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  • 1
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    Oil Resistance of Dynamically Vulcanized Poly(Vinyl Chloride)/Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Thermoplastic Elastomers (2004)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-23
    Print ISSN: 0170-0839
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-2449
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructure-related fracture behaviour of injection moulded short fibre reinforced polyarylamide in dry and wet states (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 33 (1998), S. 3377-3389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fracture behaviour of injection moulded polyarylamide (PAR) composites containing 30, 50 and 60 wt% glass and 30 wt% carbon fibres has been investigated in both dry and wet states. Kinetics of moisture absorption study revealed that PAR and its composites exhibit Fickian behaviour. The incorporation of short fibres into a PAR matrix has resulted in the reduction of both maximum moisture content (M m ) and diffusion coefficient (D). The fracture mechanical characterization of the various materials was evaluated by using notched compact tension (CT) specimens. Testing was performed as a function of temperature (T = −40, 20 and 80°C) and crosshead speeds (v = 1 and 1000 mm min−1) on as received (AR) specimens. The influence of water uptake due to the hygrothermal ageing (HA) process on residual fracture performance was also studied. The combined action of moisture-induced plasticization of the PAR matrix and interfacial degradation has been concluded to play a significant role in controlling the fracture behaviour of the (HA) composites. The residual fracture properties of both neat PAR and its composites are almost fully recovered in the case of redrying (RD). Failure mechanisms of both the matrix and the composites, assessed by fractographic studies in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013297616391
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part I: Composition dependence and the effect of compounding conditions (1995)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 142-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Epoxidized natural rubber is a recently commercialized modified form of natural rubber. This paper is part of our continuing effort to study the responses of this new material to melt mixing and other shaping processes. The Shimadzu capillary rheometer was used to evaluate the composition dependence of miscibility of polyvinyl chloride/epoxidized natural rubber blends (PVC/ENR blends). The rheometer was also used to evaluate the effect of compounding parameters on the rheological properties of the blends. The results confirmed PVC/ENR blends as miscible systems that show a synergism in apparent shear viscosity highlighted by the positive deviation from the logarithmic additivity rule. These results based on capillary rheometry are also in very good agreement with our earlier attempt to predict optimum mixing from torque rheometry by using the Brabender Plastogram as an indicator.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010306
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspects of miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part II: Dynamic mechanical properties (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 226-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blends was further investigated by means of dynamic mechanical analysis. The single glass transition temperature shown by the blends supported earlier observations of miscibility Furthermore, observed synergism in storage modulus has again reaffirmed the miscibility of these blends. A critical examination of the damping peaks at various compositions again revealed the microheterogeneous nature of the blends. Some theories relating glass transition temperature and modulus with miscibility were also used to examine miscibility. Agreement of the results with theories proposed by Gordon - Taylor and Kleiner has provided a further insight into the miscible nature of PVC/ENR blends.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160410
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspects of miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part I: Mechanical and morphological properties (1994)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 16 (1994), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miscibility in poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blends was studied by examining evidence from tensile, impact, and physical properties. The observation of synergism in tensile strength, percent elongation at break, hardness, and relative density has reaffirmed PVC/ENR blends as miscible systems. Studies of impact properties, however, revealed that the blends are microheterogeneous in nature. This could be attributed to the large sizes of polymer molecules involved and the microgel content of ENR-50. Results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that hydrogen bonding is extensively involved in PVC/ENR systems. This evidence unveiled the exact nature of the specific interactions responsible for miscibility and hence the enhanced mechanical properties of PVC/ENR blends.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730160409
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of poly(vinyl chloride) / epoxidized natural rubber blends. Part II: The effect of processing variables (1995)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 1 (1995), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0193-7197
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of processing variables on the rheological properties of PVC/ENR blends was investigated. The role of crosslinking in determining the flow behavior of blends was also examined by means of dynamically cured blends. It was found that PVC/ENR blends yield melts that are power law fluids. The flow of the melts improves with an increase in temperature and shear rate. However, the introduction of crosslinks reverses this trend, although under more rigorous conditions, the influence of crosslinks is superseded, and subsequently, flow becomes shear rate and temperature dependent. PVC/ENR systems also manifested elastic phenomena. The dependence of the elastic phenomena such as die swell and melt fracture on L/D ratio of the die was demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730010205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical and thermo-oxidative properties of blends of poly(vinyl chloride) with epoxidized natural rubber and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber in the presence of an antioxidant and a base (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 39 (1996), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend ; poly(vinyl chlo-ide)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blend ; mechanical properties ; thermooxidative ageing ; FTIR ; antioxidant ; base ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Being polar and compatible with poly(vinyl chloride), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is similar in behaviour to acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). To assess the extent of this similarity, the mechanical properties of 50/50 blends of PVC with these two rubbers were compared. Their response to thermo-oxidative ageing in the presence of an antioxidant and a base was also investigated by ageing the blends at 100°C for 7 days. Studies involving mechanical properties and FTIR were used to evaluate the extent of thermal degradation. The results revealed that blends of ENR show mechanical properties which are as good as, and in some instances better than, those of the NBR blends. However, the ENR blends with PVC are very prone to oxidative ageing. This might be attributed to the susceptibility of the oxirane group to ring-opening reactions, particularly in the presence of PVC, which yields HCl as it degrades. The amine-type antioxidant 2,24-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) improved the oxidative stability of both blends. This was more significant in the ENR blend, which in some cases attained stability comparable with that of NBR. The addition of a base, calcium stearate [Ca(St)2], did not show any influence in the PVC/ENR blend, even though it was expected to curb acid-catalysed degradation. Ca(St)2, however, improved the oxidative stability of the PVC/NBR blend. The combination of optimum amounts of TMQ and Ca(St)2 effectively improved the tensile strength of both unaged blends, without appreciable adverse effect on elongation at break. This combination also imparted stability better than that of TMQ alone.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the modes of action of a cationic surfactant for property development in carbon black filled natural rubber compounds (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 39 (1996), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: cationic surfactant ; carbon black ; mechanical properties ; dispersion ; natural rubber ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Work to separate the contributions of fatty diamine surfactant (termed a multifunctional additive [MFA]) to property development, from mastication, elastomer-filler interface and crosslink density effects has been carried out. Improvement in mechanical properties resulting from the MFA is dominated by its effect on carbon black dispersion, compared with its effect on crosslink density. Results show that there is a slight improvement in resistance to crack initiation (tensile test) and a substantial improvement in resistance to crack growth (tear strength) as MFA level increases compared with the results for control compounds (extended mixing time compounds). This improvement is attributed to the influence of the MFA on energy dissipation at the rubber-carbon black interface.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on the thermo-oxidative ageing of poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blends (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 41 (1996), S. 327-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: PVC/ENR blend ; di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate ; thermo-oxidative ageing ; mechanical properties ; FTIR ; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) plasticizer on the degradation behaviour of 50/50 poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber (PVC/ENR) blend was studied by long-term exposure to ambient conditions (27-30°C) in the laboratory. While the unplasticized blend showed obvious changes in physical properties such as hardening, loss of elasticity and embrittlement, the plasticized blend retained its properties. Thermo-oxidative ageing studies were carried out by evaluating the mechanical properties before and after ageing in an air oven at 80°C for 168 h. The relatively rapid degradation of PVC/ENR blend has been attributed to the high concentration of epoxy groups and the occurrence of ring-opening reactions to form ether crosslinks. It was found that the plasticizer confers adequate stabilization upon the addition of a certain threshold amount. The optimum amount of plasticizer required to adequately stabilize the blend is 20 phr. Above this there is a tendency for plasticizer migration to occur. The use of an antioxidant in conjunction with the plasticizer further stabilizes the blend. The general trend is of decrease in mechanical and physical properties with increase in DOP concentration. In addition, ease of processing also increases as indicated by the torque maxima and minima obtained from the Brabender plastograms.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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