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  • Articles  (2,040)
  • Chemical Engineering  (2,040)
  • Animals
  • 1990-1994  (1,802)
  • 1960-1964  (238)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (2,040)
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  • Articles  (2,040)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A T1 lattice relaxation study of the molecular motions of a semicrystalline polyimide matrix (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 128-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The molecualr dynamics of a semicrystalline polyimide were studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The T1 spin lattice relaxation times were observed over a temperature range of 24°C to 94°C.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150206
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastic modulus of in-situ composites of a liquid crystalline polymer and polycarbonate (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 156-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper, we model the elastic modulus of in-situ composite fibers from polymer blends where a fibrous liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) phase is induced by drawing. We propose a composite model to account for the change of the elastic moduli of the reinforcing LCP phase with the draw ratio of the composite fibers. We envisage the LCP phase as a composite of a perfectly oriented chain aggregate and a randomly oriented chain aggregate which are connected in series. We then derive equations for the longitudinal and the transverse elastic moduli of the composite fibers based on the well-known Halpin-Tsai equation and the composite model of the reinforcing LCP phase. Using this approach, we are able to make a number of predictions including the transverse elastic modulus and mechanical anisotropy. Our results show that theoretical predictions of the longitudinal elastic modulus agree fairly well with experimental results for polycarbonate/Vectra composites. The proposed modulus equations will be useful in providing guidelines for fabrication and applications of this new class of polymeric materials.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150209
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coating carbon fibers with a thermoplastic polyimide using aqueous foam (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 306-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Many techniques have been developed to coat carbon fibers with thermoplastic resins to form a prepreg. These techniques include melt impregnation and solution/slurry coating. The applicability of these techniques, however, may be restricted by high melt viscosities or significant drying times. Recent emphasis has been towards a dry powder coating technique using a fluidized bed. This technique may be limited by difficulties in fluidization of the polymer powders. To overcome these difficulties, a technique has been developed to continuously coat carbon fibers with thermoplastic resins using aqueous foam as a carrier medium. The polymer is slurried in a surfactant solution, into which air is dispersed using a foam-generating device. A predetermined amount of this foam is then applied to a moving carbon fiber tow using a foam application unit. The tow is then pulled through ovens where the foam is collapsed and the power fused to the fibers. Other aspects that are addressed include the stability of foams in the presence of powders, the mechanical properties of the composites formed using foam prepregging, and the effect of surfactant on composite properties.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150409
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture and acoustic emission characteristics of glass fiber reinforced plastics panels for hot water (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 206-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study deals with the fracture process and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of a randomly oriented E-glass fiber mat reinforcement with a crosslinked polyester. These panels were evaluated after they were immersed in hot water. The fiber volume content of the panel was 19%. Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) panels wer immersed in water at 81°C. Bending and AE monitoring tests were Performed and after bending, the cross-section of the specimen was observed by an optical microscope and SEM. The influence of degradation, due to water immersion, on the changes of fracture process of GFRP is discussed. The dominant fracture mode of the virgin specimen was matrix cracks, whereas that of the immersed specimen was debondings at the fiber bundle/matrix and fiber/matrix interfaces. This change was caused by reduction of the bonding strength at the interface. The scale of fracture can be estimated by both AE amplitude and AE energy and this estimation method was used to estimate the fracture mode changes of GFRP panels immersed in hot water.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150306
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composite processing (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 253-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150402
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performing analysis of thermoformable glass fiber mats - deformation modes and reinforcement characterization (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 134-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This work is and anyalysis of the performing process of a thermoformable glass fiber mat. Important processing variables associated with the preforming operations were extracted from stamping experiments. From the study of deformation modes, we may conclude that the defects found in fiber mat preforming are closely related to these deformation modes. Stretching causes finer thinning and re-orientation. Bending results in mat springback and thickness reduction, while in-plane compression induces wrinkles through buckling. Each defect may be reduced by specific adjustments. These adjustments, however, tend to interact with each other, and make the preforming control a challenging task.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150207
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial adhesion and failure modes in single filament thermoplastic composites (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The single filament composite (SFC) test has been uses to investigate the adhesion of carbon and glass fibers to thermoplastic matrices. A new modification of the test is proposed, consisting of SFC specimens stretched until the neck formation is complete. This makes the measuring of fiber fragment lengths much easier and allows a wider class of matrices to be investigated. The adhesion between fiber and thermoplastic matrix is strongly dependent on the contact forming conditions. With increased time of thermal treatment, interfacial bonding is improved and the failuere mode is changed. In the case of por fiber-mitrix adhesion, interfacial failure occurs. With an increase in interfacial shear strength, the martix cracks perpendicular to the fiber at the fiber breaks.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150208
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Random glass mat reinforced thermoplastic composities. Part VII: A statistical approach to strength (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Large macroscopic-scale variations in the tensile moduli and tensile strengths are charcteristic of random glass mat composites (GMT). The large-scale, point-to-point variations in the local stiffness is characterized by a probability density function that can be used to predict the stiffness of parts only in a statistical sense. Weibull statistics widely used for modeling the scatter in the strength of brittle materials cannot be applied to the large variations in the strength of GMTs: The macroscopic stress field in brittle materials is assumed to be deterministic, while the stress field in GMTs varies randomly on a macroscopic scale. A statistical approach for characterizing the strength of GMTs is developed by combining an empirically established strength-modulus correlation with the statistical characterization of the tensile modulus.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150506
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fiber/Matrix load transfer in cyanate resin carbon fiber systems (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Comparative single fiber fragmentation test measurements are used to charcterize cynate and epoxy resin interface load transfer with high modulus (HMS4) and high strength (AS4) carbon fibers. The HMS4 fiber forms a weak interface with a fiber controlled failure mode, and the AS4 fiber forms a strong interface with the resin properties, apparently determining the level of load transfer. The resin properties examined are critical surface energy for wetting, cure shrinkage, thermal shrinkage, and mechanical modulus and strength. The cynate and epoxy resins display no significant difference in critical surface energy. Cure shrinkage has a negligible effect on load transfer. The compressive force from thermal shrinkage is significant, but the larger Tg to testing temperature range of the cyanate resin is offset by the larger thermal expansion coefficient of the epoxy, resulting in a near equal compressive force for the two resins. There is little difference in modulus between the two resins but a significant difference in shear strength. This difference is reflected in the larger load transfer measurement for the cyanate resin. A comparison of simple one-dimensional elastic and plastic models for the fiber fragmentation experiment resulted in better conformity with the plastic model. This would indicate that interfacial failure occurs by plastic deformation of the resin for the systems of this study.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150602
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial toughness and its effect on compression strength in polycarbonate/carbon fiber composites (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 197-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Processing Polycarbonate/carbon fiber composites for long times at high temperatures significantly improved adhesion between the matrix and the fibers. The interfacial properties were studied by measuring transverse fracture toughness, observing fracture specimens by scanning electron microscopy, and by monitoring composite cross-sections using atomic force microscopy. The processing treatment provided an ideal method for varying the properties of the interface without changing any other properties. We used this method to study the effect of interfacial properties on the axial compression properties of unidirectional composites. Both the compression strength and compression modulus increased significantly as the fiber/matrix adhesion improved. We concluded that improving interfacial adhesion increased compression properties by inhibiting fiber microbuckling.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150305
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unsteady flow of dilute fiber suspensions using a Generalized Eulerian Lagrangian approach (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 418-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In recent years the emphasis on the development of fiber reinforced plastics has experienced an unprecedented expansion. One of the most commonly used methods in manufacturing of plastic products is injection molding. In this work we are using a Generalized Eulerian Lagrangian (GEL) formulation to study the unsteady flow of dilute fiber suspensions in injection molding. This formulation combines the advantages of both formulations: in the same flow problem but different regions the GEL formulation allows the selective application of an Eulerian, Lagrangian or a mixture of the two formulations. The suspending fluid is considered to be Newtonian and the contribution of the fibers to the local stress tensor is obtained using a volume averaging theory. The fiber distribution tensor is expressed in terms of a second order tensor with a quadratic closure approximation. Results are shown and discussed for the filling of a cavity from a single gate under different process conditions fibers aspect ratio and content.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150606
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow and void characterization of stitched structural composites using resin film infusion process (RFIP) (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 453-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The resin film infusion process (RFIP), which is similar to resin transfer molding (RTM), was applied to investigate the possibility of manufacturing high performance stitched composites. With the objective of understanding the resin flow mechanisms and void formation in stitched fibrous perform, two recent technological developments in homogeneous tough resin and bendable stitching fibers were incorporated in producing stituched composites with RFIP. These included new lightly crosslinked thermosets (LXT) that were phenolic or amine based. Second, bendable carbon stitching reinforcement (T-900) was utilized as a stitching fiber. Flow characteristics were inferred by ultrasonic C-scan analysis of cured panels. Microscopic studies indicated that voids were distrubuted along the stitching fiber because of low consolidation pressure in the resin-rich area (stitching fiber region) where the fiber volume content was lower. In contrast to stitched composites, non-sitiched composites contained lower void content and irregular void distribution because of uniform fiber compaction. Microscopic studies of partially resin infused quasi-istropic stitched composites demonstrated that the resin flows along the stitching fiber region and then infuses into the fibrous preform. These infusion phebnomena were the result of anistropic permeability in the preform. Consequently, anisotropic resin flow in the stitched fibrous preform was found to be related to the heterogenous textile structure caused by the stitching process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150610
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence from process parameters on void formation in resin transfer molding (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The influence of different process variables on the void content in resin transfer modling (RTM) has been investigated experimentally. The moldings were made in a flat mold filled by a parallel flow from one edge of the laminate to the other. The viods were found concentrated in a narrow region close to the ventilation side of the laminate. The void volume fraction in this region was almost constant and dropped over a short distance to basically no voids in the rest of the laminate. Micrographs from cross sections in different directions revealed that the voids were of two different types, long cylinderical bubbles inside the fiber bundles. An efficient way of reducing the void content was to use vacuum assistance during mold filling. This technique was benefical both for the magnitude of the void content and for the extent of the void region. The void content with the highest level of vacuum assistance (≍ 1 kPa absolute pressure), was practically negligible. Strong indications for void generation by mechanical entrapment at the flow front was found. The lowering of the void content with vacuum assistance can be interpreted as aresult of compression of voids when the vacuum is released and a higher mobility of voids created at a lower pressure.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150105
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line consolidation mechanisms in thermoplastic filament winding (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The on-line consolidation process, using a single roller, in thermoplastic filament winding (tape laying) has been investigated. A one-dimensional, semi-empirical, on-line consolidation process model is proposed that describes the deformation and flow phenomena. The model is used to predict the applied load necessary to achieve a desired fiber volume content of filament wound thermoplastic composite rings consolidated at various process conditions. Composite rings are fabricated from 50 layers of 12K carbon fiber tow APC-2 tape (6 mm wide) on a 178 mm diameter mandrel. It was found that the winding speed had statistically significant effects on the void content, the fiber volume fraction, and the final thickness; whereas the applied load had a statistically significant effect on the final thickness. These results show the effect of shear thinning on the viscoelastic response of the material, facilitating faster processing speeds. The results of the experiments compared well to the consolidation model's predictions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150109
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of the fracture behavior of elastomeric composites: Mechanical interactions at material interfaces (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fracture mechanics of multilayered elastomeric composites was simulated by the Blister Test using a polyurethane (PU)/A1 base plate interfacial assembly. In the various systems studies, and hard or soft intrposed layer (∼50 μm) separated the bulk matrix (∼ 1000 μm) from the metal counterface, with a hard-to-soft modules ratio of 1.70. Debonding was performed at a constant pressurization rate 1 × 10-8 m3/s corresponding to an average delamination rate of 0.25 m/s. Lateral hardening of the composite modules (negative transversal gradient of modulus) improved the fracture resistance (by 35%) at the material interface, in conformance with analytical predictions. Particle-dispersed and liquid-doped systems exhibited a sharp attenuation (40 to 90%) in the debond pressure. The latter results were substantiated by subjective assessement using optical microscopy, and were found consistent with stress concentration and weak conhesive fracture at the resin-substrate interface, respectively.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150112
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional nonisothermal mold filling simulations in resin transfer molding (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 118-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The manufacture of polymer composites through the process of resin transfer molding (RTM) involves the impregnation of the reactive polymer resing into a mold with preplaced fibrous reinforcements. Determination of RTM processing conditions requires the understanding of various parameters, such as material properties, mold geometry, and mold filling conditions. Modeling of the entire RTM process provides a tool for analyzing the relationship of the important parameters. This study developed a nonisothermal 3-D computer simulation model for the mold filling process of RTM based on the control volume finite element method. The model will be able to simulate mold filing in molds with complicated 3-D geometry. Results of some numerical studies in RTM show the applications of the proposed model.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150205
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150301
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on a fiber reinforced plastics honeycomb structure (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Based on an adhesive and fabric screening program, a rubber-modified resole adhesive and a flexible grade plain weave glass fabric were found appropriate for the fabrication of a glass-reinforced plastics honeycomb core material. Sandwich structures of different densities were fabricated. A linear regression analysis was performed to correlate the mechanical properties (S) with the density (p) for a wide range of sandwich structures based on honeycomb and cellular plastic core materials. An analytical model of the form S = Kρn was derived, with two empirical constants K and n. The density exponent n was between 1 ≤ n ≤ 2 in all cases. An equation was also derived to relate density with thermal conductivity. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results revealed that the glass transition temperature of the resin matrix associated with the sandwich structure was higher than that of the corresponding facing laminate or near resin casting.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150307
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150401
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Self-reinforced thermoplastic-LCP prepregs and laminates (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 254-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Self-reinforced sheets (prepregs) have been prepared by stretching extruded sheets made of thermoplastic (TP) and a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) blend. The sheets are formed by extrusion through a coathanger die, device. Processing at this stage is done at a temperature at which both components in the blend are melt processable. These prepregs are laid up in multi-layers in a direction parallel to the stretching direction or in the direction of 45° with respect to each previous layer. The lay-ups are compression molded into unidirectional or isotropic laminates at temperatures below the melt processing temperature of the LCP. Various pairs of TP and LCP have been studied. These include polypropylene and an LCP based on p-oxybenzoyl, terephthaloyl and hydroquinone moieties, polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and polystyrene/PPO alloy and a LCP based on 6-oxy-2-naphthoyl and p-oxybenzoyl moieties. Mechanical properties of the prepregs and laminates were measured and compared with those obtained from injection molded samples. Surprisingly, tensile strength and modulus of isotropic laminates are found to be higher than those of injection molded samples in the flow direction. Morphlogical studies of the prepregs and laminates indicate the presence of well-defined LCP fibers in various thermoplastic matrices.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150403
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150501
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Simulation-based design of sheet molding compound (SMC) compression molding (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 313-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The design of moding tool and molding cycle for sheet molding compounds (SMC) is often expensive and time consuming. Computer simulation of the compression molding proces is a desirable approach to reduce experimental prototypes. The focus of this work is to develop an automatic optimization scheme utilizing an earlier developed SMC plrocess simulation program which is capable of simulating material flow, heat trensfer, and curing. The proposed scheme reduces computing time by using approximate responses, instead of actual simulated responses, to perform the optimization. The automated optimization package minimizes user intervention during optimal design by creating an automatic link between the optimization and simulation routines. A 2-level factorial design combined with regression analysis is adopted to gather and analyze computed information, and to serve as the approximation formula. Two examples are presented to test the applicability of the optimization scheme.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150502
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    Bending properties of compression molded three-layer long fiber polypropylene composites (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results of studies on bending properties of three-layer long fiber polypropylene composites are presented. Thirteen samples with glass fibers of various lengths (i.e., 13, 25, 50 mm and continuous fiber length) in the laminates were prepared by stamping. Bending properties of shorter lengths exhibited a large scatter. On substitution of the middle layer with a continuous glass fiber the scatter was reduced. These results have been explained on the basis of flow models and X-ray shadowgraphs, which showed that both slippage flow and orientation of the glass fiber during stamping are the major phenomena responsible for the scatter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150503
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    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150601
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    Flow behavior of stampable sheet with a rib part (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 393-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of die design on the flow characteristics of compression molded three-layer long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite, known as “stampable sheet,” was investigated. The flow behavior of each layer was observed by optical and soft X-ray photographs. The fiber flow length into the rib part was measured by an image processing system. The results showed that during compression resin exudation occurred and that this depended on the die's rib width. Thus, the larger the rib width, the lower the amount of resin exuded. Resin exudation was found to occur earlier in a die with zero fillet radius. The fiber flow length into the rib part was enhanced by using a die with a large fillet radius. The results were confirmed by a short-shot molding process. In this process, the stamping operation was stopped short of making a complete part.A finite element method was used to study the flow process. The results agree with the experimental results confirmed by short-shot molding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150603
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    Rheological behavior of two- and three-phase fiber suspensions (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 427-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The rheology of two polyamide 6.6 systems filled with long glass fibers, as well as at of a three-phase polyamide 6.6-glass fiber-gas bubble system, was studied using capillary rheometry, To investigate the influence of fiber concentration, the shear and extensional viscosities were determined for both 30 and 40 vol% fiber filled suspensions as well as for the base polymer. Comparison revealed a modest increase in both the shear and extensional viscosities with increased fiber fraction. The shear viscosities, ηs, of both suspensions are shown to be close to one order of magnitude greater than the base matrix fluid viscosity, η. However, the extensional viscosities, ηE, of the suspensions are determined to be approximately four orders of magnitude greater than the shear viscosity of the matrix fluid for strain rates from 100 s-1 to 102 s-1. The addition of a gas bubble phase to the neat polymer and polymer-fiber suspensions was accomplished through the decomposition of various percentages of an azodicarbonamide blowing agent. The presence gas bubbles resulted in reduced shear and extensional viscosities for both the neat and fiber-filled polyamide with greater reductions observed for the neat polyamide. Greater viscosity reductions were observed as the blowing agent centration was increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150607
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    Simultaneous interpenetrating networks for tough matrix composites (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 479-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Graphite fiber reinforced epoxy composites normally exhibit low impact strength, poor delamination resistance, and low damage tolerance. Because delamination is a matrix-dominated failure mode, tougher matrix resins may be utilized to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of delamination on the structural integrity of fiber composites. The effects of modifying epoxy network morphology by introducing polyurethane in the form of an interpentrating network were studied. The compatibility, toughness, and tensile properties of the matrix as well as the properties of the resultant laminates were evaluated. One of the conclusions arising was that the interpenetrating network morphology results in superior resin and composites toughness with increasing polyurethane content. However, the benefits of increased resin toughness did not necessarily translate into proportionally increased composite owing to the geomertical limitations placed on the plastic deformation zones in laminates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150613
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    Mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyester/urethane hybrid network compositesBased in part on the MS thesis of J. L. Yu. (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 488-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Hybrid resins of unsaturated polyester/urethane were synthesized and characterized. Both the toughness and stiffness of the polyester were improved significantly by incorporating 20 wt% urethane. Unsaturated polyester, styrene, and ethane showed good compatibility during blending and probably formed a simultaneous interpenetrating network (IPN) during polymerization. The resultant IPN morphology possessed a unique glass transition temperature. This IPN morphology not only imparted great fracture resistance to the otherwise brittle polyester, but also changed the fracture mode of new resin composites. The molecular weight of unsaturated polyesters did not have significant effect on the mechanical properties, but did exert an apparent influence on the fracture mode. During the cure process the side reaction, an amine reaction, could be suppressed addition of suitable promoter and catalyst.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150614
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    Vinyl news focus (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 2-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160103
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    Effect of plasticizer functionality on the performance properties of flexible PVC compounds (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is on the enhancement of physical properties achieved through utilization of linear plasticizers in flexible PVC compounds. This paper also emphasizes the use of statistical methods and designs of experiments. In a series of experimental designs, electrical, oven-aging, and low temperature performance of commercially available phthalate plasticizers were evaluated. Test data will be given to show the effect of plasticizer functionality on the performance properties of flexible PVC compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160108
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    Factors influencing PVC resin apparent bulk density (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bulk density is one of the easiest measured and most practical physical properties of PVC resins and compounds, especially those used in rigid applications. The paper addresses the importance of bulk density of rigid PVC resins, both regular and antistat, and their compounds. The negative influence of static electricity on bulk density measurement of PVC resins is studied and discussed. Effective static removal and accurate, consistent bulk density measurement is explored through various methods such as compacted bulk density and conditioned bulk density (either by addition of silica, methanol or carbon black, or by treatment with an ionizer).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160111
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    Concentration and temperature dependence of plasticizer diffusion into plasticized PVC (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The diffusion of a plasticizer S1 from a source made of PVC containing 25 wt% of S1 into a medium made of PVC film containing another plasticizer S2 in 15, 20, 25 and 30 wt%, was studied at temperatures ranging from 70 to 108°C. S1 was generally diphenyl-iso-octyl phosphate (DPIP) and S2 was dioctyl phthalate (DOP) but the reciprocal system was also studied in some cases. Starting from a reference point corresponding to a temperature of 70°C and a DOP concentration of 25 wt%, it was found experimentally that an increase Δv of the DOP volume fraction (v) or an increase ΔT of the temperature, led to the same variation of the diffusion coefficient of DPIP if ΔT/Δv ∼ 139K. A reasonably close value can be obtained from a simple free-volume approach, using the literature data on the plasticizer action of DOP on PVC.
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    Working for an international company -  what a small world we live in… (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 69-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160202
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    Data analysis for non-statisticians (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments generate data. Data generate results. Results lead to decisions. Decisions solve problems. Right??? Well, not always. Things can go wrong….At the root of the above sequence is data. If the data are not good, the problem is unlikely to get solved. If the data are good, but not properly interpreted, the problem may persist.One cause of poor data is a poor experimental design. Once run, the results cannot be improved by the best data analysis techniques. Given good data, interpretation can change the conclusions. Data analysis techniques are available that enable the experimenter to Correct for process drift during a series of experiments.Study data for outliers, which can falsely influence results.Determine distribution of data within and between data sets.Do regression analysis to establish mathematical relationships.These techniques lead to statistically correct identification of cause and effect relationships, or show that none are present in the data. Rigorous data analysis produces fewer disappointments and more problem solutions.
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    A novel impact modifier system for vinyl siding and profile substrate (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of a newly developed ABS impact modifier in coextruded vinyl siding and window profile substrate is discussed. Considerations of toughness at room and low temperature, output, reduced lubricant levels, and weatherability of the finished siding are reviewed. Actual outdoor weathering results are presented, along with long-term heat aging tests, showing the modifier to have good property retention characteristics.
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    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160301
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    Vinyl news focus (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 130-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160303
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    European perceptions on chlorine and PVC (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160307
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    The facts on PVC (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 146-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160310
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    Preparation of marked poly(vinyl chloride) by reactive processing for identification by UV devices (recycling) (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 162-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The grafting of sodium 2-thionaphtholate (NaTN) and sodium p-thiocresolate (NaTC) in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been studied in the melt with the aim of obtaining a marked polymer for easy recognition and separation by UV devices. The influence of reactant concentration. DOP concentration, and temperature was investigated to determine the best conditions to obtain a controlled modification in the polymer. High degrees of grafting, efficiencies 〉 80%, and no side reactions, such as degradation or crosslinking, have been obtained under polymer processing conditions. The reaction of PVC with both reactants is also stereospecific. The ultraviolet spectrum of p-thiocresolate grafted PVC shows a maximum absorption in the region 〈 300 nm, and that of a 2% thionaphtholate grafted PVC in the region of 360 nm, which is far from the UV absorption of a plasticized PVC. While the polymer marked with the first reagent can be used without plasticized polymers, the second can also be used with plasticized PVC, and therefore distinguished from polyolefins. The results reported herein may be useful in the development of polymer recycling, although barriers and interferences can exist.
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    Experience and advances in automated separation of plastics for recycling (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new process system began operation at the Eaglebrook Plastics, Inc. facility in January 1992 that provides automated identification and separation of postconsumer plastic bottles and containers derived from baled and whole bottle sources. Since that time a number of these automated separation systems have been installed, and are in operation. This paper describes automated plastic separation systems that are currently in operation, provides operating data from the plants, and discusses advances in plastic separation methods currently under development.
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    Vinyl siding, the environmental friendly product for building and construction (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 189-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160402
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    The effect of the FTC environmental guidelines on the marketing of vinyl products (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In July 1992, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued its long awaited guidelines on the use of environmental marketing claims. These guidelines do not carry the force of law, but they may result in law enforcement action if such claims are found to constitute deceptive advertising. The paper examines the effect the FTC guidelines will have on the marketing of vinyl products. It briefly describes the general principles that apply to all environmental marketing claims and then discusses the eight specific claim types covered by the FTC document: general environmental benefits, degradability, compostability, recyclability, recycled content, source reduction, refillability, and ozone friendliness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160105
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    Rigid cellular PVC - the next house siding material? (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The technology for extruding rigid cellular PVC has grown substantially over the past decade. Formulation additives, tooling, and processing expertise have made possible a variety of applications - relatively complex profiles, foam-core pipe, thermoformable foam sheet, and house siding. In the U.S. market, vinyl house siding is typically a relatively thin extrusion that is folded into a final shape that resembles wood cladding in appearance. An alternative to conventional form vinyl siding could be a foam structure that is thicker and stiffer than the solid form, and with a density similar to that of wood. This paper presents several performance advantages of rigid cellular PVC cladding in comparison to the current solid product, in addition to mentioning certain limitations that exist in the foam product that is produced with the technology available today.
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    Effect of crystallinity on PVC physical properties (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 35-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crystallinity in PVC contributes significantly to the strength and resiliency of the polymer. Two types of crystallites have been described: a primary crystallite in the virgin powder state pictured as a platelet or flat needle-like lamellar crystallite, and a secondary, fringed micellar crystallite from melts or solutions. Both crystallites create loose, crosslinking networks. The secondary crystallite forms when plastisol melts are cooled or solutions are gelled. Crystallites exert a major effect on rheological properties. The thermal destruction of the primary crystallite networks in the melt phase results in a decrease in elastic modulus. Cooling from the fused state creates secondary crystallites that affect tensile and elongation.
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    The UV resistance of adipate based polymeric plasticizers in PVC (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 26-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: DOA, (di-2-ethylhexyl) adipate, is a monomeric ester plasticizer frequently used in PVC compositions to enhance flexibility at low temperatures. DOA has several drawbacks; it lacks permanence in the PVC matrix and it has poorer compatibility than its phthalate homologue (DOP). By reacting adipic acid with polyols, polymer chains of increased molecular weights can be formed. These polyester plasticizers offer increased permanence over DOA. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate how adipate plasticizers, starting with DOA and increasing in molecular weight, affect the performance of flexible vinyl, especially in regard to UV resistance and permanence. The following series of evaluations will show that as the molecular weight of plasticizers increases, the permanence properties (volatility and extraction by various media) increase. The ability to withstand degradation from ultraviolet light also increases with higher molecular weight.
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    Trimethylpentanediol dibenzoate: New plasticizer for plastisol screen ink (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 52-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trimethylpentane diol (TMPD) dibenzoate use in vinyl as a plasticizer is not well recognized, and little has been published on vinyl performance characteristics. To assess new applications for vinyl, a basic evaluation was conducted. Based on the results of the screen and other considerations an evaluation for utility in plastisol silk screen ink was conducted. The results indicated that the TMPD dibenzoate performed very well in white ink, requiring good fabric dye bleed resistance compared to polymeric and phthalates currently being used for non-bleed ink. Non-bleed characteristics are important for colored tee shirt printing. The benzoate is a good solvator and has excellent extraction resistance.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160113
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    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160201
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    SPC and the measurement process (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 71-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the basic principles of SPC charts and how to employ SPC techniques in performing simple measurement accuracy and precision studies. Information on the concepts of variation, basic statistics, the normal distribution, and the central limit theorem are presented to set the foundation for SPC. With these concepts in place, it is possible to introduce the two SPC charts on which accuracy and precision studies can be based - individuals charts and X-bar charts. Many other types of control charts exist that are not described in this paper, specifically, control charts for attributes data. These are generally not applicable to measurement accuracy and precision studies, and numerous texts are available that sufficiently detail control charts for attributes data.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160204
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    A viscoelastic interpretation of miscibility for three PVC-styrenic copolymer blends (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 96-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of multiphase polymers is of growing importance given their inherent economical and technological benefits. Unplasticized PVC is brittle and heat sensitive. Improved impact resistance is often attained by using rubber additives. However, the rubber contributes to increasing viscosity, and, consequently, limited processability. Research efforts are concentrated on the development of a PVC matrix blend that has good heat stability and processability. While traditional PVC modification has concentrated on using plasticizers to aid processing, in this project, the use of three styrenic copolymers has been investigated. Miscibility of the systems has been established using the Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer by determining the number of transitions in the resultant blends. Long range time-temperature effects have been established via generation of master curves for the two component systems. The shift factor data has been analyzed to determine the corresponding activation energies associated with different transitions. These indicate a methodology to design optimum blend systems.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160207
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    Lubricant systems for rigid PVC applications (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 112-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lubricants are used in extrusion processing of rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds to control fusion and reduce shear heating. Without lubricants, conversion to the melt state results in excessive shear heating and degradation of the compound. The present work compares new lubricant systems containing complex esters with conventional systems based on ethylene bisstearamide (EBS) and paraffin. These new systems provide improved compound stability, weatherability, and physical properties. In addition, use of these systems results in lower compound viscosity compared with the conventional lubricant packages. The effects of other characteristics of these systems, such as the degree of esterification on compound properties, are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160210
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    Summary of points - questions and discussions (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160311
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    Real time weathering as a test for evaluating materials (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 116-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Perhaps as much as 75% of the material placed on exposure in outdoor test fields or in laboratory accelerated testing devices is on test because of a specification requirement that is a part of the condition of sale. Government standards, automotive manufacturers' specifications, and many architectural guidelines are filled with directives instructing prospective suppliers to expose the candidate material to specific weather durability criteria before they submit their product for consideration or acceptance. Approximately another 15% of the materials on exposure is for product warranty. Results from exposures performed in harsh climatic environments to a known industry standard are used to back up claims of product or material durability. Finally, there is a 10% group using exposure sites and laboratory weathering machines for research and development. An ever-increasing demand for new and more durable products has made the seemingly simple task of weathering a key part of product development, quality assurance, and warranty. Even with the rapid technological improvements in field exposures, laboratory machines, test methods, and evaluation techniques there is mystery, mistrust, and misunderstanding of the weathering process. This paper discusses the reasons for and choices to be made when considering a program for assessing the ability of materials to resist degradation due to weathering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160211
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    Panel discussion: PVC: Its role in the chlorine question (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 131-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160304
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    Moderator's introductory remarks (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 133-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160306
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    Why use PVC for windows and doors (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 143-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160309
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    Global markets for chlorine and PVC: Potential impacts of greenpeace attacks (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 156-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Activists in Europe have led the world in criticizing the potential formation of chlorinated organics, including dioxins in the manufacturing of PVC and its feedstocks. The Greenpeace publication “Dioxin Factories” claims that PVC manufacturing is the largest source of dioxins in the world and concludes that all PVC plants should be shut down. The environmentalist argument is that because some unfriendly compounds contain chlorine, all chlorine and chlorine derivative production should be banned. This review analyzes the debate, and using the Charles River Associates and CanTox Reports, comments on what is toxic and what would happen if all chlorine products were taken away.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160312
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    Microstructure-based processing parameters of thermoplastic composite materials. Part I: Theoretical models (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 34-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Processing parameters for composites are predicted by new models which are based on the microstructure of the composite. Three types of termoplastic prepregs are considered, ICI tape, BASE commingled two, and CCMI powder coated tow. The permeability of the composites depends on their fiber distribution. The elastic behavior of the fiber network compression depends on the fiber oreientation. These two are integrated to predict the processing parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150106
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    Prediction of mechanical properties of short kevlar fiber-nylon-6,6 composites (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 64-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Injection molded short Kevlar (DuPont) fiber/nylon-6,6 composites have been studied. Fiber length and length distribution were measured as a function of processing variables. Critical fiber length was measured by an embedded single-fiber method. Tensile modulus of the molded composites was predicted by an adapted classical lamination analogy. Fiber and matrix orientation factors, derived from X-ray diffraction, were introduced to modify Kelly Tyson equation to estimate the composite tensile strength. It has been found that fiber length is dramatically shortened by the injection molding process, and is affected by processing conditions. Predictions gave reasonable agreement with data for tensile modulus and strength.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150110
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    A computational analysis of the heating of glass mat thermoplastic (GMT) sheets by dual beam microwave sources (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of dual beam microwaves to heat glass mat thermoplastic has been investigated numerically using a finite difference technique, known as the alternating difference implicit (ADI) method. The variation in thermophysical properties throughout the GMT has been accounted for using a table look-up procedure, which provides the appropriate thermophysical properties for the thermal conditions at each mesh point. The use of dual beam microwaves has been shown to significantly reduce the heating times under all geometric conditions, material variations, and glass loadings. Sheet thicknesses were varied from 1 to 12 mm, glass loadings from zero to 40 wt% polypropylene, polycarbonate and nylon were all simulated. The computations indicate a clear advantage in heating times when dual beam microwave heating sources are emplyed.
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    Adhesion improvement of high modulus polyethylene fibers by surface plasma treatment: Evaluation by pull-out testing (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of plasma treatment duration on adhesion promotion of high modulus polyethylene fiber to a polyesterresin matrix has been studied. The adhesion level was evaluated using pull-out tests. The relevant parameters are the average interface shear strength and the critical embedded length. Particular attention was paid to the sample preparation and testing procedure to minimize data scatter inherent to this method due in part to structural and surface defects of the fiber. The results demonstrate that adhesion is enhanced for plasma treatment times as short as 2 s, mostly because of chemical bonding. Interfacial shear resistance gradually increases for the longer times considered, up to 10 min. In the latter case, improvement may be due to fiber surface etching and roughening, rather than chemical bonding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150311
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    Predicting shrinkage and warpage of fiber-reinforced composite parts (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 270-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: One major problem that arises in the design of plastic parts, especially those that are fiber reinforced, is the change of shape and dimension as a result of shrinkage and warpage. These material inhomogeneities are caused by flowinduced fiber orientation, curing, poor thermal mold lay-out, and other processing conditions. This paper presents a simulation that predicts shirnkage and warpage of 3-D compression molded fiber reinforced composite parts. The simulation represents the structure with the 3-noded shell elements used in mold filling simulations. The calculated results indicate that fiber orientation strongly affect the final properties, which vary with different chage locations, have a significant effect on warpage. Unsymmetric curing, caused by uneven mold temperatures, could lead to a thermal moment that could possibly help reduce warpage.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150405
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    In-plane permeability measurement and analysis in liquid composite molding (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 278-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This work presents methods to measure and analyze in-plane permeabilities of various fabric reinforcements. The principal flow directions need to be determined first by conducting flow visualization. From the flow front pattern, the ratio of the permeabilities in the two principal directions can be determined. The pressure and the flow rate relationship from both radial and unidirectional flow measurement methods are then used to calculate the values of the permeabilities. By the use of the unidirectional flow measurement method, the edge flow effect can also be estimated.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150406
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    Physical modeling of the interphase in amorphous thermoplastic/glass bead composites (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 442-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Mechanical spectrometry was performed on polystyrene/glass bead and poly (styrene-co-methacrylic acid)/glass bead composites to test for the influence of the interphase on molecular mobility. To quantify these motion changes, a physical model was developed to predict the deformation of amorphous materials near Tg. Before applying this model, the dynamic mechanical behavior of the two phases (matrix and inclusions) must be separated to remove the reinforcement effect of the fillers and to keep only the physical crosslinking effect of the amorphous phase by the inclusions. It was shown that (i) the fillers can induce the nation of specific interactions, which act as physical ties, reducing molecular mobility and that (ii) the decrease in molecular motion with increasing filler content is enhanced for fillers coated by a silane coupling agent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150609
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    Microstructure-based processing parameters of thermoplastic composite materials. Part II: Experimental results (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 42-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The permeability of termoplastic composites and the elastic behavior of their fiber networks were measured during compression molding. As these processing parameters depend on the microstructure of the composite, experiments were performed to determine them for tape prepreg, commingled two repreg, and powder-coated tow prepreg. The experimental results agree closely when compared to the theoretical predictions.
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    The elastic properties of random-in-plane short fiber reinforced polymer composites (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 74-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Four types of random-in-plane short fiber reinforced polymer composites were manufactured by the prepreg route using carbon or glass fiber tissue and 913 or 924 epoxy resin. The in-plane Young's modules and in-plane shear modulus of the composites were measured over the temperature range - 100 to + 200°C by dynamic mechanical analysis using three point bend and rectangular torsion testing geometries. Theoretical predictions of the elastic properties of the composites were determined over the same temperature range and compared with the experiment. Of particular interest was the use of the “S mixing rule” of McGee and McCullough to determine a single theoretical estimate for the composite elastic properties. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory was found for the four composites over the majority of the measured temperature range.
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    On-line consolidation of thermoplastic towpreg composites in filament winding (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 436-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study of the use of thermoplastic powder coated towpregs in filament winding was conducted. A suitable technique for manufacturing parts with adequate on-line consolidation was identified through an experimental investigation that compared several techniques. This process utilized a single compaction roller on-line consolidation head with hot air guns to obtain consolidation at the lay-down point on the mandrel. The addition of a heated pultrusion die between the creel system and the filament winder was found to produce the best process. Nylon 11/E-glass towpreg was used in this study. The effect of winding speed and compaction force on the quality of the resulting parts was determined in order to optimize the process. Only the speed was found to have a significant effect, with better quality parts being made at higher speed. Observations were also made on parts manufactured with polypropylene and E-glass towpreg, as well as on parts wound with helical patterns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150608
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    Determining fiber strength vs. gage length (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 474-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper concerns the gage length dependence of fiber strength as established by measuring the fiber fracture stress vs. fragment length in the succession of fragments, which occur in tension testing of a single-fiber composite (s.f.c.). For fibers with a strength distribution described by a Weibull modulus m, a plot of In (fragment fragment fracture stress) vs. ln (actual fragment length) leads to the deduction of an apparent Weibull modulus mapp ⋍ 0.63 m, whereas the apparently less drigorous procedure of plotting In (fragment fracture stress) vs. ln (average fragment length) allows for accurate assessment of the true Weibull modulus. The mapp 〈 m behavior arising from the use of actual fragment lengths occurs because fragments in the s.f.c. are not random sections of the fiber, but rather sections which have effectively been proof-tested at a stress corresponding to the strength of last fiber breaking stress occurring in the entire sample length. Hence, the individual fragments appear stronger than random fiber sections, leading to an apparently smaller Weibull modulus. Such complications do not arise if only the average fragment length, or equivalently the location-independent total number of breaks, is considered. Computer simualtions of the fragmentation process verify analytic estimates of the ratio of mapp/m, and demonstrate the accuracy of using the average fragment length to assess fiber Weibull modulus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150612
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    Plasticization of PVC with ethylene copolymer resins (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 16-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ethylene copolymer resin (ECR) modifiers, designed to be soluble in all proportions in PVC, form a wide variety of plasticized PVC blends. These solid, high molecular weight (Mw 〉 250,000) resin modifiers, unlike conventional liquid plasticizer, exhibit outstanding permanence in PVC. Compounding procedures, used for liquid plasticized PVC, are sometimes inadequate to produce homogeneous blends of PVC/ECR. A number of effective melt compounding techniques and a new family of ECR modifiers have been developed to produce homogeneous blends exhibiting many outstanding properties, including fluids/chemical resistance, high/low-temperature service, and weatherability.
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    Additives for processing rigid PVDC copolymers (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 46-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) copolymers are highly crystalline materials used in packaging applications because of their strength and excellent barrier properties. The crystalline moiety (∼40 to 50%) generally melts from 160 to 170°C and the amorphous phase Tg is between 0 and 35°C depending on the comonomer type and level. PVDC is much less thermally stable than PVC and degrades very rapidly in the same temperature range (i.e. above the Tm) required to process the material. Added plasticizers are utilized to reduce processing temperatures but at the expense of barrier properties. There is a need to process PVDC sans plasticizer to achieve maximum possible barrier properties in multilayer composite sheet and films. Additives will be discussed that have been shown (in laboratory tests) to delay the fusion of the amorphous phase of unplasticized PVDC until the material temperature nears the crystalline melting point, thus reducing the overall heat history with a minimal effect on other important properties.
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    Chlorine, CanTox,CanTox: Canadian toxicology consulting firm. and CRACRA: Charles River Associates Report. (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160308
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    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160401
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    Property enhancement of melt processable rubber by blending with thermoplastic and elastomer (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of blending various thermoplastics and elastomers with melt processable rubber was studied using ECHIP experimental design. This study shows that with a minimum of tests, key property effects, interrelationships, synergisms, etc., can be identified. The data is useful in guiding the user to produce blends that will optimize properties within a given cost restraint.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160406
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    Vinyl durables recycling (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Geon Company and the vinyl industry have been very active in recycling for a number of years. A significant portion of that effort has been focused on the vinyl packaging, and the industry has been instrumental in getting automatic bottle sortation commercialized. This paper will focus more on vinyl durables recycling in wire and cable, computer and business equipment, and automotive. In addition it will address a number of environmental attacks currently leveled at vinyl.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160315
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    Vinyl news focus (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 191-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160403
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    Plasticizer migration from plasticized into unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 192-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There exist important industrial applications, such as hoses or plastic windows, dealing with closely combining plasticized and rigid poly(vinyl chloride). Nevertheless, migration of plasticizer causes severe variation of the mechanical performance of the end-products. This work comprises an effort to investigate and understand these phenomena, also as an extension of previous work of ours in migration to liquid environments. The common system plasticized PVC/dioctylphthalate/unplasticized PVC was studied under two-sided diffusion conditions, i.e., from a thin sheet of plasticized sheet. The whole assembly was placed between two glass plates and then was held in an oven at 64°C to simulate accelerated test conditions. Some pressure was also applied to ensure perfect contact between the plastic sheets. Three different levels of initial plasticizer concentration (48, 66, and 100 phr) have been considered for a period of about five months, until equilibrium was reached. During this period the migration process was monitored by weight changes. Plots of Mt/M∞ vs. t½, where M∞ the amount migrated at equilibrium and Mt the amount lost at time t, resulted in evident linear relationship. Therefore, it was proved that the Fick's law approximation for short times can be used to describe the migration kinetics for this solid/solid system. On the other hand, macroscopic observations revealed that no plasticizer was accumulated at the interface, i.e. all plasticizer leaving the plasticized sheet entered the rigid ones. Finally, it seems that the controlling stage is the diffusion inside plasticized PVC while possible annealing of the plasticized polymer structure cannot be excluded.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160404
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    International standards for the acquisition and presentation of comparable data on plastics (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the problems faced by plastics design engineers, in addition to anyone involved in resin selection in new product development, is access to comparable data among similar products from different material suppliers. This stems from the lack of standardization in the acquisition and reporting format for materials properties data in the plastics industry. Currently, a multiplicity of national test standards is widely used in the acquisition of the data, which often allows a broad flexibility in the choice of test specimen shapes and geometry, conditions for preparing the test specimens, test variables, and test conditions, in addition to units, rendering any comparison between materials extremely difficult. ISO 10350 and 11403, Parts 1, 2, and 3, were developed specifically to address these issues for the acquisition of the data, and the CAMPUS database was developed as a tool for standardization of the reporting format for plastics properties. The real driving force for standardization at the international level is the growing need for comparable data on a global basis because of the emerging global nature of the manufacturing industry and the cost savings. This paper will discuss the rationale, driving forces, and the status of the worldwide standardization efforts, along with the benefits and experience gained to date.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160408
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    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160101
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    Where are the young minds going? (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160102
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    Guest editorial (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 129-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160302
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    Characterization of PVC/CPE blends by thermally stimulated currentReprinted with permission from R. L. Gray, “Characterization of PVC/CPE Blends By Thermally Stimulated Current,” American Chemical Society Preprints, 206th ACS National Meeting, Aug. 27, 1993. (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In recent years, the use of polymer blends and alloys has become increasingly important in the development of advanced engineering materials. Through the combination of existing polymers, new and improved properties such as impact strength, chemical resistance, and increased temperature use range have been achieved. An important challenge has been to develop new analytical methods capable of properly evaluating these increasingly complex polymer systems. Careful examination of the blend morphology and degree of internal stress between phases is often critical to the success of the development of new blends and alloys. Blends of grafted and crosslinked PVC and CPE were evaluated by Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC). The extent of crosslinking and degree of interpenetration between the two phases were evaluated by examination of the glass transition peaks generated during the TSC experiments. The unique sensitivity of this technique provided excellent insight, which may allow prediction of long term stability and impact strength based on the degree of internal stress that exists at the phase boundaries. This paper explores the application of TSC as a development tool in the study of impact-modified PVC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160212
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    Editor's comments (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 132-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160305
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    Elastomeric alloys of PVC (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 208-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance standards for flexible PVC compounds continue to become more demanding as manufacturers pursue more value-added applications traditionally dominated by rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers. Blending of PVC with other polymers has proven to be a viable approach in developing higher performance flexible PVC-based materials. This paper will review some of the typical approaches to producing PVC-based elastomers, and show how these standard flexible PVC blends compare to a newly developed family of PVC alloys. The advantages of these materials will be discussed, and some examples of commercial materials and their application will also be reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160407
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    Aspects of miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part II: Dynamic mechanical properties (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 226-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blends was further investigated by means of dynamic mechanical analysis. The single glass transition temperature shown by the blends supported earlier observations of miscibility Furthermore, observed synergism in storage modulus has again reaffirmed the miscibility of these blends. A critical examination of the damping peaks at various compositions again revealed the microheterogeneous nature of the blends. Some theories relating glass transition temperature and modulus with miscibility were also used to examine miscibility. Agreement of the results with theories proposed by Gordon - Taylor and Kleiner has provided a further insight into the miscible nature of PVC/ENR blends.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160410
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    Aspects of miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part I: Mechanical and morphological properties (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blends was studied by examining evidence from tensile, impact, and physical properties. The observation of synergism in tensile strength, percent elongation at break, hardness, and relative density has reaffirmed PVC/ENR blends as miscible systems. Studies of impact properties, however, revealed that the blends are microheterogeneous in nature. This could be attributed to the large sizes of polymer molecules involved and the microgel content of ENR-50. Results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that hydrogen bonding is extensively involved in PVC/ENR systems. This evidence unveiled the exact nature of the specific interactions responsible for miscibility and hence the enhanced mechanical properties of PVC/ENR blends.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160409
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    Studies of molecular weight distribution, particle morphology, and rheological behavior of ultra-high molecular weight suspension PVC (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper, the particle characteristics and rheological behavior of ultra-high molecular weight PVC (UHMWPVC) produced in both Japan and mainland China were studied. The molecular weight and its distribution of UHMWPVC were measured by GPC. By means of a series of techniques such as SEM, the measurement of surface pore size, plasticizer absorption, and photographic analysis, the morphology and general characteristics of UHMWPVC particles were investigated. A model of particle structure was proposed. It was found that compared to general PVC, UHMWPVC resins are more porous, having better plasticizer absorption properties. Similarly, compared to UHMWPVC made in mainland China, UHMWPVC made in Japan possesses particle characteristics preferred in PVC processing. In the studies of rheological behavior, the programmed temperature Brabender torque rheometer was used to study and compare the melting process of UHMWPVC resins and their plasticized systems under the same shear stress. The capillary rheometer and Brabender extrusion-rheometer were applied to investigate the rheological and extrusion properties of the plasticized systems mentioned above. The results showed that in melting and extrusion process, the particle characteristics of UHMWPVC result in the easy breakage of particles and the formation of “molecular flow,” On the other hand, the high molecular weight is unfavorable to processing. Generally speaking, much more research work is needed to improve the flow properties of UHMWPVC.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160412
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    Increasing of PVC resin bulk density and free flow by treatment with organic compounds (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of different organic additives to increase the bulk density (BD) and the free flow (FF) of PVC was investigated. PVC was treated by quarternary ammonium salts, low-molecular glycols, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene wax, stearic acid, butyl stearate, oxyethylated fatty acids and alcohol, non-oxyethylated and oxyethylated partial fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols. Increasing one of the mentioned values is not always accompanied by increasing the other. There exist additives which increase the BD only, the FF only, and both values simulataneously. The BD of treated PVC is often instable; it may increase and decrease on standing. The additives used do not affect the structure of PVC particles, but may change the volume of external voids between them. The efficiency of each additive depends on its polarity and structure of the chains. The mechanism of the action of additives altering the BD and FF was considered. It was expected that the additives leading to denser packing of the PVC powder reduce the interparticle interaction at the expense of particle-additive interaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160405
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    Predicting surface defects in injection molded PVC components (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Surface defects in injection molded PVC parts have long been analytically unpredictable. These defects are typically caused by thermal instability and flow instability of the material. There exists a need to analytically predict these defects through the use of mold filling simulation. This paper documents an experimental approach to predicting surface defects on injection molded PVC parts through the use of material characterization, mold filling simulation correlation, and verification tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160411
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    Effects of nozzle length on mold filling simulation accuracy (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 3-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A common assumption in mold filling analysis is that the molding machine is capable of providing a fully pressurized uniform temperature melt to the rear orifice of the sprue. Based upon this assumption, the finite element model then only represents the geometry of the mold itself from the sprue rear orifice forward. This assumption, however, is acceptable only when the injection modeling machine nozzie extension is of such a length that the pressure drop in the nozzle is negligible. For large injection molded parts the exclusion of the molding machine nozzle in the design phase of the mold filling analysis may produce overly optimistic results. This study of an actual large (7.9 kg) injection molded thin wall (4 mm) vinyl part will show the effects of nozzle length on the accuracy of mold filling analysis software predictions. Analytical results with and without representation of the molding machine nozzle in the finite element model will be compared to production trial results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160104
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    Mathematical modeling of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) formulations: Fusion characteristics (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 62-68 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A central composite design of experiment as used to study the effect of five additives on the fusion characteristics of a rigid PVC compound. The fusion characteristics evaluated were fusion time, fusion torque, and fusion temperature as measured by a torque rheometer. Mathematical models were constructed for the following five independent formulation variables: impact modifier, paraffin wax, calcium stearate, ester wax, and processing aid. Because of differences in the lubricating properties of these additives, mathematical modeling can help the manufacturers of rigid PVC products to understand and better formulate necessary changes to optimizes the performance requirements of their end use products. The ability to predict the fusion characteristics of a proposed formulation change will help minimize the number of required production evaluations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160115
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    Vinyl news focus (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 70-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160203
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    Processing conditions optimization for PVC plastisol rotational molding (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work we present the optimization of the processing conditions for PVC plastisol rotational molding. The effects of oven temperature, processing time, rotational, speed and amount of plastisol over the degree of curing, physical appearance, and mechanical properties of the molded articles were studied. Also, using a simple mathematical model to simulate the temperature profiles of the plastisol inside of the spherical mold as a function of time, the viscosity change of the plastisol with time is reported. A rotational molding machine laboratory size was used for the experiments. The oven (at different points) as well as the mold (at the inside and outside of the cavity) temperatures were measured as a function of time in order to get a better understanding of the curing process. Such data in conjunction with the model gives the support for process optimization and control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160206
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    Single screw extrusion characteristics of a semirigid PVC (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 102-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) compounds offer a wide range of properties from elastomeric to rigid. For this reason they are well suited for many extrusion applications. However, many processors shy away from PVC because of its challenging process-ability: PVC is shear sensitive, susceptible to thermal degradation, and highly elastoviscous. This study, although limited, attempts to remove some of the complexity behind PVC extrusion. A semirigid PVC compound was processed on a small laboratory extruder. A factorial experiment was followed to determine the effects of barrel temperature and screw speed on melt temperature, residence time, output, and head pressure. Understanding these fundamental relationships is intrinsic to successful PVC extrusion.
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    Recycling postconsumer PVC bottles: Technology and market development (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The drive to recycle individual polymers in a “closed-loop” - that is, bottles-to-bottles - began in the late 1980s. Technology and market streams for high-volume packaging plastics like HDPE and PET evolved first. Smaller-volume packaging plastics have followed. This article describes technology development and the state of the market, including general economics for vinyl recycling. Recycling of PVC packaging, to say nothing of recycling of other plastics, continues to evolve and should be viewed as a work-in-progress; still, closed-loop recycling of PVC bottles is a commercial reality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160314
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    Process modelling for manufacture of orthopedic implants from short fiber composites (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the case of total hip joint replacement, it has been shown that matching of femur and implant stiffness would positively decrease the chances of resorption of bone and clinical failure of the procedure. Short fiber composites (SFC) which are biocompatible can offer high strength with stiffness comparable to that of natural bone and hence are an excellent candidate to replace metal alloys used in orthopedic implants. In this work a computational process simulation is presented to investigate the possibility of making an artifical hip implant which is most biocompatible. This simulation computes three dimensional flow induced fiber orientation in manufacturing of an SFC hip implant, estimates its mechanical properties, and predicts its “in vivo” response. This is done using a model 3-D geometry representing implanted femur. The potential use of such an approach is demostrated by comparing principal stresses at the interface of the bone and the implant for metallic and SFC implant which is manufactured using a variety of by proper selection of material and process variables one can potentially create implants which are most biocompatible.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150103
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  • 96
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    The development of an epoxy resin system for the injection molding of long-fiber epoxy composties (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Combination of reaction injection molding and pultrusion has resulted in a new processing technique, RIM-Pultrusion, Which has been used to produce a thermoplastic epoxy prepreg. This prepreg has been used to produce a long-fiber injection molded phenoxy/carbon fiber composite with near-Zero void content. A heat-activated curing system has been developed, which allows injecton molding of the prepreg to form a thermostet long-finer epoxy/carbon finber composite. The RIM- pultrusion conditions for producing an injection moldable prepreg are described. Capillary rheomety is used to study the epoxy resin to determine the proper molar ratio for RIM-Pultrusion. The long-fiber epoxy compostie is analyzed with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also., the impact strength and solvent resistance of the long-fiber composite are examined. The properties of the thermoset long-fiber epoxy xomposite are compared to those of a thermoplastic injection molded long-fiber phenoxy composite.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150202
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of fiber length, fiber orientation, and interfacial adhesion on poly (butylene terephthalate)/polyethylene alloys reinforced with short glass fibers (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 349-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) and high density polyethylene at a ratio of 80:20 wt% were reinforced with short glass fibers varying from 10 to 30 wt% to enhance mechanical properties. Considerable fiber damage occurred during injection molding, reducing the number average fiber length from the starting value of 4.5 mm to 〈 1 mm. This value decreased with increasing fiber content, which is also responsible for lowering the reinforcement efficiency. The variation in mechanical properties has been explained on the basis of fiber concertration. The effect of an ionomer, which was used to compatibilize the blends, on properties of corresponding composites has also been studied.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150505
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screw plasticating of discontinuous fiber filled thermoplastic: Mechanisms and prevention of fiber attrition (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Processing of fiber compounds in single-screw plasticating units can cause fiber fracture. Attempts have been made to obtain large residual fiber length in finished components. Therefore, pultrusion compounded materials for extrusion and injection molding have been developed. Pellets chopped from pultruded strands, containing perfectly wetted fibers of uniform length, eliminate the need for the mixing operation in an extrusion compounder. The attempt to preserve the initial fiber length during processing reised interest in the origin of fiber attrition and in optimized processing parameters. Based upon the knowledge that fiber length breakdown takes place mainly during the process of screw plasticating, extrusion trials have been carried out under varied conditions. Fiber length distrubutions and fiber movement within the cross sections of the screw channel along the screw axis have been investigated. It has been shown that screw speed. Pressure and barrel temperature profile, in dependence on screw geometry, show a distinct influence on the residual fiber length. This information provides a description of the prevailing fiber attrition mechanisms and helps define the most suitable hardware and the corresponding adjustment of process parameters to preserve large residual fiber length.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150508
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative image processing analysis of composite materials (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 46-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Quantitative digital image processing has been used to analyze unidirectional thermoplastic composites. The fiber volume fraction is determined by the template matching method and compared with the conventional thresholding method. A combination of skeleton and edge cutting is used to obtain the centers of the fibred in the image. The Voronoi distances are calculated from the result. The Hough transform is applied to the fiber orientation in conjunction with thresholding by the line length in the image. To describe the fiber orientation, characteristic function are defined in the width and thickness directions, which allow a much more accurate and effective description of the fiber distribution and orientation than other methods. Advantages of the template method are that similar results to the threshold method can be obtained as thresholding with a lower magnifications, resulting in an improved statistical sample with a reduced number of photomicro-graphs.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150108
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150201
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