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  • Articles  (2,434)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (2,434)
  • 1980-1984  (1,710)
  • 1970-1974  (501)
  • 1960-1964  (223)
  • 1925-1929
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  • Articles  (2,434)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering factors in single-cell protein production. I. Fluid properties and concentration of yeast by evaporationContribution No, 1523 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Masachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusrtts. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The processing of fermentor-grown, edible yeast involves the removal of water. This can be accomplished through concentration followed by drum or spray drying. This study presents the essential physical properties of yeast solutions necessary for calculation of production economics. In addition, our initial studies of vacuum concentration show that some of the cell leakage necessary for good drying characteristics occurs. The residence time during concentration is also sufficient, to yield 1-2 log cycles of kill which are mandatory since the final product, should contain no viable cells.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120110
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  • 2
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    Electronic Resource
    Engineering factors in single-cell protein production. II. Spray drying and cell viabilityContribution No. 1524 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One important economical method for producing singlecell protein is to spray dry the cultured cells. This study presents some preliminary data on the effects of spray drying on cell viability. Under conditions similar to those for the production of spray-dried milk, 4-5 log cycles destruction occurred. The results indicate that, the activation energy for thermal destruction of yeast was reduced from the normal heat treatment value of 84 kcal/°K mole to about 38 kcal/°K mole.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120111
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  • 3
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    On the use of fast-response dissolved oxygen probes for oxygen transfer studiesPaper presented in part to Third International Fermentation Symposium, Rutgers, 1968. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120113
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120201
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  • 5
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    Introduction to symposium on industrial microbial enzymes (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120202
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Location and action of Streptomyces griseus α-D-mannosidase, an antibiotic-transforming enzyme (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Streptomyces mannosidase, like the enzyme from other sources, is shown to require a divalent cation for enzyme activity. N-Ethylmaleimide pretreatment of enzyme-containing cells eliminated the requirement of aeration for enzyme activity. Methyl-α-D-mannoside was found to be a strong inhibitor of the hydrolysis of both p-nitrophenyl-α-D-mannoside and mannosidost reptomycin. The enzyme is bound at or near the surface of the cell and is inactivated by sonic oscillation. Small participate matter containing most of the activity can be released from the cells into water, such release being inhibited by phosphate, Tris, or sodium chloride.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120203
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  • 7
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    Experiments with lysis of living cells of Eremothecium ashbyii and of Methanomonas by microbial enzymes (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The possibility to use microorganisms as human food is limited by several factors. The intact cell is resistant to digestion, the cell wall is unbalanced in essential amino acids, and the nucleic acids are said to be harmful. For using single cell protein as food it may thus be necessary to disrupt the cell wall and separate the protein from nucleic acid. This paper is concerned with the production and properties of extracellular enzymes able to lyse cell walls of microorganisms. Soil bacteria and actinomycetes have been cultivated and lytic enzymes from these organisms have been used to lyse living cells of the yeast like organism E. ashbyii. Efforts were also made to use these enzymes for lysing cell of a Methanomonas sp.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Proteases of the genus Bacillus. I. Neutral proteases (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 179-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: B. subtilis NRRL B3411 neutral protease has been extensively purified by solvent, and salt fractional ion, pigment removal with DEAE-cellulose followed by chromatography on hydroxylapatite, and a final passage through a Sephadex G-100 column. The neutral protease was shown to be homogeneous by disc gel and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, gel filtration chromatography, and ultra-centrifugation. The molecular weight was determined by osmometry and ultracentrifugation to be about 38-42,000 and the amino acid composition and zinc content determined. The general properties of the enzyme, pH-activity relationship, stability, effect of inhibitors, and specificity are discussed. Comparative studies were carried out on the B. subtilis NRRL B3411 and B. subtilis var. amylosacchariticus neutral proteases and these enzymes were found to be indistinguishable by the methods used, but quite distinct from the thermostable enzyme thermolysin from B. thermoprotcolyticus.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120205
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  • 9
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    Purification and characterization of the amylase of B. subtilis NRRL B3411 (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amylase of Bacillus subtilis NRRL B3411 has been purified and partially characterized. The specific activity can be increased from 300,000 units/g to 6,000,000 units/g with a 60% recovery of total units. The purified material consists of one major and one trace anodic component as determined by disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was 48,000 as determined by bio-gel filtration; the molecular weight was 44,900 ± 2400 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium methods. This purified enzyme is stable at, 70°C in the presence of 0.01 M Ca++ and 0.1 M NaCl over a broad pH range from 5.5-9.5. The pH activity profile indicates optimum activity at pH 6.0. This amylase exhibits maximum activity at 60°C. The enzyme is a liquefying α-amylase as determined by analysis of hydrolysis products and immunological studies.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120207
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  • 10
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    Proteases of the genus Bacillus. II. Alkaline proteases (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 213-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The alkaline proteases of B. subtilis NRRL B3411, B. pumilis, and B. licheniformis have been isolated by fractionation followed by ion exchange chromatography and their homogeneity demonstrated. General enzyme properties of the B. sublitis NRRL B3411 alkaline protease have been studied and attempts made to differentiate a group of alkaline proteases. It is clear that the alkaline proteases known as Subtilisins or Subtilopeptidases are not, exclusive to B. subtilis but are common to many Bacilli and therefore the generic name Bacillopeptidases has been proposed. It is clear too that on the basis of the effect of pH on activity, amino acid composition, esterase activity, and immunological cross-reactions the Bacillopeptidases can be divided into two groups or types: (a) Bacillopcptidase A (Subtilisin A or Subtilopeptidase A) which includes Subtilisin Carlsberg, B. licheniformis, and B. pumilis alkaline proteases; (b) Bacillopeptidase B (Subtilisin B or Subtilopeptidase B) which includes B subtilis NRRL B3411, Subtilisin Novo, Subtilisin BPN' (Nagarse), alkaline protease Daiwa Kasei, and (probably) B. subtilis var. amylosacchariticus. At present, no further differentiation is possible and whether or not the enzymes within group A or B are identical remains an open question. Methods for examination of crude enzyme mixtures or fermentation beers are described and from the examination of a number of crude enzymes and fermentation beers it appears that organisms producing Bacillopeptidase A do not produce neutral protease or amylase, while organisms producing Bacillopeptidase B produce a neutral protease and amylase as well.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120206
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  • 11
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    Kinetics of the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid by Pseudomonas ovalis (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 273-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concept of a “critical oxygen concentration” is conventionally considered to hold for the submerged aerobic fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid. Above the critical level the fermentation rate is supposedly independent of oxygen concentration. In this work it is shown that, at a given agitation rate, the fermentation is independent of dissolved oxygen when above the critical. However, an increase in the agitation rate results in an increase in the fermentation rate. This increase was shown to be accompanied by an increase in the gluconolactone concentration in the broth. Gluconolactone, an intermediate in the reaction pathway, is hydrolyzed nonenzymatically to gluconic acid. Evidence is presented to suggest that the increased gas-liquid interfacial area brought about by increased agitation causes an increased net rate of lactone formation. This in turn results in an increased rate of hydrolysis of the lactone to gluconic acid. A model is presented hypothesizing that negatively charged cells adsorb at the gas-liquid interface. These cells attract hydrogen ions, causing a lowering of the pH in the film around the bubbles. It is this lowered pH which is considered to bring about increased fermentation rates when the interfacial area is increased. Supporting evidence is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120208
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  • 12
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    Optimal control of an enzyme reaction subject to enzyme deactivation. I. Batch process (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 291-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the study of an enzymatic system in a repeated batch process where the enzyme is subject to deactivation. The particular system studied was the enzymatic hydrolysis of Penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Utilizing standard optimization techniques, pH and temperature control policies were determined that would maximize the product yield.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120209
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  • 13
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    Comparative kinetic studies on the neutral protease and thermolysin catalyzed hydrolysis of simple dipeptide substrates (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 313-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparative study of the Bacillus subtilis neutral protease and Bacillus thermoproteolyticus thermolysin calalyzed hydrolysis of a few dipeptide sustrates including furylacryloylglycyl-L-leucine amide is reported. While differences in the kcat/Km were observed between the two enzymes toward substrates in which phenylalanine or leucine donated the amino group of the peptide bond, secondary effects of substituents on the carbonyl donating amino acid and pH profiles were quite similar. Differences were also observed toward protein substrates as compared to dipeptides.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120210
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  • 14
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    Pilot plant isolation of transaldolase from Candida utilis (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 321-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Through the use of pilot plant equipment, transaldolase types I, II, and III (from Candida utilis) have been separated and purified. The procedure includes a time sensitive solvent fractionation below 0°C, ion exchange chromatography, and crystalization. The enzyme yield represents a 41% recovery of crystalline type III and partially purified types I and II.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120211
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  • 15
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120301
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  • 16
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    Capsular protection against virulent coliphage infectionPresented at the 158th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., September 9, 1969. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ecological significance of bacterial capsules when virulent bacteriophages are present was explored by exposing continuous cultures of Escherichia coli ATCC 11303, in various stages of capsulation and clumping, to a virulent coliphage, T2. Only partial protection was provided by capsulation, but this could be a factor affecting survival in complex mixed cultures.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120303
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  • 17
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    Significance of microbial interactions in control of microbial ecosystems (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A microbial ecosystem represents a delicately balanced population of microorganisms each interacting with and influencing the other members of the population. An understanding of the nature and effects of these interactions is essential to improving the performance of these ecologies, which are important, in such diverse processes as biological waste treatment procedures, water pollution abatement, industrial fermentations, human or animal digestives processes and in soil. There are several types of mocrobial interactions, such as commensalism, inhibition, food competition, predation, parasitism, and synergism, which either singly or in combination may influence the functioning of the microbial ecology.To understand interactions, it is necessary to perform a detailed study of the physiology of the individual predominating microorganisms to establish their requirements with respect to such environmental factors as nutrients, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, removal of waste products, or toxic materials which may be involved in control processes and to determine how these factors affect their capabilities. The sum total of this information will indicate the possible interactions between the microorganisms and will form the basis for conducting experiments either in the laboratory or with mathematical models. Such experiments will lead to an understanding of microbial activities and to the formulation of control measures, often using an alteration of the environmental factors for regulation of the microbial ecologies. Extensive research remains to be done on the microbial interact inns in obtain the desired, precise control of these ecological processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120302
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  • 18
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    An analysis of models describing predator-prey interaction (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 353-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models of the interaction between predator and host populations have been expressed as systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Solutions of such systems may be periodic or aperiodic. Periodic, oscillatory solutions may depend on the initial conditions of the system or may be limit cycles. Aperiodic solutions can, but do not necessarily, exhibit oscillatory behavior. Therefore, it is important to characterize predatory-prey models on the basis of the possible types of solutions they may possess. This characterization can be accomplished using some well-known methods of nonlinear analysis. Examination of the system singular points and inspection of phase plane portraits have proved to be useful techniques for evaluating the effect of various modifications of early predator-prey models. Of particular interest is the existence of limit cycle oscillations in a model in which predator growth rate is a function of the concentration of prey.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120305
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  • 19
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    The role of aeration and agitation in the production of glucose oxidase in submerged culture. II (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 379-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The main purpose of the work reported here was to establish the effectiveness of aeration and agitation, and to determine the best conditions of aeration for the growth and production of glucose oxidase of Aspergillus niger, on a semi-industrial scale. Concentration of dissolved O2, O2 consumption and CO2 production were measured. It was found that the rate of growth and the activity of glucose oxidase per gram mycelium increased with the increase of speed of agitation. The concentration of dissolved oxygen of the fermentation broth, as well as the rate of respiration (O2 consumption and CO2 production) increased in direct proportion to the increase of speed of agitation, while assimilation of sugars was accelerated. The values of the respiratory ratio showed a fluctuation according to the presence or absence of sugar in the medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120306
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  • 20
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    Preparation and characterization of isolubilized L-amino acid oxidase (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 399-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzyme L-amino acid oxidase of Crotalus adamanteus was covalently coupled to porous 96% silica glass particles. The insolubilized enzyme was active on several L-amino acids including: leucine, isoleucine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tryptophane, and methionine. No activity was observed with D-amino acids, L-asparagine, or L-proline. Maximum activity was observed at pH 7.8. Stability of the enzyme derivative was demonstrated by continuous operation of an enzyme column for 35 days, during which the bound enzyme oxidized over 5000 times its own weight of substrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120307
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  • 21
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    Responses in continuous cultures of lysogenic Escherichia coli following inductionPresented at the 158th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, New York, N.Y., September 9, 1969. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 347-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacteriophages are widely distributed in nature and may be important factors in regulating populations of their hosts. Model continuous culture systems of a single bacterial species and a temperate parasitic phage have been studied. Steady state cultures of lysogenic Escherichia coli 159T- (λcts) produced a small quantity of free λ cts phage. Temperature shocking such a culture resulted in a sharp increase in phage concentration with a concomitant fall in cell population. With time the system returned to a steady state condition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120304
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  • 22
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    The relationship of oxidation-reduction potential to the growth performance of tissue culture media poised prior to incubation (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 409-417 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Earlier observations revealed that incubation of media and the attendant changes in oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were related to improved cell production. This is a report, of work done to show that the higher levels and increased rates of growth of cells grown in incubated medium are associated with the ORP level of the medium before inoculation of the medium with cells. Work was done using 250-ml centrifuge spinner bottles as the culture vessels. Further work is needed to establish the desirability of deliberate poising of media prior to use for studies in small vessels and flasks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120308
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  • 23
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    Oxidation-reduction potential and concomitant growth patterns of cultures of Earle's “L” cells in centrifuge bottle spinners (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 419-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous studies of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) variation in monolayer (Roux bottle) cultures pointed out the need for data on pH and ORP patterns in simple spinner cultures. This information was desirable for optimizing conditions of growth in small 1-L and New Brunswick fermentors. Results of experiments in 250-ml centrifuge spinner vessels are presented showing that incubation of media prior to inoculation induces desirable qualities reflected in better growth. The importance of initial ORP values of the medium is discussed. The relationship of ORP levels to yield and longevity of cell growth is also considered. The ORP level of the medium at inoculation is shown to be effected by previous incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120309
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  • 24
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    A continuous, multistage tower fermentor. II. Analysis of reactor performance (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 465-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for analyzing the reactor behavior of a continuous, multistage tower fermentor is described. A model consisting of a system of interconnected, ideal subreactors is set up on the basis of the fermentor's configuration and flow pattern. The residence time distribution curve is used to test the validity of the model and the relative quantities of flow streams and regions in the model are determined. A least-square fitting procedure between measured and calculated distribution curves is used to identify the proper model. The application of this method to real cultivation conditions is also discussed. Using this approach, the multistage tower fermentor is shown to be equivalent to a cascade of four perfectly mixed tanks with a backtracking stream between stages. The extent of backflow under various conditions has also been determined.
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    Masthead (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120401
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    Glucose and lactic acid trends in suspension cultures of two established mammalian cell strains in chemically defined mediaThe major part of this research constituted a thesis submitted by the author to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Georgetown University, Washington, D. C., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, February 1963. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 429-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In replicated 30 to 40-ml suspension cultures of rapidly proliferating monkey kidney cells of a comparatively fragile strain, the rates of glucose utilization and lactic acid accumulation averaged about 400 micrograms and 110 micrograms per 106 cells per day respectively, with average molar La/Gl ratios of 0.48. These two rates of glucose utilization and lactic acid accumulation were about 4 × and 10 × as high as the corresponding rates in comparable cultures of the hardier strain 2071-L mouse fibroblasts under the same conditions, with average molar La/Gl ratios of 0.16. In comparable but nonproliferating suspension cultures of the same strain of monkey kidney cells, during about 3 weeks the rates were extremely high, with about 710 micrograms glucose utilized and 445 micrograms lactic acid accumulated per 106 cells per day, with average molar La/Gl ratios of 1.37. The rates of glucose uptake and lactic acid accumulation were higher in the nonproliferating cultures aerated with 5% CO2 in air than in those aerated with 10% CO2 in air. This difference was associated with pH, which was higher in the former group.It was concluded that with this fragile strain of monkey Kidney cells(1) in nonproliferating cultures the cells were metabolizing actively but with a marked tendency to higher La/Gl ratios, (2) in the proliferating cultures the high rates of glucose utilization and lactic acid accumulation were definitely not directly correlated with the rate of growth, and (3) in none of the cultures was the amount of glucose remaining in the fluid at fluid changes so low as to have been a limiting factor.Information in the literature concering glucose utilization and lactic acid production by cells vitro is voluminous and in some respects contradictory. In the present study the rates were unexpectedly high for the monkey kidney cells, particularly those in the otherwise apparently inactive nonproliferating cultures. The data seem to be unique, in that an established strain of cells in chemically defined medium in suspension cultures has been characterized for these metabolic parameters in both proliferating cultures and in equivalent nonproliferating cultures under directly comparable conditions.The concept was developed that since these monkey kidney cells are obviously more fragile than the other cells examined, the complex physical stresses imposed upon these cells in agitated cultures can be modified and lessened in order to permit growth. Lessening of such mechanical stress waa brought about in several ways, of which only the smaller flask size seemed to be at least partly effective. Increasing either the concentration or the viscosity type of Methocel waa not effective.
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    Design and evaluation of a system for thermal decontamination of process air (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 483-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aerobiology studies at the Naval Biological Laboratory require use of a vacuum system to provide safe disposal of air contaminated with pathogenic, microorganisms. A system for thermal decontamination of this process air has been installed and tested. The system uses a natural gas burner to heat approximately 550 cfm of air to temperatures exceeding 750°F. Tests showed a reduction in number of acrosolized viable hardy spores (Bacillus subtilis var. niger) of more than 8 logs at design flow rates. The kill rate (D values) measured in this system is somewhat higher than those reported by other workers. The annual owning and operating cost of the system is approximately $9000.
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    Microbiological leaching of a zinc sulfide concentrateJoint contribution from the laboratories of the B. C. Research, Vancouver, B. C., and the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 501-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbiological extraction of zinc from a high-grade zinc sulfide concentrate has been investigated, using a pure strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Conditions such as temperature, pH, pulp density, nutrient, concentration, and specific surface of solids have been studied in terms of their effects on zinc extraction rate and in some instances on final zinc concentration in solution. Where appropriate, optimum conditions for leaching have been specified.
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    Studies on the kinetics and mechanism of BOD exertion in dilute systems (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 519-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanisms and kinetic course of BOD exertion were compared in both open and closed systems. Two open reactors, a simulated stream device, and an open stirred reactor were employed, and the closed systems consisted of standard BOD bottles and 2.4-liter vessels. In the closed systems, both quiescent and stirred conditions of incubation were examined. Biological solids concentration, bacteria and protozoa concentration, substrate analysis, and chemical oxygen demand as well as biochemical oxygen utilization were employed to assess the performance of these systems.Oxygen uptake rate constants were observed to increase with increasing concentration o carbon source, thus militating against irect use of the usual dilution technique for predicting rate of deoxygenation in receiving streams. The relationship between specific O2 uptake rate and substrate concentration approximated a hyperbolic function similar to the Mono relationship for specific growth rate and substrate concentration. A technique using an open stirred reactor than the standard BOD bottle dilution technique is recommended.
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    Respiratory relationships of a symbiotic algal-bacterial culture for wastewater nutrient removal (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 541-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous symbiotic algal-bacterial system was developed consisting essentially of a mixed Chlorella-activated sludge culture which would efficiently remove nutrients from wastewater under aerobic conditions without supplementary aeration. Oxygen decline data were fitted to a mathematical model used to predict respiratory rates, photosynthetic oxygenation, and steady-state oxygen concentrations. Stable relative biological populations and a dissolved oxygen concentration of about 2 mg/1 were maintained during steady-state operation with daily harvesting of excess biomass. Respiratory and physiological relationships indicated that the carbon dioxide-oxygen balance is a primary control that governs the steady-state operation of a symbiotic algal-bacterial culture. The close association of the algae and bacteria resulted in an algal-bacterial floc with settled rapidly yielding a clear supernatant.
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    The effect of ethanol on continuous culture stability (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 561-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability characteristics of a continuous culture system were studied following the addition of the natural product inhibitor, ethanol. For a steady state culture of Klebsiella (Aerobacter) aerogenes there was a linear dependence of growth rate on ethanol concentration. Following impulse and step addition of the inhibitor, response patterns of the growth rate (μ) and overall metabolism (Qo2, QCo2, QAC) were observed. A mathematical model of the transient behavior of a product-limited system is proposed, and analog computer solutions fitted to the experimental data. The transient response of the growth rate could best be described by second or higher order equations, e.g., \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ T_2^2 \frac{{d^2 \mu }}{{dt^2 }} + 2T_2^2 \xi \frac{{d\mu }}{{dt}} + \mu = \mu _m (1.0 - q.P_t) $$\end{document} with values of the second order time constant (T2) = 5 min, and damping coefficient (ξ) = 0.4.
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    A mechanistic study of oxygen transfer in aqueous systems (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 271-292 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer coefficients were evaluated for a 14-liter stirred tank fermentor equipped with an oxygen probe, employing elemental copper adsorbed on a weakly basic anion-exchange resin as a solid phase oxygen acceptor. The use of a solid phase oxygen acceptor allowed evaluation of mass transfer resistances associated with the solid phase, and the effect of an oxygen adsorbing solid phase on the overall oxygen transport system, portions of the oxygen transfer process that are neglected by the conventional sulfite oxidation method commonly employed. It was concluded from the data obtained that a transport pathway involving transfer of oxygen to particles present near the air-water interface was a significant oxygen transport pathway for the system studied. Oxygen probe measurements performed on the bulk liquid did not recognize this pathway, suggesting that data taken on biological systems by use of techniques involving oxygen concentration measurements in the bulk liquid may not give the true oxygen absorbing capacity of a system.
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    An ultrafiltration-reactor system using a soluble immobilized enzyme (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    A chemostat study of ethanol inhibition (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 293-308 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mode of ethanol action on both the steady-state and the dynamic properties of K. aerogenes was investigated using a nitrogen-limited chemostat. Reduction in the maximum growth rate (μm) suggests that noncompetitive enzyme inhibition could occur, but Lineweaver-Burk analysis showed the inhibition to be more complex. A consistent mechanism of inhibition was established for 0-3% v/v ethanol. Warburg manometric experiments indicated that inhibition occurred in pathways located in the intact cell wall. Frequency response analysis, using sinusoidal variations in the dilution rate showed that ethanol increased the time constant of the metabolic parameter, QAC. The system was stable in the presence of ethanol and showed no evidence of oscillations following a disturbance.
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    Continuous conversion of starch to glucose with immobilized glucoamylasePresented at the Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., September 13-18, 1970. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 309-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partially purified glucoamylase from Aspergillus awamori NRRL 3112 was immobilized on diethylaminoethyl cellulose in the presence of low ionic-strength acetate buffers at pH 4.2. The active enzyme-cellulose complex was used to convert starch substrates continuously to glucose in stirred reactors. Substrate concentrations as high as 30% could be quantitatively converted to glucose at a rate of more than 25 mg/min/liter at 55°C for periods of 3 to 4 weeks in a 4-liter reactor. Shutdowns were due to mechanical problems and not to loss of enzymes, which could be recovered with no appreciable loss of specific activity. Transfer products, such as isomaltose and panose, were present in immobilized enzyme-produced syrups but to no greater degree than in soluble glucoamylase digests of starch.
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    Masthead (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260130301
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    Effect of sludge flocs on the aeration performance of suction-impellers (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors have investigated a special aspect of the transfer of oxygen: the aeration performance of small-scale suction-impellers in a suspension of activated sludge floes and a performance comparison with clear water. The principle of the impellers is, that in order to disperse air bubbles into the aforementioned liquids, all that we need do is a simple stirring. Due to the impellers the authors could not show a reduction of the oxygen transfer coefficient in the presence of sludge flocs. Former comparative studies of oxygen transfer, using a fixed orifice, did show a reduction in the presence of sludge flocs. Therefore, it seems probable that the effect of activated sludge flocs on the transfer coefficient is linked with the manner in which air is dispersed, i.e., depends on whether an orifice is fixed or moved. The experimental results allow presumption that by developing a high intensity of shear near the location where air bubbles are produced, we are able to minimize the effect of sludge flocs on the process of bubble formation.
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    Control of culture mass in a chemostat (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 335-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260130215
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    Improved medium for saprophytic production of ergot alkaloids by Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 331-334 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were undertaken on the production of ergot alkaloids in saprophytic culture employing two strains of C. purpurea. In an attempt to improve the yield of the alkaloids and to develop a cheaper medium, the commonly used carbohydrate source, mannitol, was replaced with different types of starches and starchy materials as these are comparatively much cheaper than mannitol. Results indicated that, in stationary cultures, certain starches enhanced the yield greatly, while in shaker cultures starches could replace mannitol for equivalent yields.
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    A comparative study of immobilized amyloglucosidase in a packed bed reactor and a continuous feed stirred tank reactor (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 337-352 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The catalytic activity of amyloglucosidase covalently attached to DEAE-cellulose was studied in a packed bed reactor and a continuous feed stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for the reaction maltose → glucose. At low flow rates mass-transfer limitations in the bed reactor lead to lower conversions for this reactor compared to the CSTR. Simple theoretical expressions for these reactors were compared with the experimental results. There are significant differences between the kinetic parameters and pH profile of the immobilized and free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme also showed greater stability at 50°C than did free amyloglucosidase. The temperature dependence of the reaction rate was the same for immobilized and free enzyme.
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    A generalization of kinetic data on sulphite oxidation systems (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 353-369 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic data of the reaction between sulphite ions and dissolved oxygen depend on the purity of sulphite used. Thus it is adequate to determine them for each batch and concentration of sulphite used. Besides the dependence of reaction rate constants on catalyst concentration, it is usually also required to know their dependence on pH and on temperature. Both quantities can change to a great extent especially in absorption apparatus in which high sulphite conversion occurs. They profoundly influence the value of the reaction rate constant. To get a complete picture of the influence of these three quantities without repeating extensive kinetic measurements for every kind and concentration of sulphite used, a method for obtaining information on the influence of all three quoted quantities in the range of values of interest for application is presented.
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    Biogenesis of the L-N, β-dimethylleucine residue of etamycinPresented before the Division of Microbiol Chemistry and Technology, A.S.C., Chicago Ill., September 1970. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 371-379 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Radioactive labeling experiments have shown that radioactivity from L-leucine-U-14C is incorporated into the L-N, β-dimethylleucine residue of the antibiotic etamycin, and that the N-methyl and β-methyl groups of this latter amino acid appear to be derived from L-methionine.
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    Xanthan biopolymer production at increase concentration by pH controlPresented at the 158th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, New York, N.Y., September 7-12, 1969. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 381-391 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Efficient production of xanthan gum by fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 can be accomplished at concentrations of xanthan in the fermented broth 〉 3%. This level of more than twice that previously attained by us results from continuously controlling the fermentation pH with alkali. Only a slight decrease in fermentation rate and yield occurs. When ammonia is used for pH control, cell production more than doubles and fermentation time is shortened. However, xanthan yield is decreased by the diversion of additional sugar to growth.
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    Preparation of a NAD(H)-polymer matrix showing coenzymic function of the bound pyridine nucleotide (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 393-398 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To a Sepharose gel the pyridine nucleotide NAD(H) has been bound using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. In order to improve the steric availability of the nucleotide for added soluble enzymes such as dehydrogenases, a spacer molecule, ε-amino caproic acid, was inserted between the carbohydrate matrix and the nucleotide. The obtained preparation contained 56 μmoles NAD+/g dry polymer. The obtained matrix-bound NAD(H) was accepted as coenzyme by added lactate dehydrogenase. These preparations were still active after storage for several weeks at 4° C and could be used repeatedly without loss of activity. This represents the first necessary step taken in the preparation of compact closed systems consisting of “enzyme-coenzyme-coenzyme-regenerating enzyme” bound to individual polymer beads; such systems eliminate the need for continuous coenzyme addition.
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    Effect of shear on the death of two strains of mammalian tissue cellsThe paper was presented at the 160th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 409-418 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the death of mammalian cells occurring from fluid dynamic effects when they are pumped through capillaries. The cell strains used were human HeLa S3 and mouse L929, grown in monolayer culture. Cells were harvested and suspensions were pumped through various lengths and diameters of stainless steel capillary tubing. Viability of the cells was assayed by the dye exclusion test. Cell deaths occurred and could be correlated with either average wall shear or power dissipation within the capillary tube. L929 cells were found to be more sensitive than HeLa S3 cells at all shear rates tested.
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    Chemical and biological aspects of a new family of phosphorus-containing antibioticsThis paper was presented as part of the Symposium on New pathways and Structures, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, 160th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 1970. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 399-407 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chemical, physical, and biological properties of a group of phosphorus-containing antibiotics are reviewed. Included in this family of antibiotics are the following compounds or mixtures of compounds: diumycin, macarbomycin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, 803GRP, 11,837RP, and 19,402RP. Among the aspects discussed are: antimicrobial activity in vitro, long duration of activity, toxicity, use in animal nutrition, cross resistance, mode of action, chemical and physical properties, and degradation studies.
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    Oxygen transfer and scale-up in lysine production by Ustilago maydis mutant (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 419-429 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen transfer coefficient estimated by both sulfite and dynamic methods and some of the rheological properties of fermentation broths derived from the batch cultivation of a mutant of U. maydis in a sugar cane juice substrate, are used in a scaling-up procedure on the basis of the power consumption per volume unit concept. The fluid was of the Binham plastic type; the Np-NRE correlations showed that the modified Reynolds numbers of the flat-blade turbine impellers were low, near to or in the laminar region; the Na-Pg/P relations were established and then used in the calculation regardless of the geometrical dissimilarities of the vessels. A change of scale from 5 to 50 liters was calculated and operated keeping the power per volume value constant. Reproduction of lysine yields, 2.5-3.2 g/liter, was repeatedly reached in 8 successive runs.
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    Multiphase catalysis. II. Hollow fiber catalysts (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 431-447 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theory of diffusion control within hollow fiber catalysts is derived for three different types of coordinate geometries: Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical. Effectiveness factors are calculated and formulas for reactant conversion in both a fixed-bed and a contimunuous-feed stirred-tank reactor are derived. The apparent Michaelis constant, Km′, is a measure of the amount of diffusion control within the catalysts. When Km′ is equal to Km, the true Michaelis constant, there is no diffusion control. In all other cases Km′ is greater than Km. Hollow fibers are attractive alternatives to spherical microcapsules for the encapsulation of enzymes.
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    “Loading velocity” in aerobic biological waste treatment systems (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 449-450 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Some difficulties in fitting dynamic models to experimental transient data in continuous culture (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 451-452 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Use of gas chromatography to monitor sugars and sugar alcohols in microbial media (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 453-456 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Apparatus for continuous, large-volume suspended cell cultivation (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 457-470 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 30-liter apparatus for growing cells continuously is described. Samples are taken automatically, thus obviating one of the main causes of contamination. In order to eliminate the continuous introduction of a gas stream, the pH was kept constant by means of the injection of NH4OH or NaOH. Under these circumstances, and by means of the two methods of agitation described - rotary and “by Vibromixer” - a quantity of cells of approximately 4 × 1010 is harvested every 48 to 72 hr.
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    Effect of pH on the growth cycle of HeLa cells in batch suspension culture without oxygen control (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 471-492 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HeLa cells have been cultured at different controlled pH levels in batch suspension culture with open gas phase. Continuous monitoring of the dissolved oxygen tension throughout the culture cycle reveals a characteristic pattern of variation which correlates with various aspects of growth and carbohydrate metabolism. The effect of pH, size, and physiological state of the inoculum on this pattern have been determined, and the results are discussed in terms of a theoretical respiratory rate equation.
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    Steady-state stability of substrate inhibited enzyme catalysis in open reaction systems (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 493-502 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Substrate inhibited enzyme reactions occurring in systems open to mass transfer may display multiple steady-state behavior. For a simple one-substrate case it is shown theoretically that the unstable steady-state region always lies within the conversion range of 50-100%. A criterion for the stability of a steady-state point is given. Numerical solutions of the appropriate transient equation show how the system approaches stable steady state in instances where there are three possible steady-state points. The consequences of the existence of an unstable region on the systems response to changes in its parameters is discussed.
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    Sequential 11α-hydroxylation and 1-dehydrogenation of 16α-hydroxycortexolone (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 503-515 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-step microbial transformation of 16α-hydroxycortexolone to its 1-dehydro-11α-hydroxy derivative, without isolating an intermediate, was achieved with an overall yield of 72% of product at a steroid substrate concentration of 3 mg/ml. The process included formation of the cycloborate complex of the substrate, hydroxylation of the borate complex with a suspension of Aspergillus ochraceus mycelium in phosphate buffer, and dehydrogenation of the 11α-hydroxylated intermediate with acetone-dried Arthrobacter simplex cells. The desired product was then obtained by breaking the resultant borate complex through acidification.
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    Effect of mineral nutrients and organic substances on the development of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 517-527 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of inorganic nutrients on iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied using a concentration of 2.0 g Fe2+/liter. Besides ammonium-nitrogen and phosphorus, the essential nutrients were sulphate and magnesium, with the lowest unlimiting concentration being 2.0 g SO2-4/liter and 2.0 mg Mg2+/liter for a suspension of about 108 cells/ml. Omitting nitrate, calcium, potassium, and chloride had no influence on the iron oxidation. Nitrate and chloride were inhibitory in high concentrations although the bacteria were able to adapt to their presence. Several organic compounds tested in 0.5% (w/v) concentrations inhibited iron oxidation. Complete inhibition up to 14 days was caused by fructose, lactose, meat extract, yeast, extract, peptone, and tryptone. T. ferrooxidans-strains were able to adapt to the presence of organic material even though they were not necessarily able to use the organic compounds for energy. Some general conclusions are made concerning the role of nutrients in leaching processes.
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    Release of enzymes from bakers' yeast by disruption in an industrial homogenizer (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 549-560 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of release of 7 enzymes from bakers' yeast have been measured. The disruption process did not cause loss of activity of these enzymes. The various operating pressures, temperatures, and initial yeast concentrations used did not affect the rates of enzyme release relative to protein release. The release of acid phosphatase and invertase was faster than the overall protein release. Alcohol, glucose-6-phosphate, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were released slightly faster or at the same rate as the overall protein and alkaline phosphatase and fumarase were released more slowly. These observations correlate well with the reported locations of these enzymes in the yeast cell.
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    Influence of surface active agents on oxygen absorption to the free interface in a stirred fermentor (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 529-547 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid phase coefficients were measured for the absorption of oxygen from air to the free interface in stirred vessels. Coefficients for absorption into soft water were independent of the instantaneous dissolved oxygen concentration. Coefficients for absorption into soft water containing a surface active agent were strongly dependent on the instantaneous dissolved oxygen level. The degree of nonlinearity of the coefficients was a function of the rate of agitation of the liquid. The coefficients were independent of the amount of surface active agent added above a very low level. Absorption coefficients for bubble aeration in the same vessels were independent of dissolved oxygen concentration even when the surface active agent was present.
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    Spectrophotometric methods for monitoring the microbial transformation of steroids. II. Absorbance ratio spectrophotometric determination of per cent conversion of 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyhydrocortisone to 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 561-567 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process method has been developed for estimating rapidly the conversion of 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyhydrocortisone to 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone in fermentation broths. This allows frequent analyses of samples during the fermentation cycle. The absorbance ratio determination of conversion of the steroids is based on the measurement of the absorbance of aqueous steroid borate complexes at 241.5 mμ and 271 mμ.
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    Calculation of the oxygen required for cell production (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 581-582 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Simulation of oxygen transfer in microbial slimes (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 569-579 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model based on diffusion mechanisms accounts for oxygen transfer from flowing nutrient medium into a film of organisms in slime. Profiles of dissolved oxygen concentration are generated at distances downstream from the start of the slime. In these studies, the nutrient medium was assumed rich, thus the rate of oxygen transport limited microbial respiration. Parameter sensitivity tests were performed for flow rate, oxygen concentration in the medium, and mass transfer coefficients.
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    Comments on oxygen transfer within a mold pellet (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 583-588 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Stability of immobilized β-galactosidase on prolonged storage (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 589-589 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    In situ steam sterilization of membrane filters (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 591-596 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Oxygen mass transfer and oxygen respiration rate measurements utilizing fast response oxygen electrodes (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 599-618 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen respiration rate measurements in stirred tank reactors or fermentors have been carried out utilizing currently available dissolved oxygen electrodes. Techniques based on previously derived theory1 have been put to experimental tests and found to adequately describe the oxygen transfer phenomena observed in air-water systems and a fermenting broth.
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    Controlled supply of trace amounts of oxygen in laboratory scale fermentations (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 619-628 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A detailed study of anaerobic yeast fermentations requires controlled addition of minor amounts of oxygen to the fermentor. A method for supplying small-scale fermentations with millimolar amounts of oxygen is described. The controlled addition is accomplished by diffusion of oxygen through silicone tubing carrying nitrogen to the fermentor. Sulfite values of the fermentation system are given for different gas velocities and lengths of silicone tubing. Two experiments are outlined in which this technique is applied and the possible energy yield from oxydative phosphorylation is discussed.
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    Electrochemical measurements with glucose oxidase immobilized in polyacrylamide gel: Constant current voltametry (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 629-639 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Constant current voltametry was shown to be a suitable method for evaluation of electrodes containing immobilized oxidative enzymes as catalysts. The half-cell potential for the oxdidation of D-glucose at constant pH was measured at a series of constant dc currents, using glucose oxidase immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel-platinum gauze matrix as catalyst. Over the range studied the potential versus current data were linear and could be extrapolated to give the open-circuit half-cell potential at zero current. The difference between the measured potential and the open-circuit potential at a constant current was indicative of the loss in useful voltage due to concentration gradients within or adjacent to the enzyme electrode assembly. The relationship between the open-circuit potential and the pH of the reaction mixture was linear with a slope of -0.056, in good agreement with the predicted slope of -0.061.
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    Water insoluble pronase (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 14 (1972), S. 1031-1034 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Collagen-enzyme complex membranes and their performance in biocatalytic modules (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 93-115 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Collagen was used as carrier for the immobilization of invertase, lysozyme, urease, glucose oxidase, penicillin amidase, and glucose isomerase. Immobilization was accomplished by either impregnation of a preswollen collagen membrane with enzyme solution or electrocodeposition of collagen and enzyme from a collagen dispersion containing dissolved enzyme. The collagen-enzyme complexes prepared are in membrane form.Membranous collagen-enzyme complexes were used to construct biocatalytic reactors such as the capillaric coil modular reactor. Such biocatalytic reactors were used in a recirculation system for the conversion of substrates. The biocatalytic reactors showed initial decreases of activity to stable limits which are maintained over a large number of reactor volume replacements. The stable limits correspond to approximately 35% of the initial activities for lysozyme and invertase, 25% for urease, 15% for glucose oxidase.The mechanism of complex formation between collagen and enzyme involves multiple salt linkages, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions. This protein-protein interaction which leads to stable complexes by both impregnation and electrocodeposition processes is unique among the enzyme immobilization methods currently available.
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    Kinetic analysis of diauxic growth and pectolytic enzyme formation in aspergilli (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 163-179 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies on the growth of Aspergillus strains as well as constitutive and inductive polygalacturonase formation have been made in bath fermentations, without pH control. Equations describing growth and product formation of the four-stage growth of microorganisms were applied for the first time to diauxic growth and enzyme formation of Aspergillus strains. Diauxic growth of the cultures has been found in both sucrose- and peetin-containing media. Enzyme concentration in the second transient phase, calculated by the use of new equations, proved to be negligible. In the exponential and declining phases, the calculated values of mycelial and enzyme concentrations were in good agreement with the values observed. Types of classification of the product formation of Luedeking and Piret refer to the second cycle of diauxie. The types of product formation described by Kono and Asai and Luedeking and Piret are mostly in good agreement with each other. The greatest difference has been found in the case of inductive endo-polygalacturonase formation, where the final enzyme formation could not be plotted because of the decrease (autolysis) in mycelial weight.
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    Kinetics of the xanthan fermentation (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 225-237 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xanthan gum, a heteropolysaccharide with unusual and useful properties, is now produced commercially by fermentation with Xanthomonas compestris NRRL B-1459 in a medium containing glucose, minerals, and a complex nitrogen source - distillers' dried solubles (DDS). Understanding the kinetics of the fermentation should contribute to process improvements and increase the market potential for the gum. Earlier studies showed that although DDS determined initial growth rate, growth was stopped by some mechanism other than substrate exhaustion, probably an effect related to product formation.Product formation did not require active growth, but its rate increased with cell concentration. Specific product formation rate declined at high viscosities. Varying glucose concentration from 0.5 to 5.0% and dissolved O2 tension between 20 and 90% air saturated had no effect on the rates, but pH had to be maintained near 7 and temperature near 28°C to permit continued product formation. Xanthan yield could be explained by the energy required for growth and polymerization, that energy coming from dissimilation of the part of the carbohydrate substrate not converted to polymer.
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    Selective substrate utilization by marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 285-297 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several strains of bacteria, isolated from marine environments, were characterized for their hydrocarbon oxidizing abilities using a complex synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons. Attempts were made at a broad classification of these organisms on the basis of their behavior towards four major groups of hydrocarbons, normal paraffins, iso-paraffins, cyclo-paraffins, and aromatics, known to be present in crude oils. Although bacteria appear to be able to oxidize hydrocarbons at random, this study has shown that it may be possible to recognize a rudimental pattern if we view their oxidative abilities in terms of groups of hydrocarbons rather than individual compounds. A study of the action of combined strains on the synthetic hydrocarbon mixture was performed. It was found that no particular benefit could be derived as compared to the use of single strains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260150206
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    Observations of continuous culture responses to additions of inhibitors (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of potassium sorbate addition to a continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed. The influence on the yeast performance depended on the way the inhibitor was added. The unsteady state continuous method seems to be the best one to obtain microorganisms' adaptation to inhibitors, and for the experimental study of microbial inhibition.
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    A mathematical model of the nutrient dynamics of phytoplankton in a nitrate-limited environment (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 331-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Insofar as saturation kinetics are applicable to the growth of phytoplankton in laboratory experiments and to growth in nature, the computer modeling of intracellular nutrient partitioning in populations of cells can lead to better understanding of the dynamics of natural populations.A three-compartment mathematical model was developed to represent a phytoplankton population having the capability to store nitrogen in a nitrate-limited environment. Parameters were estimated by fitting the model to data from two chemostat experiments reported by Caperon (1968). The model was used to simulate growth dynamics observed in chemostat and batch experiments. The model demonstrated the changes which may occur in the nitrogenous constituents of a phytoplankton population with time and environmental conditions. The model also demonstrates three phenomena which have been observed in field and laboratory experiments but which are not represented by the customary Monod model: (1) uptake rates may significantly exceed not growth rates, (2) high growth rates may be encountered at very low environmental nitrate concentrations, and (3) the ratio of internal nitrogen to population size may change significantly during a study period. It is suggested that the amount of nitorgen in storage may be used as an indicator of the physiological state of a monospecific population.Parameters for the one-compartment Monod model were estimated by customary methods form data generated by the three-compartment model. It was shown that difficulties encountered in estimating the yield coefficient and the decay coefficient may be attributed to the intracellular storage phenomenon. It was also demonstrated that the one-compartment Monod model was inadequate to accurately represent population growth in chemostat experiments when intracellular storage is a significant factor.
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    Analysis of membrane reactor performance for hydrolysis of starch by glucoamylase (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 441-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    ATP regeneration using immobilized carbamyl phosphokinase (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 447-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple and efficient system for continuous ATP regeneration is described. The procedure is based on the enzyme-catalyzed reaction between carbamyl phosphate and ADP. The carbamyl phosphate was generated in situ by reaction between potassium cyanate and potassium phosphate. The enzyme, carbamyl phosphokinase, was isolated from extracts of Streptococcus faccalis and partially purified. Immobilization of the enzyme was achieved using glutaraldehyde-treated alkylamine glass giving 200-250 units of activity per gram of glass. A column of carbamyl phosphokinase on glass was used to form ATP continuously from ADP, phosphate, and cyanate and lost approximately 16% of the initial activity after 14 days operation at room temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260150302
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    Studies on immobilized papain (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 455-466 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Papain was covalently coupled to ZrO2-coated porous glass by several different methods. These derivatives were characterized and their operational half-lives determined using casein substrate. Papain covalently coupled to the porous glass, previously converted to a carboxylic acid derivative, through amide linkage gave a 35 day operational half-life.
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    An apparatus to measure the rate of oxygen evolution while maintaining pO2 constant during photosynthetic growth in closed culture vessels capable of operation at increased hydrostatic pressures (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 505-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A double polarographic device is described which permits regulation of dissolved oxygen concentration at any preset pO2 in suspensions or cultures of photosynthetic algae. It also simultaneously permits measurements of the rate of oxygen evolution during photosynthesis. The apparatus is designed to operate in closed vessels in the absence of a gas phase, and may be used at increased pressures tested up to 500 atmospheres. Regulation of oxygen levels was maintained constant at various preset concentrations equivalent to atmospheric pO2 values ranging between 0.02 and 0.21 at 25°C.
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    Penicillin amidase production by bacillus megateriumThis paper was presented at the 162nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 1971. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 493-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Penicillin amidase, an enzyme which hydrolyzes benzylpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid and phenylacetic acid, is produced by Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14945 as an extracellular enzyme. We used this system as a model to examine the effects of nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous limitation on enzyme production in continuous culture. For these studies, we developed a minimal medium for B. megaterium which contained histidine as the sole nitrogen source. Batch experiments showed that this enzyme is produced as a growth-associated metabolite. Enzyme production was shown to be a function of the growth-limiting conditions and the concentration of the inducer, phenylacetic acid. Sulfur limitation in continuous culture yielded enzyme activities approximately three to five times those observed in nitrogen- and phosphorous-limited chemostats. These results are discussed in terms of the environment's influence on enzyme production in continuous culture.
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    The immobilization of β-galactosidase through encapsulation in water-insoluble microcapsules (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 561-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Sampling procedures for non-newtonian fermentation broths (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 579-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260150314
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    The properties of magnetic supports in relation to immobilized enzyme reactors (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 603-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260150318
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    Hydrocarbon fermentations: Oxidation mechanism and nonionic-surfactant effects in a culture of Candida lipolytica (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 649-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxidation rates of several alkane substrates by C. lipolytica ATCC 8661 grown on n-dodecane were determined using a Warburg Respirometer. Substrates were emulsified using Span 20, Span 80, Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100 surfactants and the effects of these surfactants on oxidation and growth were determined. The oxidation rates of a number of intermediates, including lauric acid and lauryl alcohol, were also assessed. Responses of dodecane-grown C. lipolytica to select substrates were compared to the corresponding behavior with glucose-grown yeast and with baker's yeast. The role of surfactants in hydrocarbon fermentations is discussed in the light of the present and previously published data.
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    Dextranase production from Penicillium funiculosum (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 729-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Twenty-eight Penicillium cultures were screened for dextranase activity. Dextranase yield of about 2000 DU/ml was obtained with Penicillium funiculosum SH-5. Maximum dextranase concentration was attained only when cell mass decreased. The kinetics of the dextranase production was correlated with the cell mass by a two-parameter model. The optimum pH and temperature for dextranase were 5.0-5.5 and 55°C, respectively. Crude dextranase preparation was inhibitory to insoluble glucan formation by streptococcus mutans 6715 in vitro.
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    Accumulation of 5′ guanine nucleotides by mutants of Brevibacterium ammoniagenesThis is Part XLII of the series of reports entitled “Production of Nucleic Acid- Related Substances by Fermentative Processes”. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 795-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: 5′Xanthylic acid was efficiently converted to 5′guanine nucleotides (5′GMP, 5′GDP, and 5′GTP) without being degraded to guanine via 5′GMP by decoyinine resistant mutants of strain KY 13315 which had been isolated from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes and was practically devoid of 5′nucleotide degrading activity. The concentration of phosphate in the medium showed a profound effect on the ratio of the accumulated 5′guanine nucleotides, making it possible to direct the fermentation towards 5′GMP or 5′GTP. A direct accumulation of 5′guanine nucleotides from carbohydrate was possible by mixed cultivation of a 5′XMP accumulating strain and a 5′XMP converting mutant. A maximum concentration of 9.67 mg of 5′guanine nucleotides per ml was obtained directly from glucose in such a mixed culture.
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    Rate of coagulation of single cell Protein concentrate (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 819-820 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Production of microbial protein from waste cellulose by Thermomonospora fusca, a thermophilic actinomycete (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 833-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth characteristics of Thermomonospora fusca, a cellulolytic thermophilic actinomycete, are described in terms of growth on pulping fines, a cellulosic waste of the paper industry. A fermentation was developed which substantially degrades this waste, with the residual product of growth containing about 30% microbial protein. This protein, as shown by a preliminary feeding study with baby chicks and by amino acid analyses, appears to be of good nutritional quality and contains no strongly toxic materials. The extracellular cellulolytic enzymes present in the spent broth are discussed in relation to their potential recovery as a by-product of the fermentation, as is also the possible use of the fermentation as a waste disposal system.
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    Mixed culture biooxidation of phenol. II. Steady state experiments in continuous culture (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 897-903 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments are reported in which a mixed population of organisms was continuous cultured on phenol in a 1- to 2-liter well-mixed vessel. Steady state phenol concentrations were measured for a range of inlet concentrations from 100 to 800 mg/liter at various dilution rates. These results were compared with those predicted from a model which incorporates the effect of wall growth. It was found that the effect of growth on the walls of the vessel was considerable and increased by a factor of up to 3 × the dilution rate at which 90% conversion of phenol could be obtained.
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    Large scale production of bacteriophage Φ × 174 (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 927-932 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacteriophage Φ × 174 was produced in 20 and 200 liter fermentors. The phage was concentrated without any loss of infectivity by precipitation with 10% (w/v) Poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 in 0.5M NaCl. The total yield of a 100 liter culture is around 1016 infectious particles. The final purification step in a CsCl gradient results in a 60 to 80% inactivation.
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    Glutamic acid production with gel-entrapped Corynebacterium glutamicum (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 973-979 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A glutamic acid producing microorganism (Corynebacterium glutamicum) is entrapped in a polyacrylamide gel. These immobilized microorganisms were used to produce glutamic acid in successive batches of fresh medium. Free microorganisms similarly used produced much less glutamic acid under similar conditions.
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    Water-soluble enzyme-polymer grafts: Thermal stabilization of glucose oxidase (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 1011-1016 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Isolation and characterization of constituents in hemolymph from healthy and diseased japanese beetle larvae (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 1023-1037 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies are reviewed on the composition of hemolymph from Japanese beetle larvae, Popillia japonica. This research was conducted to determine the chemical environment required for sporulation of the milky disease organism, Bacillus popilliae. Amino acids, proteins, organic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and oxygen content were determined in hemolymph from healthy and diseased larvae. Oxygen content of hemolymph was measured by microelectrodes implanted in the hemocoel of living larvae. Vegetative growth of the pathogen reduces the dissolved oxygen; however, as sporulation occurs, oxygen concentration approaches normal values. Trehalose, the major hemolymph sugar, is reduced by ca. 50% during the course of milky disease. Neutral lipids, phospholipids, and hydrocarbons decrease markedly with infection. Both branched-chain and normal alkanes occur in hemolymph. Milky disease causes an increase in concentration of pyruvic, malic, glycolic, tartaric, and glyoxylic acids. The major hemolymph protein, a lipoglycoprotein, has a mol. wt. of ca. 500,000. Reduced concentration of this protein is accompanied by the appearance of a smaller protein. Amino acids that increase significantly as a result of infection are: Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, β-alanine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine, and serine. Hemolymph contains few peptides of low molecular weight.
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    Biopolymers in drug technology: The use of DNA in purifying Phleomycin (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 1039-1044 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is sometimes easier and cheaper to extract a drug's target sites from cells than it is to purify, concentrate or manufacture the drug itself. This is especially true in the case of DNA and some of the exotic antibiotics that react with it. Phleomycin, an inhibitor of replication, was considered as a specific case in point. Biologically active components of this antibiotic mixture bind nondestructively to DNA, in vitro and in vivo, and thereafter may be processed by simple, economical methods usually reserved to macromolecules of much greater size.
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    Multiple immobilized enzyme reactors: Determination of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate concentrations using immobilized lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 1089-1100 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK), immobilized on solid glass beads by diazotization, were used in packed bed reactors to analyze for both pyruvate (PYR) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through the disappearance of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) monitored spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. Packed bed reactors containing PK and/or LDH were also capable of monitoring continuously varying concentrations of adenosine-5′-diphosphate (ADP), PEP, and PYR. The immobilized enzymes (∼40 μg/g glass) retained about 4% of the activity of the soluble enzymes. Preparations of immobilized LDH and PK exhibited enhanced stability when maintained in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol and NADH or EDTA, respectively, and were shown to regain 75% of the original activity after four months storage at 4°C.
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    Acid-Base equilibrium in aerobic fermentations: Influence of unutilizable acids and bases on the acetic acid concentration in culture liquidThis paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan at Sendai, April 2, 1972. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 1147-1158 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An investigation was made on the factors influencing the acetic acid concentration in the culture liquid of the aerobic fermentations where acetie acid was used as a carbon source. The acetic acid concentration in the culture liquid changed in proportion to the amount of unutilizable acid or base supplied. This was explained by the principle of conservation of electroneutrality.Another factor affecting the acetic acid concentration in the culture liquid was bicarbonate ions which were formed by the dissolution and dissociation of carbon dioxide in the gas phase of the fermentor. The increment in bicarbonate ion concentration was equal to the decrement in the acetie acid concentration in the culture liquid.
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    Microprobe measurements of oxygen concentrations in mycelial pelletsPresented at 164th American Chemical Society National Meeting New York, New York, August, 1972. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 1193-1197 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260150616
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    The concentration of protein solutions by normal freezing (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 21-39 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described which is designed for preparative freeze concentration experiments by the technique of normal freezing. It has a capacity of approximately 22 liters distributed over twelve vessels. The influence of various geometrical and chemical parameters such as stirring speed, crystallization rate, and sample composition on the normal freezing of protein solutions are discussed. For dilute protein solutions (〈0.1%) the concentration factor generally was 8- to 10-fold with recoveries of 90-100 percent. With higher protein concentrations and at ionic strengths higher than approximately 0.05, the recovery was decreased. No loss of activity was detected when concentrating enzyme solutions.
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    An immobilized α-galactosidase continuous flow reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 135-147 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An α-galactosidase which will hydrolyze the oligosaccharides melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose has been immobilized on nylon microfibrils suitable for use in large flow-through reactors. This catalyst system is stable for many months, both under use and storage conditions. The immobilized enzyme behaves similarly to the enzyme in solution, characteristically exhibiting both product and substrate inhibition. The catalyst is prepared in situ and a large, 8-liter reactor has been made. The catalyst has been used to reduce the raffinose concentration in beet sugar molasses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160110
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