic bronchopulmonary inflammation as the cause of bronchial hyperreactivity in asthma. In various models the bronchial hyperreactivity is provoked by a single mediator and this leads to selection of specific antagonists which are unlikely to be of clinical benefit. Rats appear to have certain advantages over guinea-pigs as experimental animals for bronchial hyperreactivity.
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    Natural resources research 1 (1992), S. 153-162 
    ISSN: 1573-8981
    Keywords: Oil and gas assessment ; Analytic probability ; Play analysis ; United States
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A geostochastic system called FASPF was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for their 1989 assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in the United States. FASPF is a fast appraisal system for petroleum play analysis using a field-size geological model and an analytic probabilistic methodology. The geological model is a particular type of probability model whereby the volumes of oil and gas accumulations are modeled as statistical distributions in the form of probability histograms, and the risk structure is bilevel (play and accumulation) in terms of conditional probability. The probabilistic methodology is an analytic method derived from probability theory rather than Monte Carlo simulation. The resource estimates of crude oil and natural gas are calculated and expressed in terms of probability distributions. The probabilistic methodology developed by the author is explained. The analytic system resulted in a probabilistic methodology for play analysis, subplay analysis, economic analysis, and aggregation analysis. Subplay analysis included the estimation of petroleum resources on non-Federal offshore areas. Economic analysis involved the truncation of the field size with a minimum economic cutoff value. Aggregation analysis was needed to aggregate individual play and subplay estimates of oil and gas, respectively, at the provincial, regional, and national levels.
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    Pharmacy world & science 9 (1987), S. 50-55 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Absorption ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Clearance ; Metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics ; Protein binding
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Age significantly affects therapeutics in both general and specific ways. In newborns and in infants various physiological processes are still developing, whereas in elderly there may be decreased efficiency or capacity of physiological processes. Unexpected or ‘idiosyncratic’ responses to drugs in the very old or in the very young often can be explained by age-related changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, end-organ responsiveness and excretion. Adolescence is often associated with rapid growth and changing body composition. Special problems with adolescents are poor compliance and drug abuse. Adults show a rather stable pharmacokinetic profile, although the cardiac output diminishes and the peripheral resistance increases about 1% annually. Exposure to enzyme-inducing agents (nicotine, cimetidine) influences the pharmacokinetic parameters of both adolescents and adults.
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    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carp ; aquatic vegetation ; enclosure experiment ; Southern France ; United States
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The destruction of submerged vegetation by common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. is tested in six enclosures with different biomass (kg ha−1) of carp in a marsh of the Camargue, southern France. After 71 days, a strong negative relationship was found between the biomass of carp and the amount of aquatic vegetation present in the enclosures. The results are compared with similar studies in the United States. The absence of problem of vegetation destruction by carp in Europe, in contrast to North America, may be explained by lower biomass of these populations in Europe, and by a higher weight of carp in North America.
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    Hydrobiologia 112 (1984), S. 27-39 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates ; colonization ; succession ; reservoir ; impoundment ; mainstream ; United States ; Southeast
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in shallow areas (〈7 m) of Lake Anna, a new mainstream impoundment in the southeastern U.S.A. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled for the first three years after filling by means of artificial substrates placed on the bottom and retrieved with SCUBA. Lake Anna was well colonized by benthic macroinvertebrates during the summer season immediately after impoundment. The total density of organisms increased in each of the first three years. Major changes in the fauna occurred between the first and second years, but the changes between the second and third years were more subtle. The fauna could be divided into two distinct groups based upon the time when the organisms were most consistently abundant. The first colonizers appeared to be dependent upon the components of the former terrestrial ecosystem for food and habitat. As autochthonous factors began to regulate succession, diversity increased and the dominant species shifted to an assemblage of second colonizers. These factors included: (1) decomposition of terrestrial vegetation and detritus leaving bare substrate, (2) sedimentation, (3) improved food quality of the organic matter in the sediment because of ingestion and egestion by the organisms themselves, (4) increased plankton populations, and (5) appearance of macrophytes. As the second colonizers became firmly established in the third year, distinct patterns of spatial distribution began to appear among species with similar niches.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bimodal O2 uptake ; Juvenile ; Adult ; Mussel
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen uptake of Channa marulius was studied under water with and without access to air. There was a significant increase in the oxygen uptake through the gills when access to air was prevented. However, this value (0.863 ± 0.058 mlO2/indiv./h) was quite low in comparison to the total bimodal oxygen uptake (2.04 ± 0.14 mlO2/indiv./h) in juveniles. In adult fish the oxygen uptake per unit time increased appreciably (4.673 ± 0.404 mlO2/indiv./h). In juveniles as well as in adults the air breathing dominated over aquatic breathing. This fish showed a definite circadian rhythm in the bimodal oxygen uptake during different hours of the day.
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    Hydrobiologia 74 (1980), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Adult ; Chaoborus ; copulation ; egg ; morphology ; rearing
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adults of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (Diptera: Chaoboridae) were observed in the laboratory. Newly emerged females contained well-developed oöcytes. Copulation was successfully induced using a method originally developed for mosquitoes. Copulation also took place naturally in a cage. Females could be induced to oviposit by decapitating them. Natural deposition of 18 to 387 eggs occurred on deionized water or on oak-leaf infusion. Naturally deposited eggs were arranged in a regular pattern within a gelatinous matrix. The eggs were smoky-gray in color and translucent, allowing observation of the developing embryos.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 23 (1988), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Adult ; Ammocoetes ; Growth ; Morphology ; Ontogeny ; Spawning ; Cyclostomata ; Petromyzontiformes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Metamorphosis of the nonparasitic mountain brook lamprey, I. greeleyi, is described within 7 phases based on external morphological changes. The commencement of metamorphosis in early August is consistent with the pattern for northern hemisphere lampreys which display an inverse relationship with latitude. The sequence of external changes including the development of eyes, oral disc, teeth, tongue, oral fimbriae and lateral line its consistent among individuals of I. greeleyi and lampreys in general. Some of the changes realized during metamorphosis of I. greeleyi are important to the adult period while others reflect their presumed parasitic ancestry. Energy reserves by nonfeeding I. greeleyi during the 104–140 days required to complete metamorphosis are replaced by water so that total length and body weight do not change significantly during this time.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 305-320 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Adult ; Ammocoetes ; Fecundity ; Growth ; Metamorphosis ; Morphometrics ; Spawning ; Temperature ; Cyclostomata ; Petromyzoniformes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Larval, metamorphosing and adult representatives of the southern brook lamprey,Ichthyomyzon gagei, were collected from Choclafaula Creek in Alabama to provide information on aspects of its life cycle. The proportional length of the prebranchial, branchial, trunk and tail regions changed throughout larval life in a pattern similar to that demonstrated in other lampreys. Body depth changed also throughout much of larval life. Oral disc, dorsal fin height, and eye diameter increased through all or most of metamorphosis and the adult interval. Length-frequency curves for larvae indicate a larval life of 3 1/4–4 1/4 years. Growth rate, reflected by change in total length, was constant throughout the year for each age group. Sex ratio of larvalI. gagei was 1♂: 1.02♀. Metamorphosis is initiated in early September and is completed between early February and mid March. Adult 1. gagei spawn between mid April and early May. The number of oocytes ranged from 820–2485 between 95–150 mm total length. The maximum gonadosomic ratio in males was 17.1 and 26.3% in females.
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    Empirica 23 (1996), S. 229-253 
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: Antimerger policy ; United States ; Europe ; efficiency ; L41 ; G34 ; L21
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the history of US antimerger policy. This history is divided into three periods: a period in which there was almost no effective antimerger policy at all from 1890 up to 1959, a period of vigorous antimerger policy from 1950 up through 1973, and a period of lax enforcement from 1974 to the present. The paper accounts for these shifts in antimerger policy and discusses their effects. After reviewing the logic and consequences of US antimerger policy, a critique of its permises is offered, particularly as these premises apply to the recent era of lax enforcement. The paper closes with suggestions for an alternative approach to antimerger policy that is consistent with the empirical evidence on why mergers occur and their effects.
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    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 385-413 
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Environmental standards ; environmental regulations ; benefit-cost ; cost-benefit ; United States ; efficiency
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes the results of the first systematic, geographically-specific efficiency assessment of the U.S. experience with national environmental standards and with alternative approaches to establishing those standards. This ex-post evaluation assessed the net benefits that resulted from EPA's regulation of conventional air and water pollutants from the pulp and paper industry between 1973 and 1984. The paper compares the benefit-cost efficiencies of the three dominant regulatory approaches: technology, ambient, and benefits. Unlike previous studies, which assessed benefits and costs on a national basis, the study estimates both costs and benefits on a facility-by-facility basis. The analysis shows how the efficiency of national environmental regulations can vary dramatically at local levels. The authors conclude that the technology-based standards for water pollution management failed as an efficient environmental strategy. The costs clearly exceeded the benefits in the aggregate, as well as in the specific in most situations. Benefits exceeded costs at only 11 of the 68 mills investigated. The ambient based standards for air pollution management succeeded as an environmental strategy in the aggregate, but succeeded in the specific for only one-third of the mills (22 of 60 mills). The benefits-based standards for air pollution management also succeeded in the aggregate as well as in the specific for about one-half of the mills. Benefits exceeded costs at 29 of the 60 mills investigated. The results of the study point to two major conclusions. First, a regulatory policy that is based on some measure of environmental results, either ambient-based or benefits-based, will be more efficient than a policy that ignores environmental results. Second, truly efficient policies for reducing environmental risks require pollution mitigation decisions that take into account local conditions. These include not only the changes in local ambient conditions, but also the number of people who will benefit from pollution reduction decisions. This latter conclusion suggests that national environmental standards per se may be inefficient.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (=uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (-37) and Brazil (-16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (=emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU -342; U.S. -243; Mexico -35; and Brazil -235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
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    Mycopathologia 98 (1987), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: dermatophytes ; survey ; United States ; humans ; 1982/84
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1982 to 1984 in the United States. The survey included 59 locations with data from 49 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 46.8%, T. tonsurans 33.3%, T. mentagrophytes 10.1%, Microsporum canis 4.5%, Epidermophyton floccosum 3,5%, M. gypseum and T. verrucosum both 0.7%, M. audouinii and T. terrestre both 0.1%, and T. violaceum 0.06%. No isolations of M. ferrugineum or T. schoenleinii were reported. Temporal increases were observed for frequencies of T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans and M. canis, and decreases occurred for frequencies of E. floccosum and T. rubrum when the data from this survey were compared by the goodness of fit test to data of the 1979 to 1981 survey. The percent of dermatophyte isolations identified as T. tonsurans correlated significantly with the percentage of blacks in cities of 100000 or more people.
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    Animal cognition 2 (1999), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Animal spatial cognition ; Spatial ; representation ; Rats ; Navigation mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three tests investigated how the geometric relation between object/landmarks and goals influenced spatial choice behavior in rats. Two groups searched for hidden food in an object-filled circular arena containing 24 small poles. For the “Proximal” group, four distinct objects in a square configuration were placed close to four baited poles. For the “Distal” group, the identical configuration of objects was rotated 45° relative to the poles containing the hidden food. The Proximal group learned to locate the baited poles more quickly than the Distal group. Tests with removed and rearranged landmarks indicated that the two groups learned to use the objects differently. The results suggested that close proximity of objects to goals encouraged their use as beacons, while greater distance of objects from goals resulted in the global encoding of the geometric properties of the arena and the use of the objects as landmarks.
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    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: community ; Czech Republic ; East Central Europe ; ethnicity ; migration ; Prague ; social exclusion ; transnationalism ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Migration flows from western Europe, the United States and Canada to east central Europe have received little attention so far. But numbers are now considerable and in the context of globalisation it seems appropriate to conceptualise communities of Westerners in terms of transnational social spaces as defined by Glick Schiller et al. Study of Americans in Prague reveals three main groups: enterprise managers, lifestyle migrants and entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized enterprises. All are engaged in a variety of different processes of community-building, often with clear trends towards a new transnationalism. Yet, the individual attempt to live in two societies is limited by the marked boundaries of the communities and by the degree of social exclusion which they experience from the majority population.
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 33-44 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Harwood forests ; Nitrogen cycle ; Nitrogen fixation ; United States ; Wood litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen-fixing activity in hardwood forests of the northeastern United States occurred in wood litter, greater than 2 cm in diameter. Activity in large dead wood was independent of species, in the case of deciduous wood litter, but was restricted to partially decayed wood with a high moisture content. Maximum rates of activity were observed in the summer months, minimum rates in the winter. Evidence from six stands of varying ages showed that fixation in large wood litter occurred in only 25% of the samples assayed. Fixation was highest in the youngest, 4 years, and oldest, over 200 years, stands; being about 2 kg/ha/yr. The quantity of nitrogen fixed appears to be related to the biomass of dead wood. Large amounts of wood litter in the youngest stands were from slash left after cutting. As the supply of slash is exhausted by decay, nitrogen fixation decreases, with a low around year 20. Fixation then gradually increases as natural thinning adds wood to the litter compartment. Apparently, the amount of nitrogen fixed in dead wood the first 20 years following clearcutting can only replace a modest fraction of the amount lost as a result of the cutting and product removal. Finally, the results indicate that nitrogen fixation in wood litter does not equal nitrogen fixation in a northern hardwood forest calculated using a mass balance approach, suggesting that additional nitrogen inputs exist.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 27-57 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; trends ; sulfate ; nitrate ; United States ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme forAcidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changesin surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes totrends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO 3 - concentrations predominated at European sites in theFederal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sitesin Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Otherpredominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of thesites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO 3 - were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in theAdirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increasedoccurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack ofdocumented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in severalvariables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changesin deposition were found using these data.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 27-57 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; trends ; sulfate ; nitrate ; United States ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme for Acidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changes in surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes to trends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO4 2− concentrations predominated at European sites in the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sites in Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Other predominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of the sites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO3 − were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increased occurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack of documented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in several variables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changes in deposition were found using these data.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1996), S. 305-309 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Exocrine pancreas ; Fatty acids ; Amylase release ; Sheep ; Rats
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Stimulatory effects of saturated fatty acids consisting of 4 (butyrate), 8 (octanoate), 12 (laurate) and 16 (palmitate) carbon atoms, as well as acetylcholine on pancreatic amylase release were assessed in tissue segments isolated from sheep, rats, hamsters, field voles and mice. The amount of amylase release induced by the fatty acids (1 μmol ⋅ l-1 to 10 mml ⋅ l-1) and by acetylcholine (10 nmol ⋅ l-1 to 100 μmol ⋅ l-1) increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and the maximum response in response to the fatty acids was obtained at the maximal dose used. The maximum increase in amylase release in response to butyrate or octanoate was highly and significantly (r=0.974, P〈0.001) dependent on the log value of the mean body mass in the following order: sheep〉rats〉hamsters〉field voles〉mice. On the other hand, the response to laurate and palmitate was variable among animal species. Addition of atropine (1.4 μmol ⋅ l-1) to the medium did not reduce the responses to octanoate stimulation, but significantly reduced acetylcholineinduced responses, implying that the effects of the fatty acids were not mediated through activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Reduction of calcium ion concentration in the medium significantly inhibited the responses induced by the fatty acids and acetylcholine, suggesting that amylase release depends on extracellular calcium ions.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1996), S. 305-309 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Fatty acids ; Amylase release ; Sheep ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stimulatory effects of saturated fatty acids consisting of 4 (butyrate), 8 (octanoate), 12 (laurate) and 16 (palmitate) carbon atoms, as well as acetylcholine on pancreatic amylase release were assessed in tissue segments isolated from sheep, rats, hamsters, field voles and mice. The amount of amylase release induced by the fatty acids (1 μmol·l−1 to 10 mml·l−1) and by acetylcholine (10 nmol·l−1 to 100 μmol·l−1) increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and the maximum response in response to the fatty acids was obtained at the maximal dose used. The maximum increase in amylase release in response to butyrate or octanoate was highly and significantly (r=0.974,P〈0.001) dependent on the log value of the mean body mass in the following order: sheep 〉 rats 〉 hamsters 〉 field voles 〉 mice. On the other hand, the response to laurate and palmitate was variable among animal species. Addition of atropine (1.4 μmol·l−1) to the medium did not reduce the responses to octanoate stimulation, but significantly reduced acetylcholine-induced responses implying that the effects of the fatty acids were not mediated through activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Reduction of calcium ion concentration in the medium significantly inhibited the responses induced by the fatty acids and acetylcholine, suggesting that amylase release depends on extracellular calcium ions.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Drugs ; Psychology ; Rats ; Rotameter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Temazepam in plasma ; Pharmacokinetic studies ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive method was developed for the determination of temazepam in plasma using capillary gas chromatography. After the extraction into dichloromethane-pentane (1∶1), temazepam was quantitated as its O-trimethylsilyl derivative on a capillary column with a63Ni electron capture detector using prazepam as internal standard. The detector response was found to be linear in the concentration range 0.031 to 8 μg mL−1. The detection limit was about 3.5 ng mL−1. The intraday and inter-day coefficients of variation were below 9%. The method was used to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of temazepam in rats after intravenous administration.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Carp ; Feed conversion ratio ; Fish ; Jatropha curcas ; Lectins ; Productive protein value ; Protein efficiency ratio ; Rats ; Trypsin inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Unheated and heated (121 °C, 66% moisture; 15, 30 and 45 min) Jatropha meals of non-toxic provenance from Veracruz state in Mexico were evaluated using rats and fish. With rats, the weight gain was highest for the casein diet followed by heated (30 min; only this treatment was studied using rats) and unheated Jatropha meal containing diets. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) for unheated and heated Jatropha meal containing diets was 37 and 86%, respectively, of the casein diet. On the other hand, the body weight gain, PER and feed conversion ratio of fish were statistically similar for unheated and heated (15, 30 and 45 min) Jatropha meal containing diets fed for a period of 35 days. Although these parameters were statistically similar for the unheated and heated Jatropha meal containing diets, the body weight gain, PER and protein productive value were highest and the feed conversion ratio lowest with 15 min heated Jatropha meal, suggesting that the heat treatment for 15 min is optimal for the meal. Trypsin inhibitor and lectin activities decreased drastically (〉83 and 99%, respectively) after 30 and 45 min of heat treatment and after 15 min, the residual lectin activity was negligible and the residual trypsin inhibitor activity was 34%. These results, together with the nutritional parameters investigated, imply that Jatropha trypsin inhibitors and lectins do not have any adverse effects on carp at least up to 35 days of feeding. The nutritional value of Jatropha meal of the non-toxic provenance is high, and potential exists for its incorporation into the diets of monogastrics, fish and possibly humans.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 411-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Isoproterenol ; Regeneration ; Submandibular glands ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of isoproterenol (IPR) on acinar cell mitoses was studied in regenerating submandibular glands of the rat following partial extirpation. In controls, mitoses of acinar cells were markedly higher on the cut surface (reactive zone) than in the remainder of the gland through 10 ds post-operation. In experimental animals by 5 ds, a burst of mitoses of acinar cells was seen in all areas of the gland except the reactive zone. In the reactive zone, IPR appears to suppress or inhibit the induced mitoses seen in controls.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 184 (1977), S. 411-421 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatoid body ; Actinomycin D ; RNA ; Spermatids ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of actinomycin D on the chromatoid body of rat spermatids has been studied by light and electron microscopy, high resolution autoradiography and biochemical methods. Actinomycin D caused structural changes in the chromatoid body of young round nucleated spermatids. The normal irregularily lobulated chromatoid body acquired a ring-like configuration 12 h after an intratesticular injection of 2 μg of the drug. The labelling of the chromatoid body with 3H-uridine which can normally be seen after 12 h was also abolished by actinomycin D. These observations lead to the suggestion that the chromatoid body contains a store of long-lived mRNA molecules that are activated later during spermiogenesis when transcription in the spermatid nucleus has ceased but a high level of protein synthesis still persists.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 279-287 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axoplasmic flow ; Corticospinal tract ; Tritiated proline ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rates of axoplasmic transport were studied in the corticospinal tract of the rat by injecting tritiated proline into the sensory-motor cortex and subsequently analyzing the distribution of incorporated label in the spinal cord at intervals after injection. A mathematical model of the anatomy of the corticospinal tract was developed and used in analysis of the data. The rate of a fast component was calculated to be 240–420 mm per day, which is comparable with rates of fast components in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), but considerably greater than rates in other tracts in the central nervous system. A slow component was calculated to have a transport rate of 3–8 mm per day which is greater than rates found either in the CNS or PNS. This higher rate may be related to the greater length of the corticospinal tract as compared to other CNS tracts studied.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 213-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Castration cells ; Gonadotrophins ; Exocytosis ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To examine the morphological evidence of the nature of hormone release from castration cells the author gonadectomized neonatal male and female rats. Twenty-eight days after the operation the animals were pretreated with estrogen, progesterone, or estrogen and progesterone in combination, every other day for one week, and then injected with LHRH 30 min before sacrifice. The administration of LHRH elevated remarkably the serum levels of gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) of neonatally gonadectomized rats. The steroid-pretreated animals showed higher serum levels of gonadotrophins than controls. Simultaneously, active exocytosis of secretory granules was observed in the hypertrophic gonadotrophs or castration cells of neonatally gonadectomized and steroid-treated rats following the injection of LHRH. These results indicate that hypertrophic gonadotrophs or castration cells also release hormone(s) by exocytosis of secretory granules.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoid,Campoletis sonorensis ; Ichneumonidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Noctuidae temperature response ; density response ; United States ; Host stage preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le potentiel du parasiteCampoletis sonorensis comme agent de limitation des populations deSpodoptera frugiperda (FAW) a été évalué face à six densités d'hôtes et à deux températures distinctes. Une réponse fonctionnelle de type II a été observée aux deux températures chez la femelle deC. sonorensis en réponse aux différentes densités de la larve de Noctuelle. Aux densités de 60 et 75, un plus grand nombre de larves a été parasité à 25°C qu'à 30°C. On a découvert que le troisième stade larvaire était choisi de préférence parC. sonorensis pour pondre.
    Notes: Abstract The response of the parasitoidCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron) as a natural control agent of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was evaluated at 6 host densities and 2 temperature regime. A type-II functional response was exhibited by femaleC. sonorensis in response to varying densities of all armyworn larvae at both temperatures. Significantly more larvae were parasitized at 25°C for the host densities of 60 and 75, than for the same densities at 30°C. Third instar fall armyworm larvae were found to be the preferred stage for parasitization byC. sonorensis.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Mosquitoes ; Culicidae ; Flatworms ; Mesostoma spp. ; predation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les observations accumulées indiquent que les larves des Plathelminthes mesostomides sont des prédateurs efficaces des larves de moustiques. Cette note présente les premières mentions de 3Mesostoma Ehrenberg incluant 2 prédateurs de moustiques.Mesostoma californicum Hyman,Mesostoma vernale Hyman, etMesostoma sp. cf.lingua Abildgaard furent découverts dans une mare temporaire du Massachusetts.M. californicum etM. sp. cf.lingua ont été reconnus comme des prédateurs efficaces des larves de moustiques.
    Notes: Abstract The accumulated data indicate that mesostomid flatworms are efficient predators of mosquito larvae. This paper presents the 1st published records for 3Mesostoma Ehrenberg, including 2 predators of mosquitoes.Mesostoma californicum Hyman,Mesostoma vernale Hyman, andMesostoma sp. cf.lingua Abildgaard were discovered in a temporary pool in Massachusetts.M. californicum andM. sp. cf.lingua were found to be efficient predators on mosquitoe larvae.
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  • 86
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 28 (1990), S. 74-76 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Data recording ; Laboratory ; Microcomputer ; Psychology ; Rats ; Wheel running
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 87
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 98-104 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Simulation ; Rats ; Sexual behaviour ; Motivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A digital computer simulation of the ejaculatory series in the male rat is presented, and simulated results shown. It is argued that a sufficient number of established behavioural results as well as physiological theories exist to justify more effort in this direction. Both intromission and ejaculation are simulated as a function of arousal minus inhibition. Inhibition is transient only, satiety is caused by loss of arousability not increase in inhibition. The simulation is shown to be relevant to the response to novelty, the role of hormones and the timing of arousal to copulation by the female.
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  • 88
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, John H -- Elledge, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1822-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228708" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; BRCA1 Protein/metabolism ; BRCA2 Protein/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, BRCA2 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mice ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rad51 Recombinase ; Rats ; Recombination, Genetic ; Replication Protein A
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogelstein, Bert -- Alberts, Bruce -- Shine, Kenneth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1237.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. vogelbe@welch.jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethical Issues ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Organism/legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; *Stem Cells ; *Terminology as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: Activity-dependent modulation of synaptic efficacy in the brain contributes to neural circuit development and experience-dependent plasticity. Although glia are affected by activity and ensheathe synapses, their influence on synaptic strength has largely been ignored. Here, we show that a protein produced by glia, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), enhances synaptic efficacy by increasing surface expression of AMPA receptors. Preventing the actions of endogenous TNFalpha has the opposite effects. Thus, the continual presence of TNFalpha is required for preservation of synaptic strength at excitatory synapses. Through its effects on AMPA receptor trafficking, TNFalpha may play roles in synaptic plasticity and modulating responses to neural injury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beattie, Eric C -- Stellwagen, David -- Morishita, Wade -- Bresnahan, Jacqueline C -- Ha, Byeong Keun -- Von Zastrow, Mark -- Beattie, Michael S -- Malenka, Robert C -- DA00439/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH063394/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 31193/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS38079/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2282-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. beattie.2@osu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/pharmacology ; Astrocytes/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I ; Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2002-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 15;298(5597):1320-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *Planets ; Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; Solar System ; Space Flight/*economics/*organization & administration/trends ; Spacecraft ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space ; Administration/*economics/*organization & administration/trends
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Demaine, Linda J -- Fellmeth, Aaron X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1375-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RAND, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. demaine@rand.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Oxide ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Plant Extracts ; Plant Roots ; Titanium ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1383.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029105" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Specimen Banks ; *Research ; Russia ; United States ; *Variola virus ; *World Health Organization
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: Patients with cerebellar damage are known to exhibit deficits in the temporal control of movements. We report that these deficits are restricted to discontinuous movements. Cerebellar patients exhibited no deficit in temporal variability when producing continuous, rhythmic movements. We hypothesize that the temporal properties of continuous movements are emergent and reflect the operation of other control parameters not associated with the cerebellum. In contrast, discontinuous movements require an explicit representation of the temporal goal, a function of the cerebellum. The requirement for explicit temporal representation provides a parsimonious account of cerebellar involvement in a range of tasks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, Rebecca M C -- Zelaznik, Howard N -- Diedrichsen, Jorn -- Ivry, Richard B -- NS17778/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30256/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS40813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall #1650, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rspencer@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cerebellar Diseases/*physiopathology ; Cerebellum/physiology/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motor Activity ; Movement ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1212.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Mice ; *Mice, Transgenic ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Neoplasms, Experimental ; *Patents as Topic ; United States ; Universities/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-07-06
    Description: Fishery management plans ignore the potential for evolutionary change in harvestable biomass. We subjected populations of an exploited fish (Menidia menidia) to large, small, or random size-selective harvest of adults over four generations. Harvested biomass evolved rapidly in directions counter to the size-dependent force of fishing mortality. Large-harvested populations initially produced the highest catch but quickly evolved a lower yield than controls. Small-harvested populations did the reverse. These shifts were caused by selection of genotypes with slower or faster rates of growth. Management tools that preserve natural genetic variation are necessary for long-term sustainable yield.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conover, David O -- Munch, Stephan B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 5;297(5578):94-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA. dconover@notes.cc.sunysb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12098697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomass ; Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fisheries ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development ; Genetic Variation ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; *Selection, Genetic ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gurian-Sherman, Doug -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1845; author reply 1845.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/standards ; Genetic Engineering ; Government Regulation ; Phenotype ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 98
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Kathryn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1499.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Desert Climate ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Genes, Plant ; Helianthus/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):642-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/epidemiology ; Encephalomyelitis/ethnology/*etiology/pathology/virology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Herpesviridae/immunology/isolation & purification ; Herpesviridae Infections/ethnology/pathology/virology ; Humans ; Male ; Population Surveillance ; Rural Health ; Siberia/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/ethnology/pathology/virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: Despite recent genetic evidence and the promise of individualized medicine, there is a continuing interest in using self-identified categories of race and ethnicity as variables in scientific and medical research. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently proposed a standardized approach for the collection of race and ethnicity data in clinical trials. We believe that this move fails to acknowledge new scientific data and recommend that relevant data from individuals be collected and used rather than broad group statistics. We also encourage that increased funding be committed to this important issue.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haga, Susanne B -- Venter, J Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):466.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Advancement of Genomics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Continental Population Groups/genetics ; *Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Pharmacogenetics ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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