ALBERT

Description: The sedimentation regime off Northwest Africa is shaped by: (1) structur~al factors. which result in generallv low relief on land. shelf widths between 40 and more than 120 km. and av-erage sfope inclinations between 10 30' and 30; (2) land climates. which contral the delivery of terrigenous particles to the margin: (3) water movements including boundary currents and upwelling; and (4) the post- Pleistocene sea level rise. This chapter combines published and new results arising from research into the sedimentation processes off Northwest Africa. and emphasizes particularly the activities of the Kiel marine geological group during the past few years. Reviews of cruise activities and results were given in Closs et al. (1969) (Meteor cruise 8. 1967. off Morocco) . Seibold (1972) (Meteor cmise 25 . 1971. off Sahara to Central Senegal). Seibold and Hinz (1976) (Meteor cmise 39,1975 . and Valdivia cruise 10. 1975, from Morocco to South Senegal), and Waiden et al. (1974) (Meteor cmise 30, 1973, off Sierra Leone). Some of these cmises were used for pre- or post-site surveys for the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, or to add undisturbed Quaternary cores to the Glomar Challenger cores (leg 41, ] 975; Lancelot, et al .• 1978); leg 47 A, Arthur er al .• 1979; Lutze et al., 1979). We have concentrated our geological investigations on a number of standard profiles from the shelf to the upper continental rise as given in Figure 1. The manuscript was finished May 1979.

Description: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230891291_The_Orbital_Theory_of_Pleistocene_Climate_Support_frim_a_Revised_Chronology_of_the_Marine_d18O_Record

Description: Summary Holocene sediments of the North Lagoon, Bermuda, were studied with shallow seismic reflection profiles (200 km CSP-survey, UNIBOOM-system) and vibration coring (40 sediment cores, pneumatic vibration corer, Meischner et al., 1981). Seismic Stratigraphy Four seismic sequences are distinguishable by seismic stratigraphy. All seismic sequences correspond to depositional sequences built up during high sea levels in interglacial times. The seismic sequences are separated by unconformities which are often strongly reflective and correspond to emersion planes during glacial phases. The upper sequence (sequence 4) is related to Holocene sediments. The pre-Holocene bedrock is divided into three different seismic sequences (Kuhn et al., 1981): Sequence 1: oldest Pleistocene sequence (pre-Sangamon sea-level highstands), upper boundary with levelled relief (lower boundary not discernible), composed of strongly cemented carbonate sediments, forms the bedrock below Three Hill Shoals Sequence 2: Sangamon (125 ky sea-level highstand), distinct surface morphology, forms the bedrock of a large area below Holocene sediments, Holocene reefs grew up on elevations of the sequence 2 surface, the Holocene reef rim was developed on an elevated rim of sequence 2 Sequence 3: youngest Pleistocene sequence (Sangamon, 105 and 85 ky sealevel highstands lower than recent), deposited mainly in depressions of the bedrock deeper than -15 m below recent Mean Sea Level, levelling the older relief, peat sedimentation in places The distribution of recent reef areas and lagoonal basins is strongly controlled by pre-Holocene topography and geology of the bedrock. During the Holocene approx. 1050 x 106 m3 of carbonate sediments were deposited in the North Lagoon (290 km2) and approx. 1350 x 106 m3 in the reef rim area (170 km2). Sedimentology There are no larger oscillations of the Holocene sea level identifiable in the sedimentological record. The pre-Holocene topography was gradually drowned during the Holocene sea-level rise. At first, the depositional depressions were separated and landlocked. Fresh water peat marshes, fresh water ponds, marine ponds and bays were formed. With rising sea level, the land barriers were more and more eroded, drowned and lost their influence on the back-barrier sedimentation area. Autochthonous and allochthonous peat, lime gyttja and carbonate mud are a typical transgressive back-barrier sediment sequence. After destruction of the barrier, the depositional milieu changed from restricted marine to normal marine, open lagoonal. Sea-grass sediments and nearly mud-free carbonate sand were deposited in shallow water in an exposed environment. Hydrodynamic energy decreases with increasing water depth in the lagoonal basin. A more densely growing reef rim and intralagoonal reef growth added to the protection of the deeper lagoonal floors. Fine-grained sediments were deposited in this environment. They are distributed over a large area of the North Lagoon and form the top of the transgressive lagoonal sediment sequence. Holocene reefs mainly developed on rises of the pre-Holocene surface. In the early Holocene, solid reef build-ups were able to keep up with the rapid rise of sea level. Sand pockets in the reefs were left behind and filled up mainly in the later Holocene. The percentage of fine-grained sediments, produced and resuspended in the reef rim and deposited in the near lagoonal back-reef zone, increased during the Holocene. Two models of Holocene sedimentation in a depression and on an elevation of the pre-Holocene surface illustrate the dependence of vertical facies gradation on pre-Holocene topography. Trends of the mostly polymodal grain-size distributions of the Holocene sediments are a coarsening-upward in the back-barrier and a fining-upward in the lagoonal sediment sequences. Change in the composition of the molluscan fauna in the Holocene sediments (particle size 〉 2000 µm) is an Indication for fades changes. Gastropods are abundant in the basal backbarrier sediments. Bivalves are rare and their diversity 1s low. Sea-grass sediments contain Codakia orbicularis and Astraea phoebia shells. In the sheltered lagoonal environment shell fragments 〉 2000 µm become rare, common species are Gouldia cerina, Pitar fulminata and Finella sp. (approx. 1000 µm). Fine-grained reef-rim derived sediments differ from lagoonal sediments by a higher percentage of Homotrema rubrum fragments and Alcyonaria spicules.

Description: Some fifty years after the Snellius I expedition (1929-1930) a Dutch-Indonesian joint expedition is carried out (1984-1985) in the Eastern Indonesian archpelago. Based on two months (September -October 1984) of research at nine different reef localities, a first report will be presented on the general morphology, composition and condition of recent and fossil reefs of these areas. The research areas that will be discussed are the following: Ambon: In the bay of Ambon fringing and patch reefs heavily damaged by silting up, caused by soi1. erosion on the island. North East Ambon an elevated reef from the old Pleistocene. Lucipara islands: Exposed very isolated atoll with some sand cays. Tukang Besi islands: Atoll reefs of Kaledupa. Binongko reef terraces; fossil cliffs modelled from massive Pleistocene reef limestone by coastal abrasion during tectonic uplift of the island; extensive reef terrace dating from the last interglacial; living reef not at the moment constructive. Sumba: East Sumba fringing reefs with influence of land and population. Young Pleistocene reef near Melolo, older terraces higher up. Komodo: Various fringing and patch reefs bordering the east side of the National Park of Komodo. Current swept reefs in the strait of Linta. Gililawa Laut and Tinandja lo~r Miocene reefs. Sumbawa: Fringing reefs in Telok Moti Toi and Sanggar bay near Tambora volcano (erupted in 1815). Coral growth in Bima bay. Pleistocene reef north east of Bima. Taka Bone Rate: Large pseudo atoll with small sand cay reefs (e.g. Tinandja) exposed reefs, coral banks and lagoons. Salayer: fringing reefs at west coast around islands Guang and Sahuluan. Pliocene reefs on both islands; Bahuluan with volcanic core. Sulawesi: Coral reef complex on the shallow shelf off South West Sulawesi, with three rows of reefs, most emerging as sand cay reefs. Because of young Holocene reg~ession in front of Ujung Pandang. Influence of sedimentation and population. Apart from these investigations during the Snellius II expedition, a long term project has been carried out since 1979 in the last area mentioned. A continuation of reef research is planned there, in close cooperation with UnHas (University of Ujung Pandang). The presentation of results will be accompanied by maps and photographs.

Description: In this precursory paper to the forthcoming Flora Neotropica monograph of Rollinia 12 new species are described. One new combination is made, and there is a note on the correct author citation for Rollinia dolabripetala. Mr. E. J. van Marle, a former student at the University of Utrecht, contributed the description of one of the new species.

Description: There exist three different kinds of leaf arrangement in neotropical species of Rinorea. 1. an alternate leaf arrangement consisting of only laminar leaves; 2. an alternate leaf arrangement consisting of laminar leaves in the apical part of the branchlets and scale-like ones subpersistent in the basal part; 3. an apparently opposite leaf arrangement consisting of laminar leaves together with a pair of inconspicuous and soon deciduous scale-like leaves at the base of the inflorescences. In this article hypotheses have been constructed how one kind of leaf arrangement can be derived from the other, how these three different kinds of leaf arrangements can be correlated with the arrangements of the inflorescences and those of the branchlets, and finally how an apparently opposite leaf arrangement also can be correlated with a so called Fagerlind tree model.

Description: Twelve species of terricolous microlichens from the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland, are reported: Caloplaca friesii, C. livida, Lecanora boligera, Lecidea oligotropha and Leciophysma arctophila, which are new to the lichen flora of Greenland, Rinodina conradi, which is new to the eastcoast, and Baeomyces roseus, B. rufus, Buellia geophila, B. punctata, Caloplaca tornoensis and Mycoblastus tornoensis, new to Southeast Greenland. In a discussion of the greenlandic distribution, unpublished records from the herbarium of Copenhagen (C) are incorporated. Notes on the habitats are given and the pertinent phytosociological units indicated. Some morphological and anatomical characters are commented upon briefly.

Description: The 16 recognized species of Sorocea are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Two new taxa are described: S. steinbachii C.C. Berg and S. hirtella Mildbread ssp. oligotricha Akkermans & Berg. Three new combinations are made: S. muriculata Miquel ssp. uaupensis (Baillon) C.C. Berg, S. trophoides W. Burger ssp. rhodorachis (Cuatrecasas) C.C. Berg, and S. sprucei (Baillon) Macbride ssp. saxicola (Hassler) C.C. Berg. A key to the species is presented.

Description: -The problems of reconstructing historical relationships for areas of endemism from distributional data for groups of taxa and the cladistic relationships among the members of those groups can be solved by applying the two principles of parsimony and mutual inclusion or exclusion (compatibility) of components. Components can be extracted from a data matrix by means of transcription into partial monothetic sets. The data matrix thus derived represents the distribution over areas for the monophyletic groups in one or more cladograms. It is derived from two different matrices by boolean multiplication. The first matrix gives the binary representation of distributions of taxa over areas of endemism; the second describes the cladogram for the same taxa, in terms of character states converted into binary form by additive binary coding. The derived data matrix can be used in historical biogeography to represent the given phyletic data ( Assumption 0 here newly defined), and can be amended to reflect Assumptions 1 or 2 to accomodate the problems of wide-spread taxa and missing areas. Areacladograms are determined from the derived matrix by searching for the largest sets of mutually compatible components. Area-cladograms are evaluated in terms of support (vicariance) and contradiction (ad hoc interpretations such as dispersal and extinction). Area-cladograms that best fit the data matrix regarding the balance between support and contradiction are selected as the best possible recontructions of relationships among the areas of endemism. The procedure is illustrated by the example of the poeciliid fish genera Heterandria and Xiphophorus, and several other standard examples.

Description: Aublet based Tontelea and its only named species, T. scandens, on material he collected in French Guiana, illustrated as pl. 10 in the original publication. Aublet’s specimens are incorporated in the herbarium of J. J. Rousseau (now located in the Paris Herbarium in herbier Denaiffe) and also in the Herbarium of the British Museum. The sheet in herbier Denaiffe was identified by Lanjouw and Uittien (1940) as the original for Aublet’s pl. 10, which shows a flowering twig, analysis of a flower, and a detached leaf much larger than the leaves on the twig. From a photograph of this sheet it appears that the inflorescence is reproduced only in fragmentary form in the drawing. In the latter the inflorescence is represented as a rather short, few-branched, flowering twig, whereas in the specimen the inflorescence is strictly dichotomously branched many times with occasional supernumerary branches in the leaf axils. The sheet also has four detached leaves.

Description: This catalogue provides an annotated listing of the liverworts and hornworts from the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana), based on the literature and on new data that have become available in the framework of the “Flora of the Guianas” project. In total 375 species in 93 genera are recorded, including more than 100 species and 28 genera new to the Guianas. A list of synonyms (including 30 new ones), a systematic arrangement of the genera and families, and an index to the collectors are also given.

Description: This paper follows upon an earlier paper in the series “Studies in Annonaceae” (Maas et al. 1986). Twelve new species are described, viz. 2 in Duguetia, 1 in Ephedranthus, 5 in Guatteria, 2 in Hornschuchia, 1 in Tetrameranthus, and 1 in Unonopsis. A new combination is made in Enicosanthellum. Some amendments and additions to the revision of Tetrameranthus (Westra 1985), including an updated key, are given. Monocarpia euneura Miq. appears to have priority over M. marginalis (R. Scheffer) James Sincl. Additional collections have been made of the rare species Bocagea longepedunculata Martius, Xylopia crinita R.E. Fries, and Xylopia excellens R.E. Fries. Attention is drawn to several recent collections from Bahia, Brazil, which are perhaps referable to Unonopsis stipitata Diels. H. León, Popayán, and D. Sánchez S., Medellín, contributed to three of the new species.

Description: The genus Stenandriopsis was created by S. Moore in Journ. of Bot. 44: 153. 1906 for a plant collected first by Vaughan Thompson and afterwards by Baron in an unspecified part of Madagascar. As the plate by which the description is accompanied depicts the specimen collected by Baron (n. 6708), the latter is to be regarded as the type. Stenandriopsis was referred by its author to the Justicieae, but this tribe is apparently accepted by him in the delimitation it received in BENTHAM and HOOKER’s “Genera Plantarum”, and as it is in this sense a most heterogeneous mixture, this does not greatly enlighten us. Of more importance is that Moore compares it with Crossandra Salisb. and Stenandrium Nees, i.e. with genera belonging to my subfamily Acanthoideae and referred by me respectively to the Acantheae and the Aphelandreae. However, in my paper on “The Acantheae of the Malesian Area. I. General Considerations” in Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Ser. c. 58: 166. 1955, I pointed out that it can not belong to the Acantheae as the corolla throat lacks the incision in the adaxial side which is characteristic for that tribe. It can not belong to the Aphelandreae either as the corolla limb is subactinomorphous instead of distinctly bilabiate. As I had to rely at that time entirely on Moore’s description and on the plate by which the latter is accompanied, I was unable to arrive at a conclusion, but I suggested that the genus might represent a new tribe of my Acanthoideae. Since then I have had the opportunity to inspect in the herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History the material on which the genus was based, for which I tender my best thanks to the Keeper, and now I am able to express a more definite opinion.

Description: The bogs of S. E. Groningen are part of the great peat-marshes extending from S. E. Drente as far as N.W. Germany inclusive. So far as the territory of Westerwolde is concerned, people have begun digging off very early. According to the map by Krayenhoff in 1816 nearly the whole peat-marsh westward from the line Blijham—Termaarsch had already been reclaimed, only a few parts still being covered with the original peat-layer (cf. map, fig. 1). The digging off east of the above line commences at the beginning of the 19th century on the borderland of Groningen and Drente. Borings were performed in three places and the samples pollenanalytically and stratigraphically examined.

Description: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Description: E sectione Peltaea, Pavoniae speciosae H.B.K. proxima, sed forma folorium, indumento, involucri phyllis peltatis diversa. Suffrutex, caule minute stellato-piloso glabrescente, linea singula pilis simplicibus longioribus vestita in primo internodio ramulorum lateralium adaxiale notato. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolis tomentellis 2—4 mm longis, oblongo-elliptica, elliptica vel ellipticolanceolata, 3—5 cm longa, 1.25—1.5 cm lata trinervia basi acuta vel obtusa, superiora 5-nervia, basi subcordata, acutissima vel subacuminata, margine regulariter serrato-dentata, supra minute stellato-pilosa, oculo nudo glabra, infra dense sed minute stellatotomentella. Flores in axillis foliorum vel in apice ramulorum 2—3-glomeratis, bracteis ovato-triangularibus suffulti, plerumque subsessiles, interdum usque ad 4 mm pedicellati. Involucri phylla fere io linearia birta uniserialia, basi paullo connata, apice lamina foliacea peltata, id est supra basin affixa, anguste elliptica hirta, basi rotundata, apice acuta, appendiculata, 4 mm longa. Calyx cupuliformis, ultra medium incisus, 4—9 mm longus, lobis acutis hirtis, nervis trinis conspicuis, binis intermediis brevibus vel nullis. Petala 2.5—3 cm longa, teste collectore roseo-rubra, sicca rosea, basi atropurpurea. Stamina et styli more generis. Carpella 4 mm longa, mutica, dorso costa perpendiculari instructa, transverse nervosa, dense pubescentia.

Description: It is commonly accepted that percentages of pollen in a pollen diagram do not express the exact composition of forests in earlier times. This inaccuracy is due to several factors, for instance the different quantities of pollen produced by plants, the distance of transport etc. A pollen diagram tells us only the change in pollen rain on the locality where we collected soil samples. In studying a pollen diagram we find a close relation between the variations in the percentages of a certain species and the area occupied by this species in the vegetation. When the percentage of pollen of a species increases, we conclude generally that the relative area occupied by this species in the vegetation increases too. However, such a connection might be doubted. The variety of factors controlling the dispersion of pollen is so great that the interpretation of a pollen diagram often meets with great difficulties. The connection between pollen rain and the composition of the vegetation is a simple one in the cases where we are dealing with a region of uniform vegetation. A diagram taken from a region in which the vegetation varies from place to place has to be regarded with some caution. Unfortunately such a heterogenity of the vegetation exists on the very place, where we want to compose a pollen diagram. The pollen rain which falls into a bog arises from two sources: a pollen rain from the local vegetation of the bog itself and one from the surrounding vegetation. When we are dealing with great bogs, the pollen produced by the vegetation of the bog itself will be mostly that of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and spores of the Bryophyta and the Pteridophyta. It is the rule rather than the exception that the bog will be treeless. The tree pollen in such a bog mostly takes its origin from the surrounding forests. It is a fortunate circumstance in a diagram that pollen of trees is separated from other pollen. However, one exception is seen in the way in which Iversen composes a diagram for late glacial times. This method, commonly used for late glacial times, embraces a pollen sum not only containing trees but also some herbaceous plants. The origin of the latter can, with some certainty, be accepted as from outside the bog. Therefore the local vegetation of the bog does not influence the percentages of tree pollen. The pollen sum thus comprises pollen of plants which grow under the same biotic conditions.

Description: Culmi robusti, foliati. Folia lata, linearia, trinervia. Inflorescentia corymboso-paniculata, multispiculata. Spiculae (”spicae” multorum auctorum) parvae, multiflorae. Flores hermaphroditi (”spiculae androgynae” auctorum) perianthio utriculiformi, compresso, vix carinato, staminibus (”floribus masculinis monandris” auctorum) tribus, binis lateralibus tertio anteriore, ovario (”flore foemineo terminali nudo” auctorum) rostrato, basi angustato, haud stipitato, styli ramis ternis. Nux tri-costata, rugulosa. Generi Hypolytro L. C. Rich. proxima, a quo differt styli ramis tribus et nuce tri-costata. A Thoracostachyo et Paramapania, quibuscum stigmatum numero convenit, et structura florum et perianthio connato et nucis forma longe diversa, faciliter dignoscenda. Mapaniae potius affinis, sed ab omnibus speciebus huius generis inflorescentia a plerisque etiam perianthio connato discrepat.

Description: The genus Trymatococcus has been published in 1838 by Poeppig and Endlicher in Nova Genera ac Spec. Plant II. p. 30, and the genus was based on the species T. amazonicus. In 1876 Baillon added the species T. africanus to the genus. This gave a peculiar distribution for a genus with two species only: one in the Amazone region and one in West Africa. Later on several new species from Africa were described: three by Engler (T. kamerunianus, dorstenioides, and Conrauanus), one by De Wildeman (T. Gilletii) and one by Pellegrin (T. oligogyna). In 1922 (Archivos do Jardim Botanico Rio de Janeiro vol III. p. 22) Ducke described a second species from Amazonian Brazil (T. paraensis) and said in the notes to this new species that Lanessania turbinata Baill. should be transferred to the genus Trymatococcus and published a new combination (T. turbinatus Ducke). In 1925 (Archives IV. p. I) he emphasized his statements Trymatococcus and published a new combination (T. turbinatus as well as turbinatus and amazonicus have the stamens erect in the bud and not inflexed as was described in the former publications. He also emphasized that the place of Trymatococcus in the system has to be changed and the genus has to take the place taken up to this moment by Lanessania. Among the material of the Moraceae from Surinam which I am studying for the Flora of Surinam, I found also a Trymatococcus species. By the study of this genus I was struck by the peculiar geographic distribution of the genus, which fully supported my observations on the Euphorbiaceae (cf. Lanjouw, The Euphorbiaceae of Surinam pp. 70—84). For the preparation of a map of this distribution I studied the african species and after a careful examination I noted a number of important differences between the african species and the american ones. Part of these differences were never noticed before and no attention has ever been given to these facts. The first error in this case was made by Baillon. Most probably he had not seen T. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl. when he described his T. africanus. This is still more striking as he described in the same paper his genus Lanessania based on L. turbinata, which is a true Trymatococcus species. It is very curious that it was not possible for Baillonto observe his mistake because in his Histoire des Plantes (vol. VI. p. 199) he states „filamentis aestivatione inflexis vel nunc suberectis”. One can not understand why he did not observe that at least one of the species of Trymatococcus is the same as his genus Lanessania. After Baillon’s publication, we could say that we had got two type species, one american (Tr. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl.) and one african (Tr. africanus Baill.). Apparently Engler did not study exactly Tr. amazonicus Poepp. et Endl. when he described his new species though he states (Monogr. Afr. Pfl. fam. I. Morac. p. 28); ”Ein besonders auffallender Unterschied im Bau der Blüte und Frucht is nicht zu constatieren; bei der amerikanischen Art sind die männlichen Blüten dreimännig mit dreiteiliger Blütenhülle, bei den afrikanischen Arten sind sie zweimännig”. Likewise Ducke knew apparently only the american species when he pointed out the new place for this genus in the family. By these reasons only it is explained how confusion has crept into this genus. I have studied many specimens of Trymatococcus from the following herbaria: Berlin-Dahlem, British Museum (Natural History Museum), Kew, Leiden, Paris and Utrecht. I wish to express mv sincere thanks to the directors for their hospitality or fore sending the material on loan.

Description: In 1935 the present author reported the occurrence of this N. American species in the eastern part of Holland, province of Overijssel, in the vicinity of Almelo (JONKER, 1935). He found the species near the hamlet of Harbrinkhoek on a wet heath. The locality was also the only station of Wahlenbergia hederacea in the Netherlands, discovered a year before. Notwithstanding the extensive reclamations in that part of the country the species now still occurs in a number of localities around Almelo. The plants cannot be considered adventitious as they were found in places that are comparatively little influenced by human culture, judging from the occurrence, on the first-discovered locality, of e.g. Wahlenbergia hederacea. Gentiana pneumonanthe, Viola palustris, Radiola linoides, Linum catharticum, Scutellaria minor. The late Dr. Wachter discovered, in the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands, unidentified specimens of Hypericum canadense collected by Lako as early as 1909 in the same environment, perhaps even in the same station; and Dr. van Soest identified two specimens collected in 1918 by the late naturalist Bernink near Denekamp, about 20 km E of the above mentioned localities. Bouchard (1953, 1954, 1955) reported the discovery of the species in France, dept. Haute-Saône. The plants were found in large quantities, at the stony beach of oligotrophous lakes, together with Littorella uniflora. In his detailed publication of 1954 he discussed the possibilities of introduction. He concluded that the plants are not adventitious. They may be autochthonous or naturalized and then, when the latter is the fact, probably by U.S. army units that stayed in that area during world war I. He did not preclude, however, the possibility of a glacial relic. Bouchard overlooked the previous publication reporting the occurrence in Holland.

Description: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Description: The species Polypodium banaense C.Chr. is transferred to Crypsinus. The recognition of a genus Phymatopteris Pic. Ser. (= Phymatopsis J.Sm.) separate from Crypsinus is discussed.

Description: The six species of Curtia, including a hitherto undescribed species published here, as well as the monotypic genus Hockinia can be distinguished from each other by the seed coat structure. The anticlinal walls and the cuticle provide the most useful information. Curtia tenuifolia appears to be a complex species, but subsp. tenella can be readily separated from this complex by the seed coat structure. Heterostyly has been found in C. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, C. obtusifolia, and Hockinia montana, but differences in seed coat structure can not be correlated with long-, short-, and equal-styled flowers. The differences in seed coat structure, the length of the seeds, and the number of cells per seed plead for maintaining Hockinia (closely related to Curtia) as a distinct genus. One new species of Curtia is described and a new combination is made.

Description: SETTEN, A. K. van & KOEK-NOORMAN, J.: Studies in Annonaceae. VI. A leafanatomical survey of genera of Annonaceae in the Neotropics. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 17—50. 1986. — ISSN 0006-8152. Within the scope of the multidisciplinary research project on systematics of Annonaceae, a survey of the leafanatomical features and their distribution in the neotropical Annonaceae is presented. The studied specimens form a rather homogeneous group, as may appear from the family description given here. A detailed study of the leafanatomical features reveals, that differences are mainly found in the indument, the position and contents of the idioblasts, the structure of the primary vein, the type of crystals in the epidermal cells, and the type of sclereids. Based on character states, phenetic similarities and differences are discussed and compared with the classifications of FRIES (1959) and WALKER (1971).

Description: Haesselia roraimensis gen. et spec. nov. (Cephaloziaceae) from the foot of Mt. Roraima (Guyana) is described and figured. The new genus has been assigned to the subfamily Trabacelluloideae together with Fuscocephaloziopsis Fulf. and Trabacellula Fulf., two other neotropical genera of Cephaloziaceae with convex leaves.

Description: One new species of Dorstenia from Brazil is described: D. carautae C.C. Berg, and four new combinations are made: D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. paraguariensis (Hassler) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. vitifolia (Gardner) C.C. Berg, and D. ramosa (Desvaux) Carauta, Valente & Sucre subsp. dolichocaula (Pilger) C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 22 Dorstenia species distinguished in south-eastern tropical America are presented, together with synonymy and distributional data.

Description: Chemical analysis of representatives of about thirty genera of Lejeuneaceae has shown that the terpenoid and flavonoid content of the Lejeuneaceae is basically comparable to that of other Hepaticae and quite diversified. Among the terpenoids detected, some are common throughout the family (elemenenes, germacrenes), others are distributed more restrictedly and are indicative of evolutionary relationships among genera, e.g. borneols (Nipponolejeunea), pinguisanines (Acrolejeunea complex), striatenes (Ptychanthoideae, Omphalanthus complex), calamenanes ( Lopholejeunea) and labdanes (Ptychanthus, Tuzibeanthus). Flavonoids are present in smaller amounts than terpenoids and comprise some compounds unique to bryophytes (lutonarin, kaempferol-3-methylether). The genus Omphalanthus stands out by its total inability to biosynthesize flavonoids. At the species level the chemical constitution may vary considerably and in some species evidence for the existence of chemical races was detected.

Description: Recently a multidisciplinary investigation program on the systematics of Annonaceae was started at Utrecht with special emphasis on the Neotropics. This project will be carried out largely within the framework of the UNESCO-project Flora Neotronica. The first goal is to provide a modern classification of the family as a whole, the second is the publication of a series of monographs for Flora Neotropica. The project has been planned and started in close consultation with leading botanists on the Neotropical flora. The Annonaceae are a family of pantropical distribution with between 2000 and 2500 species in ca. 130 genera as presently understood. In the Neotropics the family is represented by ca. 750 species and 35 genera. It is a family of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Its place is within the order of the Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is the family of the Myristicaceae. The Annonaceae, although generally considered primitive in many features, nevertheless offer a number of specialized features as well This makes it a promising object using various kinds of comparative morphological, karyological, and anatomical data. Besides, many species are of medicinal or commercial value, such as various species of Annona and Rollinia, the fruits of which are commonly eaten in most countries of Central America and South America; the Soursop (Annona muricata) is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description: Vochysia sectio Ciliantha Stafleu, subsectio Ferrugineae Warming. A V. vismiifolia Spruce ex Warming stipulis incrassatis, foliis lanceolatis longe acuminatis, floribus calcari longo modice incurvo, petalo intermedio stamen aequante, stigmate terminali parvo instructis differt. Holotypus: “coll. unknown” (comm. D. Allen) in U, fl. 14 Nov. 1953. PERU, Nanay River near Iquitos, altitude 100 m., “quillo sisa”, tree more than 100 feet high, on clayey soil about 20 feet above river (Isotypes: US 2104976, Y 47782).

Description: Recently I got the opportunity of examining a specimen from the “Rijksherbarium”, Leiden, which was provided with a label on which ROTH had written in the middle the name of the plant, viz. “ Micranthus serpyllifol-Roth ” and in the lower right corner the name of the collector, viz. “Heyne”; in the lower left comer another hand had added “Ind. or. Hb. Roth”. As the specimen proved to answer the description of Micranthus serpyllifolius given on p. 282 of ROTH’s “Novae Plantarum Species, Halberstadt 1821,” there can be little doubt that it is either the type of this species or else a duplicate of the latter. This is the more important as none of the authors who in the past ventured an opinion with regard to the taxonomic position of ROTH’s species, apparently had seen the type. ROTH’s specimen was inserted in the Leiden Herbarium under the name Andrographis serpyllifolia R.W. (Acanthaceae), but this is obviously a misidentification. for Andrographis serpyllifolia does not fit ROTH’s description. The plant described by the latter has smaller and less numerous leaves and its flowers are arranged in terminal spikes instead of solitary or a few together in the axils of ordinary leaves.

Description: Es handelt sich hier um ein grosses, zusammenhängendes Hochmoorgebiet, das sich nord-süd über 20 km, ost-west über 10 km ausdehnt. Im Süden und Westen ist es grösstenteils abgetorft. Die besonders im Zentrum und Osten noch erhaltenen Teile sind durch die intensive Trockenlegung meist verheidet; stellenweise, so in den „Engbertsdijkvenen”, wo grosse Flächen heute wenig entwässert sind, findet sich eine lebende Sphagnumdecke (Taf. III). (Lit. 5). Das Moor liegt auf pleistozänem Untergrunde (Fluvioglazial der Riss-Eiszeit und Niederterrasse der Würmeiszeit); im Osten und Westen stosst es an diluviale Rücken; im Nordwesten bildet die Niederterrasse der Vechte die Grenze. Im Südosten und Osten schliesst sich eine ausgedehnte Versumpfungszone an, während sich im Westen zwischen den Hügeln isolierte, ähnliche Bildungen vorfinden. Es handelt sich hier wahrscheinlich um ein Entwässerungsgebiet des Hochmoores. Ein prae-rissglazialer mit nördlichen Erratica bestreuter Rücken dringt vom Osten her, parallel dem Vechtetal, ungefähr bis in die Mitte, in das Moor vor. Für eine ausführliche Angabe der geologischen Verhältnisse verweisen wir auf die „Geologische Kaart van Nederland” vom „Rijks Geologische Dienst” (Blätter Almeloo I und II; Koevorden III und IV). Wir sammelten eine Anzahl Probenreihen. Die angeführten Analysen beziehen sich auf eine süd-nord gerichtete Profillinie im östlichen Teil des Gebietes (Paterswal 1 u. 2, Engbertsdijk, Bruine Haar) und ein Punktprofil im Nordwesten (Boerendijk), nahe dem Vechtetal.

Description: It is to be hoped, that the genus Pandanophyllum Hassk. never will revive, for it is based on a bad generic description and two nomina nuda, P. palustre Hassk. (Harassas tjaai) and P. humile Hassk., the first of which is supposed to indicate Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill., while the other name has brought about much confusion, as it has been used for Hypolytrum humile (Steud.) Boeck. as well as for Mapania humilis (Miq., partly) Vill. The first validly published description of Pandanophyllum humile Hassk. nomen nudum in Cat. Pl. Hort. Bot. Bog. 1844, p. 297 has been given by Steudel in his Synopsis II (1855), p. 134 and is based upon a specimen collected in Java by Zollinger (n. 1511, Brit. Mus., Paris), belonging to the genus Hypolytrum. So this is the type-specimen of H. humile (Steud.) Boeck. in Linnaea XXXVII (1871—1873), p. 128. Bentham and Hooker, however, accepting the interpretation of Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal XXXVIII, part 2 (1869), p. 82 and the revised opinion of Miquel in his Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. (1871), p. 61, included both species in their section Pandanophyllum of Mapania (Gen. Pl. III, 1883, p. 1056). A quarter of a century later C. B. Clarke divided Benth. and Hooker’s section into two subgenera, viz. Pandanophyllum, including Mapania humilis Vill. and Halostemma (Wall.), including Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill. Consequently our present section Pandanophyllum sensu Clarke probably excludes both species, which originally belonged to it. One might be inclined to rectify the mistake by changing the name of Halostemma into Pandanophyllum and coining a new name for the other subgenus, but the principal difficulty, caused by the ambiguity of Hasskarl’s generic description can not be solved in this manner. This description calls for a bifid style (perhaps referring to Hypolytrum humile Boeck.) and 3—5 spikelets (not appropriate to Mapania palustris Vill., highly improbable as to Mapania humilis Vill. and Hypolytrum humile Boeck.). The only way out of the difficulty is to reject the name Pandanophyllum as a nomen dubium in the sense of the rules of nomenclature (art. 63) and to rename the subgenus Pandanophyllum Benth. et Hook., sensu Clarke. I propose the name Pandanoscirpus.

Description: A revision has been made of the hepatic genus Brachiolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. (family Lejeuneaceae, subfamily Ptychanthoideae). Within this genus two subgenera were recognised: subg. Brachiolejeunea and subg. Plicolejeunea Schust. (n order to distinguish taxonomic entities within these subgenera and to evaluate their affinities, the morphology and anatomy of the gametophyte and the sporophyte have been studied. Data on cytology and sporeling development, obtained from living and cultured specimens, were added. Sporophyte characters have been studied with light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides a considerable reduction in the number of accepted species, the main result of this study is that the traditional delimitation of Brachiolejeunea cannot be maintained. The two subgenera appear to be different in many characters, several of them new, and are accordingly elevated to generic level. The genus Brachiolejeunea (4 species) now comprises only the former subgenus of that name; the generic name Frullanoides Raddi is reinstated for the subg. Plicolejeunea (7 species and 1 subspecies). For both genera the morphology and anatomy are described, the previously neglected sporophyte generation being treated in particular detail. In each of the genera a different type of sporophyte is present; a “fenestrate-type” in Frullanoides, a “nodular-type” in Brachiolejeunea. From a of the distribution patterns it appears that both genera probably originated in the western part of Gondwanaland. Brachiolejeunea is confined to that area and may presently be characterized as a Neotropical-montane element. One species of Frullanoides is pantropical, the others are neotropical. The species of Brachiolejeunea are predominantly epiphytes of mountain forests and have a rather narrow drought tolerance; the species of Frullanoides generally occur in a greater variety of habitats and have a wider drought tolerance. A consideration of generic relationships shows that the affinities of genera are very different. For both genera identification keys are provided, each species and subspecies is illustrated and for each taxon the following information is provided: synonymy with relevant literature and typification, a description, geographical distribution with distribution map, and notes on ecology, differentiation and variation. The second part of this study contains a short review of the genus Blepharolejeunea S. Arnell, which has been emended to accommodate several diverging species of Brachiolejeunea and Dicranolejeunea. Blepharolejeunea is related to both genera and is characterized as a Neotropical-montane element. In the third part of this study the sporophyte generation in the subfam. Ptychanthoideae is analysed with Scanning Electron Microscopy. Fenestratetype and nodular-type sporophytes are described and the different affinities of these types are discussed. The new tribe Brachiolejeuneae van Slageren & Berendsen is created to accommodate the genera of Ptychanthoideae with nodular-type sporophytes.

Description: A new species of Asterophorum, A. mennegae, is described from the Sipaliwini Savanne (Suriname). The position of Asterophorum within the family is briefly reviewed, and a key to the 2 species is given.

Description: During my studies of the Surinam specimens belonging to this genus my attention was drawn to the often wrong interpretation of several old species. To avoid future misidentifications it seems useful to give a short review of the American species that are known up till now. It is emphasized, however, that this paper does not have the pretension to be a monograph of the American species. For the greater part my study of the species was confined to the type material and the variability therefore is not known. However, this contribution may serve as a base for a future monograph of this interesting group. Attention is drawn to the fact that only older leaves of the plants should be studied, because the leaf apex of the younger leaves is in all species acute and the lamina may not have reached its definite form.

Description: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.