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  • Springer  (90,642)
  • PANGAEA
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1960-1964  (90,729)
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  • 1
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Goodell, H G (1964): Eltanin Cruise 05 - Descriptions of cores, submarine photography and dredges. in Goodell, H.G., 1964. Marine geology of the Drake Passage, Scotia Sea, and South Sandwich Trench; USNS Eltanin marine geology cruises 1-8. Sedimentology Research Laboratory Contribution. Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: Cores, submarine photography and dredges described in this report were taken during the R/V Eltanin Cruise 5 in 1962 by the Department of Geology, Florida State University. Cores and dredges were recovered for 31 stations and are available at the Antarctic Research Facility, Florida State University for sampling and study.
    Keywords: Comment; Deposit type; Depth, bottom/max; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Depth, top/min; Description; Dredge, rock; DRG_R; Elevation of event; ELT05; ELT05.001-MT; ELT05.001-TC; ELT05.002-PG; ELT05.004SS-RD; ELT05.005-PG; ELT05.009-PC; ELT05.009-TC; ELT05.010-TC; ELT05.011-PC; ELT05.012-PC; ELT05.014-PC; ELT05.015-RD; ELT05.016-RD; ELT05.017-RD; ELT05.028-PC; ELT05.029-PC; ELT05.031-PC; ELT05.10-C; ELT05.11-C; ELT05.17-C; ELT05.18-C; ELT05.20-C; ELT05.25-C; ELT05.27-C; ELT05.28-C; ELT05.29-C; ELT05.30-C; ELT05.9-C; Eltanin; Event label; GC; Grab; GRAB; Gravity corer; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; PC; Photo/Video; Piston corer; Position; PV; Quantity of deposit; Sample ID; Sediment type; Size; South Pacific Ocean; Substrate type; TRAWL; Trawl net; Uniform resource locator/link to image
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 396 data points
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: In May 1964 the Institute of Marine Science (University of Miami), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Lamont Geological Observatory (Columbia University) joined in the establishment of the JOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES) program. The long range purpose of this organization is to obtain continuous core samples of the entire sedimentary column from the floors of the oceans. It was decided that initial efforts would be limited to water depths of less than 1000 fathoms (6000 feet), and tentative locations were selected for drilling operations off the eastern, western and Gulf coasts of the United States. Near the end of December 1964 it was found that the M/V Caldrill I, a drilling vessel capable of working to depths of 6000 feet, was to engage in drilling operations on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland during the summer of 1965 for the Pan American Petroleum Corporation. Thus it was agreed to organize a drilling program along the track of Caldrill between California and the Grand Banks. Selection was made of an area on the continental shelf and the Blake Plateau off Jacksonville, Florida. Based upon many previous geological and geophysical investigations by the participating laboratories, a considerable body of knowledge had been gained about this region of the continental-oceanic border. For this initial program of JOIDES, the Lamont Geological Observatory was chosen as the operating institution with J. L. Worzel as principal investigator, and C. L. Drake and H. A. Gibbon as program planners.
    Keywords: Blake Plateau, Atlantic Ocean; Caldrill I; Comment; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; JOID-6; JOIDES_prelim; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Position; Quantity of deposit; Sample code/label; Sample ID; Sediment type; Size; Substrate type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 10 data points
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: Cores, submarine photography and dredges described in this report were taken during the R/V Eltanin Cruise 6 in 1963 by the Department of Geology, Florida State University. Cores and dredges were recovered for 32 stations along with bottom photography and are available at the Antarctic Research Facility, Florida State University for sampling and study.
    Keywords: Comment; Deposit type; Depth, bottom/max; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Depth, top/min; Description; Dredge, rock; DRG_R; ELT06; ELT06.003-BT; ELT06.003-MT; ELT06.004-BT; ELT06.005-RD; ELT06.006-PC; ELT06.006-RD; ELT06.007-BT; ELT06.007-MT; ELT06.007-PC; ELT06.007-RD; ELT06.007-TC; ELT06.009-B; ELT06.009-RD; ELT06.010-RD; ELT06.011-B; ELT06.011-PC; ELT06.012A-RD; ELT06.012-PC; ELT06.013-PC; ELT06.013-RD; ELT06.014-BT; ELT06.015-BT; ELT06.015-PC; ELT06.016-PC; ELT06.019-PH; ELT06.041-PH; ELT06.10-13C; ELT06.11-13C; ELT06.12-13C; ELT06.13-14C; ELT06.19-12C; ELT06.36-20C; ELT06.41-22C; ELT06.42-23C; ELT06.43-23C; ELT06.44-23C; Eltanin; Event label; File name; GC; Gravity corer; Identification; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; PC; Photo/Video; Piston corer; Position; PV; Quantity of deposit; Sediment type; Size; Southern Ocean; Substrate type; TC; TRAWL; Trawl net; Trigger corer; Uniform resource locator/link to image; Visual description
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 757 data points
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Keywords: Comment; Deposit type; Depth, bottom/max; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Depth, top/min; Description; Dredge, rock; DRG_R; ELT07; ELT07.001-RD; ELT07.002-MT; ELT07.007-BT; ELT07.008-BT; ELT07.014-PG; ELT07.016-PC; ELT07.016-RD; ELT07.017-PC; ELT07.017-RD; ELT07.018-PC; ELT07-12C; ELT07-13C; ELT07-14C; ELT07-16C; ELT07-20C; ELT07-22C; ELT07-3C; ELT07-5C; Eltanin; Event label; File name; Grab; GRAB; Identification; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; PC; Photo/Video; Piston corer; Position; PV; Quantity of deposit; Sediment type; Size; Southern Ocean; Substrate type; TRAWL; Trawl net; Uniform resource locator/link to image; Visual description
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 319 data points
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  • 5
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    In:  Antarctic Research Facility, Florida State University
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Keywords: Comment; Deposit type; Depth, bottom/max; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Depth, top/min; Description; Elevation of event; ELT08; ELT08.007-PC; ELT08.011-PH; ELT08.012-PH; ELT08.013-PH; ELT08.015-PH; ELT08.016-PH; ELT08-12C; ELT08-14C; ELT08-19C; ELT08-1C; ELT08-2C; ELT08-4C; Eltanin; Event label; File name; GC; Gravity corer; Identification; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Method/Device of event; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; PC; Photo/Video; Piston corer; Position; PV; Quantity of deposit; Sediment type; Size; Southern Ocean; Substrate type; Uniform resource locator/link to image; Visual description
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 144 data points
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  • 6
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    In:  Supplement to: Bouma, Arnold H; Marshall, N F (1964): A method for obtaining and analysing undisturbed oceanic sediment samples. Marine Geology, 2(1), 81-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(64)90028-3
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: A German coring device (Reineck, 1958) has been improved to obtain oriented, undisturbed cores at any depth of water. The samples are rectangular in shape, 8 × 12 inches in plan and a maximum of 18 inches high. Good cores have been obtained from clayey material as well as from gravelly sand. No disturbances due to coring were observed on the collected samples. These large samples make it possible to conduct many varieties of investigations, such as study of living organisms and shear strength measurements, as soon as the sample is on deck of a ship; radiography on slices, peeling and impregnation techniques, granulometry, mineralogy, porosity, fossil content, etc. Construction and use of the box corer and applications of some of these analytical techniques are described.
    Keywords: BCR; Box corer (Reineck); Comment; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Identification; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Pacific Ocean; Position; Quantity of deposit; SAN_JUAN_1963; Sediment type; SNJ-C8; Spencer F. Baird; Visual description
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 7 data points
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  • 7
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Murata, K J; Erd, R C (1964): Composition of sediments from the experimental Mohole Project (Guadalupe Site). Journal of Sedimentary Research, 34(3), 633-655, https://doi.org/10.1306/74D7110E-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: Based on chemical, spectrographic and X-ray analyses, 34 samples from the experimental Mohole consist of variable proportions of calcite (0-60 percent), biogenic opal (0-50 percent), and normal lithogenous matter (14-97 percent) with an average of 20, 32, and 48 percent, respectively. Contamination with trachytic ash, rhyolitic ash, and saponite and dolomite occurring as alteration products of basaltic material affects the composition of a few samples. Magnesium, manganese, and phosphorus seem to have been derived from basaltic material also. The amounts of barium in the samples seems to be inversely related to sedimentation rates.
    Keywords: Comment; Date/Time of event; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Drillship_CUSS-I; Elevation of event; GC; Gravity corer; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; MOHO-1; MOHOLE_phase-1; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Pacific Ocean; Position; Quantity of deposit; Sample ID; Sampling/drilling; Sediment type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 7 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: The cores and dredges described in this report were taken on the DODO Expedition in May 1964 until December 1964 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from the R/V Argo. A total of 290 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Scripps for sampling and study.
    Keywords: Argo; Comment; Core; CORE; Date/Time of event; Deposit type; Depth, bottom/max; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Depth, top/min; Description; DODO; DODO-006D; DODO-007D; DODO-008D; DODO-009D-1; DODO-009D-2; DODO-011D; DODO-012D; DODO-013D; DODO-014D; DODO-015D-1; DODO-015D-2; DODO-017PG; DODO-020C; DODO-025PG; DODO-026P; DODO-027P; DODO-027PG; DODO-031PG; DODO-048D; DODO-057P; DODO-060P; DODO-062D; DODO-065P; DODO-065PG; DODO-066DA; DODO-067P; DODO-070C; DODO-072P; DODO-075P; DODO-077G; DODO-084G; DODO-110P; DODO-112P; DODO-113D; DODO-114D; DODO-116D; DODO-123D; DODO-125D; DODO-127D; DODO-128D; DODO-129V; DODO-130G; DODO-132P; DODO-143D; DODO-232D; Dredge; DRG; Elevation of event; Event label; GC; Gravity corer; Indian Ocean; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Method/Device of event; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Pacific Ocean; PC; Piston corer; Position; Quantity of deposit; Sample ID; Sediment type; Size; Solomon Sea; Substrate type; Uniform resource locator/link to image
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 475 data points
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  • 9
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    PANGAEA
    In:  National Institute of Oceanography, Wormely | Supplement to: National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley (1964): International Indian Ocean Expedition, RRS Discovery Cruise 2 Report. Geology and Geophysics in N.W. Indian Ocean, 23 August to 4 December 1963. The Royal Society, London, 35 pp, https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/inventories/cruise_inventory/reports/d2.pdf
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: This report gives a comprehensive general description of the scientific activities of Cruise 2 of R. R. S. 'Discovery'. These were largely geological and geophysical and were part of the British contribution to the International Indian Ocean Expedition. In addition to the thirteen geophysicists and geologists on board, there were five scientists involved in ocean chemistry, temperature measurements and ornithology making continuous observations - their accounts are also included. The report of a geological expediton ashore in the Seychelles is given in section 6.
    Keywords: D2; D5106; D5111; D5113; D5123; D5127; D5128; D5132; D5133; D5136; D5137; D5138; D5172; D5173; D5175; D5179; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Discovery (1962); Dredge, rock; DRG_R; Elevation of event; Event label; Identification; Indian Ocean; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Method/Device of event; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Photo/Video; Position; PV; Quantity of deposit; Sediment type; Substrate type; Visual description
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 91 data points
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  • 10
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    In:  Supplement to: Arrhenius, Gustaf; Mero, John L; Korkisch, J (1964): Origin of oceanic manganese minerals. Science, 144(3615), 170-173, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.144.3615.170
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: A criterion is suggested for discrimination between ferromanganese oxide minerals, deposited after the introduction of manganese and associated elements in sea water solution at submarine vulcanism, and minerals which are slowly formed from dilute solution, largely of continental origin. The simlultaneous injection of thorium into the ocean by submarine vulcanism is indicated, and its differentiation from continental thorium introduced into the ocean by runoff is discussed.
    Keywords: ALB-13; ALB-2; Albatross (1882-1921); Albatross1899-1900; Albatross1904-1905; ALBTR-13; ALBTR-2; ALBTR-4711; ALBTR-4721; Cobalt; Colorimetry; DEPTH, sediment/rock; DNWB0ABD; DOWNWIND-B1; DOWNWIND-H; Dredge; DRG; DWBD4; DWHD72; Event label; Horizon; Identification; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Optical spectrographic analysis; Pacific Ocean; Spencer F. Baird; Thorium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 18 data points
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  • 11
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    In:  Supplement to: Menard, H William (1964): Manganese nodules (Chapter 8). In: Marine Geology of the Pacific. McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A., 171-190
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: Prof. H. H. W. Menard has brought together nearly all that was known of the Pacific geology in the early 1960s. His book contains a particular chapter on manganese nodules giving a stimulating review of the features and processes known to govern their distribution and chemical composition.
    Keywords: Comment; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Eastern Basin, Pacific Ocean; Eastern Mariana Basin, Pacific Ocean; Elevation of event; Event label; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Method/Device of event; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Northwestern Basin, Pacific Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Photo/Video; Position; PV; Quantity of deposit; Sample ID; Sediment type; Size; Substrate type; VITYAZ; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-29; VITYAZ3630-PH; VITYAZ3632-PH; VITYAZ3644-PH; VITYAZ3844-PH; VITYAZ3846-PH; VITYAZ4239-PH; VITYAZ4249-PH; VITYAZ4261-PH; VITYAZ4265-PH; VITYAZ4273-PH; VITYAZ4279-PH; VITYAZ4285-PH
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 131 data points
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  • 12
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    In:  Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: This report gives a comprehensive general description of the scientific activities of Cruise 2 of R. R. S. 'Discovery'. These were largely geological and geophysical and were part of the British contribution to the International Indian Ocean Expedition. In addition to the thirteen geophysicists and geologists on board, there were five scientists involved in ocean chemistry, temperature measurements and ornithology making continuous observations - their accounts are also included. The report of a geological expediton ashore in the Seychelles is given in section 6.
    Keywords: D2; D5106; D5111; D5113; D5123; D5127; D5128; D5132; D5133; D5136; D5137; D5138; D5172; D5173; D5175; D5179; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Discovery (1962); Dredge, rock; DRG_R; Event label; Identification; Indian Ocean; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Photo/Video; Position; PV; Quantity of deposit; Sediment type; Substrate type; Uniform resource locator/link to image; Visual description
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 95 data points
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  • 13
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Kaneps, A; Lair, C; Morgenstein, M (1964): R/V Robert Conrad Cruise 8 - Preliminary Megascopic Descriptions of Split Cores. Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University, New York, unpublished, 208
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: The cores and dredges described in this report were taken during the Robert Conrad Cruise 8 from November 1963 until August 1964 by the Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University from the R/V Robert Conrad. A total of 140 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for sampling and study.
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean; Comment; Date/Time of event; Deposit type; Depth, bottom/max; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Depth, top/min; Description; Dredge, rock; DRG_R; Elevation of event; Event label; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; PC; Piston corer; Position; Quantity of deposit; RC08; RC08-100; RC08-102; RC08-103; RC08-106; RC08-107; RC08-109; RC08-11; RC08-110; RC08-112; RC08-113; RC08-114; RC08-116; RC08-12; RC08-120; RC08-125; RC08-126; RC08-128; RC08-129; RC08-12RD; RC08-130; RC08-135; RC08-137; RC08-14; RC08-140; RC08-141; RC08-143; RC08-144; RC08-145; RC08-147; RC08-148; RC08-15; RC08-16; RC08-19; RC08-20; RC08-21; RC08-25; RC08-26; RC08-27; RC08-31; RC08-32; RC08-34; RC08-35; RC08-36; RC08-37; RC08-38; RC08-39; RC08-42; RC08-43; RC08-44; RC08-45; RC08-48; RC08-49; RC08-4RD; RC08-5; RC08-50; RC08-53; RC08-55; RC08-6; RC08-63; RC08-67; RC08-69; RC08-70; RC08-71; RC08-72; RC08-73; RC08-75; RC08-7RD; RC08-8; RC08-80; RC08-81; RC08-82; RC08-83; RC08-84; RC08-85; RC08-86; RC08-87; RC08-88; RC08-89; RC08-8RD; RC08-90; RC08-94; RC08-97; RC08-98; RC08-99; RC08-9RD; Robert Conrad; Sample ID; Sediment type; Size; Substrate type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1616 data points
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Keywords: Comment; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Event label; GC; Gravity corer; Identification; Mariana Basin, Pacific Ocean; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Northwestern Basin, Pacific Ocean; OKEAN; Okean Grab; Position; Quantity of deposit; Sediment type; Size; Substrate type; TRAWL; Trawl net; Visual description; VITYAZ; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-25; Vityaz-29; VITYAZ3150-TR; VITYAZ3631-GR-1; VITYAZ3729-GC-1; VITYAZ3802-TR; VITYAZ3899-GR-1; VITYAZ3996-TR; VITYAZ4074-TR; VITYAZ4084-GR-1; VITYAZ4090-TR; VITYAZ4104-TR; VITYAZ4191-TR; VITYAZ4217-TR; VITYAZ4265-TR; VITYAZ4281-TR; VITYAZ4331-GR-1; VITYAZ4351-GR; VITYAZ4359-GR-1; VITYAZ4362-GR-1; VITYAZ4370-TR
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 149 data points
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Keywords: Aluminium oxide; Calcium oxide; Cobalt oxide; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; DNWB0ABD; DOWNWIND-B1; Dredge; DRG; DWBD15; DWBD4; Event label; Identification; Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Loss on ignition; Magnesium oxide; Manganese oxide; Mariana Basin, Pacific Ocean; Nickel oxide; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Northwestern Basin, Pacific Ocean; OKEAN; Okean Grab; Oxygen; Pacific Ocean; Phosphorus pentoxide; Silicon dioxide; Spencer F. Baird; Titanium dioxide; TRAWL; Trawl net; VITYAZ; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-29; VITYAZ3631-GR-1; VITYAZ3802-TR; VITYAZ3899-GR-1; VITYAZ3996-TR; VITYAZ4084-GR-1; VITYAZ4090-TR; VITYAZ4104-TR; VITYAZ4191-TR; VITYAZ4281-TR; VITYAZ4351-GR; VITYAZ4370-TR; Wet chemistry
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 252 data points
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Keywords: Aluminium oxide; Barium oxide; Calcium oxide; Carbon dioxide; Cobalt oxide; Copper(II) oxide; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; DOWNWIND-H; Dredge; DRG; DWHD47; DWHD72; Event label; GC; Gravity corer; Horizon; Identification; Iron oxide, Fe2O3; Lead oxide; Magnesium oxide; Manganese dioxide; Manganese oxide; Nickel oxide; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Northwestern Basin, Pacific Ocean; OKEAN; Okean Grab; Pacific Ocean; Potassium oxide; Silicon dioxide; Sodium oxide; Titanium dioxide; TRAWL; Trawl net; VITYAZ; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-25; Vityaz-29; VITYAZ3150-TR; VITYAZ3729-GC-1; VITYAZ4074-TR; VITYAZ4217-TR; VITYAZ4265-TR; VITYAZ4331-GR-1; VITYAZ4359-GR-1; VITYAZ4362-GR-1; Water in rock; Wet chemistry
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 212 data points
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  • 17
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    In:  Supplement to: Nayudu, Y Rammohanroy (1964): Palagonite tuffs (hyaloclastites) and the products of post-eruptive processes. Bulletin of Volcanology, 27(1), 391-410, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02597539
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: A synoptic review of the studies of well-known occurrences of palagonite tuffs is presented. Included are palagonite tuffs from Iceland, and pillow-lava palagonite complexes from Columbia River basalts and from the central Oregon coast. Additional petrologic and x-ray defraction data for selected samples are presented. Petrologic evidence shows that basaltic glass of aqueous tuffs and breccias consists of sideromelane, which is susceptible to palagonitization. It is shown that palagonitization is a selective alteration process, involving hydration, oxidation and zeolitization. Some of the manganese nodules dredged from the Pacific Ocean floor contain nucleus of palagonite-tuff breccias or of zeolite. A brief megascopic and microscopic description of nodules from the south Pacific, the Mendocino ridge and the 'Horizon' Nodule from the north Pacific is presented. Petrographic studies of palagonite-tuff breccias of manganese nodules and other palagonites suggest that migration and segregation of metallic elements occur during and subsequent to palagonitization. During the palagonitization of sideromelane, nearly 30 percent of sea water is absorbed. The hydration of sideromelane is also accompanied by oxidation of iron and other elements. These oxides may be released either in colloidal form or in true solution and tend to precipitate first from the unstable palagonite.
    Keywords: CHIN02BD; CHIN0ABD-002G; CHINOOK; CHNK-2G; Date/Time of event; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; DOWNWIND-H; Dredge; Dredge, chain bag; DRG; DRG_C; DWHD72; Elevation of event; Event label; FANB01BD; FANBD-25D; FANFARE-B; GC; Gravity corer; Horizon; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Northern_Holiday; North-West Pacific Ocean; NTHL02HO-010PH; NTHL-10; Pacific Ocean; Sample code/label; Sample ID; Spencer F. Baird; Uniform resource locator/link to image; Wired profile sonde; WP
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 16 data points
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: This collection of data on manganese nodules on the floor of the Pacific Ocean represents all the information that was available to the authors in May, 1964. It is compiled from both published references and original data. No attempt is made here to generalize or to speculate on the origin of the manganese or associated elements further discussion of these aspects of the subject may be had by reference to the literature.
    Keywords: ALB-13; ALB-173; ALB-31; Albatross (1882-1921); Albatross1899-1900; Albatross1904-1905; ALBTR-13; ALBTR-173; ALBTR-31; ALBTR-4660; ALBTR-4662; ALBTR-4676; ALBTR-4681; ALBTR-4685; ALBTR-4701; ALBTR-4711; ALBTR-4721; CARN_Revelle_46; CARN_Revelle_78; CARN7-150; CARN7-86; CARN-Cruise7; Carnegie; CASC-5D; CASCADIA; CHA-299; CHA-302; Challenger1872; CHIN02BD; CHIN02BD-016G; CHINOOK; CHNK-16G; CHUB01BD; CHUB01BD-002G; CHUB01BD-034G; CHUB-2; CHUB-34; CHUB5; CHUBASCO; Core; CORE; DNWB0ABD; DNWB0ABD-016G; DNWB0ABD-017G; DNWB0ABD-019G; DNWB0BBD; DNWB0BBD-037G; DNWB0BBD-040G; DNWB0BBD-043G; DNWB0BBD-048G; DNWB0BBD-052G; DNWB0BBD-054G; DNWB0BBD-055G; DNWB0BBD-056G; DNWB0DBD; DNWB0DBD-147GB; DNWH0AHO-004H; DNWH0BHO-034G; DNWH0DHO-092H; DOWNWIND-B1; DOWNWIND-B2; DOWNWIND-B4; DOWNWIND-H; Dredge; Dredge, rock; DRG; DRG_R; DWBD1; DWBD2; DWBD4; DWBD5; DWBD7; DWBG147B; DWBG16; DWBG17; DWBG19; DWBG37; DWBG40; DWBG43; DWBG48; DWBG52; DWBG54; DWBG55; DWBG56; DWBG78; DWHD15; DWHD16; DWHD47; DWHD55; DWHD72; DWHG34; DWHH4; DWHH92; Eastern Basin, Pacific Ocean; Epce; GC; Grab; GRAB; Gravity corer; H.M.S. Challenger (1872); Horizon; MDPC02HO-MP-025F-1; MDPC02HO-MP-033D; MDPC03HO-MP-043A; MIDPAC; MPC-25F-1; MPC-33D; MPC-43A; NAGA; NAGA8C; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; North-East Pacific Ocean; Pacific Ocean; SIO-DX-1; Spencer F. Baird; Stranger; TRAWL; Trawl net; V15; V15-126; Vema; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-29; VITYAZ4239-TR; VITYAZ4289-TR
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  • 19
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    In:  Supplement to: Skornyakova, Nadezhda S; Andrushchenko, Polina F; Fomina, Lidiya S (1964): Chemical composition of the Pacific ocean's iron-manganese concretions. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 11(1), 93-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(64)91086-1
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: One the most interesting features of ocean sedimentation is the manganese formations on the surface of the ocean floor in some areas. These are especially widespread in the Pacific Ocean as concretions, grains, and crusts on rock fragments and bedrock outcrops. Iron-manganese concretions are the most abundant as they completely cover about 10% of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean where there are ore concentrations. The concretions occupy from 20-50% of the bottom and up to 80-90% on separate submarine rises. Such concretions are found in different types of bottom deposits, from abyssal red clays to terrigenous muds, but they occur most widely in red clays and quite often in carbonate muds. Their shape and their dimensions are very diverse and change from place to place, from station to station, varying from 0.5-20 cm. They may be oval, globular, reniform, or slaggy and often they are fiat or isometric concretions of an indefinite shape. The concretions generally have nuclei of pumice, basalt fragments, clayey and tuffaceous material, sharks' teeth, whale ossicles, and fossil sponges. Most concretions have concentric layers, combined with dendritic ramifications of iron and manganese oxides.
    Keywords: DNWB0ABD; DOWNWIND-B1; DOWNWIND-H; Dredge; DRG; DWBD15; DWBD4; DWHD47; DWHD72; GC; Gravity corer; Horizon; Mariana Basin, Pacific Ocean; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Northwestern Basin, Pacific Ocean; OKEAN; Okean Grab; Pacific Ocean; Spencer F. Baird; TRAWL; Trawl net; VITYAZ; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-25; Vityaz-29; VITYAZ3150-TR; VITYAZ3631-GR-1; VITYAZ3729-GC-1; VITYAZ3802-TR; VITYAZ3899-GR-1; VITYAZ3996-TR; VITYAZ4074-TR; VITYAZ4084-GR-1; VITYAZ4090-TR; VITYAZ4104-TR; VITYAZ4191-TR; VITYAZ4217-TR; VITYAZ4265-TR; VITYAZ4281-TR; VITYAZ4331-GR-1; VITYAZ4351-GR; VITYAZ4359-GR-1; VITYAZ4362-GR-1; VITYAZ4370-TR
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Keywords: ALB-31; Albatross (1882-1921); Albatross1899-1900; ALBTR-31; Aluminium; Barium; Boron; Calcium; Calculated from weight/volume; CARN_Revelle_46; CARN_Revelle_78; CARN7-150; CARN7-86; CARN-Cruise7; Carnegie; CASC-5D; CASCADIA; Chromium; Cobalt; Copper; Core; CORE; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; DNWB0BBD; DNWB0BBD-037G; DNWH0AHO-004H; DOWNWIND-B2; DOWNWIND-H; Dredge; DRG; DWBG37; DWBG78; DWHD55; DWHH4; Epce; Event label; Gallium; GC; Gravity corer; Horizon; Identification; Iron; Lead; Magnesium; Manganese; Molybdenum; NAGA; NAGA8C; Nickel; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; North-East Pacific Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Phosphorus; Potassium; Sediment type; Shape; Silicon; SIO-DX-1; Size; Sodium; Spencer F. Baird; Stranger; Strontium; Sulfur, total; Thallium; Tin; Titanium; TRAWL; Trawl net; V15; V15-126; Vanadium; Vema; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-29; VITYAZ4239-TR; Water content, wet mass; X-ray fluorescence (XRF); Zinc; Zirconium
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 257 data points
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Keywords: ALB-13; ALB-173; ALB-31; Albatross (1882-1921); Albatross1899-1900; Albatross1904-1905; ALBTR-13; ALBTR-173; ALBTR-31; ALBTR-4660; ALBTR-4662; ALBTR-4676; ALBTR-4681; ALBTR-4685; ALBTR-4701; ALBTR-4711; ALBTR-4721; Aluminium; Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES); Barium; Bismuth; Boron; Cadmium; Calcium; Calculated from weight/volume; Calculated from weight loss after ignition at 450 °C; CARN_Revelle_46; CARN_Revelle_78; CARN7-150; CARN7-86; CARN-Cruise7; Carnegie; CASC-5D; CASCADIA; CHA-299; CHA-302; Challenger1872; CHIN02BD; CHIN02BD-016G; CHINOOK; CHNK-16G; Chromium; CHUB01BD; CHUB01BD-002G; CHUB01BD-034G; CHUB-2; CHUB-34; CHUB5; CHUBASCO; Cobalt; Copper; Core; CORE; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; DNWB0ABD; DNWB0ABD-016G; DNWB0ABD-017G; DNWB0ABD-019G; DNWB0BBD; DNWB0BBD-037G; DNWB0BBD-040G; DNWB0BBD-043G; DNWB0BBD-048G; DNWB0BBD-052G; DNWB0BBD-054G; DNWB0BBD-055G; DNWB0BBD-056G; DNWB0DBD; DNWB0DBD-147GB; DNWH0AHO-004H; DNWH0BHO-034G; DNWH0DHO-092H; DOWNWIND-B1; DOWNWIND-B2; DOWNWIND-B4; DOWNWIND-H; Dredge; Dredge, rock; DRG; DRG_R; DWBD1; DWBD2; DWBD4; DWBD5; DWBD7; DWBG147B; DWBG16; DWBG17; DWBG19; DWBG37; DWBG40; DWBG43; DWBG48; DWBG52; DWBG54; DWBG55; DWBG56; DWBG78; DWHD15; DWHD16; DWHD47; DWHD55; DWHD72; DWHG34; DWHH4; DWHH92; Eastern Basin, Pacific Ocean; Epce; Event label; Gallium; GC; Grab; GRAB; Gravity corer; H.M.S. Challenger (1872); Horizon; Identification; Iron; Lanthanum; Lead; Loss on ignition; Magnesium; Manganese; MDPC02HO-MP-025F-1; MDPC02HO-MP-033D; MDPC03HO-MP-043A; MIDPAC; Molybdenum; MPC-25F-1; MPC-33D; MPC-43A; NAGA; NAGA8C; Nickel; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; North-East Pacific Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Page(s); Phosphorus; Potassium; Sample code/label; Scandium; Sediment type; Shape; Silicon; Silver; SIO-DX-1; Size; Sodium; Spencer F. Baird; Stranger; Strontium; Thallium; Thorium; Titanium; TRAWL; Trawl net; Uranium; Vanadium; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-29; VITYAZ4239-TR; VITYAZ4289-TR; Water content, wet mass; Ytterbium; Yttrium; Zinc; Zirconium
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  • 22
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    In:  Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego
    Publication Date: 2023-09-25
    Keywords: CARR2_2D; CARR2_4D; CARR2_5G; CARR2_6D; CARR2_9D; CARROUSEL2; Deposit type; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Dredge; DRG; Event label; GC; Gravity corer; Identification; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Pacific Ocean; Position; Quantity of deposit; Sediment type; Spencer F. Baird; Substrate type; Uniform resource locator/link to image; Visual description
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 31 data points
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Keywords: Aluminium; Barium; Calcium; Calculated from weight/volume; Cobalt; Copper; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Dredge, rock; DRG_R; Event label; Horizon; Identification; Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES); Iron; Lead; Magnesium; Manganese; MDPC02HO-MP-025F-1; MDPC03HO-MP-043A; MIDPAC; Molybdenum; MPC-25F-1; MPC-43A; Nickel; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Pacific Ocean; Phosphorus; Potassium; Sediment type; Shape; Silicon; Sodium; Strontium; Titanium; TRAWL; Trawl net; Vityaz (ex-Mars); Vityaz-29; VITYAZ4239-TR; Water content, wet mass; X-ray fluorescence (XRF); Zinc
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 49 data points
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  • 24
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    In:  EPIC3Manchester Literay and Philosophical Society, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 106, pp. 22-45
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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    In:  EPIC3Transactions of the Dumfriesshire ..., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 27
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    In:  EPIC3Ergänzungsheft Reihe A (8°), Nr. 5 zur Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeitschrift, Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut, Hamburg., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 28
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    In:  EPIC3LUNDS UNIVERSITETS ÄRSSKRIFT. N.F. Avd. 2. Bd 59. Nr 7., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 223-238 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1 A 20° C après l'hibernation la séquence des œufs d'une reineMyrmica rubra L. montre les particularités suivantes: a) le taux de production s'élève pendant les trois premières semaines jusqu'à un maximum. Ceci se maintient pour 3–4 semaines, puis décline peu à peu jusqu'à zéro après 16 semaines; b) la dimension des œufs décline pendant la période quand le taux s'augmente, puis reste à une minimum valeur constante; c) les œufs prédisposés à devenir ouvrières sont parmi ceux pondus quand le taux s'approche du maximum et la dimension s'approche du minimum. D'autres œufs, les plus gros pondus en premier et les normaux qui viennent plus tard, entrent en diapause dans les mêmes conditions de culture. 2 Les reines peuvent donner ou beaucoup ou très peu d'œufs prédisposés à devenir ouvrières. Les deux types de reine peuvent se trouver dans la même colonie, ou les colonies peuvent en avoir seulement un type, et les intermédiaires peuvent être peu nombreux. La différence paraît être dû à l'âge, car les jeunes reines pondent une très grande proportion d'œufs prédisposés à devenir ouvrières. De plus, ces jeunes reines ont socialement une influence négligeable sur l'élevage du couvain en comparaison des vieilles.
    Abstract: Sommario 1 Il seguito delle uova a 20° C dopo l'ibernazione di una reginaMyrmica rubra L. mostra le particolarità seguenti: a) l'andamento di produzione s'aumenta durante le tre prime settimane fino ad un massimo. Questo si tiene per 3–4 settimane, poi declina poco a poco fino a zero dopo 16 settimane; b) la grandezza delle uova declina durante il periodo quando l'andamento s'aumenta, poi rimane ad un valore costante minimo; c) le uova inclinate a divenire operaie sono fra loro fatte quando l'andamento s'avvicina al massimo e la grandezza s'avvicina al massimo e la grandezza s'avvicina al minimo. Altre uova, le prime grandi e le normali di puì tardi, entrano nella diapausa sotto le stesse condizioni di coltura. 2 Le regine possono dare o molte o poche uova inclinate a divenire operaie. I due tipi di regina possono trovarsi nella stessa colonia, o le colonie possono contenere soltanto uno tipo; le intermedie possono essere scarse. La differenza sembra doversi all' età, piochè le regine giovani fanno una grande proporzione di uova inclinate a divenire operaie. Di puì, queste regine hanno uno influenza sociale negligibile sull' allevamento della covata a petto delle regine vecchie.
    Notes: Summary 1 The egg sequence at 20° C after hibernation of a queenMyrmica rubra L. has the following peculiarities: a) rate of production rises during the first 3 weeks to a maximum that is held for 3–4 weeks and then declines gradually to zero after 16 weeks; b) egg size declines during the period of increasing rate but then stays at a steady minimum value; c) worker-biased eggs are amongst those laid when rate is approaching its maximum and size its minimum. Other eggs, both the large first ones and the normal later ones enter diapause under the same culture conditions. 2 Queens may either yield a lot of worker-biased eggs or very few. Both types of queen may occur in the same colony or colonies may have a single type, and intermediates may be rare. The difference appears to be due to age for young queens lay a very high proportion of worker-biased eggs. Moreover such queens have a negligible social influence on brood-rearing compared with old queens.
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  • 30
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At first, the nests, belonging to differentBellicositermes, show a quite total identity. The large morphological likeness of the dwelling places limited by an idiotheca and surrounded by a «paraecie» is particularly significant. This likeness vanishes as the nests are growing bigger and bigger. To the development of the top height ofBellicositermes natalensis nests, is opposed the lateral developpement of theBellicositermes bellicosus nests. This lateral development is marked by the progressive desappearance of the «paraecie» as well as the idiotheca and the basement chamber. The dwelling place loses its individuality and divides into units more or less distinguisable.
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  • 31
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The following is a study of resistance of worker honey bees (Apis mellifica L. var.ligustica) to high temperatures and of the effect of nutrition upon it. Survival of honey bees of spring generation was studied at 45, 50, 55 and 60°C during 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes exposures. The survival rate was established at the end of their exposure, and 24 hours later. Lethal effects of heat were evident immediately after a 30 minute exposure to 50° C. These effects could be noticed in the survivers 24 hours following exposure. Effect of nutrition on heat resistance at 32° C and at 50° C was studied on one group of bees supplied with a 30 % honey solution; on another- with water only, and on a third group which served as a control (no food). Their survival at 32° C after 12 hours exposure was 100%, 81% and 48%, respectively. However, an exposure duration of 45 minutes at 50°C resulted in a survival of 22% of control bees as compared to a total survival of those fed on honey solution.
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  • 32
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 41-48 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has been noted by several observers that no Love-wave spectrum is complete in the sense that it contains all the periods. The reason for this has been sought for in the presence of a low-velocity layer.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary —An imbedded mechanical receiver of a seismograph may be represented by a spherical shell containing a linear oszillator. The surrounding medium is assumed to be homogeneous isotropic elastic throughout the whole space outside of the receiver. The soil may either adhere to or slide on the shell. The behaviour of the receiver under the influence of a longitudinal general shaped plane wave travelling in the oszillator direction is discussed. Furthermore the waveform corresponding to a known moving of the apparatus or a given seismogram is computed. There are noticeable mathematical and physical simplifications in the case of a negligible oszillator mass and a receiver mass equal to the displaced soil mass. Finally the connection of this problem with that of moving the receiver by forces not belonging to the wave is considered. The force function equivalent to a presumed waveform, yielding the same receiver moving, has been determined and the waveform equivalent to a given force, too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung —Als Modell eines mechanischen Empfängers, der im Boden eingebettet ist, dient eine Kugelschale mit lineartranslatorisch beweglichem Gehänge. Das umgebende Medium erfüllt homogen den Vollraum und ist isotrop elastisch. Der Kontakt mit dem eingebetteten System wird entweder als haftend oder gleitend vorausgesetzt. Es ist diskutiert worden, wie sich der Empfänger in einer longitudinalen Planwelle von beliebiger Wellenform bewegt, die sich parallel zur Gehängetranslation ausbreitet. Ferner wurde die (unbekannte) Wellenform aus der Seismogrammform oder der Gestellbewegung explizit berechnet. Es ergeben sich beachtliche mathematische und physikalische Vereinfachungen, wenn das Gehänge vernachlässigbar leicht und die Gestellmasse gleich der «verdrängten Mediummasse» ist. Schliesslich wird der Zusammenhang dieses Vorgangs mit der Empfängerbewegung infolge Kräften besprochen, die nicht von der Welle herrühren und am Gestell und Gehänge gleichzeitig angreifen können. Es wurde der Kraftverlauf gesucht, der einer vorgegebenen Wellenform hinsichtlich der erzwungenen Gestellbewegung (und des Seismogramms) gleichwertig ist, und umgekehrt die zu einer bestimmten Kraftfunktion äquivalente Wellenform angegeben.
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  • 34
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 114-122 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The focal mechanisms of two Peruvian earthquakes, January 15, 1958, and January 13, 1960, are determined using data from both the first motion ofP and the polarization ofS. The fault motions correspond to strike slip motion on neighboring faults corresponding in strike to geophysical evidences of regional faulting. The motion is left lateral in one of the shocks, right lateral in the other.
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  • 35
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary During uniaxial compression of clay cylinders it was observed that the longitudinal velocity decreased as each load increment was applied and then increased under constant stress. It is suggested that the load increment induces an increase in pore water pressure thereby reducing the effective stress. The velocity is dependent upon the effective stress and it decreases accordingly. The velocity then increases due to the dissipation of the pore pressure.
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  • 36
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is suggested on the basis of the study of observational data gathered byJ. P. Peixoto that the eddy processes in the tropical regions of the middle troposphere operate in an inverse manner as compared with a normal heat engine. Thus, in common with the situation in the lower stratosphere, the region is characterized by a countergradient horizontal eddy heat transport and a rising of colder air and sinking of warmer air on the scale of the large eddy processes.
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  • 37
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 187-203 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present research considers the vertical profiles of the radiation balance and its components for summer and autumn seasons measured by standard actinometric instruments fixed on free balloons and gives the values of radiational temperature changes in the layers of 1000 to 500 and 1000 to 20 mb.
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  • 38
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 157-186 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary One of the main results of the rotating cylinder experiments ofFultz andHide is that the general flow regime in them is essentially determined by the ratio of the angular velocity of the fluid motions (relative to the cylinder) to that of the cylinder itself. Extending these results to the atmosphere of the sun, leads to the hypothesis that the layer in which spots are imbedded should exhibit a non-axially symmetric pattern, of theRossby type. The fluid motions, characteristic of such a general circulation pattern, are mainly along spherical surfaces, and have a wavelike (eddy) appearance similar to the planetary waves in the upper troposphere of the terrestrial atmosphere. These eddies transport momentum along these spherical surfaces from regions of relatively lower angular velocity to regions of higher velocity. Tracers (e.g., sunspots) imbedded is such a flow would show a correlation between their proper motions in latitude and longitude, such that spots moving equatorward will tend to have larger longitudinal motions (toward the west limb), and vice versa. Analysis of ten years (1935 to 1944) of Greenwich spot data shows a consistent, and (statistically) very significant correlation of spot group proper motions, in the proper sense. These results provide strong support for the existence of large-scale waves which are some modest fraction of the solar circumference, but larger than the sunspot groups. Moreover, these waves transport angular momentum (up the gradient of angular velocity) toward the equatorial regions from higher latitudes across at least the entire sunspot zone. It is not known, however, whether these eddies are the primary (or only) source of momentum to maintain the ‘equatorial acceleration’ of the sun. However, if this source were shut off, and all other processes continued unabated, this layer of the sun between latitudes ±20° would reach solid rotation in about 51/2 rotations. Because this eddy transport of momentum is counter to the gradient of angular velocity, there is an implied transformation of the kinetic energy of the eddies into the kinetic energy of the mean east-west flow. Of possibly even more interest, however, might be the possibility of transfers of kinetic energy between eddies of all different scale sizes extending down the entire spectrum to include sunspot groups and the spots themselves. Moreover, some eddy size(s) in this layer is likely to be primarily responsible for a conversion of potential to kinetic energy. A result of subsidiary interest is the systematically higher value of solar rotation (at all latitudes) derivable from this data, which includes all spots which survive for at least two days. In contrast to the work of previous authors who used only long-lived spots, the result obtained when many small spots are used, indicates perhaps a variation of the rotation rate with height in the solar atmosphere. The results provide no evidence to indicate the existence of significant meridional circulations (latitudinal driffs).
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  • 39
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    Pure and applied geophysics 58 (1964), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary The city of Athens, especially in summer, comes under the influence of sea breeze and the Etesian winds, some characteristic elements of which are given for the period 1921–1930. The diurnal march of July dew point at Athens is clearly double with main extremes at the afternoon and the secondaries in the forenoon time. However, on days with uninterrupted sea breeze three pairs of extremes characterize the variation, there being two secondary maxima and two secondary minima in the forenoon. On days, on the other hand, with uninterrupted Etesian winds the appearing double diurnal march is characterized by the forenoon main maximum and the afternoon main minimum.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 10-20 
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    Notes: Summary TheSH-type of motion in an isotropic elastic halfspace with infinite electrical conductivity subjected to an uniform magnetic field and disturbed by a buried source is investigated. Expressions for the surface displacements for various type of sources are obtained by an application of Cagniard technique. Numerical calculation has been performed for the case of a diapole source moving parallel to the surface of the halfspace with an uniform velocity.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 21-26 
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    Notes: Summary The disturbances in a viscoelastic medium by a twist of finite duration applied on the inner surface of a spherical cavity inside the medium have been considered.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 45-57 
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    Notes: Summary A previously noted analogy between certain transport equations and the heat conductivity equation is further analyzed. It is shown thatPrigogine's nonequilibrium formalism can be directly applied to statistical processes where there is a non-negative constant of the motion. If the total mass (of contaminant, tracer etc.) contained in a fluctuating system is taken as such a constant of the motion, a statistical theory of the corresponding transport process is obtained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 33-37 
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    Notes: Summary The propagation of Love type waves on a spherical model' in the mantle of which the rigidity and density vary exponentially with the radial distance while in the core they remain constant — has been investigated. The frequency equation that has been worked out has been examined in detail for the existence of root in the particular cases when they involve Bessel Functions of smallest and largest orders.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 75-83 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The power spectrum analysis is applied to geomagnetic secular variation data of three southern magnetic observatories: Pilar, Amberley, Mauritius. The figures 2–10 indicate in general three types of peaks: a) of periods less than 10 years; b) of approximately solar activity cycle; c) of 40–60 years fluctuation. Also the coefficients of spherical harmonic expansion of SV show the last type fluctuation.
    Notes: Resumen Se aplica el análisis de energía de espectro a los datos de la variación secular geomagnética para tres observatorios del Hemisferio Sur: Pilar, Amberley, Mauritius. Las figuras 2–10 indican generalmente tres tipos de picos: a) de periodos de menos de 10 años; b) del periodo aproximado de la actividad solar de 10–11 años; c) de una fluctuación de 40–60 años. Los coeficientes de la expansión esférico-armónica de la variación secular muestran también una fluctuación del último tipo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 93-99 
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    Notes: Summary Directions of natural remanent magnetization aftermagnetic cleaning of specimens from monzonite porphyry at Milton are given. Thermal and alternating magnetic field stability tests indicate that the resultant direction is that of the earth's magnetic field at the time of cooling. Comprison of the pole position calculated from this result with other pole positions from rocks of known age confirms the probable Permian age of the intrusion and the wide divergence of Australian from European and North American pole positions of this age.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 100-122 
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    Notes: Summary A charged particle moves with velocityv in a constant non-uniform magnetic fieldH, spiralling with Larmor radiusR. IfR is small compared with the scale lengthL of the field, the magnetic moment associated with the Larmor motion of the particle is nearly constant. Consequently θ, the (‘pitch’) angle betweenv andH, varies as arcsinH 1/2. Hence θ in such adiabatic motion is approximately the same at points on the path whereH has the same value. But the magnetic moment and the pitch angle may differ materially at two such points, each in the region whereR/L is small, if between them the particle traverses a region whereR/L is not small. This region of non-adiabatic motion ‘scatters’ the pitch angles. Such scattering is investigated for regions of weak field (R large), with and without the presence of a neutral line along whichH=0. Either type of region, it is found, can scatter the pitch angles. This gives support to the theory proposed byAkasofu andChapman to explain why auroral arcs and bands are very thin. The scattering here examined is of interest also in connection with magnetic mirror devices for nuclear energy transformation. It may also have applications to phenomena of solar and stellar atmospheres.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 185-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author investigates the orographic influence of the chain of the Alps on a westerly upper air stream. The theory shows that air particles are deflected to the right, if they come with a westerly stream of air. A comparison between the 500 mb winds of Payerne (Switzerland) and Zagreb (Yugoslavia) could confirm this theory.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der orographische Einfluss der Alpen auf eine westliche Höhenströmung untersucht. Dabei hat sich herausgestellt, dass bei westlicher Anströmung des Alpenmassivs die Luftpartikelchen nach rechts abgelenkt werden. Durch einen Radiosondenvergleich zwischen Payerne und Zagreb in 500 mb konnte diese von der Theorie her aufgestellte Forderung bekräftigt werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 207-216 
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    Notes: Summary The short description of the field distance installation for measuring spectral albedo as relation of semi-spherical fluxes of reflected and incoming radiation is made. Data on the measurements of spectral albedo in the wavelength range from 450 to 950 mμ for different natural surfaces are given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 217-224 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with the results of aircraft ascents for the measurement of the vertical distribution of atmospheric trace gases in the free atmosphere. The aircraft ascents permitted for the first time to measure the SO2- and NO2-concentration up to 6000 m. On the basis of the average distribution assumptions on the tropospheric budget of SO2 and NO2 as well as on the average tropospheric residence time of these gases were made.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Ergebnisse von Messflügen zur Bestimmung der Konzentrationsverteilung von Spurengasen in der freien Atmosphäre. Auf Grund dieser Aufstiege war es erstmals möglich, den Gehalt der Atmosphäre an Schwefeldioxyd und Stickstoffdioxyd bis in Höhen von 6000 m zu erfassen. Die gewonnene mittelere Konzentrations-verteilung bietet die Basis zu Abschätzungen über den Haushalt und die mittlere Verweilzeit von SO2 und NO2 in der Troposphäre.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 239-242 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La comparaison des mesures de radioactivité et de concentration de l'ozone en un même lieu, montre que l'approvisionnement, dans les deux cas, se fait par arrivées discontinues; ainsi se trouve confirmée l'hypothèse deG. Lambert d'injections à partir de la basse stratosphère à l'occasion de ruptures momentanées de la barrière de la tropopause, conformément aux calculs deStaley. D'autres exemples montrent comment les données fournies par l'ozone et la radioactivité se complètent pour préciser les grands mouvements de l'atmosphère.
    Notes: Summary We have compared the measurements made at the same location on artificial radioactivity of the air and ozone concentration; the results show that in both cases, these products reach ground level by discrete periods of time and not continously. This is in agreement withG. Lambert's assumption of injections from the lower stratosphere throught the tropopause barrier when this barrier is temporarily opened according toStaley's computations. Other examples show how ozone and radioactivity data give complementary information in the field of movements of the atmosphere.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 243-255 
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    Notes: Summary General formulas derived for the recombination and combination coefficients of charged and uncharged aerosol particles can be adapted for calculation of the recombination coefficient of small air ions by using an appropriate correction term in the exponential function and by introducingThomson's factor of enhancement of the capturing cross-section due to the central electrical forces acting between the oppositely charged ions. By using this corrected formula for the recombination coefficient, some characteristics of the ions to be recombined can be calculated when values of the recombination coefficients measured in dependence on the pressure are applied.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 271-271 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 267-271 
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of the total solar radiation at normal incidence and its spectral distribution have been undertaken for clear sky conditions, at Giza, from March 1961 to February 1962. A Linke-Feussner actinometer no 113 supplied with two standard Schott filters OG1 and RG2 has been used. The results obtained for a whole year have been presented graphically and studied as function of the air mass and as diurnal variation.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 129-143 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 152-161 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 181-268 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 342-357 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aggregation centers ofDictyostelium minutum have three functions: 1. they cause a chemotactic reaction, 2. they induce a change of the cells' functional state which enables the cells to establish intercellular contacts, 3. in some strains, they induce the foundation of further centers. Cells of this species, before being included in a center, are unable to join each other. From this results en exceptionally simple and clearly arranged aggregation pattern, because the assembling of aggregating cells into streams is omitted.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Aggregationszentren vonDictyostelium minutum haben drei Funktionen: 1. Sie lösen eine chemotaktische Reaktion aus, 2. sie induzieren einen Zellfunktionswechsel, der die Bildung interzellulärer Kontakte ermöglicht, und 3. sie induzieren bei einigen Stämmen die Gründung weiterer Zentren. Die Zellen dieser Art sind vor dem Einbau in ein Zentrum unfähig, sich miteinander zu verbinden. Deshalb unterbleibt während der Aggregation die Strangbildung, wodurch der Aggregationsablauf gegenüber anderen Arten vereinfacht wird.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 358-390 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Explantate aus Bogenwulst von Bombina wurden im frühesten Neuralplatten-Stadium entnommen, verschieden lange einem Extrakt aus embryonalem Vorderdarm ausgsetzt und anschließend im präanalen Lymphraum wesentlich älterer Bombina-Larven gezüchtet. 2. Bei einer Einwirkungsdauer von 6 Std und weniger traten nur Mesenchym, zentralnervöse Gebilde und Pigment auf. 3. Bei zunehmender Einwirkungsdauer des Extraktes traten Differenzierungen ektomesodermalen Knorpels auf. Der Extrakt hat auch einen gestaltenden Einfluß auf die zentralnervösen Bildungen. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse wird dem Vorderdarm-Extrakt eine knorpelinduzierende Wirkung zugeschrieben. 4. Die explantierte Gehörblase vermag am fremden Ort implantiert in dem sie umgebenden Implantat-Mesenchym keinen Knorpel zu induzieren. 5. Ein Extrakt aus embryonalem Rautenhirn kann die explantierte Gehörblase auch am fremden Ort zur Bildung einer Knorpelkapsel anregen. 6. Die Dauer der Einwirkung des Rautenhirn-Extraktes hat einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Häufigkeit der auftretenden Knorpelbildungen um die heterotop verpflanzte Ohrblase. 7. Das Labyrinthorgan zeigt nach längerer Extrakt-Einwirkung bessere Differenzierungen des Sinnesepithels. 8. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche sprechen dafür, daß im Viscerocranium der Vorderdarm einen knorpeldifferenzierenden Einfluß auf ektodermales Mesenchym ausübt, und daß im Neurocranium zur Induktion einer korpeligen Gehörkapsel das Rautenhirn erforderlich ist.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 144-151 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The effect of barbituric acid (BA), which is a structural analogue of uracil, has been studied on the development ofPlanorbis exustus. 2. Cleavage is not affected by BA at any concentration that has been tried. At 0.06 M, BA is found to stop development of the embryos at the early gastrula stage. Some of the arrested embryos subsequently exogastrulated. The block of development cannot be removed by transferiing them to normal medium. The chemical at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.04 M cause a general retardation in development. It conspicuously prolongs the duration of development between the trochophore and the veliger stages. Reduction or absence of shell occurs when animals metamorphose in the presence of BA. 3. The results seem to indicate that in the molluscan species studied there is no RNA synthesis during the cleavage phase, that morphogenesis stops when the synthesis of RNA is blocked by the use of BA, that catabolism is predominant in the pre-trochophore phase. The irreversible block imposed by BA (0.06 M) at gastrulation is interpreted to suggest that the inhibitor acts on some nuclear RNA.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 424-428 
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    Notes: Summary Trypan blue was injected (0.001–0.002 mg/egg) into zygotes ofRana. The trypan blue-injected series showed much greater mortality than the controls. A probable suppression of gastrulation was seen. 29.7% of the dye-injected and 50.3% of the control embryos developed beyond stage 14. Abnormalities seemed to appear only after neurulation began. Microcephaly, trunk and tail abnormalities occurred though in a small number. Sections of a few embryos revealed disorganized brain and degeneration of the neural tissue. There were no cases of mesodermalization of the notochord. The results are discussed from the view point that trypan blue alters the physical state of proteins in the cytoplasm of the egg.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 451-510 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 549-593 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 535-548 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ausdehnung früherer Untersuchungen über die Funktion der Epiphyse (Pflugfelder 1953, 1954) auf andere Fischarten ergab, daß sichCarassiws gibelio auratus in mancher Hinsicht anders verhält alsLebistes reticulatus. Übereinstimmung besteht darin, daß nach Epiphysenzerst örung die Thyreoidea sehr lebhaft wuchert und daß auch die Hypophyse starke Abänderung zeigt. Dagegen unterbleibt die beiLebistes und bei Glas-Salmlern (unveröffentlicht) beobachtete Kypholordose. Bei überwiegend lichtpercipierender Funktion der Epiphyse der Fische spielt dieses Organ offensichtlich indirekt eine erhebliche inkretorisch bedeutsame Rolle.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 302-313 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Sandwich-Experiment wurde kompetentes Ektoderm der frühen Gastrula (Harrison-Stadium 11a) mit dem mittleren Chordabereich der frühen Neurula (Harrison-Stadium 14–15) vonTriturus vulgaris in Kontakt gebracht und die Differenzierungsleistungen des Ektoderms nach Dauerkontakt mit dem Induktor und nach stufenweiser Abkürzung der Induktionszeit geprüft. ImTriturus-Ektoderm differenzieren sich nachDauerkontakt mit dem Induktor archencephal-deuterencephale und selten spinocaudale Organkomplexe. Bei einerVerkürzung der Induktionszeit ist ein mindestens vierstündiger Kontakt mit dem Induktor erforderlich, um neurale Differenzierungstendenzen imTriturus-Ektoderm auszulösen. Nach einem Kontakt von 4 Std weisen die Induktionsgebilude archencephalen Charakter auf, erst nach länger dauernden Induktionszeiten (8, 12 und 16 Std) treten daneben deuterencephale Differenzierungen und nach 16 Std Kontakt in sehr geringer Zahl auch spinocaudale Organe auf. DerVergleich der mitTriturus und Ambystoma ausgeführten Experimente zeigt, daß das Ektoderm der beiden Urodelenarten Unterschiede in der Stärke des Reaktionsvermögens aufweist. Nach abgekürzter Induktionszeit treten im Ektoderm vonTriturus neurale Differenzierungstendenzen erst nach 4 Std Kontaktdauer auf, imAmbystoma-Ekkoderm dagegen schon nach 1/2− bis einstündigem Kontakt.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 314-341 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Sandwich-Experiment wurden die Differenzierungsleistungen des Gastrulaektoderms vonAmbystoma mexicanum undTriturus vulgaris nachheteroplastischer Kombination mit demmittleren Chordaabschnitt der frühen Neurula der beiden Urodelenarten nach abgekürzter Induktionszeit und nach Dauerkontakt ermittelt. In ergänzenden Serien wurde der hintere Chordabereich als Induktor verwandt. 1. Nachabgekürzter Induktionszeit reagiert sowohl das Bktoderm vonAmbystoma als auch das vonTriturus im wesentlichen in der gleichen Weise wie in der Kombination mit dem arteigenen Induktionsmaterial. Es machen sich diegleichen, von der Dauer des Kontaktes mit dem Induktor abhängigen Veränderungen in der Regionalität der Induktionskomplexe bemerkbar, wie in der homoplastischen Kombination. DieStärke des Reaktionsvermögens des Ektoderms der beiden Urodelenarten ist somitartspezifisch verschieden. 2. NachDauerkontakt wird auch dieWirkung des artfremden Chordamesoderms deutlich sichtbar. Unter dem Einfluß des mittleren Chordaabschnittes vonTriturus wird die Differenzierungsleistung desAmbystoma-Ektoderms im Vergleich zur homoplastischen Kombination zugunsten der archencephalen Organe verschoben, die desTriturus-Ektoderms in Kombination mit dem entsprechenden Chordabereich vonAmbystoma in deuterencephal-spinocaudaler Richtung. In der Normogenese ist dieartspezifisch verschiedene Wirkung des Induktors korreliert mit artspezifischen Unterschieden in der Stärke des Reaktionsvermögens des Ektoderms. 3. Diezeitliche Reihenfolge im Auftreten der archencephalen und deuterencephal-spinocaudalen Induktionskomplexe bestätigt die Annahme, daß zwei Faktoren oder Faktorenkomplexe im Reaktionssystem wirksam werden, die in Wechselwirkung miteinander stehen. 4. Voraussetzung fürdie Auslösung und den Ablauf der primären Schritte beim neuralen Induktionsvorgang ist einmal die Reaktionsbereitschaft des Ektoderms, die artspezifisch verschieden ist, und zum anderen die spezifische Leistung des Induktors sowie die Intensität und Dauer, mit der er auf das reagierende Ektoderm einwirkt.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 391-423 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Durch Aufnahme zahlreicher Regenerationswachstumskurven unter „Norm-Bedingungen“ werden als Mittelwerte „Norm-Wachstumskurven“ für verschiedene Temperaturbereiche erstellt. Diese „Norm-Wachstumskurven“ geben das Regenerationsverhalten der ArtEuplanaria gonocephala (Fanggebiet: Hellbrunnerbach und Fischach), sowieDendrocoelum lacteum wieder. 2. Durch Vergleich mit Untersuchungsergebnissen anderer Arbeiten (Haslauer, J., 1962 und in Erscheinung begriffen) wird gezeigt, daß die Empfindlichkeit dieser Methode ausreicht, auch minimale Reize und Unterschiede im Faktorengefüge signifikant abzubilden und nachzuweisen. 3. Die „Relative Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit“ — gemessen als Verhältnis: Fläche des jeweiligen Regenerats zu „Mittlerem Einzugsgebiet“ — wird in Abhängigkeit von Körpergröße sowie Höhe des Amputationsniveaus bestimmt. Kleinere Tiere weisen relativ zu ihrer Körpergröße eine höhere Produktivität auf als große Tiere. Eine Amputation in einem tieferen Niveau (entlang eines cephalo-caudalen Gradienten) führt beiE. gonocephala zu einer Steigerung der Regenerationsleistung, beiD. lacteum zu einer Abnahme der Regenerationsintensität. 4. Es wird geprüft, ob bei einer Zweit-Regeneration eine geringere Regenerationsleistung (Relative Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit) vorliegt als bei der Erst-Regeneration. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Produktivität der Zweit-Regeneration gleich groß ist, wie die der Erst-Regeneration. Die Erst-Regeneration führt demnach zu einer vollständigen Wiederherstellung des ursprünglichen Körpergefüges. 5. Für den „plastischen“ Zustand der Regeneration (Zerstückelung in kleine Segmente) konnte eine außerordentliche Steigerung der Intensität der Restitutionsvorgänge beobachtet werden. 6. Schwankungen im Verlauf des Regenerationswachstums werden als Regelschwankungen und Überforderung der Feinregelung zur Wiederherstellung der „harmonischen“ Körpergestalt gedeutet. Die „harmonische“ Körpergestalt wird als „Sollwert“ eines Regelkreises (Resonanz zwischen genetischer Information und Eiweiß-Bestand des Cytoplasmas) dargestellt.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 429-436 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of chloramphenicol (CP) on the development ofPlanorbis exustus has been studied. The antibiotic is found to inhibit cleavage at high concentrations. At low concentrations development is blocked at early gastrulation. There are indications that the effect cannot be reversed by mere transfer of the embryos into normal medium, if they have been treated for 48 hours. If transfer into normal medium is made 24 hours after commencement of treatment, development is resumed. Gastrulae developed normally even in the presence of CP. In low concentrations of CP a characteristic delay in development is observed between the trochophore and hippo stages. The significance of this developmental inhibition has been discussed in relation to synthetic processes occurring in the various phases of development. The antilytic property of CP is evident in these experiments.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 525-534 
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 611-631 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Notes: Summary 48 h old testis were implanted into different adult hosts. In virgin females the germ cell multiplication is lower than in both mated females or in males. However in all host types the differentiation into spermatids beginns at the same time as in situ. The role of the different adult host glands in male germ cell development was investigated. Through inactivation of such glands in mated females or implantation of extra glands in virgin hosts was demonstrated, that not the adult Corpus allatum but the Median Neurosecretory Brain Cells (MNBC) are responsable for this germ cell multiplication. Adult host provided with larval Ring gland or pupal host accelerate the germ cell differentiation but not the germ cell multiplication of implanted testis. This acceleration would be much higher if the normal development of the germ cells in adult hosts were due to rests of pupal hormons in this milieu. The nutritive conditions of the host play a very important role in germ cell multiplication. The testis implanted in castrated females or females injected with casein hydrolisate show a higher number of developing germ cells. The MNBC controll the protein metabolism (assimilation) but are only indirectly responsable for the germ cell multiplication; the multiplication is a consequence of the autonomous protein synthesis of the germ cells themself. The growth of other imaginal discs in adult hosts are discussed in the light of these results.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 162-180 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The unilateral or bilateral extirpation of the ectoderm of the P.H.M. region in stages 5 to 8 in the chicken embryo exerts no influence in heart determination and differentiation, since in all the cases a morphological and structurally typical heart is formed. 2. Neither does the extirpation of the ectoderm interfere in the migratory process of the cells of the P.H.M., since, with the exception of one case of cardia bifida, a unique heart is formed in a unique pericardial cavity. 3. The extirpation of the ectoderm exerts a clear influence over the situation of the heart and over its curvatures since when the ablation of the ectoderm is unilateral, the heart is displaced toward the side opposite that of the extirpation. It is, therefore, normal in the extirpations of the left ectoderm and inverted in those of the right. 4. The primary fore-gut pocket does not form on the side where the ectoderm has been extirpated. This, therefore, exerts a clear influence on the formation of the fore-gut pockets and in the form the fore-gut takes. 5. The extirpation of the ectoderm in stages 6 and 7 constantly inhibits the process of the closing of the neural canal in the encephalic region (mesencephalon and anterior part of the rhombencephalon), the neural differentiation normally continuing its process. This suggests that the force of the neural folds during the formation of the neural tube is transmitted to them through the ectoderm.
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1964), S. 269-301 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Two imaginai discs of different mutants, sexes and species respectively of different segments (wing and genital disc) fromDrosophila larvae ready to pupate were mixed in order to get a homogeneous aggregate. Before mixing the two discs were partially dissociated either enzymatically or only mechanically. 2. The aggregates were implanted into larval hosts. Their differentiated structures were studied after metamorphosis. 3. Dissociated cells and groups of cells find together and form organized genital or wing structures. 4. Homoplastic-homonome-homosexual aggregates of male genital discs form mosaics in all plates both donors taking part in building up one plate. The same cooperation is observed in the heteroplastic-homonome-homosexual combination. 5. The homoplastic-homonome-heterosexual combination yields mosaics only in the anal plates and in the region of peripheral bristles. 6. In a heteronome combination the wing and genital cells separate completely so that no mosaic can be formed. 7. Mosaic plates are not randomly composed of different bristle types, but carry only those bristles which occur alsoin situ on one common plate. To form a mosaic, obviously, cells of the same field quality unite (isotypic association), whereby field specificity overrides species, sex and pattern specific differences. 8. In rare cases the rule of isotypic association is broken and “faulty” mosaics are formed. 9. The integration effect and the pattern formation are discussed and interpreted as a result of affinities and movements of determined cells.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Je zwei Imaginalscheiben aus verpuppungsreifen Larven verschiedener Mutanten, Arten, Geschlechter und Körpersegmente vonDrosophila wurden zu Kombinaten vermengt, wobei vorher der Zellverband entweder fermentativ oder auch nur mechanisch desintegriert wurde. 2. Die Kombinate implantierten wir in larvale Wirte und untersuchten ihre Entwicklungsleistungen nach der Metamorphose. 3. Dissoziierte Zellen und Zellgruppen finden sich wieder zusammen und bilden organisierte Genitalstrukturen oder Flügelteile. 4. Homoplastisch-homonom-homosexuelle Kombinate (S. 273) aus männlichen Genitalscheiben bilden in allen Platten (Abb. 2) Mosaike, an deren Aufbau sich beide Spendertypen beteiligen (Abb. 3). Gleiches gilt für die heteroplastisch-homonom-homosexuelle Kombination (Abb. 4 und 5). 5. Die homoplastisch-homonom-heterosexuelle Kombination dagegen liefert Mosaike nur in den Analplatten und im Peripherborstenbereich (Abb. 8). 6. In der heteronomen Kombination (S. 284) trennen sich die Genital und Flügelzellen vollständig, so daß keine Mosaike entstehen können (Abb. 9 a). 7. Mosaikplatten sind nicht zufällig aus den verschiedensten Borstentypen zusammengesetzt, sondern tragen nur solche Borsten, die auchin situ auf einer gemeinsamen Platte stehen. Zur Bildung eines Mosaiks vereinigen sich offenbar Zellen mit gleicher Feldqualität (isotypische Assoziation), wobei die Feldspezifität über artspezifische, geschlechtsspezifische und musterbedingte Unterschiede dominiert. 8. In seltenen Fällen wird die Regel der isotypischen Assoziation durchbrochen, und es kommt zu „Fehlermosaiken“ (Abb. 6). 9. In der Diskussion werden die Integrationsleistungen und Musterbüdungen als Ergebnis von Affinitäten und Zellwanderungen determinierter Zellen gedeutet.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 21-40 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 41-57 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 59-70 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 1-20 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The ants (Formica polyctena) can learn a simple maze whose all blinds are on the same side. They cannot master the alternation problem (single or double alternation). In their orientation, kinaesthetic stimuli seem most important and next, tactile and olfactive ones. Extra-maze stimuli dont seem very useful. Photohorotactic reactions disturb the learning and cause entries perseveration in the blinds. Return run has to be learnt after the forward run but nevertheless the second one helps the orientation in the first in some way. Ants seem to gain some general «understanding» of the maze, as one can conclude for instance from their use of shortcuts in the maze. Learning cpacities are not the same on the different ways where different foragers teams are going on. Learning memory differ according to the different teams but can persist for at least four days. Social interaction are numerous in the course of learning but till now, it is difficult to say if they help or disturb the learning of the individual ant.
    Notes: Résumé Les fourmis peuvent apprendre un labyrinthe simple dont tous les culs-de-sac sont disposés du même côté. Elles ne peuvent apprendre le problème de l'alternation. Pour leur orientation, les stimuli kinesthésiques paraissent les plus importants; les stimuli tactiles ou olfactifs viennent ensuite; les repères extérieurs paraissent peu utilisés. Les réactions photohorotactiques perturbent gravement l'apprentisage et déterminent la persistance des entrées dans les culs-de-sac. L'apprentissage du retour doit se faire après celui de l'aller, mais il ne part pas de zéro, et l'aller contribue quelque peu à l'apprentissage du retour. Les fourmis paraissent acquérir une certaine «compréhension» générale du labyrinthe, matérialisée notamment par l'usage qu'elles font des raccourcis. Les capacités d'apprentissage ne sont pas les mêmes sur les différentes pistes où circulent des équipes différentes de fourrageuses. La mémoire de l'apprentissage est variable également suivant les équipes et peut se maintenir au moins quatre jours. Les interactions sociales sont nombreuses au cours de l'apprentissage; mais il est difficile de préciser si elles le favorisent ou le gênent.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 91-95 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The order in which the various activities of the foundress ofHalictus calceatus take place is experimentally studied. In this respect, the foundresses ofHalictus calceatus andHalictus marginatus are compared. The nest ofHalictus calceatus is briefly described.
    Notes: Résumé On étudie expérimentalement dans quel ordre se déroulent les diverses activités deHalictus calceatus: creusement des cellules, approvisionnement, ponte et fermeture des cellules. On compare, à cet égard, la fondatrice deHalictus calceatus à celle deHalictus marginatus. On décrit succinctement le nid deHalictus calceatus.
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  • 77
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Moniæcera asperata (Fox) est une espèce existant dans le Sud-Ouest des Etats-Unis et qui approvisionne ses nids creusés dans le sol de petits Diptères et Hémiptères. On a découvert chez cette espèce une tendance sociale qui se manifeste par le fait que plusieurs femelles (deux ou trois) partagent le même terrier. Ce comportement a déjà été observé chez quatre autres Sphecidæ, appartenant tous, comme celui-ci, à la tribu des Crabronini. Ainsi, les deux types d'évolution sociale qu'on croit s'être réalisés chez les abeilles, soit par nidification en commun, soit par association des filles avec leur mère, se retrouvent dans leurs phases initiales chez les Hyménoptères fouisseurs.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Moniæcera asperata (Fox), eine Art von den südwestlichen Vereinigten Staaten, versorgt ihre Erdnesten mit kleinen Diptera und Hemiptera, und hat gemeinschaftliche Nester mit 2–3 Weibchen die denselben Bau teilen. Ähnliches Verhalten ist von vier andere
    Notes: Summary Moniæcera asperata (Fox), a species occuring in southwestern United States and provisioning its nests in the soil with small Diptera and Hemiptera, has been found to exhibit communal nesting, two or three females sharing the same burrow. Similar behavior has been reported for four other Sphecidæ, all five belonging to the tribe Crabronini. Thus both types of social evolution believed to occur in bees, by way of communal nesting and by way matrifilial associations, are exemplified, in their initial stages, in the solitary digger wasps.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 141-157 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary These first observations only deal with the early growing of new colonies in an israelian laboratory: the building of the first comb, the queen's hatching and behavior, the first workers' behavior have been observed. 1o The breeding of the queens and the workers is easy: they build fine combs, where the queens lay their eggs; 2o Queens and workers cannibalism has been pointed out; 3o The first cells are very odd; they become hexagonal when they are surrounded with other ones; 4o The materials used into the combs are various, paper, earth …; 5o Many little holes has been observed inside the walls of the cells; they are never closed; 6o The experimental gaps in the cells are only repaired when the wasps lengthen the neighbour cells; 7o The building and breeding bekavior of the queens and the workers are similar; 8o The queens, the larvae, the workers exchange food, liquids…; 9o There is no division of the work between the first workers, but between the queens and the first workers; 10o In our experiments, the brood's evolutive cycle is different from one colony to the other one.
    Notes: Sommaire Ce travail ne présente que quelques observations sur les premiers stades de dévelopment des colones deVespa orientalis. Les résultats ne sont que fragmentaires, mais permettent tout de même quelques comparaisons intéressantes avec d'autres espèces de Vespides. Nous avons observé que: 1o les reines de la Guêpe orientale sont très facilement élevées au laboratoire et y construisent et y pondent aisément. 2o les reines et les ouvrières dévorent leurs larves pour se nourrir ou pour alimenter les plus grosses larves; 3oles premières cellules d'un rayon sont assez irrégulières, elles ne prennent leur forme hexagonale que lorsqu'elles sont entourées de cellules voisines; 4o le matériau utilisé pour édifier les cellules est assez divers; 5o les reines ne réparent pas les trous effectués dans les parois des cellules; 6o les reines ne s'intéressent au petites brèches du bord des cellules que lorsqu'elles sont en train d'allonger les parois des cellules voisines; 7o les ouvrières ont un comportement comparable à celui des reines lorsqu'elles se nourrissent ou nourrissent les larves ou lorsqu'elles construisent; 8o les reines, les larves et les ouvrières échangent de la nourriture, du liquide…; 9o la seule division du travail dans la colonie est celle qui existe entre la reine qui ne fait plus que pondre et les ouvrières qui s'affairent à toutes les occupations; 10o le cycle évolutif du développement du couvain que nous décrivons peut être variable, suivant les colonies, dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1o The characteristics of the phototropism of many insects and in particular of theLocusta migratoria migratorioïdes (R. and F.) vary according to age, sex, proximity of moulting period and genital state. It seems therefore that the retrocerebral endocrine glands conditionning these various states influence the insect's behaviour. We have tried to demonstrate this by implantingCorpora allata into the abdomen of adult mature males ofLocusta migratoria species and by studying the repercussion of this intervention upon the insect's phototropism. 2o These implantations produce an increase in the general excitability (period of latency and polarisation angle decreasing) and in the tonic state (increased speed of progression). They have no effect on the insect's abilities for phototropic orientation, the ratio of rectitude of the tracks remaining unchanged. 3o These modifications are rapidly vanishing, since the implanted matters which become rapidly inactive, cause the Corpora allata of the operated insects to be brought to rest. There results a decreased reactivity noticeable from the 5 th day onwards. Towards the 14 th day, this reactivity is equal to that of the non- operated subjects, but goes on decreasing until the 23 th day (period of latency increasing), so that by that time the operated subjects are less photosensitive than the normal insects. 4o We think that the active principle secreted by the Corpora allata (juvenile hormone, gonadotropic hormone) directly reacts on the superior nervous centres in the way certains hormones of Vertebrates will react.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1o Die Eigenschaften des Phototropismus zahlreicher Insekten und besonders vonLocusta migratoria migratorioïdes (R. und F.) wechseln jeweils mit dem Alter, dem Geschlecht, entsprechend dem Stadium zwischen den Häutungen und dem Gehirn liegenden Inkretdrüsen, die verschiedenen Zustände bestimmen, auf das Verhalten einwirken. Das wollten wir beweisen, als wir erwachsenen reifen Männchen vonLocusta migratoria Corpora allata in das Abdomen einpflanzten um die Auswirkungen dieses Eingriffs auf ihren Phototropismus zu studieren. 2o Diese Einpflanzungen rufen eine Stiegerung der allgemeinen Reizbarkeit (abnehmender latenzzeit und abnehmender Polarisations winkel) und des tonic Zustands (vermehrte Beweglichkeit) hervor. Sie haen keinerlei wirkund auf die phototropischen Orientierungsfähikeiten der Heupferdchen, da. 3o Diese Modifikationen sind nur von kurzer Dauer, denn weim auch die eingepflanzten Drüsen schnell inaktiv sind, bewirken sie die Stillegung der Corpora allata der operierten Insekten. Daraus folgt eine schon am 5 tag bemerkbare Verminderung der Reaktionen. Nach 14 Tagen sind sie dieselben wie bei den Vergliechs tieren aber nehmen bis zum 23 tag ab (verlängerte Latenzzeit), so dafz nach dieser Zeit die versuchstiere weniger photosensibel sind abs die normalen Tiere. 4o Wir glauden, dap der von den Corpora allata abgesonderte wirkstoff (Juvenilhormon und gonadotropes Hormon) wie gewisse Hormone der Wirbeltire direkt auf die höheren Nervenzenbren einwirkt.
    Notes: Résumé 1o Les caractéristiques du phototropisme de nombreux insectes, et deLocusta migratoria migratorioïdes (R. et F.) en particulier, varient en fonction de l'àge, du sexe, de la proximité des mues et de l'état génital. Il semble donc que les glandes endocrines rétrocérébrales qui conditionnent ces divers états agissent sur le comportement. C'est ce que nous avons voulu démontrer en implantant des corps allates dans l'abdomen d'adultes mâles, mûrs, deLocusta migratoria, et en étudiant les répercussions de cette intervention sur leur phototropisme. 2o Ces implantations provoquent une augmentation de l'excitabilité générale (période de latence et angle de polarisation décroissants) et de l'état tonique (vitesse de progression accrue). Elles sont sans effet sur les facultés d'orientation phototropique des Criquets, le rapport de rectitude des pistes étant inchangé. 3o Ces modifications sont fugaces car les implants rapidement inactifs provoquent la mise au repos des corps allates des opérés. Il en résulte une diminution de la réactivité sensible dès le cinquième jour. Elle se retrouve identique à celle des témoins vers le quatorzième jour, mais continue à décroître jusqu'au vingt-troisième jour (période de latence croissante), de sorte qu'à cette date les opérés sont moins photosensibles que les individus normaux. 4o Nous pensons que le principe actif sécrété par les corps allates (hormone juvénile? hormone gonadotrope?) agit directement sur les centres nerveux supérieurs à la façon de certaines hormones des Vertébrés.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 207-222 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 193-206 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Oriental Hornet is common in the whole Mediterranean Basin. In Israel, colonies of the hornet are numerous in nearly all parts of the country. The colonies are annual and their main activity occurs during the hot season. At the approach of winter, only houng fertilized queens remain; they winter in hidden secret places, emerging in the spring to establish a new colony. In order to watch what is passing in the hornets' nest, we built artificial breeding houses having one glasse wall. In the spring, we transferred small colonies of hornets into these houses, where they continued todevelop until the end of the season. Stress was put in our observations, on the social structure of the hornet colony. The mother-Queen, having laid the foundations for the colony in the spring, keeps leaving the nest to bring food and building materials from the fields until early June. From then onwards she remains in the nest, engaging chiefly in egg laying, while her daughters, the workers, collect food from the fields and perform all other duties in the nest. The queen is easily recognized by the workers, even in the darkness of the nest. They tend to approach her when she is resting on the combs and to crowd around her. Some of the workers come to her often in order to lick her body, others hit the walls with their bellies. Side by side with colonies possessing a queen, we also reared queen — less ones, which enabled us to compare the behaviour of both. A sufficiently lucid explanation of the activity of the workers in relation to the queen has not been arrived at so far, further observations being required.
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons décrit des nids d'élevage artificiels et les conditions d'élevage appropriées par lesquelles nous avons élevé des colonies deVespa orientalis. La méthode que nous avons utilisée rend possible des observations méthodiques de ce qui se passe dans la colonie, et en élevant un certain nombre de colonies, nous avons pu comparer des phénomènes différents, qui se retrouvent dans toute colonie. Au cours de nos observations, nous avons mis l'accent sur la structure sociale de la colonie pendant la saison d'activité. Nous avons décrit le comportement de la reine dans le nid, son activité, et les rapports existant entre la reine et les ouvrières. Nous avons réalisé des expériences diverses sur le transfert des reines de nid à nid, et élevé ainsi des colonies orphelines, afin de comparer le comportement de celles-ci avec les colonies en ayant une.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 383-388 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A control of females' numer in the colony is observed among the antSphærocrema striatula. This control tends instituting monogyny or haplometrosis (Wheeler). The experiment related in this publication shows how the workers eliminate the supernumerary females. It has not been possible clearing up the reasons of the workers' choice in the elimination or keeping of females.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir haben gezeigt, dass die Männchen der aktiven Stöcke sich selbst gut ernähren, während in den älteren Stöcken nur die Jungen dazu fähig sind. Die Erwachsenen dieser letzteren ernähren sich kaum oder gar nicht. Sie werden von den Arbeiterinnen nur ungern gefüttert. Dagegen scheinen sie, sehr fähig zu sein, von den Larven das wiedergekäute Futter zu verlangen. So lange der Stock aktiv bleibt und reichlich mit Futter versorgt wird, sind die Männchen anscheinend in der Lage, wie die andern Bewohner, sich ihr Futter an verschiedenen Stellen zu verschaffen. Wenn aber der Stock sich auflöst oder wenn die Gründerinnen erscheinen, lassen die Versorgerinnen sie in Stich zu güngten der anderen Arbeiterinnen, der Gründerinnen und deren Larven sich die Männchen vor allem vom wiedergekäuten Futter der Larven. Die Arbeiterinnen beteiligen sich wohl ein wenig an der Fütterung der Männchen, diese aber selbst soll vom Futteranteil der Brut genommen werden. Es scheint dann, dass die Männchen den Mechanismus der Trophallaxis, jene stereotypischen Handlungen, die bei den Arbeiterinnen zu Reflexen werden, nie vollkommen erwerben. Das sind Individuen, die dem Gesellschaftsleben des Stockes nicht angepasst sind, die nur wenige Beziehungen zu dem Arbeiterinnen haben und als Schmarotzer vom wiedergekäuten Futter der Larven leben. Wir haben übringens gezeigt, dass sie nicht in der Lage sind, die brut zu füttern, sogar wenn sie reichlich mit Futter versorgt werden oder wenn sie sich selbst ernähren (Tafel XI).
    Notes: Summary We have showed that the males of active nests fed properly by themselves, whereas in nests toward their completion only the young were capable of doing so. The adults of these last always have a poor or no nutrition. The worker-wasps feed them but with reticence. In compensation, they seem very apt to solicit the regurgitations of the larvæ. So long as the nest remains active and has the benefit of abundant food, the males are likely to draw their own food from various sources, as well as the other inhabitants. But, when the nest is in danger or the young queens appear, the purveyors desert them for the benefit of the other workers, of the queens and their larvæ, as we have in different circumstances showed (Montagner 1963). The principal source of feeding of the males is then essentially in the pursuit of the larval regurgitations. The workers do participate a little pursuit of the larval regurgitations. The workers do participate a little in their feeding, but this very food must be taken out of the portion of the brood. It seems then that the males never acquire to perfection the mechanism of trophallaxy, those stereotyped acts which become reflexes between the workers. These are individuals insufficiently adapted to the social life of the nest, having but few dealings with their workers and living as parasites on the regurgitations of the larvæ. Moreover, we have showed that they are not able to feed the larvæ, even when they are given abundant food and that they feed by themselves (Table XI).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 31-46 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Local differences of geomagnetic variations [1, 2] were investigated by three ambulant geomagnetic variographs afterFanselau [3]. The influence of the variometer needles on each other, the dependence of the scale-values on the position of the lightpoint and the changing of the scale-value with temperature and with the value of the vertical intensity are shown. The reduced scale-values have an uncertainty of not more than 0.6%. A higher accuracy is not to be expected for field measurements. The menagement and the adjustment of the stations in field are described.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die lokalen Unterschiede der geomagnetischen zeitlichen Variationen [1, 2] wurden mit Hilfe von 3 Reiseregistrierstationen nachFanselau [3] untersucht. Hier werden die gegenseitige Beeinflussung der Variometernadeln, Veränderung der Skalenwerte über die Breite des Registrierpapiers und die Abhängigkeit der Grösse des Skalenwertes von der Temperatur sowie von der Grösse der Vertikalintensität untersucht. Die reduzierten Skalenwerte besitzen im Mittel eine Unsicherheit von nicht mehr als 0,6%. Eine grössere Genauigkeit kann bei Feldmessungen nicht erwartet werden. Aufstellung und Justierung der Stationen im Felde werden beschrieben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 83-86 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The problem of roots' multiplicity in the method of expansion of the kernel function in theStefanescu integral into vulgar fractions is studied. This problem is discussed for the arbitrary substratum resistivity case. It is proved that the denominator of the kernel function in theStefanescu integral has no multiple roots.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 143-148 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The kinematics of magnetic field lines in a plasma can be studies by means of the mathematical methods used in the kinematics of vorticity. Starting withFaraday's law of induction for moving circuits the following results can be derived: a necessary and sufficient condition that the magnetic field lines remain material lines; a formula describing the convection and diffusion of the magnetic field lines in a plasma, which is analogous to the «basic vorticity formula» ofC. Truesdell; general theorems containing an arbitrary tensor field of any order, which are analogous to general vorticity theorems ofH. Ertel, especially a «commutation formula» corresponding to the «Euler-Ertel commutation formula» for circulation preserving motions. Given an isentropic ideal plasma it follows that $${d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d {dt}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt}}({1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 \eta }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \eta }\vec B \cdot grad s) = 0$$ (η denoting the density, $$\vec B$$ the magnetic induction,s the specific entropy, andd/dt the material time derivative).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kinematik der magnetischen Feldlinien im Plasma kann mit denselben mathematischen Hilfsmitteln studiert werden, welche sich in der Kinematik der Wirbel bewährt haben. Ausgehend vom Faradayschen Induktionsgesetz für bewegte Medien können gefolgert werden: eine notwenige und hinreichende bedingung dafür, dass die magnetischen Feldlinien mit materiellen Kurven zusammenfallen; ein Analogon zuC. Truesdells «basic vorticity formula», welches die Mitführung und Diffusion der magnetischen Feldlinien im Plasma beschreibt; Sätze zur Kinematik der Feldlinien, welche eine frei wählbare tensorielle Feldfunktion beliebiger Stufe enthalten und den vonH. Ertel formulierten «allgemeinen Wirbelsätzen» entsprechen, insbesondere Analoga zuErtels «Vertauschungsrelationen». In einem isentropen idealen Plasma ist das mit dem spezifischen Volumen multiplizierte Skalar-produkt aus der magnetischen Induktion und dem Gradienten der Entropiedichte zeitlich individuell konstant.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 189-192 
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    Notes: Summary The definition of a ‘generator’ in atmospheric electricity is considered, and various phenomena are discussed as to whether they can be described as ‘generators’.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 213-220 
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    Notes: Summary We wish to learn whether annual precipitation over the Colorado watershed is determined by occurrence or non-occurrence of a few large storms; or by other controls such as variations in frequency of minor disturbances. It is found that there is a semi-constant ‘noise’ level of about six inches precipitation per year, composed of small rains. Occasional very large storms do contribute to rank order of annual precipitation over the available data sample which covers the period 1930–1960. However, most contribution to the rank order is derived from medium-sized storms yielding 0.3–1.2 inches of precipitation over the basin. Since storm yield depends mainly on duration rather than on precipitation intensity per day, a good correlation exists between annual precipitation and the number of days with precipitation above a certain threshold.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 206-212 
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    Notes: Summary If needle-shaped ice crystals are grown in an atmosphere containing traces of nitrous gases, the amount of electrical charge generated when sharp crystal points break away, is between 10 and 50 times as high as in the case of crystals grown in absence of nitrous gases A definite relation has been found to exist between the NO 3 ′ ion concentration of the ice crytals and the amount of charge (average value 2.7×10−8, maximum value 13×10−8 coulombs per gram of ice splinters) generated upon fragmentation. The relation found is possibly of importance with respect to thunderstorm electricity generation.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Isotope exchanges (198Au) between the daugther-colonies ofFormica polyctena are strongly anisotropes, even when foragers activity between the different nests is almost the same. Some nests exchange easily the isotope (and glucides) with the colonies in close neighbourhood, some other do not; only a small fraction of the isotope is transferred, even in most favourable cases.
    Notes: Résumé Le transfert d'isotopes (198Au) entre les colonies filles deFormica polyctena, à partir d'une des colonies marquées, suit des voies préférentielles, malgré l'activité des butineuses plus ou moins également réparties entre les fourmilières. Certaines colonies procèdent à des échanges actifs de glucides et d'isotopes, d'autres ne reçoivent rien ou presque rien. Le transfert est limité d'ailleurs à une petite fraction de la quantité totale qui a été distribuée.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 105-129 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 159-185 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action spécifique de sexués de remplacement mâles et femelles sur la transformation de larves et de nymphes du premier stade a été étudiée chez le termiteKalotermes flavicollis (Fabr.). En l'absence d'un sexué femelle, un seul sexué mâle n'a que peu ou pas de pouvoir inhibiteur sur la transformation des larves et nymphes mâles en sexués de remplacement. Cependant, ce pouvoir inhibiteur devient apparent si un deuxième sexué mâle est présent. En revanche, en l'absence d'un sexué mâle, un seul sexué femelle inhibe presque complètement la transformation des larves et nymphes femelles. Les sexués femelles produisent donc toujours une phéromone inhibitrice qui agit spécifiquement sur les larves du même sexe, tandis que les sexués mâles ne produisent une phéromone analogue qu'en présence d'une femelle fonctionnelle. Jusqu'à un certain degré, la femelle peut être remplacée dans cette action inductrice sur le mâle par un autre mâle fonctionnel. Un seul sexué mâle exerce en l'absence du sexué femelle un pouvoir stimulateur à l'égard de la transformation des larves et nymphes femelles en sexués de remplacement. Cette action est due à une phéromone qui a pu être mise en évidence dans des extraits de tête de sexués de remplacement. La production de cette phéromone stimulatrice semble être supprimée dès que le mâle produit la phéromone qui inhibe spécifiquement le développement des larves et des nymphes mâles. Bien que ces expériences aient été exécutées avec des sexués de remplacement, les résultats obtenus sont, selon toute probabilité, valables aussi pour les sexués primaires.
    Abstract: Summary The specific effect of male and female functional replacement reproductives upon the transformation of larvae and 1st stage nymphs into replacement reproductives has been studied inKalotermes flavicollis (Fabr.). In the absence of functional females, a single male reproductive has no inhibitory effect, or only a very slight one, upon the transformation of male larvae and nymphs into replacement reproductives. Such an inhibitory action becomes evident, however, if a second male reproductive is present. A single reproductive female exerts, in the absence of a male reproductive, an almost complete inhibition on the transformation of female larvae and nymphs. Female reproductives thus always produce a sex-specific inhibitory pheromone, whilst male reproductives only produce a comparable pheromone when they are in the presence of a female reproductive. The female here can be replaced by another male reproductive, but the effect is not so pronounced. Single male reproductives have a stimulatory effect upon the transformation of female larvae and nymphs into replacement reproductives. This action is due to a pheromone which can be demonstrated in extracts of heads of replacement reproductives. The production of this stimulatory pheromone seems to be suppressed as soon as the male gives off the sex-specific inhibitory pheromone. Although all experiments have been performed with replacement reproductives, it is probable that the findings are also valid for primary reproductives.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die spezifische Wirkung von männlichen und weiblichen funktionellen Ersatzgeschlechtstieren auf die Produktion von Ersatzgeschlechtstieren wurde bei der TermiteKalotermes flavicollis (Fabr.) untersucht. In Kolonien von Larven und Nymphen des I. Stadiums hat ein männliches Geschlechtstier bei Abwesenheit des funktionellen Weibchens keine oder nur eine äusserst schwache Hemmwirkung auf die Entstehung männlicher Ersatzgeschlechtstiere. Eine solche Hemmwirkung wird jedoch deutlich, wenn ein zweites männliches Geschlechtstier vorhanden ist. Einzelne weibliche Geschlechtstiere hemmen auch bei Abweseneit funktioneller Männchen die Entstehung weiblicher Ersatzgeschlechtstiere sehr stark. Weibliche Geschlechtstiere geben also immer ein geschlechtsspezifisch wirkendes, hemmendes Pheromon ab, während die männlichen Geschlechtstiere ein entsprechendes Pheromon nur bei Anwesenheit des Geschlechtspartners abgeben, wobei dieser bis zu einem gewissen Grade durch ein gleichgeschlechtiges Geschlechtstier ersetzt werden kann. Ein einzelnes Männchen hat eine stimulierende Wirkung auf die Entstehung weiblicher Ersatzgeschlechtstiere. Diese Wirkung ist auf ein Pheromon zurückzuführen, das in Kopfextrakten von Ersatzgeschlechtstieren nachweisbar ist. Die Produktion dieses stimulierenden Pheromons scheint eingestellt zu werden, sobald das Männchen das geschlechtsspezifische hemmende Pheromon abgibt. Obschon alle Versuche mit Ersatzgeschlechtstieren durchgeführt wurden, haben die Befunde wahrscheinlich auch für primäre Geschlechtstiere Gültigkeit.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 267-282 
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 187-192 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des parasites mutillides ont été souvent trouvés dans une agglomération de nids deLasioglossum zephyrum (Smith) et ont été observés en train de combattre les abeilles, ce qui permet de souligner leur importance (et celle des parasites et des prédateurs en général) dans l'évolution de la garde du nid et qui confirme l'hypothèse deMichener, selon laquelle un des facteurs importants dans l'évolution du comportement social est la possibilité de défense par des gardes dans les nids contenant un nombre d'abeilles supérieur à un. Les agglomérations de nids peuvent avoir évolué de différentes manières, l'une étant le choix de sites dans les aires, qui se sont déjà révélées propices. Une telle sélection peut être attendue là où des différences subtiles dans le milieu sont décisives. Elle peut prendre la forme d'un retour aux sites de nidification des parents ou le choix de n'importe quelle autre agglomération. Il est probable que l'agglomération augmente le nombre des parasites et des prédateurs et, par le fait même, procure peut-être la pression sélective nécessaire pour la formation de colonies avec gardiennage du nid. De même, l'agglomération procure aussi la possibilité de formation de colonies en donnant aux femelles l'occasion d'entrer dans différents nids. Le plus grand succès apparent dans la défense du nid par les colonies de plus grande taille suggère qu'il s'agit d'un des facteurs responsables de l'évolution de la colonie vers une augmentation. Le comportement des abeilles durant la défense du nid et celui de leurs parasites est décrit.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die parasitische Mutillide,Pseudomethoca frigida (Smith), wurde mehrfach in den Kolonien vonLasioglossum zephyrum (Smith), beobachtet, als sie in Kämpfe mit diesen Bienen verwickelt war. Die einschlägigen Beobachtungen weisen auf die Wichtigkeit dieser, als auch anderer Parasiten und Räuber in der Evolution des Wächterwesens innerhalb der Bienen hin, indem sie Hypothese vonMichener unterstutzen, die besagt, dass einer der grundlegenden Faktoren fur die Entwicklung sozialen Verhaltens die Möglichkeit war ein Nest durch Wächter verteidigen zu können. Dies ist natürlich nur dann der Fall, wenn mehr als eine Biene im Nest vorhanden ist. Nisten im Verband, d. h. Nest-Ansammlung mögen sich auf verschiedenen Wegen entwickelt haben. Einer davon war die Selektion von Bienen, die immer bereits «erprobte» Nistplatze zum Nesten benützen. Eine derartige Selektion kann in solchen Fällen erwartet weredn, in denen geringfügige Unterschiede in den Umweltfaktoren für das Nisten entscheidend sind. Diese Selektion mag dann zur Rückehr zu den Geburtsplätzen oder zum Nesten in fremden Kolonierverbänden führen. Die Nester in Kolonierverbänden sind sicherlich Parasiten und Räubern erhöht ausgesetzt. Der entsprechende Selektiondruck mag dann nicht nur zur Formung von Kolonie mit einem organisierten Waechterwesen geführt haben, sondern auch die Möglichkeit mit eingeschlossen haben, dass die Bienenweibchen auch benachbarte Nester besuchen können. Der augenscheinlich grössere Erfolg in der Nestverteidigung im Falle von grösseren Kolonien weist darauf hin dass der erstere einer der Faktoren ist, die für die Evolution von grösseren Nestansammlungen ausschlaggebend sind. Das Verhalten der verteidigenden Bienen und das ihrer parasitischen Multilliden ist beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary and conclusions Mutillid parasites,Pseudomethoca frigida (Smith), were frequently found in a nest aggregation ofLasioglossum zephyrum (Smith), and were observed in combat with the bees, thereby indicating their importance (and that of parasites and predators in general) in the evolution of nest guarding and supporting Michener's hypothesis that one of the important factors in the evolution of social behavior was the opportunity for defense by guards in nests containing more than one bee. Nesting aggregations may have evolved in several ways, one being selection of bees nesting in areas already proven successful. Such selection might be expected where subtle environmental differences are critical, and may take the form of return to the parental nest sites or joining some other nest aggregation. Aggregation probably increases parasite and predator pressure, thus perhaps providing the necessary selective pressure for colony formation with nest guarding, as well as providing the potentiality for colony formation by allowing females to enter different nests. The seemingly greater success in nest defense by larger colonies suggests that this is one of of the factors responsible for the evolution of increased colony size. The behavior of the bees in nest defense and of their mutillid parasites is described.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 239-265 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Einzelbiene (Sammlerin) reagiert auf ein Absinken der Aussentemperatur mit einer Erhöhung ihres Sauerstoffverbrauchs. Der Energiewechsel ist umso höher je niedriger die Aussentemperatur. Die Steigerung der Wärmeproduktion steht mit dem Tages- und Nacht-rhythmus in Beziehung. In den beschriebenen Versuchsbedingungen wird die Reaktion nur am Tage beobachtet. Nachts vernält sich die Honigbiene wie ein Poikilotherm. Die Versuche wurden mit einem neuen Coulometrischen Messverfahren vorgenommen. Sie zeigen dass die Temperatur-regulation des Bienenstocks auf individuelle chemische Wärmeproduktionsmechanismen beruht. Das Vorhandensein anderer Bienen ist nicht notwendig um die Erhöhung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs mit fallender Temperatur auszulösen.
    Notes: Résumé L'abeille isolée présente une réaction de thermogenèse lorsqu'elle est placée à une température inférieure à celle de la ruche (35° C). Cette réaction est d'autant plus importante que la température est plus basse. Elle a été mise en évidence en mesurant la consommation d'oxygène de l'abeille isolée pendant de longues durées (24 à 48 heures) à l'aide d'une technique coulométrique nouvelle. Cette réaction de thermogenèse est liée au cycle nycthéméral: dans nos conditions expérimentales, elle se manifeste le jour. La nuit, l'abeille isolée se comporte comme un poïkilotherme. Compte tenu des différences de poids et de température, le métabolisme énergétique de l'abeille placée à 35° C est du même ordre de grandeur que le métabolisme de base des homéothermes. La réaction de thermogenèse chimique chez l'abeille isolée montre que la thermorégulation de la ruche met en jeu des mécanismes individuels et que la présence d'autres abeilles n'est pas une condition indispensable dans le déclenchement de cette réaction.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 343-382 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A laying female ofPolistes does not react in the same manner to the different categories of eggs which she encounters in the nest. Particularly, she may exterminate systematically all those layed by other females (foreign eggs) while she respects her own. This difference of treatment occording the origine of egg defines the differential oophagy. In that paper, various internal and external factors which may be the start of that behaviour, are analysed. In the polygynous society, the differential oophagy becomes the privilege of the subject α. This specialization of a single wasp in the oophagy assure the homogeneity of the brood: as a general rule, all the progeny comes from the same mother.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine LegerinPolistes reagiert nicht auf die selbe Art bei den verschieden Kategorien die sie antrifft im Nest. Namentlich kommt es vor dass sie systematisch alle Eier vernichtet die sie von anderen Weibchen vorfindet (d. h. fremde Eier), während sie ihre Eigenen respektiert. Diese unterschiedliche Behandlung je nach herkommen des Eies bezeichnet mandifferentiale Oophagie In diesem Artikel versucht man die verschiedenen intern und extern Faktoren zu analysieren, sowie was das Benehmen ihres Ursprungs sind. Bei den Polygyne die differentiale Oophagie wird das Privilegium des Einzelwesens α. Diese Spezialization einer einzelnen Wespe der Oophagie sichert die Gleichartigkeit der Brut: in der Regel stammen alle Nachkommen von der selben Mutter.
    Notes: Résumé Une femelle pondeuse de Poliste ne réagit pas e la même façon envers les deverses catégories d'œufs qu'elle rencontre sur le nid. Notamment, il arrive qu'elle détruise systématiquement tous ceux qui proviennent d'autres femelles (œufs “étrangers”), alors qu'elle respecte les siene propres. Cette différence de traitement selon l'origine de l'œuf définit l'oophagie différentielle. On cherche à analyser, dans le présent article, divers facteurs, internes et externes, qui sont à l'origine de ce comportement. Dans la société polygyne, l'oophagie différentielle devient le privilège de l'individu α. Cette spécialisation d'une seule Guêpe dans l'oophagie assure l'homogénéité du couvain: en règle, toute la descendance provient de la même mère.
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    Insectes sociaux 11 (1964), S. 317-341 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des chiffres indiquent les rapports numériques qui existent entre les stades adulte et larvaire chez de nombreuses colonies d'Hyménoptères sociaux. L'étude porte principalement sur des formes de sociétés primitives constituées par des colonies réduites à quelques individus et dont la caste ouvrière est inexistante ou peu différenciée. Il est montré que, dans une colonie, le nombre d'individus à l'état larvaire peut être un indice de la capacité, pour les femelles adultes (reines et ouvrières), à produire les sexués de la génération suivante. Les chiffres établissent donc un rapport entre la taille de la colonie (nombre de femelles adultes) et le pouvoir reproducteur. Il n'est pas étonnant que, chez toutes les espèces, le nombre d'individus à l'état larvaire s'élève avec le nombre de femelles dans la colonie. Lorsque l'on compte les individus à l'état de larves, on constate que le nombre de jeunes s'élève lentement par rapport à l'accroissement du nombre des femelles (ouvrières pour la plupart), c'est-à-dire que les courbes sont peu expressives si l'on utilise les mêmes unités de mesure pour les 2 axes x et y. Donc, à un accroissement relativement important du nombre des ouvrières, correspond un accroissement variable dans la production des sexués de la génération suivante. (Exception faite peut-être pourPseudagapostemon qui n'a pas de caste ouvirère). Lorsque, dans une série de colonies d'une espèce déterminée, on divise le nombre de larves par le nombre de femelles (reines et ouvrières) afin de déterminer les capacités nourricières des femelles dans chaque colonie, on constate que ces capacités sont d'autant plus grandes pour chaque femelle adulte que la colonie est plus petite; et que dans ces formes de sociétés primitives qui ne comprennent parfois que des individus solitaires, les femelles isolées sont celles qui ont la plus forte descendance par individu. Il est probablement courant que les interactions du comportement social provoquent une diminution des capacités lorsque la colonie s'accroît. Etant donné que le pouvoir reproductif par individu est plus élevé lorsque les femelles sont isolées que lorsqu'elles sont groupées, la sélection parmi les pondeuses de petits groupes sociaux primitifs, tôt dans la saison, lorsque l'activité ouvrière est nulle ou à son minimum, est sans doute une des raisons pour lesquelles la plupart des insectes sociaux forment des colonies à une seule reine. Cette sélection différentielle peut expliquer en partie que des colonies d'abeilles ne contiennent habituellement qu'une reine en dépit du fait que, au moins une certain nombre d'entre elles, proviennent génétiquement de groupes collectifs et non de familles subsociales. Les autres raisons auxquelles on peut attribuer la fréquence des colonies à une plutôt qu'à plusieurs reines, sont sans doute plus importantes: ce sont la facilité de s'établir pour une colonie à reine unique, la simplification des mécanismes de contrôle de caste lorsque le nombre des reines actives est limité à une, opposée aux complications qui surgissent à l'admission d'autres reines, d'autres raisons diverses, liées à la sélection et à la compétition entre les colonies sont suggérées dans le texte.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die zahlenmässigen Beziehungen zwischen den Imagines und den jugendlichen Stadien werden für zahlreiche Nestpopulationen von sozialen Hymenopteren aufgezeigt. Besonders berücksichtigt sind dabei primitiv soziale Formen, die kleine Nestpopulationen und keine oder eine nur schwach entwickelte Arbeiterinnenkaste besitzen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Anzahl der jugendlichen Individuen in einem Nest als Index für die Fähigkeit der erwachsenen Weibchen (Königinnen und Arbeiterinnen) Geschlechtsformen der nächsten Generation zu erzeugen gewertet werden darf. Die Zahlen zeigen daher die Beziehungen zwischen der Grösse der Kolonie (Anzahl der erwachsenen Weibchen) und dem Fortpflanzungspotential. Es ist nicht überraschend, dass in allen Arten die Anzahl der jugendlichen Individuen mit der Anzahl der Weibchen in einer Kolonie steigt. Wenn die Anzahl der jugendlichen Individuen gegen die Anzahl der erwachsenen Weibchen aufgetragen wird, so zeigt sich, dass die Anzahl der Jungen mit wachsender Anzahl von Weibchen (zumeist Arbeiterinnen) langsam ansteigt, d. h. ziemlich falche Kurven werden erhalten. Eine verhältnismässig starke Erhöhung der Arbeiterinnenzahl ist mit einer erhöhten Produktion von Geschlechtstieren für die nächste Generation verbunden (Eine Ausnahme darf möglicherweise inPseudagapostemon gesehen werben, in der eine Arbeiterinnenkaste fehlt). Wenn die Anzahl der jugendlichen Individuen pro Nest durch die Anzahl von erwachsenen Weibchen (Königinnen und Arbeiterinnen) pro Nest geteilt wird um die Leistungsfahigkeit der Weibchen in der Produktion von Nachwuchs zu bestimmen, so stellt sich heraus, dass die Produktionsfähigkeit eines Weibschens um so grösser ist je kleiner die Kolonie ist. Es sind gerade die zeitweise einsamen Weibchen von primitiv sozialen Formen die die meiste Nachkommenschaft pro Weibchen produzieren. Soziale Wechselbeziehungen, die eine Verringerung jener Leistungsfähigkeit mit steigender Koloniegrösse hervorrufen, muss weit verbreitet sein. Da eine erhöhte Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit pro Weibchen eher in einsamen Weibchen erreicht wird als in solchen die in Gruppen leben, muss Selektion unter den Eierlegern in den zahlenmässig schwachen primitiv sozialen Nestverbanden und in den Frühjahrsstadien von anderen Nestpopulationen die dann keine oder wenige Arbeiterinnen haben, teilweise fur die Tatsache verantwortlich sein, dass die meisten sozialen Insekten nur eine Königin pro Volk besitzen. Eine solche differentielle Selektion mag zum Teil die Tatsache erklären, dass im typischen Fall Bienen nur eine Königin besitzen obwohl angenommen wird, dass sich zumindest einige der sozialen Bienen phylogenetisch eher von Aggregationen als von subsozialen Familienverbänden ableiten. Andere Gründe für die Häufigkeit von Arten mit nur einer Königin sind vielleicht ausschalaggebender; jene schliessen mit ein die relative Leichtigkeit der Koloniegründung durch nur ein Weibchen, die Einfachheit des Mechanismus fur die Regulierung der Kastenstärke durch nur ein Weibchen im Gegensatz zur Kompliziertheit im Falle von mehreren Königinnen, und verschiedene andere Gründe, die mit Selektion und Konkurrenz zwischen den Kolonien zu tun haben und im Text näher dargelegt sind.
    Notes: Summary Censuses showing the numerical relations between adults and immature stages are presented for numerous colonies of social Hymenoptera. Emphasis is placed on primatively social forms having colonies of very few individuals and lacking a worker caste or having such a caste only feebly differentiated. Evidence is presented for considering the number of immature individuals in a colony as an index of the ability of the adult females (queens and workers) of the colony to produce reproductives of the next generation. The censuses therefore relate colony size (number of adult females) to reproductive potentiality. It is not surprising that in all species the number of immature individuals rises with the number of females in the colony. When the immature stages are measured in numbers of individuals, it can be seen that the number of young rises slowly in relation to increases in number of females (mostly workers),i. e., the curves are rather flat if the same units of measurement are used for both x and y axes. Therefore a relatively large increase in worker number is associated with any increase in production of reproductives of the next generation. (A possible exception occurs inPseudagapostemon which lacks a worker caste.) When numbers of immature stages in a series of colonies of a species are divided by the number of females (queens and workers) in each colony to determine the efficiency of those females in rearing young, it is found that the efficiency per adult female is usually greater the smaller the colony, and that in those primitively social forms which sometimes live as lone individuals, it is these isolated females that produce the most progeny per female. Behavioral social interactions causing deminishing efficiency with increasing colony size must be common. Since higher reproductivity per female is attained by lone individuals rather than by those in groups, selection among egg-layers in small primitive social groups and in early season groups, when worker action is absent or minimal, may be partly responsible for the fact most social insects have colonies with only one queen. Such differential selection may partially explain the fact that colonies of bees typically contain only a single queen in spite of the belief that at least some of them arose phylogenetically through aggregations instead of through subsocial family groups. Other reasons for the frequency of colonies with one rather than many queens are probably more important and include the ease of establishment of a colony by a lone queen, the simplicity of caste controlling mechanisms if the number of functional queens is limited to one as contrasted to the complications if some additional queens are allowed, and various reasons related to selection and intracolonial competition as suggested in the text.
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  • 99
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 47-52 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A statistical model of the geomagnetic field is derived, based on the assumption of an axial geocentric dipole field of strengthH e at the equator perturbed by randomly directed components of constant magnitudeh. The model fits the dispersions found from an analysis of the 1945 field, and the ratioh/H e obtained for this field and from the palaeomagnetic data both average to about 0.4. The model predicts that during reversal of the dipole field, the field intensity falls to between 0.2 and 0.4 of the steady field intensity, and this agrees with estimates made from the palaeomagnetic observations.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 66-82 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Adopting thePizzetti-Somigliana method and using elliptic integrals we have obtained closed formulas for the space gravity field in which one of the equipotential surfaces is a triaxial ellipsoid. The same formulas are also obtained in first approximation of the equatorial flattening avoiding the use of the elliptic integrals. Using data from satellites and Earth gravity data the gravitational and geometric bulge of the Earth's equator are computed. On the basis of these results and on the basis of recent gravity data taken around the equator between the longitudes 50° to 100° E, 155° to 180° E, and 145° to 180° W, we question the advantage of using a triaxial gravity formula and a triaxial ellipsoid in geodesy. Closed formulas for the space field in which a biaxial ellipsoid is an equipotential surface are also derived in polar coordinates and its parameters are specialized to give the international gravity formula values on the international ellipsoid. The possibility to compute the Earth's dimensions from the present Earth gravity data is the discussed and the value ofMG=(3.98603×1020 cm3 sec−2) (M mass of the Earth,G gravitational constant) is computed. The agreement of this value with others computed from the mean distance Earth-Moon is discussed. The Legendre polinomials series expansion of the gravitational potential is also added. In this series the coefficients of the polinomials are closed formulas in terms of the flattening andMG.
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