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  • phosphorus
  • Springer  (120)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1985-1989  (120)
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Keywords
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  • Springer  (120)
  • National Academy of Sciences
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal dynamics of a cyanobacteria-dominated microbial community in surface sediments of a shallow, eutrophic lake (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 153-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: sediments ; cyanobacteria ; Microcystis ; bacterial biomass ; bacterial production ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal variation of microbial biomass and activity in the surface sediments (0–10 cm) of the shallow, eutrophic Lake Vallentunasjön was followed during one year. “Overwintering”Microcystis colonies dominated the microbial community during all seasons, constituting 60–90% of the total microbial biomass. Expressed on an areal basis, the benthic biomass was, throughout the year, larger than or similar to the planktonic biomass during the peak of the summer bloom, indicating an ability of the colonies to survive in the sediments for extended periods. Abundance of “other”, non-photosynthetic bacteria varied in the range 3.0–15.5 · 1010 cells g−1 d. w. over the year with minimum values in summer and maximum values in autumn in connection with the sedimentation of theMicrocystis bloom. A substantial part of the non-photosynthetic bacteria, up to circa 40%, was associated with the mucilage of healthyMicrocystis colonies. Bacterial production (3H-thymidine incorporation) appeared to be strongly temperature dependent and less influenced by the seasonal sedimentation pattern. Our data indicate an increasing proportion of non-growing cells in autumn and winter. Biomass-bound phosphorus constituted a significant portion, circa 10%, of the phosphorus content in Lake Vallentunasjön sediments. This pool has normally been overlooked in studies on phosphorus dynamics in lake sediments. Different mechanisms whereby organic phosphorus can be released from the sediments are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879300
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of snow and soil frost melting on the concentrations of suspended solids and phosphorus in two rural watersheds in Western Finland (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Particles ; phosphorus ; watersheds ; snow ; frost ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrological processes are known to have a considerable effect on nutrient transport from agricultural land to watercourses. In cold temperate regions peak discharges are caused not only by storm conditions but also by melting of snow and frost. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of snow and frost melt on concentrations of phosphorus and suspended solids. The samples were taken using flowweighted automatic sampling techniques from two agricultural drainage basins. During the beginning of the snowmelt period the concentration of suspended solids was rather low by comparison with the total phosphorus concentration and the discharge. The different behaviour compared with the relationships found during storm conditions was probably caused by continuous extraction of the soil surface by low ionic concentration melt water, and to some extent by leaching from plant residues. The gradual decrease of total phosphorus concentration during the frost thawing period could be attributed to the gradually increasing proportion of the subsurface and ground water discharge in the runoff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877743
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anthropic catchment-ecosystem concept: An Irish example (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 209-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: catchment-ecosystem ; nutrient-budget ; anthropogenic inputs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophication ; agricultural policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The catchment-ecosystem concept is adapted to investigate the nutrient-budget of the highly-modified Colebrooke drainage basin in Northern Ireland. Anthropogenic inputs, mainly manures and fertilizers, account for 86% of the nitrogen and 96% of the phosphorus added to the catchment. These inputs greatly exceed the streamflow outputs, thereby indicating that the flow of nutrients is dominated by agriculture. This is explained by the transformation of traditional mixed farming into more intensive livestock production and is linked to policies encouraging increased agricultural production, amalgamation of farms, afforestation, rural depopulation, and urbanization. Substantial increases in the Nand Poutput of the catchment and further eutrophication of the recipient lake, Lough Erne, are predicted without the implementation of policies to reduce agricultural nutrient losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531096
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling nutrient flux and interspecies root competition in agroforestry interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 8 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rooting density ; root biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient competition between interplanted species is investigated using mechanistic modelling. Though tree and crop plant roots may occupy the same soil volume, nutrient competition is seen to be dependent on soil supply mechanisms. Model simulations illustrate the effects of nutrient diffusion rate, mobility/soil interaction, root diameter, soil moisture content, and rooting density on nutrient concentration gradients governing uptake adjacent to plant roots. These factors, unique for each nutrient and soil, combine to determine the potential for competition in agroforestry plantings. Nutrient competition is most likely for the more mobile nutrients and mechanistic modelling can be used to select tree and crop species with superior rooting and physiological characteristics for interplantings to better manage below-ground competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129653
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344745
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of the oral mucosa in rats exposed to high concentrations of phosphorus (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 101 (1986), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: phosphorus ; oral mucosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00836099
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus-copper interactions in the incidence of chlorosis in garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) on calcareous soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcareous soil ; chemical inactivation ; copper ; iron chlorosis ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Results of a field trial designed to study the effects of soil-applied phosphorus and copper on the incidence of iron chlorosis in garden peas showed that there were significant reductions in chlorophyll content and peroxidase activity in leaves of plants treated with phosphorus and copper. However, foliar spray of Fe-EDDHA, a stable iron chelate, had no effects on these parameters. Green pod yield of peas was also found significantly reduced with phosphorus and copper applications. But Fe-EDDHA caused significant increase in pod yield. It is suggested that excess of P and Cu in leaves interfere with metabolic translocation of iron and render Fe inactive for chlorophyll synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375662
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient uptake by barley roots under field conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Black Solod ; inflow ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; root efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study with barley was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to provide data on uptake rates of N, P, K and Mg and their variation as the growing season progressed. Two varieties were grown: Galt in 1984 and Otal in 1985. Soil fertility was maintained at or near optimum conditions. Samples were obtained approximately every 10 days for shoot dry weight, nutrient content and root length measurements. The approximate method (Williams, 1948) traditionally used for calculating uptake rates was found to be invalid for most of the nutrients studied. The method used for measuring uptake rates was the functional approach proposed by Hunt (1973). Inflow,i.e. uptake rate per unit root length, of plant nutrients, decreased with time. However, maximum uptake rates measured in kg ha−1d−1 occurred at about 50 days from sowing because of increasing root length density with time. Inflow or uptake rates were low in 1985 because of moisture deficiency, and grain yield (0.89 t ha−1) was severely depressed. This study demonstrated that Hunt's method is superior and more advantageous than the traditional, approximate method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202081
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response ofLeucaena leucocephala to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and rock phosphate fertilization in an Oxisol (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; Glomus aggregatum ; phosphorus ; Tropeptic Eutrustox ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Response ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit to rock phosphate application and inoculation with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungusGlomus aggregatum (Schenck and Smith emend Koske) was evaluated in a pot experiment. VAM colonization increased as rock phosphate application increased. Using phosphorus concentration in pinnules as an indicator of VAM activity, significant VAM activity occurred at 25 days after planting at the lower levels of rock phosphate application (0, 0.34 and 0.68 g P kg−1). The time required for significant VAM activity was shortened by 5 days at the higher P levels (1.36, 2.72 and 5.44 g P kg−1). The highest VAM activity was associated with the highest rate of rock phosphate application. Inoculation withG. aggregatum significantly increased the uptake of Cu, P and Zn and dry-matter yield at all levels of rock phosphate applied. Copper concentrations in roots of mycorrhizal Leucaena were significantly higher than that of shoots. The results indicated that Leucaena in symbiotic association with VAM fungi effectively utilized P from rock phosphate. However, high rates of rock phosphate are required to attain growth comparable to that obtained with the application of water-soluble phosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203090
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica (1986)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 4 (1986), S. 175-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: cacao ; shade trees ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; erythrina ; cordia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) under laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cacao under poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) were studied at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. An inventory was taken of the organic matter and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) separating the species into their compartments (leaves, branches, trunks and roots). Studies of the litter and of the mineral soil (0–45 cm) yielded these results: Patterns of nutrient accumulation are discussed in relation to the characteristics of these agroforestry systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02028353
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344744
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220108
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220107
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The variation of element contents in triticale during vegetative growth (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: triticale ; contents of nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; trace elements ; heavy metals ; stage of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Schwankungen in den Konzentration von N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As und Hg in Triticale unter Feldbedingungen untersucht. Von der Bestockung bis zur Vollreife wurden alle 10 Tage von je 0.5 m2 pro Parzelle Pflanzenproben genommen. In allgemeinen haben die Konzentrationen von Frühjar bis zur Ernte abgenommen. Der elementengehalt in Triticale war demjenigen der übrigen Getreidearten verschieden, aber der Trend der Änderungen war ähnlich.
    Notes: Abstract The variation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Sn, Sr, Sb, Ti, Te, V, Se, As and Hg concentrations was studied under field conditions in triticale. The samples were collected every 10 days from tillering to full ripening stage using plant material from 0.5 m2 per plot. The concentrations generally decreased from early growth to harvest. The elemental concentrations in triticale differed from the other cereals, but the variation's trend was similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064828
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  • 15
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    Africa — how much fertilizer needed: Case study of Sierra Leone (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 101-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; organic matter ; fallow ; forecasting ; fertilizer requirement ; Sierra Leone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supplied by an ‘average’ African soil cleared from bush fallow, assuming no losses, were approximated. Values ranged from 23 to 120 Kg N ha−1, 1.8 to 12 Kg P ha−1, 47 to 187 Kg K ha−1, depending on type of fallow, length of fallow, drainage and extent of depletion of native supplies. Additional amounts of 4 to 5 Kg N ha−1, 4 to 6 Kg P ha−1 and 14 to 20 Kg K ha−1 are obtained from the ash. Using crop nutrient removal data and approximate efficiencies of native and fertilizer N, P and K, fertilizer requirements at the reconnaissance level were estimated for selected target yields. For newly cleared uplands at cropping/fallow ratio of 2:7, N fertilizer requirements for cassava (30 t ha−1), maize (4 t ha−1), and sweet potato (16 t ha−1), were 138, 98, 42 kg ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice (4 t ha−1) required 55 kg N ha−1. Corresponding P fertilizer requirements for cassava, maize, sweet potato, upland rice (1.5 t ha−1) and ground-nut (1 t ha−1) were 190, 80, 30, 30 and 16 kg P ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice required 83 kg P ha−1. Substantial residual values of applied P are to be expected. Cassava required 60 kg ha−1 of K on newly cleared land. In soils of lowered nutrient status higher N, P, and K fertilizer requirements were indicated for all crops. Land use data from Sierra Leone were used to illustrate how the total quantities of N, P and K fertilizers in a country in the forest zone of Africa can be approximated. Fertilizer needs in Sierra Leone were in decreasing order P 〉 N ≫ K. N, P and K requirements were estimated to be 10,000 t, 20,000 t and 4,000 t respectively. The nutrient balance sheet method described in this paper is a useful tool to estimate the order of magnitude of fertilizer requirement at selected target yields for countries in Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050271
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  • 16
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    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Tracking phosphorus patterns in mango (Mangifera indica L) and possible relations to floral induction (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bark ; floral induction ; leaves ; mango ; phosphorus ; shoots ; stems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus concentration was tracked in four types of mango shoots. The mean phosphorus concentration was highest in laterals existing on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season, followed by young flush arising in July, laterals existing on shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and shoots which did not flower or fruit in the preceding season and having further extension of growth. A higher percentage of floral induction was noted in the laterals on shoots which had either flowered or fruited in the preceding season. The study clearly showed the association of availability of phosphorus with floral induction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048797
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  • 18
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    Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Yield and yield components as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048799
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  • 19
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    Fertilizer and liming value of lime-treated sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 313-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizers ; lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil to determine the liming and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer value of an undigested, lime-treated sewage sludge. The results are presented in terms of calculated combinations of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer required to obtain the same lucerne yield (or soil pH or extractable phosphorus level) as achieved with 5 or 10 t ha−1 of dried sludge. The sludge was a good source of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. The sludge phosphorus was 49% as effective as the fertilizer phosphorus in raising extractable phosphorus in the soil to the level required for crop growth. The calcium carbonate of the sludge raised soil pH more effectively than agricultural lime, probably because of finer particle size in the former. It was not possible to achieve the yield obtained with 25 t ha−1 of sludge with combinations of agricultural lime, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at high rates of application. This was attributed to the effects of the sludge on improving soil physical properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048634
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    Zinc and phosphorus interaction in a wheat-maize cropping system (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: zinc ; phosphorus ; interactions ; limed ; unlimed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study the interaction effect of Zn and P in a wheat-maize cropping system, a field experiment was conducted at the H.P. Agricultural University Research Station, Palampur (India). Zinc was applied as ZnSO4·7H2O at the rate of 0, 20 and 40 kg per ha and P as superphosphate at the rate of 0, 60 and 120 kg per ha. The direct Zn-P interaction effect was investigated on wheat (S—308) and its residual effect on maize (early composite). Added Zn did not increase the grain and straw yield of wheat when P was not applied, but when P was applied, 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly. Contrary to this, in maize, only 20 kg per ha added Zn responded significantly when P was not applied, but when P was applied, even 40 kg per ha Zn increased the grain and straw yield of maize. The grain and straw yield of wheat and maize were higher under limed than under unlimed conditions. The concentration of Zn increased with the application of Zn and decreased with the application of P. The concentration of Zn was comparatively higher in grain than in straw of wheat and maize. The P concentration in wheat and maize plants decreased with the increasing levels of applied Zn. The concentrations of Zn were lower under limed than under unlimed condition, whereas the reverse was true for P concentrations. The respective absorption of Zn and P in wheat was 9.7 and 7.3 per cent upto tillering, 47.9 and 49.4 per cent between tillering and flowering, and 42.3 and 43.3 per cent between flowering and maturity. The corresponding absorption of Zn and P in maize was 11.7 and 9.4, 59.9 and 52.1, and 29.3 and 38.5 per cent before booting stage, between booting and tasseling stage and between tasseling and maturity stage, respectively. At maturity, about 53.1 and 13.0 per cent of the Zn and P taken up were retained by wheat straw and 46.9 and 87.0 per cent by wheat grain. The respective values for Zn and P in maize straw and grain were 66.8 and 30.3 and 33.2 and 69.7 per cent. When more Zn was applied, less Zn was translocated to grains; when more P was added, more Zn was translocated to grains. The effects of P and Zn on P distribution at maturity were opposite to that of Zn distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049804
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    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and soil and crop residues management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield in ultisol of eastern Cameroon (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066606
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    Effect of nutrient seed coating on the emergence of wheat and oats (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 205-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; phenyl phosphorodiamidate ; ammonia ; toxicities ; germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted under controlled soil moisture and temperature conditions in a growth chamber to examine the effect of a range of nutrient seed coatings on the emergence to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kite) and oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Blackbutt) sown in a coarse sandy loam soil. Final emergence of oats was not reduced by a coating containing 10 kg P ha−1 (as monocalcium phosphate [MCP]) whereas the same coating reduced wheat emergence by 15%. The emergence of both wheat and oats was severely reduced by urea coatings (supplying 10 kg N ha−1) to 33 and 13% respectively; this injury was lessened markedly by the inclusion of phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPD) in the urea coatings at 1% (w/w) (emergence increased to 66 and 56% respectively). Low soil moisture (67% of field capacity [FC]) resulted in almost no emergence of wheat coated with urea (± bentonites of different pH). In soil at FC, the addition of bentonite of pH 5 (B5) to urea coatings permitted greater emergence (54%) than when bentonite of pH 9 (B9) was added (32%) which, in turn, permitted greater emergence than urea coating alone (10%). When PPD and bentonite (B5 or B9) were combined either singly or together with urea in seed coatings, PPD was more effective than either of the bentonites in reducing injury and masked the slight positive effect of B5. Coatings containing various combinations of N and P sources (at 3.6 and at 8 kg ha−1 respectively) all reduced the emergence of wheat compared to raw seed (91% emergence). When applied alone, MCP was least damaging (74%); the combination of MCP with ammonium sulfate (AS) caused somewhat more injury (68%) whilst combination with calcium nitrate (CN) caused most injury (29%). In contrast, CN alone caused relatively little damage (73%) whilst AS alone was more damaging (50%). There was no significant regression found between percentage emergence and either the calculated partial salt index or the pH of the nutrient coatings. Further work is needed to examine the mechanisms of injury due to nutrient seed coatings so that safe but effective formulations can be developed.
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    Mathematical algorithm for effective phosphorus determination in a rice based cropping system (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value ; rice based ; sources of P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model similar to the one suggested by Probert [3] is used to calculate effective phosphorus in two rice crops followed by green gram. The effective phosphorus values are then related to dry matter yield, grain yield and phosphorus uptake in the three crops using linear and Mitscherlich equations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064178
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    Effect of P fertilizer on alleviating chloride toxicity in wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; phosphorus ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot study with four levels each P (control, 6.5, 13.0, 19.5 mg kg−1) and Cl− in irrigation water (control, 30, 60, 90me l−1) was carried out to test Cl− and P interaction on wheat. It has been found that optimum P nutrition alleviates the toxic effect of excess Cl−. Highest P rate resulted in a significant yield increase upto a Cl− level of 60me l−1. Cl− depressed P content in the plant only at a Cl− level of 90me l−1, while P rates had no major impact on the Cl− concentration in the plant. Lower Cl− concentration at higher P rates are rather a dilution effect than an antagonistic one. With optimum P supply higher Cl− contents in the plants were tolerated than with a low P supply.
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    A conceptual model for initial and residual responses to phosphorus fertilizers (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: modelling ; phosphorus ; residual value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model is formulated to describe the amount of effective phosphorus in soil. For a source that is immediately fully effective only three parameters are required — the amount of effective phosphorus initially present, the proportion of phosphorus remaining effective after each year, and a parameter which determines the lower limit for the amount of effective phosphorus. An extension of the model to sources that release their phosphorus slowly requires one further parameter — the fraction of such phosphorus released each year. The effective phosphorus in soil is then related to yield using the Mitscherlich equation. The model gave a good description of the growth response ofStylosanthes humilis to superphosphate and calcined Christmas Island C-grade phosphate (CCICP) over three years on a red earth at Katherine, N.T. Furthermore, it enabled a quantitative assessment to be made of the residual value of the CCICP that was not achieved in an earlier analysis of the data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051007
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    Fertilizing programs (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1985), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: economics ; fertilizer residues ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Alternative programs for applications of fertilizer phosphorus to successive crops are computed from the data of long term experiments showing the effects of fresh fertilizer applications and of residues from applications to previous crops on the yields of wheat in Australia and of soybeans in Brazil. The programs are compared on the basis of total economic returns with allowance for the time scale for investments in fertilizer and returns from the successive crops. Gains from the use of optimal programs may be small relative to those obtained with normal farm practice for conditions of moderate fertilizer requirement as represented by the Australian experiments, but may be appreciable for soils with high requirements as in the Cerrados region of Brazil. Estimates of optimal programs may be much affected by variations in yield levels and yield responses to fertilizer due to variations in year to year growing conditions, and it is concluded that long term fertilizer experiments are not likely to provide practicable bases for estimating programs for use by farmers. There is need to develop alternative procedures for estimating optimal programs such as might be based on effects of fertilizer on soil composition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048905
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    Comparisons of the fertilizing and liming properties of lime-treated sewage sludge with its incinerated ash (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; ryecorn ; ryegrass ; sewage sludge ; sewage ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted to compare the fertilizing and liming properties of dried lime-treated sewage sludge with its incineration product (ash). One experiment used a mixture of ryecorn and ryegrass on a relatively fertile soil and the other lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil. The first harvest of the ryecorn-ryegrass experiment showed small but significant linear responses in dry matter yield to both ash and sludge. Ash applications did not affect foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, or uptakes, but sludge applications increased these significantly. Sludge also increased the concentrations of K, S, Mg, Cu and Zn but ash only increased the concentrations of S and Mg. At the second harvest (ryegrass) 5 t ha−1 of sludge increased dry matter yield and foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations whereas ash had no effect. Levels of phosphorus extracted from the soil were increased by both amendments but the sludge was much more effective than the ash. Both ash and sludge raised soil pH. In the lucerne experiment comparisons between sludge and ash were calculated from response surfaces fitted to the data which showed marked increased in soil pH and dry matter yield. Sludge markedly increased extractable phosphorus whereas ash had no effect. The sludge was 22% as effective as ash in raising soil pH to 6.5. The amounts of ash required to obtain the same yield as 10 t ha−1 of sludge were 5.78, 12.78 and 6.39 t ha−1 respectively for three successive harvests. These results and those for foliage concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were also ascribed to the much greater availability of the sludge phosphorus than the ash phosphorus, and the presence of nitrogen in the sludge but not in the ash.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050345
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    Fertilization of tropical rice: A case study on Bangkok plain (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 97-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant analysis ; nutritional status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study consisted of a survey on the nutritional status of rice plants in relation to nutrient application and yield in 70 farmers' fields in four provinces of Bangkok plain during the 1977 wet season. In addition a series of fertilizer experiments were carried out on rice experimental stations in the same provinces to study yield response to N and P fertilization and to develop a fertilizer recommendation system based on plant analysis. The average grain yield in the survey was 3.2 t ha−1 and the early (high yielding varieties), medium (local) and late maturity (local) types yielded 3.3, 2.8 and 3.0 t ha−1, respectively. The average amount of fertilizers applied to these maturity types were 33, 15 and 7 kg N ha−1 and 15, 8 and 6 kg P ha−1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated only a slight correlation between yield and any level of fertilizer application. On experimental stations yields over 6 t ha−1 were obtained with applications of N over 100 kg ha−1 and P over 22 kg ha−1. Evaluation of nutritional status of plants based on plant analysis showed that in all provinces there were strong and widespread nutrient deficiences primarily of N and secondarily of P, and possibly of some other nutrients. Fertilizer application based on plant analysis gave high yield responses. It was concluded that the major constraints of yield on Bangkok plain are too low fertilizer application especially of N, and unbalanced fertilization of N and P.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074365
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    Phosphorus control of soil organic matter accumulation and cycling (1988)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 5 (1988), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P control ; organic matter ; C ; N ; S ; cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The present level of understanding of P controls on organic matter accumulation and cycling in a pedological context owes much to soil sequence studies, and the hypotheses that emerged from them to explain the variation of P compounds with soil type and development. It is now widely accepted that nutrient transformations in soil are closely linked through a more dynamic biological cycle in which microorganisms have a central role. Concepts developed to account for the effects of P on N cycling, and for interpreting inter-relationships of C, N, P and S in both a pedological and biological context have yet to be tested adequately across different ecosystems. These concepts are discussed, in relation to some recent supporting evidence.
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    Dynamics of C, N, P and S in grassland soils: a model (1988)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 5 (1988), S. 109-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: soil organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; simulation ; grasslands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a model to simulate the dynamics of C, N, P, and S in cultivated and uncultivated grassland soils. The model uses a monthly time step and can simulate the dynamics of soil organic matter over long time periods (100 to 10,000 years). It was used to simulate the impact of cultivation (100 years) on soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient mineralization, and plant production and to simulate soil formation during a 10,000 year run. The model was validated by comparing the simulated impact of cultivation on soil organic matter C, N, P, and S dynamics with observed data from sites in the northern Great Plains. The model correctly predicted that N and P are the primary limiting nutrients for plant production and simulated the response of the system to inorganic N, P, and S fertilizer. Simulation results indicate that controlling the C:P and C:S ratios of soil organic matter fractions as functions of the labile P and S levels respectively, allows the model to correctly simulate the observed changes in C:P and C:S ratios in the soil and to simulate the impact of varying the labile P and S levels on soil P and S net mineralization rates.
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    Mineralization of N and P along a trophic gradient in a freshwater mire (1988)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 6 (1988), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; mineralization ; productivity ; peatlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Release of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil of a peatland (fen) in The Netherlands was measured by means of an in situ incubation technique. Three sampling stations were chosen along a gradient in the plant productivity and water chemistry of the fen. The station with the highest biomass production was located near the ditch that supplied the fen with water in amounts matching water losses through evaporation and downward percolation to the groundwater. Water chemistry at this station strongly resembled that of the ditch water. The two stations remote from the ditch had much lower plant biomass, and significantly lower pH, conductivity, and calcium and bicarbonate concentrations. The vegetation at these two stations was characterized by a thick Sphagnum carpet. The release of inorganic N and P was much faster at the two stations remote from the ditch than at that located near the ditch. The differences in mineralization rate are probably due to the differences in water chemistry; phosphates are more soluble at low than at high pH. The fast N mineralization at stations with a thick Sphagnum carpet may be related to the chemical composition of Sphagnum litter. The difference in productivity is not explained by the N and P mineralization rates. Direct supply of N and P from the ditch are probably the main cause of the high productivity at the station bordering the ditch.
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    Chesapeake Bay nutrient budgets — a reassessment (1987)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 4 (1987), S. 77-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Chesapeake Bay ; nutrients ; eutrophication ; estuary ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; silicon ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recently published annual mass balances or budgets for nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon in Chesapeake Bay have pictured the estuary as retaining a very large fraction, perhaps all, of the nutrients that enter from land drainage, the atmosphere, and anthropogenic discharges. However, these budgets have been based on estimates of the net exchanges of nutrients at the mouth of the bay or on the rates of accumulation of nutrients and sediments calculated from the distributions of various geochemical tracers in the sediments. While conceptually straightforward, the first approach is subject to large errors because it requires the determination of a small "signal" against a large background of tidal "noise". The second approach has led to overestimates of the nutrient trapping efficiency of the bay because tracer-derived sediment deposition rates have been multiplied by the surface area of the whole bay or various parts of the bay rather than by the smaller area of active sediment deposition. This approach is also incorrect because the average, long-term rates of sediment deposition measured by the geochemical tracers, including major floods, have been compared to shorter-term records of nutrient input. The more appropriate calculation of nutrient retention based on contemporaneous measurements of nutrient and sediment input and the chemical compositon of sediments accumulated in the estuary shows that Chesapeake Bay retains only some 3–6% of the nitrogen, 11–17% of the phosphorus and 33–83% of the silicon brought into its waters during a year in which no major flood occurred. This behavior suggests that current problems of estuarine eutrophication are more a consequence of present nutrient inputs than an inevitable or inescapable legacy of past enrichment. It also follows that the management or manipulation of nutrient loadings to esturies may lead to a more rapid response in environmental quality than previously predicted.
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    Effects of soil temperature and water on maize root growth (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 267-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; root distribution ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139951
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    Rice bronzing in Nigeria caused by nutrient imbalances and its control by potassium sulfate application (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bronzing ; chloride ; iron toxicity ; magnesium ; Nigeria ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; sulfate ; sulfur ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice plants with bronzing, collected from fields in central and southern Nigeria, where the soils consisted of Tropaquent, Tropaquult and Tropaquept, showed higher iron and lower potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations than plants with little or no bronzing. Pot experiments with the soils indicated that the severity of the bronzing was affected not only by the iron concentration in the shoots but also by the potassium concentration. The application of chloride compounds to the soil increased severity of the bronzing and lead to deterioration of growth, whereas the application of sulfate compounds was beneficial. The application of potassium sulfate reduced the severity of bronzing and increased the dry matter production of rice plants grown in the field. The concentration and accumulation of potassium in the shoots increased when the bronzing severity decreased and the iron concentration was decreased by the dilution effect caused by the increased dry matter production.
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    In situ ion exchange resin bags to estimate forest site quality (1989)
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 186-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; forest soil ; ion exchange resin ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrate ; phosphorus ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cation and anion exchange resin bags were placed just under the humus layer at five adjacent forest sample sites with differing site quality classes in order to assess the available nutrient supply. For comparison, humus samples were collected from the same sites. Nutrients were extracted from humus samples by conventional extraction methods and by shaking together with ion exchange resin bags. Ca and Mg corresponded best to differences in site quality class, of all analysed ions in thein situ resin bag eluates. Thein situ resin bag adsorption of NH4−N, Na and Mn also showed a positive correlation with site quality. The adsorption of PO4−P was negatively correlated to site quality class. Inadequate amounts of exchange resin, or leaving resin bagsin situ for too long a time result in the replacement of already adsorbed ions by ions with higher ion exchange constants.
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    Water stress effects on leaf elongation, leaf water potential, transpiration, and nutrient uptake of rice, maize, and soybean (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 155-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf elongation rate ; leaf water potential ; maize ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; soybean ; transpiration rate ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to determine and compare the responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. var, IR 36), maize (Zea mays L. var. DMR-2), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Clark 63) to soil water stress. Leaf elongation, dawn leaf water potential, transpiration rate, and nutrient uptake in stressed rice declined earlier than in maize and soybean. Maize and soybean, compared with rice, maintained high dawn leaf water potential for a longer period of water stress before leaf water potential. Nutrient uptake under water stress conditions was influenced more by the capacity of the roots to absorb nutrients than by transpiration. Transport of nutrients to the shoots may occur even at reduced transpiration rate It is concluded that the ability of maize and soybean to grow better than rice under water stress conditions may be due to their ability to maintain turgor as a result of the slow decline in leaf water potential brought about by low, transpiration rate and continued uptake of nutrient, especially K, which must have allowed osmotic adjustment to occur.
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    Nitrogen fixation and plant growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different levels of phosphorus availability (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; sand-alumina ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of the alumina system for differentiating between bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for growth at different levels of phosphorus availability was determinated. In addition to response to P levels, comparisons were made between plants receiving N either from fertilizer or nitrogen fixation. When the cv. Carioca was provided with either 100 ppm of N or inoculated withRhizobium leguminosarum biovarphaseoli, differences in shoot dry weight and nodule number were related to P level. There was a greater proportion of green, ineffectivevs. red, active nodules at the low P concentration than at the higher P concentration. In a second experiment, two cvs., Puebla 152 and Carioca and the breeding line UW 24-21, either were inoculated with rhizobia or provided with 150ppm of N. Each genotype-nitrogen combination was grown at 8 levels of P. There was a positive effect of P level on shoot dry weight, nodule number and nodule mass. Root mass was affected less than nodule or shoot mass by the P level of the growth medium. Nodule mass, but not P concentration in the nodules, was affected by P level, whereas in the other plant tissues, P concentrations were lower at lower P levels in the media.
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    Mineral nutrients in floodwater and floating rice growing at water depths up to two metres (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: floodwater ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; oxygen ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of N, P and K were measured in floodwater and in floating rice cultivars growing at up to 2m water depths in the central flood plain of Thailand. Concentrations of N, P and K in floodwater were often higher than those reported for oligotrophic lakes, nevertheless the floodwater contained 4–45 times less K and 15–90 times less N than concentrations reported in most soil solutions. P concentrations were similar in the floodwater and in most soil solutions. Concentrations of nutrients in leaves indicated there may be deficiencies of P at two sites and a deficiency of N at one of two sites. Data are discussed in terms of reduced nutrient uptake in rice fields at low O2 concentrations which have recently been measured in these areas.
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    Effects of added organic residues and calcium carbonate on polyphosphate hydrolysis in four Quebec soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic residues ; phosphorus ; polyphosphate hydrolysis ; polyphosphates ; pyrophosphatase ; pyrophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polyphosphate hydrolysis was studied in three surface samples and one subsurface sample of Quebec soil treated with alfalfa residues (44.8 t ha−1) and farmyard manure (FYM; 44.8 t ha−1); and in two acid soil samples treated with CaCO3 (12.5 t ha−1). The polyphosphates used were Na4P2O7. 10H2O (NaPP) and PolyN (a triammonium pyrophosphate-orthophosphate mixture). Each polyphosphate was added at a rate of 1.00g P kg−1 soil. Addition of alfalfa residues promoted polyphosphate hyrolysis of both NaPP and PolyN through reduced polyphosphate sorption and increasing pyrophosphatase activity. Application of FYM increased polyphosphate hydrolysis in Uplands topsoil and retarded hydrolysis in the other soils. Hydrolysis was probably reduced because of orthophosphate (OP) introduced with the FYM. Added CaCO3 accelerated polyphosphate hydrolysis in an acid topsoil sample through reduced sorption, but slowed hydrolysis in the subsoil sample, due to a reduction in enzyme activity.
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    The root surface phosphatases ofEriophorum vaginatum: Effects of temperature, pH, substrate concentration and inorganic phosphorus (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arctic ; Eriophorum ; pH ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; PNPPase ; root enzymes ; temperature ; tundra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eriophorum vaginatum L. subsp.spissum (Fern.) Hult., a dominant plant in arctic tundra ecosystems, has acid phosphatase activity evenly distributed along its root surface from the root tip to a distance at least 16 cm from the tip. These root surface phosphatases have optimal activity from pH 3.5 to 4.0; mean soil pH for soil samples collected with roots was 3.69. Apparent energy of activation and Q10 values (14.0 kcal mol−1 and 2.2, respectively) do not provide evidence for temperature acclimation, but substantial phosphatase activity was measured at 1°C. Kinetic parameters determined for this root surface phosphatase were as follows: Km=9.23 mM, Vmax=1.61×10−3 μmoles mm−2h−1. The presence of inorganic phosphorus in the assay medium did not inhibit root surface phosphatase activity except at very high concentrations (100 mM); even then, only slight inhibition was detected (7 to 19%). A comparison of hydrolysis rates with inorganic phosphate assimilation rates measured forE. vaginatum indicates that organic phosphate hydrolysis may occur at approximately one third the rate of inorganic phosphate absorption. Calculations show that inorganic phosphate produced by root surface phosphatase activity may satisfy 65% of the annual phosphate demand ofE. vaginatum. Since arctic tundra soils are typically higher in dissolved organic phosphorus compounds than in inorganic phosphate, root surface phosphatase activity may make a considerable contribution to the phosphate nutrition of this widespread and abundant arctic plant.
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    Phosphorus and nitrogen retention in five Precambrian shield wetlands (1989)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 8 (1989), S. 185-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phosphorus ; nitrogen ; wetlands ; beaver ponds ; conifer swamp ; sedge fen ; Precambrian shield ; nutrient retention ; mass balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus and nitrogen mass balances of five wetlands (two beaver ponds, two conifer-Sphagnum swamps and one sedge fen) situated in three catchments in central Ontario, Canada, were measured. Monthly and annual input-output budgets of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total organic nitrogen (TON), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), ammonium ion (NH4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 − -N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were estimated for the five wetlands during the 1982–83 and 1983–84 water years. Except for the deepest beaver pond (3.2 m) which had annual TP retention of −44% (−0.030 ± 0.015 g m−2 yr−1), the wetlands retained 〈 0.001 to 0.015 g M−2 yr−1 ; however, this wasless than 20% of the inputs and the estimated budget uncertainties were equal to or greater than the retention rates. Annual TN retentions ranged from −0.44 to 0.56 g m−2 yr−1 (−12 to 4%) but were not significantly different from zero. The wetlands transformed nitrogen by retaining TIN (16 to 80% RT) and exporting an equivalent amount as TON (−7 to 102% RT). The beaver ponds, however, retained NO 3 − while NH 4 + was passed through or the outputs exceeded the inputs. In contrast, the conifer swamps retained both NH 4 + and NO 3 − . DOC fluxes into and out of the beaver ponds were equal (−18 and 4% RT) but output from the conifer swamps exceeded input by 〉 90%. Marked seasonal trends in nutrient retention were observed. Nutrient retention coincided with low stream flow, increased evapotranspiration and biotic uptake during the summer. Net nutrient export occurred during the winter and spring when stream flows were highest and biotic uptake was low.
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    The cycling of nutrients in a closed-basin antarctic lake: Lake Vanda (1985)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 1 (1985), S. 233-256 
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Lake ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; cycling ; river
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lake Vanda is a permanently ice covered, meromictic, closed basin lake, located in the Dry Valley region of Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. A unique feature of the lake water column structure is that the bottom lake waters exist as a natural diffusion cell. The diffusive nature of these waters allows rates of sulfate reduction, nitrification and denitrification to be calculated from nutrient concentration gradients. Calculation reveals that sulfate reduction is by far the most important anoxic process acting to oxidize organic material. In addition, rate calculations reveal that bottom water nutrient profiles are in steady state. One argument in support of this conclusion is that the calculated rate of nitrification balances the flux of ammonia from the anoxic lake waters. The flux of phosphorus from the reducing waters is several times less than would be predicted from the nitrogen and phosphorus content of decomposing lake seston. Solubility calculations show that phosphorus may be actively removed at depth in Lake Vanda by the formation of hydroxyapatite. It is found that estimated rates of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the bottom lake waters and sediments roughly balance the riverine input flux. This suggests that throughout the lake a nutrient steady state may exist, and that the anoxic zone may be the most important loci for nutrient removal. Finally, the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus entering Lake Vanda by riverine input is less than the ‘Redfield’ ratio of 16/1; in contrast to the lake waters which are strongly phosphorus limited at all depths. This curious aspect of the lake's nutrient chemistry is explained by the presence of preformed nitrogen, which has been concentrated in the deep brine due to several episodes of evaporative concentration.
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    Lacustrine sediment/groundwater nutrient dynamics (1987)
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    Biogeochemistry 4 (1987), S. 3-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: nutrient dynamics ; sediments ; ground water ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A small pond in southwestern peninsular Florida was sampled to determine the areal and depth distribution of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and organic matter. Concentrations of these constituents decreased from the center to the edge of the pond and from the top to the bottom of the sediments. At the center of the pond total phosphorus showed a secondary concentration peak at a depth of 20 to 40 cm in the sediments indicative of the downward transfer of soluble phosphorus during times of low water. A system of monitoring wells was installed at the pond to measure groundwater input and output nutrient concentrations. There was no difference in total groundwater nitrogen concentration across the pond but the mean increase in total phosphorus concentration between input and output wells, ca. 200 μg1−1, was statistically highly significant. The results suggest that whereas nitrogen is recycled from sediments to the pond and the atmosphere, the pond-sediment system loses some phosphorus to groundwater throughflow.
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    The impact of zooplankton size structure on phosphorus cycling in field enclosures (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 120 (1985), S. 3-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zooplankton ; phosphorus ; nutrient cycling ; sire selective predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastic bag field enclosures (1570 1) were used to investigate the relationship between zooplankton size distributions and the turnover rate of pelagic phosphorus. Water within the enclosures was filtered to simulate either low (200 µm mesh net) or high (80 µm) planktivory. The bags were then spiked with radiolabelled phosphorus and sampled 7 times during the following 24 h period. Zooplankton communities dominated by smaller size classes cycled more phosphorus than those composed of larger species. These experiments reveal that higher trophic level interactions, such as size selective predation, may have a significant impact upon nutrient regeneration rates and, hence, primary production.
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    Phosphatase activities in relation to phosphorus nutrition in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 123 (1985), S. 145-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Nodularia ; cyanobacteria ; phosphatase ; phosphorus ; estuarine ; diurnal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alkaline phosphatase activities were examined in blooms of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in the Peel-Harvey estuarine system, Western Australia. Variations in phosphatase activity occurred geographically and diurnally, as well as over the duration of a bloom. These variations were well correlated with differences in the phosphorus nutritional status of the Nodularia. In the laboratory, Nodularia phosphatase production was inversely proportional to cellular phosphorus, but not to external soluble reactive phosphorus.
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    Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter from four species of freshwater emergent macrophytes (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 131 (1986), S. 215-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: decomposition ; model ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; marsh ; Typha latifolia ; Carex lacustris ; Calamagrostis canadensis ; Zizania aquatica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and mass remaining were followed for 30 months in decomposing litter of the perennial macrophytes Typha latifolia L., Carex lacustris Willd., Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Nutt., and the annual Zizania aquatica L. in a fresh water tidal marsh in Massachusetts. Step-wise decreases in the mass remaining that corresponded to seasonal temperature changes were observed for all species. A model that assumes that initial litter inputs to the marsh surface consist of refractory and labile fractions and that the decay rate of the labile fraction is an exponential function of inverse temperature produced an acceptable description of the observed litter decomposition. The model suggests that a refractory fraction of 11% of initial litter weight of the annual Zizania and from 18 to 23% in the perennial species persists while labile organics are largely degraded within 1 yr. Zizania litter, which had the highest initial concentrations of both N and P, contained the lowest amounts of N and P after 30 months of decomposition. In the three perennial species studied, which are the dominant macrophytes in this marsh, there was a net accumulation of N and P in litter during the first 5 months of decomposition that was about 36% and 100%, respectively, of the annual N and P losses by vegetation in litterfall. This phase of nutrient accumulation was followed by nutrient release, particularly of N, after plant roots had invaded the litter. This sequence of nutrient accumulation, root invasion, and nutrient release represents a mechanism for nutrient conservation and/or accumulation in this ecosystem.
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    Ecology of deepwater rice-fields in Bangladesh 5. Mineral composition of the rice plant and other aquatic macrophytes (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 169 (1988), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mineral composition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; aquatic macrophyte ; deepwater rice ; Meghna ; Azolla pinnata ; Eichhornia ; Alternanthera phyloxeroides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mineral composition of deepwater rice (cultivar Kartik Sail) was studied during 1986 in a field near Sonargaon, Bangladesh, which is flooded by water from R. Meghna. Samples were taken four times, once prior to flooding and three times during the flood season. On two of the latter days (10 August = end of first flood peak, 23 September = second flood peak) the study was extended to other components of the ecosystem (sediments + soil, water, other aquatic macrophytes). On 23 September, 32% of the mass of the plant was out of water, 65% in water and 3% in sediment/soil. There were marked differences between elements in their pattern of accumulation by deepwater rice through the season. In comparison with the final totals for each element, about 48% of N, but only 11% of P and 10% of Na had been accumulated by the time the floodwater had arrived. The aquatic roots doubled in mass between the times of the two flood peaks and it is suggested that much of the P taken up by the plant may reach the plant via its aquatic roots after having becoming mobilized and released to the water when sediments become anaerobic. In comparison with other parts of the plant, Na was always much higher in the stem and Zn in the basal roots. Other aquatic macrophytes (‘weeds’) increased from 0.40% of the mass (dry weight) of deepwater rice on 10 August to 4.0% on 23 September. However their content of each element (% dry weight) was considerably higher than that in deepwater rice, so they may at times compete effectively with the rice for nutrients. During the flood period (to 23 September) weeds accumulated 16% of the N accumulated by rice during the same period.
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    Phosphorus in sediments — speciation and analysis (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 91-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediments ; fractionation ; forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characterization of sediment phosphorus is commonly based on sequential chemical extractions, in which phosphorus is supposed to be selectively removed from different compounds in the sediments. The first extraction schemes were designed to quantify discrete chemical or mineralogical compounds. As extraction schemes have been tested on different sediments, several systematic errors have been detected and the schemes have been modified and simplified accordingly. Other chemical extractions or treatments have attempted to determine phosphorus bound to particles with a certain strength or binding energy, the purpose being to determine the labile, loosely bound, exchangeable, mobile or algal-available fraction of sediment phosphorus. All extraction procedures yield operationally defined fractions and cannot be used for identification of discrete phosphorus compounds. The many methodological modifications make it necessary to be cautious when comparing results from the literature in this field.
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    Bioavailability of different phosphorus forms in freshwater systems (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 133-155 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioavailability ; phosphorus ; dissolved ; particulate ; bioassay ; 32P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent literature on the bioavailability of different forms of P in freshwater systems is reviewed. Bioavailable P is defined as the sum of immediately available P and the P that can be transformed into an available form by naturally occurring processes. Methods used to estimate the bioavailable P pool, which vary between studies largely depending on the time perspective applied, are critically evaluated. Most studies on particulate P aim to determine the potentially available P pool. Potential bioavailability of particulate P is normally analysed in bioassays with algal yield determinations and the available P fraction is characterized from interpretations of results of sequential chemical extractions. NaOH-extractable P is in most studies the most algal-available P fraction. For soil samples and tributary water particulate matter, NaOH-P has often been found to be equal to algal extractable P. In other studies depletions of NaOH-P have accounted for the algal P uptake, but only a minor proportion of the fraction has been utilized. Organic P in lake water particulate matter and bed sediments of eutrophic lakes can also be algal-available to a significant extent. Studies on the bioavailability of dissolved P have often been concerned with immediate availability, or the minimum amount of available P. Such studies need other types of experimental design and normally assays with radiotracers are used. Immediately available P is frequently found to be less than P chemically assessed as dissolved reactive P (DRP) at low (〈 10 µg DRP·l-1) concentrations. However, immediate availability may also approach or exceed DRP concentrations, especially at higher concentrations. Potential bioavailability, assayed as for particulate P, may generally render higher bioavailability than P assayed as immediately available. Large fractions of dissolved P remain unutilized and are primarily found in the high molecular weight fraction of dissolved P.
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    Some aspects of iron cycling in maritime antarctic lakes (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 149-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctic lake ; iron ; iron oxidation ; iron reduction ; phosphorus ; sulphide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron occurs in extremely high concentrations in certain maritime Antarctic freshwater lakes which seasonally develop an anoxic zone. In oligotrophic Sombre Lake the data show that Fe(II) precipitates as Fe(III) oxyhydroxides which bind phosphorus and return it to the sediments. In nutrient-enriched Amos lake, significant quantities of sulphide are also produced and this binds a proportion of the released Fe(II) so reducing the ratio of total iron to phosphorus at the redox boundary where the oxyhydroxides are formed. A proportion of the sediment-released phosphorus therefore reaches the upper waters of this lake (unlike in Sombre Lake) and provides the initial nutrient source for under-ice phytoplankton development in spring. Iron-reducing bacteria have been isolated, from Sombre Lake sediments, which apparently utilise the abundant Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. From thermodynamic considerations (assuming Fe(III) is not limiting) these should outcompete sulphate reducers and methanogens (both previously reported from Sombre and Amos Lakes) and could therefore constitute an important component of the anaerobic mineralisation of organic carbon in such lakes.
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    Phytoflagellates and their ecology in Finnish brown-water lakes (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 161 (1988), S. 255-270 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Humic matter ; phytoflagellates ; vertical migrations ; nutrient relationships ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecology of phytoflagellates in Finnish brown-water lakes is discussed using results from three studies. The data allow analysis of both phytoflagellate community relationships and the autecology of dominant species. Humic matter imparts a brown colour to most Finnish lakes. The consequent rapid warming of the water, shallow epilimnion and nutritional differences between epilimnion and hypolimnion are related to the migrations and nutritional pathways of flagellates in such systems. In large lakes migrations are not of such fundamental significance as in small forest lakes, where both illumination and the nutritional relationships may induce phytoflagellate migrations. The occurence of flagellates is more frequent and their dominance in the phytoplanktonic biomass is strongest in the most brown lakes, where independent motility is a particular advantage for the survival and competition of flagellates against other species.
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    A laboratory study of phosphorus and nitrogen excretion of Euchlanis dilatata lucksiana (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 347-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Euchlanis ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; body size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (PO4-P) and nitrogen (NH4-N) excretion rates of Euchlanis dilatata lucksiana, a rotifer, isolated from Lake Loosdrecht (The Netherlands) and cultured in the lake water at 18–19 °C, were measured in the laboratory. In a series of experiments, the effects of experiment duration on the P and N excretion rates were examined. The rates measured in the first half-hour were about 2 times higher for P and 2–4 times for N than the rates in the subsequent three successive hours which were quite comparable. Eight experiments were carried out in triplicate, 4 each for P and N excretion measurements, using animals of two size ranges: 60–125 µm and 〉 125 µm. The specific excretion rates varied from 0.06 to 0.18 µg P.mg−1 DW.h−1 and 0.21 to 0.76 µg N.mg−1 DW.h−1. Generally an inverse relationship was observed between the specific excretion rates and the mean individual weight. The excretion rates of Euchlanis measured by us are lower than those reported for several other rotifer species, most of which are much smaller than Euchlanis. Extrapolating the excretion rates of Euchlanis to the other rotifer species in Lake Loosdrecht, and accounting for their density, size and temperature, rotifer excretion appears to be a significant, potential nutrient (N,P) source for phytoplankton growth in the lake. The excretion rates for the rotifers appear to be about two thirds of the total zooplankton excretion, even though the computed rotifer mean biomass is about one-third of the total zooplankton biomass.
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    Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some different fertilizers applied at planting (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 89-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: slow release fertilizers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; planting stock ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four fertilization at planting experiments were conducted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island. In experiment 1 Agriform (20-10-5, AGR) and Osmocote (17-7-12, OSM) supplied N at 0, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8 or 33.6 g/tree either broadcast, within 15 cm of the tree, or in a hole 15 cm from the tree (adjacent). In experiment 2 AGR, diammonium phosphate (21-55-0, DAP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0, AMS), sulphur coated urea (35-0-0, SCU) supplied N at 0, 8.4, 16.8 and 25.2 g/tree. Triple superphosphate (0-45-0, TSP) supplied P at the same levels as DAP: 0, 9.6, 19.2 and 28.8 g/tree. In experiment 3 AGR and SCU (32-0-0) supplied N at 0, 8.4 and 16.8 g/tree. In experiment 4 DAP was used to fertilize trees on five different dates, between March and October, and each treatment supplied 16 g N/tree. Two-year old, bare root, planting stock was used except in experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12 to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 years with fertilizers supply 8.4 to 16.8 g N per tree. Growth responses were little affected by the type of fertilizer and were primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to this was TSP which did not increase growth but did increase survival. Survival was reduced by AMS and to a lesser extent by AGR. Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concentrations and contents declined following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concentration regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured six weeks later.
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    Growth regulation of Scots pine seedlings with different fertilizer compositions and regimes (1988)
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    New forests 2 (1988), S. 119-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; fertilization ; nitrogen ; potassium ; phosphorus ; outplanting performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with peat, using two different fertilizers and three different fertilizer regimes. Seedling shoot and root growth and shoot content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were followed in the nursery and after outplanting in the field. Attempts to regulate growth rate by an exponential nutrient supply were not successful, but the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the fertilization regime. Internal nitrogen concentration was stable only for seedlings with low relative growth rate, while seedlings with high nutrient supply in the nursery showed strong nutrient dilution in the shoot after planting.
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    The influence of nitrate on the phosphorus flux to and from oxygen depleted lake sediments (1985)
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    Hydrobiologia 120 (1985), S. 207-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrate ; phosphorus ; denitrification ; fractionation ; sediment ; anaerobic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of nitrate to an oxygen depleted sediment leads to a stimulation of the mineralization process if a major part of the nitrate is dissimilatorily reduced. This may cause an increased release of phosphate from some sediments. Nitrate, however, maintains a high redox potential at the sediment surface and thus prevents a release of iron-bound phosphorus. These two counteracting effects of nitrate addition to sediment-water systems were demonstrated in laboratory experiments. A high supply of nitrate to a phosphorus-saturated sediment caused an increased release of phosphate and ammonium once the nitrate had been used up. However, from other sediments there was no or very little release of phosphate but an increased release of ammonium caused by high nitrate dissimilation, probably due to the very high capacity of these sediments to bind liberated phosphate or due to storage of phosphorus in an increased bacterial biomass. Phosphorus fractionation, before and after the experiments with the sediments, provided information on transfers to, from and within the sediments.
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    Transplant experiments. Growth-limiting factors for diatoms and bluegreen algae in Norwegian lakes (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 134 (1986), S. 201-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lakes ; phytoplankton populations ; bioassays ; growth limitation ; phosphorus ; pH ; chelated iron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Population densities and total phosphorus concentrations in samples from different lakes of south-eastern Norway were determined. In addition some transplant experiments with dilute phytoplankton populations were carried out. A laboratory batch culture method was used. The diatoms studied may be divided into three ecological groups based on their cell densities and total phosphorus concentrations in the samples. This classification was supported by the experimental results. Cyclotella spp., Asterionella formosa and Tabellaria fenestrata did not grow or had low growth rates above pH 9. Synedra cf. acus and Fragilaria crontonensis had often high growth rates within the pH 9–10 range, but were not able to grow at pH values above 10. High pH-values had no effect on the growth rate of Oscillatoria. Oscillatoria, Synedra and Stephanodiscus were severely growth-limited in filtered water from oligotrophic lakes. Maximum growth rates of all the populations studied were often obtained after addition of phosphate and chelated iron (FeEDTA) in combination to filtered water samples from oligotrophic/mesotrophic lakes.
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    Sources of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in antarctic streams (1986)
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    Hydrobiologia 134 (1986), S. 215-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; carbon ; glaciers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; streams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved and particulate organic materials were analysed in 14 streamwaters of the McMurdo Sound region of Antarctica. These streams are fed by glacial meltwaters and pass through catchments largely devoid of terrestrial vegetation. Nonetheless they contained measurable amounts of organic material in both dissolved and particulate form. Most of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) values lay in the range 1–3 g C m−3. Higher values were recorded close to penguin rookeries on the coast. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were generally two orders of magnitude less than DOC and in flowing waters with rich blue-green algal growth DON increased with distance downstream. Dissolved organic phosphorus levels were generally much lower than DON, but highly variable. Particulate organic carbon concentrations (both fine and coarse) were unexpectedly high. Five sources of organic matter were identified: birdlife (only near the coast), autochthonous algal production (especially important for DON), streambed soils (important at first flows), lacustrine and marine sediments, through which certain streams and glaciers cut, and the glacial ice, which received organic input from wind-blown particulates, snowfall and the underlying bedrock of sedimentary origin. Highest organic levels were recorded in the first melt down the glacier face, suggesting that winter deposition of organic materials may be especially important.
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    Bacteria and phosphorus regeneration in lakes. An experimental study (1986)
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    Hydrobiologia 135 (1986), S. 197-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bacteria ; phosphorus ; nutrient regeneration ; algae ; cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aerobic decomposition of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii by a mixed population of lake bacteria was studied in batch and chemostat cultures. Bacterial chemostats were supplied with continuously heatkilled algae. The dead algae rapidly released most of their phosphorus as SRP. In the batch experiments bacteria acted as consumers of the released algal phosphorus. This phosphorus uptake was dependent on the C:P ratio of the algae. During the death phase of the bacteria most of the bacterial phosphorus itself was released. The continuous supply of energy in form of dead algae in the chemostat experiments prevented the death phase of the bacteria and thus any net regeneration of phosphorus. The influence of the C:P stoichiometry of algae and bacteria on the regeneration of algal phosphorus is discussed.
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    Phosphorus in acidified lakes: The example of Lake Gårdsjön, Sweden (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 139 (1986), S. 81-96 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acidification ; phosphorus ; soil ; 32P ; phosphatases ; aluminium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Supply and turnover of phosphorus was studied in an acidified lake ecosystem, Lake Gårdsjön, located in southwestern Sweden. This study included transport and budget calculations combined with field and laboratory experimental work on abiotic phosphorus chemistry and biological utilization of phosphorus. The main conclusions presented in this paper are: - The acidification process in inland waters resulting from acid atmospheric deposition is accompanied by ‘oligotrophication’ because of reduced input of phosphorus from the drainage area, possibly due to efficient fixation of phosphorus to aluminium complexes in the B-horizon of podzol soils - Primary productivity in acidified lakes is limited mainly by low phosphorus supply - Algal utilization of phosphorus in acidified lakes is impaired, yielding lower biomass than could be expected from ambient phosphorus concentrations. One possible reason for this could be that enzymatic recycling of organic phosphates is prevented by high levels of aluminium in lake water.
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    The nutrient status of the Kromme River estuary, South Africa (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 148 (1987), S. 87-96 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: estuary ; nutrient-gradients ; E. coli ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; N:P ratio ; southern Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Kromme is a small estuary in rural eastern Cape, South Africa with a relatively unpopulated and undisturbed catchment. Physical and chemical variables including the major nutrients and E. coli were examined. It was found to be a well oxygenated, well mixed estuary with some stratification in its upper reaches. Nutrient levels were generally low with nitrate values higher in winter than during summer. While no overt seasonality was detected for phosphorus, levels were comparatively high. Faecal E. coli levels were low with a mean count of 26 per 100 ml for the estuary. Along the Kromme, nutrients were highest at the confluence of the Geelhoutboom tributary suggesting it was a major nutrient contributor. At the head of the Kromme, silicate and E. coli were significantly linked to riverflow, while nitrate was correlated with rainfall. In the Geelhoutboom, only nitrate was correlated with riverflow and rainfall. When nutrient gradients (total inorganic nitrogen, total phosphorus and silicate) were correlated against salinity, significant relationships were observed for nitrogen and silicate (Kromme and Geelhoutboom) and for phosphorus along the Geelhoutboom, but not the Kromme, reflecting differences in sub-catchments. An overall N:P atomic ratio of 0.89:1 was found for the system, with more nitrogen relative to phosphorus at the head of the Kromme and vice versa for the Geelhoutboom and mouth. The Kromme is low in nitrogen, conservative in silicate and low in phosphorus while the Geelhoutboom supplies nitrogen, phosphorus and silicate to the system. Although there may be nutrient absorption by sediments in the upper estuary, and by macrophytes in the lower estuary, the Kromme may be classified as a non-conservative mesotrophic marine-dominated estuary which probably exhibits some nutrient recycling.
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    The effects of land use upon water chemistry, particularly nutrient enrichment, in shallow lowland lakes: comparative studies of three lochs in Scotland (1987)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 148 (1987), S. 211-229 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; chlorophyll ; catchment ; land use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three shallow, lowland lochs (lakes) in the Tayside region of Scotland, experiencing the same climatic regime, were found to be dimictic lakes showing similar clinograde oxygen distributions in summer. Land use differences in their catchments were shown to result in estimated total nutrient surface loadings from 0.3 to 32 g m−2 a−1 phosphorus and from 4 to 240 g m−2 a−1 nitrogen. The major ions in the lochs were calcium and carbonate, but with elevated sulphate levels in all three lochs and an increase in sodium, chloride and sulphate in Forfar loch, which was affected by sewage effluent. Conductivity and total alkalinity showed marked increases with greater intensity of land use, from 64 to 439 µS cm−1 and 0.5–3 meq l−1 Maximum winter loch concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus ranged from 60 to just under 5 000 mg m−3 and of inorganic nitrogen from 500 to 10500 mg m−3. Maximum chlorophyll ‘a’ ranged from 20 to 250 mg m−3 and comparisons indicated that above winter levels of 5000 mg m−3 N and 500 mg m−3 P, the nutrient-chlorophyll relationships did not hold. Predictions of nutrient input, from land use categories and soil losses of N and P derived from other north temperate areas, were shown to be comparable with inputs calculated from loch measurements. Models predicting loch concentrations of phosphorus from inputs were comparable with measured concentrations, but predictions of chlorophyll and transparency became less accurate with higher nutrient levels. The lochs were mesotrophic (the Lowes), eutrophic (Balgavies) and hypertrophic (Forfar) under the several classification systems used. The implications of their nutrient status for lake management are discussed and the value of studying this unique lake series in a similar physical environment but with considerable chemical differences is considered.
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    Nutrient responses to the liming of lake Gårdsjön (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 150 (1987), S. 11-24 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acidification ; liming ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; dissolved organic carbon ; particulate carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acidified lakes Lake Gårdsjön and Lake Stora Hästevatten the reference lake have been monitored since 1979 and 1980 respectively. The lakes are situated in SW Sweden; in an area severly affected by acid deposition. Lake Gårdsjön was limed in spring 1982. This paper analyses changes in nutrient concentrations upon liming of Lake Gårdsjön. The liming of Lake Gårdsjön was followed by a slight increase in ammonium, nitrate, and dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations. A drastic decrease occurred in particulate nitrogen and particulate carbon, whereas dissolved organic carbon increased. Total phosphorus and particulate phosphorus concentrations were similar to pre-limed conditions. The long-term decrease in phosphorus concentration, exhibited by the reference lake, was not identified in Lake Gårdsjön after liming, but total phosphorus concentration was still less than half compared to Lake Gårdsjön in the early 1970's. Additional measures such as phosphorus fertilization, should in certain cases be considered in addition to liming if the goal is to restore lakes to their pre-acidic conditions.
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    Daphnia size structure, vertical migration, and phosphorus redistribution (1987)
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    Hydrobiologia 150 (1987), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Daphnia ; diel cycle ; excretion ; migration ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The timing and magnitude of diel migration in two daphnid assemblages were determined from a series of vertical profiles of daphnid size distribution. Animals were collected concurrently for gut fullness determination. Only large daphnids (〉 1.4 mm) migrated, but these animals could account for substantial vertical and diel differences in phosphorus excretion rate. Gut fullness measurements and time courses of diel vertical migration suggested that large Daphnia can cause a net downward flux of phosphorus during summer in thermally stratified lakes.
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    Exchange of phosphorus across the sediment-water interface (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 229-244 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediments ; retention ; release ; microbial processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this article, principles of phosphorus retention and phosphorus release at the sediment-water interface in lakes are reviewed. New results and hypotheses are discussed in relation to older models of phosphorus exchange between sediments and water. The fractional composition of sedimentary phosphorus is discussed as a tool for interpretation of different retention mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the impact of biological, particularly microbial, processes on phosphorus exchange across the sediment-water interface and to the significance of biologically induced CaCO3 precipitation to phosphorus retention in calcareous lakes.
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    Experiences with reducing point sources of phosphorus to lakes (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 321-336 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; lake ; restoration ; recovery ; phosphorus ; chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiences over the last 25 years have demonstrated that eutrophication can be reversed, and that phosphorus is most often the nutrient through which control should be exerted. The reduction of the external load of phosphorus to a eutrophic lake is a necessary condition for lake restoration, but may not in itself be sufficient. Three main response patterns to a reduction in external load are identified. These include reduction in lake phosphorus that leads to sufficient reduction in chlorophyll to change the trophic category, to make the lakes ‘less eutrophic’ or have small or no effect. The factors that determine the actual response are discussed. It is clear that interventions to restore eutrophic lakes have not always given the results expected. Limnological studies are necessary for well-grounded predictions.
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    Nutrient-phytoplankton relationships in a tropical meromictic soda lake (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 158 (1988), S. 15-28 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Nutrients ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton ; Lake Sonachi ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal variation through one year in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), phytoplankton biomass, phytoplankton species composition and other environmental factors were examined in Lake Sonachi, a tropical meromictic soda lake. Mean concentrations of TN and TP were 11 000 µg N l-1 and 100 µg P l-1, respectively. Maximum concentrations of TN and TP occurred in the monimolimnion. Phytoplankton biomass ranged from 350 to 1260 mg m-3. Synechococcus bacillaris, a small coccoid cyanophyte, dominated the phytoplankton. The mean chlorophyll a concentration of 37 mg · m-3 was a modest value when compared with those of other tropical soda lakes. High TN:TP ratios indicated phosphorus limitation in the lake.
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    Phosphorus bioavailability of fluvial sediments determined by algal assays (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 160 (1988), S. 9-18 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassay ; phosphorus ; sediments ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eroding bank soils and riverine suspended sediments from the Flathead River-Lake ecosystem, Montana, USA, were cultured with the alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz in PAAP medium with the sediments as the sole source of phosphorus. Extraction of phosphorus by NaOH and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) solutions were compared to results from algal bioassays. The fine sediment particles transported into Flathead Lake during spring runoff had the highest availability (i.e. 6% of total phosphorus). Bank soils which contained the greatest percentage of fine clays exhibited similar (i.e. 4% of total phosphorus) availability. Bank soils containing predominantly organic phosphorus had the lowest availability. Spearman's rank correlation indicated significance at the 5% test level between algal assay estimates of available phosphorus and both chemical extraction techniques.
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    Aspects of the phosphorus cycle in Hartbeespoort Dam (South Africa) (1989)
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    Hydrobiologia 183 (1989), S. 87-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; Hartbeespoort Dam ; algal uptake ; abiotic effects ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of biotic processes in a warm, monomictic, hypertrophic African impoundment (Hartbeespoort Dam) is examined using 32P radiobioassays. Phosphorus demand is assessed by phosphorus turnover times, alkaline phosphatase activity, cellular phosphorus status and the phosphorus deficiency index. Long turnover times indicative of an enriched system were recorded, ranging from 9 h to 1992 h, with no evidence of phosphorus stress being present. These turnover times support the hypothesis that the phosphorus cycle in Hartbeespoort Dam is dominated by the algal community which is shown to play an important role in phosphorus cycling within the water column. However, hydrological processes remain the driving force in phosphorus seasonality in the lake.
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    Aspects of the phosphorus cycle in Hartbeespoort Dam (South Africa) Phosphorus loading and seasonal distribution of phosphorus in the reservoir (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 183 (1989), S. 73-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; Hartbeespoort Dam ; loading rates ; seasonality ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hartbeespoort Dam, a hypertrophic, warm monomictic impoundment in South Africa, receives extremely high phosphorus loads (14.6–25.9 g m−2 a−1) that are dominated by point source discharges from municipal wastewater treatment works. The reduced state of the phosphorus discharged from the works has led to the dominance of the dissolved phosphorus pool by low molecular weight orthophosphates which are analytically detectable as soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP; 60% of total phosphorus pool). Seasonality in the in-lake total phosphorus pool is regulated by a combination of abiotic and hydrological processes; biotic processes appear to play a minor role. Mass balance calculations indicate that between 62 and 77% of the annual total phosphorus inflow load is retained within the impoundment each year.
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    The dominant attached filamentous algae of Georgian Bay, the North Channel and Eastern Lake Huron: Field ecology and biomonitoring potential during 1980 (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 163 (1988), S. 149-171 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bangia ; Ulothrix ; Cladophora ; phosphorus ; nutrients ; metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field investigations during the ice-free period of 1980 confirm that the dominant attached filamentous algae in the Canadian waters of Lake Huron are the green algae Ulothrix zonata and Cladophora glomerata, and the red alga Bangia atropurpurea. It is believed that nutrient availability limits the distribution of these algae, while temperature controls their seasonal periodicity. Because of favourable physical characteristics, the study area represents a vast potential habitat for attached filamentous algae. It is expected that eastern Georgian Bay, in particular, will suffer significant environmental degradation from the growth of Cladophora unless existing phosphorus levels are maintained indefinitely (i.e., 〈 0.005 mg total P 1−1). Attached filamentous algae accumulate (103 to 105 x) a variety of elements primarily in proportion to availability in the surrounding water. The occurrence of maximum algal metal concentrations at municipal waste water outfalls, river mouths and harbour areas (e.g., in µg g−1, Cr 29.0, Cu 46.4, Ni 34.0, Pb 55.0) is indicative of discrete source loadings, while elevated levels at remote sites in eastern Georgian Bay (e.g., in µg g−1, Cr 12.0–15.5, Cu 18.0, Ni 15.0–16.0, Pb 8.5–8.8) are suggestive of generalized loadings from the Canadian Shield, possibly due to the effects of acidic precipitation.
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    Particulate and dissolved phosphorus forms in freshwater: composition and analysis (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 61-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; reactive phosphorus ; filtration ; centrifugation ; gel chromatography ; extraction ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In recent research, particulate and dissolved phosphorus components have been separated and characterized on the basis of their physical and chemical properties and partly by their origins. Classical operationally defined monitoring variables (dissolved reactive phosphorus, dissolved unreactive phosphorus and particulate phosphorus) are not congruent with known specific physical or chemical components of phosphorus in natural waters or with their bioavailability. Physical isolation of true particles, colloids and molecules of various sizes is possible at present although it is not recommended for routine use. Chemical characterization of particulate phosphorus is performed mainly by sediment extraction procedures (specialized for inorganic species) and — to a lesser degree — by cell extraction procedures (specialized for organic compounds). The extraction procedures are similar and physical preseparation or alternative procedures (e.g. enzymatic assays) are essential. Smaller colloids and dissolved compounds are physically separated by column chromatography and are often chemically characterized by degradation on the addition of specific enzymes.
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    Empirical and theoretical models of phosphorus loading, retention and concentration vs. lake trophic state (1988)
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    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 285-303 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lakes ; trophic state ; phosphorus ; empirical models ; theoretical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Models describing the dependence of lake trophic state on external phosphorus loading are of two general types: empirical, steady state models derived from statistical treatment of data from large numbers of lakes, and theoretical, dynamic models based on more or less detailed mathematical descriptions of kinetics of nutrient and population dynamics. In the former type of models, inlake P concentrations have been found to depend mainly on inflow P concentrations and on water residence time. Efforts to explain the remaining variance by other factors such as iron, calcium, alkalinity, etc. have generally not been successful. Relations between lake P concentrations and chlorophyll may be useful for the prediction of maximum chlorophyll levels with some confidence but large variations in the actual chlorophyll concentrations are caused by, e.g. zooplankton grazing, varying chlorophyll content of the algae and other limiting nutrients. Dynamic, theoretical models are more suited for the prediction of rates of response to perturbations than the empirical steady state models. Due to the much larger demand for input data and labour investment, these models are generally more suited for the scientist as tools for formalizing and testing hypotheses, than for the water manager. Simple models with flexible structure generally have advantages over complex models. Both empirical and theoretical models are potentially powerful tools in eutrophication research and management. It is important for both scientists and water managers to select the optimum complexity with regard to the problem to be solved and to the resources available in each case.
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    Nitrogen fixation by Nodularia spumigena Mertens (Cyanobacteriaceae). 2: Laboratory studies (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 133 (1986), S. 193-202 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Nodularia ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; light ; phosphorus ; cyanobacteriaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in diurnal light patterns, salinity, and phosphorus on nitrogen fixation (as measured by acetylene reduction) by Nodularia spumigena Mertens were examined. As well, the effects of added inorganic nitrogen on growth, nitrogen fixation and heterocyt frequencies, and changes in nitrogen fixation and heterocyst frequencies during the growth cycle of Nodularia in cultures were determined. The diurnal pattern of nitrogenase activity in Nodularia was primarily light-induced, though dark activity did occur. Nitrogenase activity following a period of darkness exceeded the normal light rate (〉 90 compared to 50 nmol · C2H2 reduced · ml−1 · h−1). Nitrogen fixation was reduced by high and very low salinities (5 to 10‰ was the optimum range), and added phosphorus stimulated nitrogenase in P-starved cells. Added nitrogen (ammonium or nitrate) had no effect on the growth of Nodularia, but in short term studies, ammonium completely inhibited nitrogenase activity. Heterocyst frequencies were greatest in the log phase of growth (to 40 per mm). During stationary phase, nitrogenase activity was negligable.
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    Changes in the physical and chemical properties of floodwater and sediment in an experimental ricefield (Reggio Emilia, Italy) (1987)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 144 (1987), S. 83-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ricefield ; POM ; proteins ; chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; redox potential ; pH ; P/R ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in time and space in the physical and chemical variables connected to the oxygen P/R ratio were studied. Temperature, light transmission, dissolved oxygen and its day-night cycles were measured periodically in the floodwater; in addition, concentrations of total phosphorus, proteins and chlorophyll-a in the particulate suspended matter were measured. Finally, the seasonal evolution of the redox conditions in the water and in the sediment were analysed. Highly significant correlations between pH and D.O. in the water, and oxygen production were found; the pH and Eh values of the water/sediment interface were strictly related to the corresponding values reached in the water. The composition and the size of the particulate suspended matter pool seemed to be relatively stable and unrelated to the physical and chemical characteristics of the water.
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    The application of algal growth potential tests (AGP) to the canals and lakes of western Netherlands (1989)
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    Hydrobiologia 188-189 (1989), S. 189-199 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassays ; limiting nutrient factor ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four hundred and forty bioassays with Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. as a test organism have been carried out with samples from canals and lakes in the western part of the Netherlands. The results are used to assess the algal growth potential (AGP) and to determine the limiting nutrient(s) for maximum biomass production. Special attention has been paid to the effects of deep-freezing and autoclaving as pretreatment of water samples on pH and nutrient concentrations. The AGP ranged from very low in the relatively isolated polder lakes to very high in canals and lakes, which form part of the basin system of Rijnland. The lowest yields are observed in nitrogen and phosphorus co-limited waters, while the highest are found in waters limited by nitrogen alone. AGP proved to be primarily determined by the amount of nitrogen, especially nitrate, in the samples and only secondarily by the amount of phosphorus. The observed ranges indicating phosphorus limitation, 〉 50 for inorganic and 〉 30 for total N/P ratios, lie considerably higher than reported so far. It is concluded that, once the relations between AGP and nutrients are established, AGP tests do not have to be carried out routinely, but still can be very useful in special studies, e.g. in lake restoration projects.
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    Micronutrient and phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton abundance in Gem Lake, Sierra Nevada, California (1987)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 154 (1987), S. 103-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: alpine lakes ; nutrient limitation ; iron ; copper ; phosphorus ; Sierra Nevada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient addition experiments conducted during the ice-free seasons of 1983 and 1984 in Gem Lake, an alpine lake in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, indicate that algal biomass is limited by phosphorus, in combination with iron or copper. Phosphorus additions were always required to stimulate growth, but did not do so when phosphorus was the only nutrient added. Simultaneous additions of phosphorus and iron resulted in increased levels of chlorophyll, particulate carbon, particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorus. Simultaneous additions of phosphorus and copper resulted in increases in chlorophyll, particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorus, not in particulate carbon. Neither iron nor copper by itself stimulated growth. Particulate N : P ratios from all seasons in Gem Lake suggest that simultaneous micronutrient and phosphorus limitation exists throughout the summer, when nutrient and biomass levels remain low; limitation by phosphorus alone may appear in the fall and spring, when biomass and major ion concentrations increase dramatically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026834
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    Symbiotic algal nitrogenase activity and heterocyst frequency in sevenAzolla species after phosphorus fertilization (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 169 (1988), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Azolla ; symbiont ; Anabaena azollae ; heterocyst ; acetylene reducing activity ; phosphorus ; fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seven species ofAzolla (A. caroliniana, A. microphylla, A. nilotica, A. filiculoides, A. mexicana, A. rubra, A. pinnata the last from both Malaysia and India) grown in pots of flooded soil were subjected to three different treatments with respect to P: none, single application, split application. The experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions. Heterocyst frequency inAnabaena azollae and acetylene reducing activity (ARA) were studied in successiveAzolla leaves. Both variables increased from the first leaf (shoot apex) to the last one (before branch) in all species in the presence or absence of P. However, heterocyst frequency, ARA andAzolla biomass were all less in the treatment lacking P. Heterocyst frequency inA. azollae, ARA and biomass ofAzolla were higher when P was applied in split doses than in the other treatments.Azolla plants exhibited more ARA than the isolated leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007554
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    Phytoplankton biomass and production in relation to phosphorus (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 211-227 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: freshwater ; phytoplankton ; biomass ; production ; P/B-quotient ; phosphorus ; elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024906
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    Influence of aquatic macrophytes on phosphorus cycling in lakes (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 245-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; macrophyte ; aquatic plant ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Emergent macrophytes take up their phosphorus exclusively from the sediment. Submerged species obtain phosphorus both from the surrounding water and from the substrate, but under normal pore and lake water phosphorus concentrations, substrate uptake dominates. Release of phosphorus from actively growing macrophytes (both submerged and emergent) is minimal and epiphytes obtain phosphorus mainly from the water. Decaying macrophytes may act as an internal phosphorus source for the lake and add considerable quantities of phosphorus to the water. A large part of the released phosphorus is often retained by the sediments. In perennial macrophytes the amount of phosphorus released from decaying shoots is dependent on the degree of phosphorus conservation within the plant. Macrophyte stands may also be a permanent phosphorus sink due to burial of plant litter. Macrophytes affect the chemical environment (oxygen, pH), which in turn has effects on the phosphorus cycling in lakes. However, the impact of aquatic macrophytes on whole-lake phosphorus cycling is largely unknown. Controlled full-scale harvesting, herbicide or herbivory experiments are almost totally lacking. Emergent macrophytes respond positively to eutrophication, but fertilization experiments have shown that nitrogen rather than phosphorus may be the key element. Submerged macrophytes are adversely affected by a large increase in the external phosphorus input to a lake. This effect may be caused by epiphyte shading, phytoplankton shading or deposition of unfavourable sediments.
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    Microbial communities in southern Victoria Land streams (Antarctica) I. Photosynthesis (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 27-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; biofilms ; cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; pigments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; epilithic algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The glacier-fed ephemeral streams of southern Victoria Land (ca. 78° S, 64° E) are colonised by an epilithon dominated by cyanobacterial mats and films. Biomass levels are often high (〉 15 µg Chl a · cm−2). The mat structure, pigment and photosynthetic characteristics of these communities have been investigated on site. The mats in high light environments have a layered structure with high levels of light shielding accessory pigments in the upper layers and elevated chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations in the lower layers. Photosynthetic rates per unit area (0.4–3.5 µg C · cm− 2 · hr−1) fall within the range reported for temperate communities. P vs I curves were used to separate high, intermediate and low light communities. Ik values for high light communities were at or lower than PAR recorded at midnight in the polar midsummer (ca 100 µ E m−2 · s−1). We did not detect photoinhibitory responses at the midday light intensities. In situ continuous nutrient enrichment experiments failed to demonstrate N or P limitation to pigment content or photosynthetic rates. We suggest that the growth of these communities is controlled by factors other than light and nutrients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00031610
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    Light dependent sediment-water exchange of dissolved reactive phosphorus and silicon in a producing microflora mat (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 159 (1988), S. 137-147 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment-water exchange ; phosphorus ; silicon ; light ; primary production ; microphytobenthos ; bell jars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light dependent sediment-water exchange rates of dissolved reactive silicon (DRSi) and phosphorus (DRP) were studied on field station Archipel (3 m water depth) in Lake Grevelingen (SW Netherlands). Bell jars, either light or darkened, were fixed permanently over a productive microflora mat of mainly Navicula spp.; sediment-water exchange was monitored over an 11 days period. Gross primary production values in the mat amounted to 1000 mg C·m−2·day−1. In the dark bell jar, DRSi and DRP release rates from the sediment were ca. 275 and 85 mg·m−2·day−1, respectively. Release rates in the light bell jars were on average only 15% of these values. Parallel bell jar experiments under different environmental conditions indicate a direct relationship between the primary production figures and nutrient sediment-water exchange rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014721
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    Measured and modelled effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentration on sediment-water nutrient exchange (1989)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), S. 185-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; models ; nutrients ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Chesapeake Bay ; Gunston Cove
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Empirical models of sediment-water fluxes of NH4 +, NO3 − were and PO4 3− were formed based on published reports. The models were revised and parameters evaluated based on laboratory incubations of sediments collected from Gunston Cove, VA. Observed fluxes ranged from — 18 (sediments uptake) to 276 (sediment release) mg NH4 + m−2 day−1, −17 to −509 mg NO3 − m−2 day−1, and −16.4 to 8.9 mg PO4 3− m−2 day−1. The model and observations indicated release of NH4 + was enhanced by high temperature and by low DO. Uptake of NO3 − was enhanced primarily by high NO3 − concentration and to a lesser extent by high temperature and by low DO. Direction of PO4 3− flux depended on concentration in the water. Release was enhanced by low DO. No effect of temperature on PO4 3− flux was observed.
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    Alfalfa N2-fixation enhances the phosphorus uptake of walnut in interplantings (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 291-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agroforestry ; interspecies transfer ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient cycling ; pH ; phosphorus ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Walnut tree seedlings exhibited greater phosphorus (P) uptake from32P-labelled hydroxyapatite when interplanted with alfalfa than with other walnuts, black locust, or orchard grass. Three mechanisms are proposed as possible explanations of this enhnaced P uptake by walnut. In this study, diffusion of solubilized apatite-P to the roots of walnut at points of walnut-alfalfa root intersection is believed to be the operative mechanism. Phosphorus is solubilized due to rhizosphere acidification of alfalfa during nitrogen fixation. These results underscore the interdependence of nutrient cycles. Enhancement of the phosphorus cycle through manipulation of the nitrogen cycle has important implications for world food and fiber production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280196
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    Development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and the uptake of immobile nutrients inLeucaena leucocephala (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 97-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; Glomus aggregatum ; immobile nutrients ; Leucaena leucocephala ; phosphorus ; Tropeptic ; Eutrustox ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection in the roots of Leucaena grown in a sand-soil mixture in the greenhouse increased rapidly with time and reached a peak value of 84% at 30 days from planting. The pattern of immobile nutrient uptake and accumulation closely paralleled that of the development of infection, particularly during the first 10–30 days after planting. Significant changes in dry matter yield were also observed only after a significant portion of the root length was colonized byGlomus aggregatum. The development of VAM infection was not accompanied by growth depression at any of the sampling periods. However, VAM roots had very high levels of Cu which was not translocated to shoots. It is hypothesized that such a diversion of Cu by the endophyte from the host could cause growth depression under conditions where the soil volume is supplied with sub-optimal levels of Cu.
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    Effects of intermittent waterlogging on the mineral nutrition of cotton (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 211-221 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; calcium ; cotton ; flooding ; magnesium ; manganese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sodium chloride ; waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of intermittent waterlogging on the nutrient status of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Deltapine 61). The crop was grown in a sloping plot of soil in which a gradient of water-table depth ranging from 0.04m above to 0.60m below the soil surface was established during two periods of waterlogging in mid summer and early autumn. The first waterlogging lasted 8 days; the second lasted 16 days. Dry matter increases were less for severely waterlogged plants than for plants with well-aerated root systems during the first flooding, but the increases were similar during the second. Waterlogging impaired uptake of most nutrients by young plants in the first flooding, but had much less effect on nutrient uptake by older plants in the second. Waterlogging consistently reduced concentrations of P and K in the petioles and laminae of young fully-expanded leaves, and severely waterlogged plants were deficient in these nutrients by the end of the first flooding. Mn did not accumulate to toxic levels in waterlogged plants. During each flooding, waterlogged plants gained in total content of all nutrients studied, but the gains of each nutrient, except for Na, were proportionally smaller than for well-aerated plants. Fluxes of K-, Cl- and HPO4- ions in xylem sap exuded from stumps of detopped plants which had been waterlogged were lower than those from plants with well-aerated root systems. Seed cotton yields and concentrations of nutrients in mature bolls were not affected by the two periods of waterlogging. It is concluded that although intermittent waterlogging induced nutrient stress in cotton plants, especially for P and K in young plants before flowering, they recovered with no detrimental effect upon yield.
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    Competition for N and P between wheat and wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) according to the proximity of their time of emergence (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; phosphorus ; wheat ; wild oats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the cultivated wheat fields of the Mediterranean area, wild oats (Avena sterilis L.), is commonly found a weed, which competes with the wheat for soil nutrients, water and light. To study this mutual competition for N and P, a pot experiment was devised in which the planting of wheat and weed seeds, in the pots, was so arranged that the lengths of time between the emergence of each specie was different for each treatment. When the time of emergence of the wild oat coincided with that of wheat, the latter was affected in its development, productivity and total accumulation of N and P. However, the earlier the emergence of wheat was relative to that of wild oat, the greater was the suppression of the weed, with a lower total accumulation of N and lower P content in the plant. Bringing forward the emergence of either of the two species conferred advantages for the development of the earliest emerger.
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    Effects of natural and artificially induced reduction on soil solution phosphorus in rice soils (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: flooded soil ; phosphorus ; phosphorus fertilization ; Oryza sativa L ; oxidized ; reduced ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of natural and artificial reduction on P extractability from soils used for rice production and the relation of these values to response to fertilizer P were investigated. Soil solution P increased from a mean of 3.8 mg P·kg−1 soil for naturally oxidized slurries of 28 soils to 19.8mg P·kg−1 when the soils were naturally reduced. The mean values were further increased to 40.8 and 45.3 mg·kg−1 when the soils were reduced with 0.1M Na2S2O4 and 0.2M Na2S2O4, respectively. These P-values compare with 18.2 mg kg−1 when the dry soils were extracted with Bray No. 1 extractant. When the yields of rice were correlated with solution and extracted P, the R2's for the quadratic relationships were 0.40**, 0.31*, 0.34**, 0.30*, and 0.55** for the naturally oxidized, the naturally reduced, 0.1M Na2S2O4, 0.2M Na2S2O4 and Bray No. 1, respectively. The Cate-Nelson calculation confirmed the superiority of the weak acid Bray extractant and the critical value of 8.6 mg P·kg−1 soil needed for satisfactory yields of rice. There was little response of rice to added fertilizer P on soils with solution P-values greater than 0.09 mg P·l−1 in oxygenated soil slurries. Some soils with solution P of this order and high amounts of Bray No. 1 extractable P still gave modest responses to fertilizer P. Although natural or chemically induced reduction increased soil solution P, it did not improve prediction of yield response of rice to added fertilizer P.
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    Effects of VAM and reduced nutrient availability on growth and phosphorus and micronutrient uptake of wheat and field beans under greenhouse conditions (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; iron ; manganese ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; phosphorus ; VAM ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) on field bean and spring wheat dry matter production and on phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron and manganese uptake was determined under greenhouse conditions. Nutrient availability was varied by using different sizes of pots and by diluting the soil with sand. VAM increased plant dry matter production under all sets of growth conditions. VAM were found to directly increase the uptake of P, Zn, Cu and Fe by field beans and of P and Zn for wheat in both experiments. Increased uptake of the other nutrients measured was attributed to increased dry matter production or other factors. The effect of VAM decreased as the pot size holding the host plants decreased, but was not affected by the ratio of soil to sand if the pot size was kept constant. Nutrient uptake by beans as a proportion of total amount of nutrient present increased as the amount of nutrient decreased. Increase in root-soil contact and altered chemical equilibria are probable reasons for increased efficiency of nutrient uptake by beans as the level of available nutrient decreased. For wheat, which has a relatively fibrous root system, decreasing the nutrient availability had minimal effects on nutrient uptake in these experiments. Increases in total uptake of a particular nutrient resulting from inoculation with VAM are not necesarily indicative of a direct uptake of that nutrient by the VAM.
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    Effects of P, K, and liming on soil pH, Al, Mn, K, and forage barley dry matter yield and quality for a newly-cleared Cryorthod (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum ; Cryorthod ; dry matter yield ; fertilization ; forage barley ; liming ; managanese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; protein ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forage barley dry matter yield and quality, as well as soil pH, Al, and Mn were monitored in response to P, K, and lime application on a newly cleared Typic Cryorthod (Orthid Podzol). The overall yearly yield level was affected by precipitation. Without liming soil acidification occurred after three years of production. The liming rate of 2.2 Mg.ha−1 was found optimal for maintaining initial pH levels (5.66) and increasing forage barley yields. It was also found optimum for K and P utilization for these first years of production. Soil pH dropped an average of 0.33 units over the three years on unlimed P plots and 0.46 units over 4 years on K plots. Phosphorus and K fertilization increased N utilization and resulted in decreased soil acidification. Phosphorus availability was greater in the first year of cropping than in subsequent years, this was likely due to the effects of higher available moisture, liming release of native P, and effects of initial fertilization. There was a 148% increase in total dry matter yield and an 85% increase in protein yield of forage barley with P application. Liming increased total forage barley yields an average of 69% and total protein yields 48%. Reduced barley yields in unlimed plots were due to low soil pH. After two years of cultivation, unlimed plots contained exchangeable Al and soluble Mn levels reported toxic for other soils. The higher liming rates of 4.4 and 6.6 Mg.ha−1 reduced soluble Mn to near critically low levels. soil Al and Mn were highly correlated to pH. Soil exchangeable Al, Mn, and soluble Mn along with tissue Al were inversely correlated to percentage yield. The average yield respone to three levels of applied K, increased from zero initially to 67% by the fourth year. Total dry-matter production increased 32% and total protein yield increased an average of 32% and total protein yield increased an average of 15% with K fertilization over four years. About 60% of the yield response occurred between the 0 and 22kg K.ha−1 rates. Initial soil exchangeable K levels were not maintained even at the highest 66kg K.ha−1 treatment. Soil exchangeable Al and soluble Mn were elevated with dropping pH. Soil K reserves and resupply of exchangeable K in these soils over the long term will be an important factor in crop production.
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    Oxidation behavior of sintered 434L ferritic stainless steel-Al2O3 composites with ternary additions (1985)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 177-189 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sintered ferritic stainless steel composite ; porosity ; transition metals ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of sintered ferritic stainless steel-Al2O3 composites, and composites with ternary additions such as titanium, niobium, or phosphorus, have been studied at 550°C in 1 atm oxygen up to 9 hr. It is found that α-SS-6 vol.% Al2O3 is most resistant to oxidation amongst all the compacts investigated. Amongst the ternary composites, niobium-containing compacts show better oxidation resistance compared to titanium or phosphorus-containing composites.
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    Effect of light intensity on root growth, mycorrhizal infection and phosphate uptake in onion (Allium cepa L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 111 (1988), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allium ; light intensity ; mycorrhiza ; phosphorus ; root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139935
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    Influence of hydrological fluctuations on the growth and nutrient dynamics ofPhalaris arundinacea L. in a riparian environment (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; flood plain ; macrophytes ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; Phalaris arundinacea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; wate table
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in aboveground and belowground tissues ofPhalaris arundinacea L. were studied in a population colonizing an ancient meander of the Garonne river (France) submitted to important fluctuations of the permanent water table. Waterlogged conditions in spring stopped the growth of rhizomes and promoted the translocation of nutrient to the shoots. The early senescence of plants after flowering could be related to the withdrawal of the water table. It was characterized by a distribution of nutrients in belowground tissues and a release in litter and soil. Aerated conditions in late summer permitted the growth of belowground tissues. At this time a partition of resources between aboveground and belowground biomass of a new generation of plants was observed. Rising water and decreasing temperatures in winter induced the death of aboveground parts. Reconstitution of nutrient stocks in rhizomes and losses by leaching then occured. Beside a very high primary production this strategy confers toPhalaris arundinacea a great interest in different uses, especially in the removal of nutrients from water in riparian zones as in artificial sites.
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    Response of field-grown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphorus fertilization for yield and nitrogen fixation (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chickpea ; phosphorus ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Application of phosphorus at 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 in the presence of a uniform dressing of nitrogen (N) and potash (K2O) each applied at 20 and 24 kg ha−1 to chickpea (CM-88) grown in sandy loam soil in a replicated field experiment improved the nodulation response of the crop, increased its grain yield (ka ha−1) by 18, 59, 40 and 14 percent, biomass yield (ka ha−1) by 32, 32, 54 and 14 percent, biomass N (kg ha−1) by 31, 48, 49, 19 percent, and biomass P (kg ha−1) by 26, 40, 41 and 11 percent, respectively. The effect of phosphorus on the nitrogenase activity of the excised roots of chickpea was, however, inconsistent.
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    Rice straw decomposition in rice-field soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 145-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; carbon ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice straw, buried in a rice-field during the dry season decomposed at a rate of 0.0075 day-1. Seventy five percent of the biomass, 70 percent carbon, 50 percent nitrogen and 30 percent phosphorus remained after 139 days of decomposition. Rice straw decomposition furnished 33% N and 8% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus provided by man.
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  • 95
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    A model to describe the pattern of availability of broadcast phosphorus fertilizer during the growth of a crop (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cabbage ; fertilizer ; granule ; interception ; lettuce ; model ; phosphorus ; root ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model is described which compares the rate of phosphorus demand of a field grown lettuce crop with the rate at which the crop can obtain phosphorus from broadcast fertilizer. Early root growth of lettuce is so slow that on average it takes about 21 days for the first granule of fertilizer to be exploited by a plant, whereas seed reserves of phosphorus are depleted within about 8 days of sowing. This is likely to result in a reduction in yield which cannot be overcome by simply applying more broadcast fertilizer. Some placement of fertilizer near to each plant is required if phosphorus deficiency is to be avoided. The model can also be applied to other crops, and the delay before the first fertilizer granule is exploited is shown to be slightly shorter in cabbage and very short in wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370656
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  • 96
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    Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth and phosphorus and zinc nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in an Oxisol from subtropical Australia (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nutrition ; peanuts ; phosphorus ; VA mycorrhizae ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut plants (cv. Shulamit) were grown in an Oxisol soil in pots in the glasshouse to assess effects of soil sterilization and inoculation with spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) on the response to five rates of phosphorus (0 to 240 kg P ha−1) and two rates of zinc (0 and 10 kg Zn ha−1) fertilizers. Both P and Zn nutrition were affected by VAMF activity but the dominant role of VAMF in this soil type was in uptake of P. In the absence of VAMF there was a clear threshold level of P application (60 kg P ha−1) below which plants grew poorly, which resulted in a sigmoidal response of dry matter to applied P. The maximum response was not fully defined because dry matter production continued to increase up to 240 kg P ha−1. Tissue P concentration of non-mycorrhizal plants increased linearly with P rate and was always significantly less than that in mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants responded without threshold to increasing P rate, attaining maximum dry matter at 120 kg P ha−1 in inoculated sterilized soil and at 30 kg P ha−1 in nonsterile soil. These differences in maximal P rates and in the greater dry matter produced in sterile soil at high P rates were attributed to the negative effects of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne hapla in nonsterile soil. Plant weight did not respond to zinc fertilizer but tissue Zn concentration increased with applied Zn. Tissue Zn concentration and uptake were increased by VAMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02206256
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nutrient additions on litter production and nutrient return in a nutrient-poor Cape fynbos ecosystem (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fynbos ; litter production ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Litter production and N and P return were determined at bimonthly intervals for two years in 10×5 m plots, amended with a complete factorial fertilizer addition of N as NH4NO3(Na), P as Ca3(PO4)2(Pa) and a mixture of all essential nutrients excluding N and P (Ma) in a 4–7-year-old post-fire sand-plain lowland fynbos ecosystem, South Africa. Litter production increased with vegetation age, was highly seasonal and peaked from late spring to mid-summer (November to January). No significant differences in annual litter production and N return were found in response to the nutrient treatments, although both tended to increase during the second year in response to Na and Ma. Phosphorus return increased significantly with Pa, and to a lesser extend, N3, during the first year, whereas it increased in response to Na and Ma and decreased in the Pa amended plots during the second year. The nutrient treatments did not result in a change in the timing of the annual peak litter production period or in the plant growth form composition of the litter. The litter layer dry mass and N and P contents increased in response to Na and Ma, while Pa resulted in an increased P content. The evidence from this study indicates that the vegetative growth of the evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs and hemicryptophytes of sand-plain lowland fynbos is not only limited by N, as shown by other studies on shoot growth and vegetation cover, but also by one or more other nutrients excluding P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220716
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of phosphorus on the morphology of VA mycorrhizal root system of leek (Allium porrum L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 334-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Allium porrum L. ; phosphorus ; root growth ; root morphology ; VAM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leek plants were raised on sterilized soil/sand medium amended with Ca(H2PO4)2. H2O ranging up to 750 mg Pkg−1. Addition of P increased total root length by increasing the initiation of laterals, which extended at a constant rate. This change in root growth was paralleled by the P inflow into the plant, but not by the P concentration of the plant, suggesting that it is the rate of P uptake which affects root branching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370427
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability of C, N and P content of a tropical semiarid soil as affected by soil genesis, erosion and land clearing (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370428
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphorus on Azolla and its utilization in rice culture in Niger (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla ; phosphorus ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The trials to use Azolla as a green manure for rice culture were made in the Niger basin.Azolla pinnata (Niger isolate) was used for the experiments. The effect of phosphorus on the growth and N2-fixation was examined in the field and in the laboratory. The growth rate and N content were maximum with P 3.1 ppm culture solution under laboratory conditions. The threshold P content for the growth was 0.5–0.6% in the dry matter. Maximum N content was 4.1% in the laboratory culture. In the field culture, the effect of P fertilizer on the growth and N yield of Azolla was tested. The split application of 6.5 kg P ha−1 per 13 days was most effective in stimulating the growth of Azolla. One kg of P as triple superphosphate produced 3.66 kg N in the Azolla. Maximum growth rate and N content in the field trials was 4.3 days (doubling time) and 2.3%, respectively. The lower productivity in the field in comparison with the laboratory culture was considered to be due to higher temperature and light intensity. the growth of Azolla was suppressed in the hot season in the Niger basin. The growth rate and N content were reduced during the high temperature period over 30°C on an average. The effect of inoculation of Azolla on rice yield was tested in the field experiment. The grain yield was increased 27% by Azolla incolation over the treatment without Azolla inoculation in — N fertilizer treatments. While the growth of Azolla with rice plants did not attain saturated density (1.8 kg fresh weight m−2), the effect on the grain yield was comparable to 40 kg N ha−1 as urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377065
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