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  • Elsevier  (517,888)
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2020-2023  (289)
  • 2005-2009  (517,602)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A measurement of τ polarization in Z^0 decays (1992-8977)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(92)91549-O
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the average lifetime of b hadrons (1993-4325)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(93)91027-K
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
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    The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: This chapter aims at introducing the reader to general concepts about the main forcings of the Mediterranean Sea, in terms of exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar, and air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum. These forcings are also responsible for the peculiar characteristics of Mediterranean water masses. Therefore, the chapter continues with giving a general explanation on water mass analysis, and then it describes the properties and vertical and horizontal distributions of the main Mediterranean water masses. To conclude, the reader is introduced to the use of other (biogeochemical, and chemical) tracers of water masses, with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Effects of wildfire ash from native and alien plants on phytoplankton biomass (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-25
    Description: Wildfires are natural or anthropogenic phenomena increasing at alarming rates globally due to land-use alterations, droughts, climatic warming, hunting and biological invasions. Whereas wildfire effects on terrestrial ecosystems are marked and relatively well-studied, ash depositions into aquatic ecosystems have often remained overlooked but have the potential to significantly impact bottom-up processes. This study assessed ash-water-phytoplankton biomass dynamics using six plant species [i.e., three natives (apple leaf Philenoptera violacea, Transvaal milk plum Englerophytum magalismontanum, quinine tree Rauvolfia caffra) and three aliens (lantana Lantana camara, gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis, guava Psidium guajava)] based on a six-week mesocosm experiment with different ash concentrations (1 and 2 g L-1). We assessed concentrations of chemical elements, i.e., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and B from ash collected, and we have observed significant differences among the species. High concentrations of P, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and B were recorded from Transvaal milk plum ash and low concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn were recorded from apple leaf. An increase in phytoplankton biomass (using chlorophyll-a concentration as a proxy) for all treatments i.e., 1 and 2 g L-1 for all plant species ash was observed a week after, followed by decreases in the following weeks, with the exception of 2 g L-1 for lantana, gum and control. Silicate concentrations (i.e., used as a proxy for diatom abundance) showed increasing patterns among all ash treatments, with exception of controls. However, no clear patterns were observed between native and alien plant ash on both chl-a and silicate concentrations. We found that ash has notable effects on water chemistry, particularly nitrate, which increased throughout the weeks, whereas, pH and conductivity were high at low ash concentrations. The impacts of ash on water chemistry, chl-a and silicate concentrations vary with individual species and the amount of ash deposited into the system.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Phytoplankton Growth and Nutrients (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-22
    Description: Phytoplankton form the base of the pelagic food web in inland waters. Unlike rooted plants with access to nutrients in the sediment, phytoplankton depend on the open water as their sole direct source of minerals. Phytoplankton comprise cyanobacteria and phylogenetically diverse eukaryotic algae that convert light energy and mineral nutrients into organic matter. Many species also exploit the elements and energy within dissolved organic compounds and particles produced in the catchment or within the water. Here, we describe the nutrient requirements of phytoplankton, their different modes of nutrition, the mechanisms they employ to acquire nutrients and the ecological consequences of their varying ability to exploit an often scarce and spatially and temporally variable resource. When nutrients are abundant, often as a result of human disruption of nutrient cycles, phytoplankton productivity, and often biomass, increases to the point that it causes a range of ecological consequences that reduce the value of the water resource for mankind.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    An Improved Method for Measuring Phthalates in Seawater With Blank Contamination Using GC-MS (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: Quantification of phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) might be problematic due to matrix overlap, auto-self absorbance and background scattering noise by the plastic lab materials although plastics have been reported in the release of PAEs. These materials (ambient air, reagents bottles, sampling devices, and various analytical instruments), are ubiquitous in the laboratory environment, thereby making it more difficult to reliably analyze of trace concentration of PAEs. Thus, in the current study, a straight forward and reliable protocol has been established for the analysis of PAEs including control of blank contamination, and the experimental conditions such as extraction time and temperature were optimized. The mass of PAEs in blank tests of selected materials ranged from 3±0.7 to 35±6 ng for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and from 5±1.8 to 63±15 ng for solid-phase extraction (SPE). For both extraction methods, higher blank values were measured for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (35±6 ng, 12±3 ng), and DEHP (63±12 ng, 23±5 ng) in LLE and SPE, respectively. Average recoveries of PAEs in LLE were 90-97% and obtained with successive aliquots of 2 mL, 1 mL, and 1 mL dichloromethane (DCM). For SPE, recoveries up to 86-90% were achieved with successive aliquots of 5, 3, and 2 mL DCM at a sample flow rate of 5 mL min -1 . Under the optimized conditions, the method quantification limits (MQL) for PAEs was 10-20 ng L -1 for LLE and 10-35 ng L -1 for SPE. Moreover, the dissolved concentrations of PAEs from LDPE measured by the LLE method ranged 〈 1.5 to 5.83 ng cm -2, and those measured by SPE ranged from 1.0to256ngL -1 , in seawater samples of Sharm Obhur. The method has lower MQL values for LLE and SPE than average reported values of 10-100 ng L -1 and 30-100 ng L -1 , respectively.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Monitoring CO2 Storage Sites Onshore and Offshore using InSAR Data and Strain Sensing Fibre Optics Cables (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-02
    Description: A key requirement for geological CO2 storage is site integrity management and monitoring during operation through to the post decommissioning period. This paper focuses on monitoring deformation of the ground surface and seabed as a proxy for overall deformation in the reservoir and surrounding layers. The objective is to inform, based on deformation data, on how the reservoir is responding to CO2 injection and to ensure any issues with regard to storage integrity are rapidly detected. The magnitude and pattern of deformation at the surface reveals geomechanical/hydromechanical processes that occur in reservoir due to CO2 injection. We acquired deformation data from the In Salah CO2 injection site and from four additional study cases during the course of this study; one in the onshore UK, the other a combined campaign onshore Norway and offshore Germany, and the third in onshore Japan. Significant developments in measurement techniques, processing tools and interpretation algorithms were developed through this project. Models were then developed to simulate the observed data and to couple surface deformation to displacement in the subsurface. The results show millimeter-scale deformations in the subsurface have a signature at the surface that can be captured by the tools and workflows developed in this project. These deformations, particularly the patterns, are important factors to consider when monitoring a CO2 storage site.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    Reconstruction of the subaerial Holocene volcanic activity through paleomagnetic and 14C dating methods: El Hierro (Canary Islands) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Volcanic hazard assessment relies on the accurate knowledge of the eruptive style and recurrence of volcanic eruptions in the past. At El Hierro (Canary Islands) historical and prehistorical records are still poorly defined, and although the island was the location of one of the most recent eruptions (La Restinga, 2011 CE) of the Canarian archipelago, the recent subaerial volcanism is still poorly studied. Information about the age of Holocene volcanic activity as well as the stratigraphy of the deposits is scarce: few eruptions are dated so far, whereas the others are classified as pre-or Holocene events considering lava flow characteristics along the coast. Here, we report on the dating of eleven (M˜na Chamuscada, M˜na del Tesoro, Orchilla, Las Calcosas, M˜na Negra, Lomo Negro, Below Lomo Negro, Cuchillo del Roque, Malpaso Member, and M˜na del Guanche) Holocene subaerial eruptions, distributed along the three rift zones, combining paleomagnetic and 14C methods. We also provide geochemical analyses for nine of them. Results indicate that M˜na Chamuscada and M˜na del Tesoro occurred more recently than previously considered, setting them within the last two thousand years. Conversely, paleomagnetic and 14C ages found for Lomo Negro eruption are consistent with literature data (Villasante- Marcos and Pav´on-Carrasco, 2014) and constrain the occurrence of this event in the XVI century CE. Finally, for Malpaso Member deposits, the two 14C datings obtained by charcoals found below and above the trachytic layer set the eruption during the Holocene epoch, between ~7300 BCE and ~4700 BCE. For the other eruptions, in two cases (Orchilla and Las Calcosas) many possible time windows during the last 14 ka have been found, whereas a few possible ages have been obtained for the others. On the whole, the resulting chronological reconstruction of the recent activity of El Hierro indicates that eruptions occurred unevenly along the three main rifts, with nine eruptions in the WNW rift, six in the NE rift, and four in the SSE rift. We document at least two periods characterized by high eruptive frequency: an old one, between 8000 BCE and 1000 BCE, with eight eruptions, three of which characterized by more evolved compositions (phonotephrite and trachyte), and a recent one, between 1000 BCE and present day, with at least seven eruptions, mainly showing basanite compositions. The new data yield a significant improvement of Holocene eruption chronology, thus are instrumental for a correct evaluation of the volcanic hazard at El Hierro.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107526
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Paleomagnetism ; El Hierro ; 04.05. Geomagnetism ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Scaling properties of seismicity and faulting (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: The Gutenberg–Richter law and the Omori law are both characterized by a scaling behavior. However, their relation is still an open question. Although several hypotheses have been formulated, a comprehen- sive geophysical mechanism is still missing to explain the observed variability of the scaling exponents b-value and p-value, e.g., correlating the seismic cycle to statistical seismology and tectonic processes. In this work, a model for describing the size-frequency scaling and the temporal evolution of seismicity is proposed starting from simple assumptions. The parameter describing how the number of earthquakes decreases after a major seismic event, p, turns out to be positively correlated to the exponent of the frequency-size distribution of seismicity, b, and related to tectonics. Our findings suggest that p ≈ 23 (b + 1). It implies that a relationship between fracturing regimes, “efficiency” of the seismic process, duration of the seismic sequences and geodynamic setting exists, with outstanding potential impact on seismic hazard. On the other hand, the Gutenberg–Richter law simply reflects the tendency of the segments of the Earth’s crust to reach mechanical stability via constrained energy-budget optimization. Each perturbation has a probability of growing an earthquake or not, depending on disorder within the fault zone and the energy accumulated in the adjoining volume, mainly controlling the evolution of seismic sequences. The results are consistent with the different energy sources related to the tectonic settings, i.e., gravitational in extensional regimes, having higher b and p values, and generating lower maximum magnitude earthquakes with respect to strike-slip and contractional settings, which are rather fueled by elastic energy, showing lower b and p values, and they may generate higher magnitude events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117511
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gutenberg–Richter distribution ; fracturing and fault disorder ; Omori–Utsu law ; earthquake triggering ; tectonic setting ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Shrimp and microplastics: a case study on the Atlantic ditch shrimp Palaemon varians (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Elsevier, 234, pp. 13394
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-13
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 11
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    Glaciomarine sediment deposition on the continental slope and rise of the central Ross Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Marine Geology, Elsevier, 445, pp. 106752, ISSN: 00253227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-02
    Description: The continental margin of the Ross Sea has been consistently sensitive to the advance and retreat of the Ross Ice Sheet (RIS) between the interglacial and glacial periods. This study examines changes of the glaciomarine sedimentation on the continental slope and rise to the eastern side of Hillary Canyon in the central Ross Sea, using three gravity cores collected at increasing water depths. Besides older AMS 14C ages of bulk sediments, based on the analytical results, sediment lithology was divided into units A, B1, and B2, representing Holocene, deglacial, and glacial periods, respectively. The sedimentation rate decreased as the water depth increased, with a higher sedimentation rate in the deglacial period (unit B1) than the Holocene (unit A). Biological productivity proxies were significantly higher in glacial unit B2 than in interglacial unit A, with transitional values observed in deglacial unit B1. Biological productivity generally decreased in the Antarctic continental margin during the glacial period because of extensive sea ice coverage. The higher biogenic contents in unit B2 are primarily attributed to the increased transport of eroded and reworked shelf sediments that contained abundant biogenic components to the continental slope and rise beneath the advancing RIS. Thus, glacial sedimentation on the continental slope and rise of the central Ross Sea was generally governed by the activity of the RIS, which generated melt-water plumes and debris flows at the front of the grounding line, although the continental rise might have experienced seasonally open conditions and lateral effects due to the bottom current.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    5 - Coral reef social–ecological systems under pressure in Southern Sulawesi (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Ecosystems (SPICE), Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Ecosystems (SPICE), Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elsevier, 457 p., pp. 143-199, ISBN: 978-0-12-815050-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-04
    Description: Abstract Ecological and social processes of the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, have been intensively studied during the Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Ecosystems (SPICE) program. The archipelago is of specific interest to better understand how intensive exploitation of marine resources results in the degradation of reef systems. The projects specifically targeted (1) ecological processes in coral reefs, (2) genetic structure of populations, and (3) social–ecological dynamics relating to resource use, social networks, and governance structures. A modeling component emphasized (4) the integration of different ecological, social, and environmental components. Results indicated that reef resources in the Spermonde Archipelago are intensively exploited and further stressed by pollution effluents from hinterland processes. The lack of alternative livelihoods perpetuates dependencies within the patron–client system of the artisanal fisheries and supports high exploitation and also destructive resource uses. Greater inclusion of local stakeholders in the governance may result in better conservation practices, sustainable resource use, and improved livelihoods for the people. Abstrak Selama proyek SPICE, aspek ekologis dan sosial di perairan Kepulauan Spermonde, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia, dipelajari secara intensif. Kepulauan dan perairan ini mengundang banyak perhatian untuk lebih memahami bagaimana tingkat pemanfaatan sumber daya laut yang intensif berakibat pada degradasi sistem terumbu karang. Kerangka kerja proyek penelitian SPICE, secara khusus, menargetkan kajian-kajian mengenai (a) proses ekologis dalam sistem terumbu karang, (b) struktur genetik populasi untuk menentukan konektifitasnya, dan (c) dinamika sosial-ekologi yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan sumber daya, jejaring sosial dan struktur tata kelola. Komponen pemodelan juga dimasukkan kedalam kajian mengenai (d) integrasi berbagai komponen ekologi, sosial dan lingkungan dalam karakterisasi sistem sosial-ekologis. Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sumber daya terumbu karang di Kepulauan Spermonde sangat tereksploitasi dan terancam juga oleh limbah polusi dari proses di daratan. Kurangnya mata pencaharian alternatif memperkuat ketergantungan para nelayan tradisional pada sistem patron-klien dan meningkatkan penggunaan sumber daya yang tidak berkelanjutan dan merusak. Keikutsertaan pemangku kepentingan lokal yang lebih erat dalam tata kelola sumber daya alam Kepulauan Spermonde sangat memungkinkan hasil praktik konservasi yang lebih baik, penggunaan sumber daya berkelanjutan, dan peningkatan mata pencaharian bagi masyarakat.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 13
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    The Monte San Nicola section (Sicily) revisited: A potential unit-stratotype of the Gelasian Stage (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-03
    Description: The Monte San Nicola area (Southern Sicily) offers a spectacular exposure of open-marine sediments that were employed in 1998 for defining the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene). After the lowering of the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary to ca. 2.6 Ma in 2010, the Gelasian GSSP has been redefined as the base of both the Pleistocene Series and the Quaternary Period, which increased its importance and visibility within the scientific community. However, documentation on the Monte San Nicola reference section is still sparse. In the light of its renewed status, we decided to undertake a complete revision of the Gelasian Stage in its type area, in order to evaluate whether the succession of bio- and magnetostratigraphic events that are expected to occur in the interval of relevance are represented adequately in the local record. The results of our investigation demonstrate that the Monte San Nicola succession spans continuously from the upper Piacenzian to the lower Calabrian, and is therefore suitable to host the Unit Stratotype, or even the Astronomical Unit Stratotype, of the Gelasian Stage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107367
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    CO2 storage in the Antarctica Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle as revealed by intra- and inter-granular fluids (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: The investigation of the role played by CO2 circulating within the mantle during partial melting and metasomatic/refertilization processes, together with a re-consideration of its storage capability and re-cycling in the lithospheric mantle, is crucial to unravel the Earth's main geodynamic processes. In this study, the combination of petrology, CO2 content trapped in bulk rock- and mineral-hosted fluid inclusions (FI), and 3D textural and volumetric characterization of intra- and inter-granular microstructures was used to investigate the extent and modality of CO2 storage in depleted and fertile (or refertilized) Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) beneath northern Victoria Land (NVL, Antarctica). Prior to xenoliths entrainment by the host basalt, the Antarctic SCLM may have stored 0.2 vol% melt and 1.1 vol% fluids, mostly as FI trails inside mineral phases but also as inter-granular fluids. The amount of CO2 stored in FI varies from 0.1 μg(CO2)/g(sample) in olivine from the anhydrous mantle xenoliths at Greene Point and Handler Ridge, up to 187.3 μg/g in orthopyroxene from the highly metasomatized amphibole-bearing lherzolites at Baker Rocks, while the corresponding bulk CO2 contents range from 0.3 to 57.2 μg/g. Irrespective of the lithology, CO2 partitioning is favoured in orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene-hosted FI (olivine: orthopyroxene = 0.10 ± 0.06 to 0.26 ± 0.09; olivine: clinopyroxene = 0.10 ± 0.05 to 0.27 ± 0.14). The H2O/(H2O + CO2) molar ratios obtained by comparing the CO2 contents of FI to the H2O amount retained in pyroxene lattices vary between 0.72 ± 0.17 and 0.97 ± 0.03, which is well comparable with the values measured in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from Antarctic primary lavas and assumed as representative of the partition of volatiles at the local mantle conditions. From the relationships between mineral chemistry, thermo-, oxybarometric results and CO2 contents in mantle xenoliths, we speculate that relicts of CO2-depleted mantle are present at Greene Point, representing memory of a CO2-poor tholeiitic refertilization related to the development of the Jurassic Ferrar large magmatic event. On the other hand, a massive mobilization of CO2 took place before the (melt-related) formation of amphibole veins during the alkaline metasomatic event associated with the Cenozoic rift-related magmatism, in response to the storage and recycling of CO2-bearing materials into the Antarctica mantle likely induced by the prolonged Ross subduction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106643
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2 storage ; Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle ; Alkaline metasomatism ; Fluid inclusions ; Synchrotron X-ray microtomography ; Inter-granular fluids ; 04.01. Earth Interior ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) sources on soils surrounding a fossil fuel power plant in a semi-arid/arid environment: A case study from the Sonoran Desert (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Understanding the sources of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils is a worldwide challenge that requires effective discrimination between geogenic and anthropogenic contributions, particularly in areas with certain geological complexity. This study aims to examine the chemical contents of 23 topsoil samples collected from the surroundings of a fossil fuel power plant in the village of Puerto Libertad (Sonoran Desert, Mexico). The study did not exclusively focus on the source identification of the priority PTEs to evaluate soil pollution. Furthermore, major oxides and immobile trace element (Zr, Hf, and REE: La→Lu) data were provided for a reliable assessment of the provenance of the soils. The relatively high SiO2 contents (65.26–75.42 wt%, anhydrous basis), the Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized REE patterns, and the uniformity of the values of the Index of Compositional Variability (ICV = 1.11–2.72) and the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA = 31.65–51.79) suggest that the soils were derived from intermediate to felsic source rocks, controlled by the local weathering of the parent bedrocks, under a low degree of chemical weathering conditions. The PTE data were treated following a robust workflow, which included the use of the enrichment factor (EF), the Spearman rank correlation (ρ), and multivariate statistical analyses allowed the generation of significant elemental associations and the identification of pools related either to the geological background or to anthropogenic activities. The results suggesting that Mo and Zn concentrations present a moderate anthropogenic influence while the concentrations of Pb, Sn, Cu, Cd, As, Cr, and Co are predominantly of geogenic origin. Vanadium (avg. EFV = 3.4) and Ni (avg. EFNi = 4.6) were the most enriched elements in the soils. Moreover, the highest values of the integrated Nemerow Pollution Index (PIN〉3) were recorded at the sampling stations closer to the village, suggesting point-source pollution by the emissions of the power station. Finally, in this paper is traced the extent of the particulate released into the atmosphere, which can be dispersed in a wide area into the Sonoran Desert.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105158
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Environmental geochemistry ; Geogenic sources ; Anthropogenic impact ; Provenance ; Power plant pollution ; Puerto libertad ; PTEs ; Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Hierarchical clustering and compositional data analysis for interpreting groundwater hydrogeochemistry: The application to Campi Flegrei volcanic aquifer (south Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Comprehensive hydrogeochemical studies have been conducted in the Campi Flegrei volcanic aquifer since late 20th century due to the volcanic unrest. In the last decade, groundwater samples were grouped based on the dominant anion species (i.e. bicarbonate, sulfate and chloride) to explain the general hydrogeochemical processes. In this article, 44 groundwater samples are collected from Campi Flegrei aquifer to geochemically and spatially capture the main characteristics of the groundwater body. The hierarchical clustering algorithm is then performed on proportion of bicarbonate, sulfate and chloride, and the optimum number of clusters are determined regarding the results of deep hydrogeochemical investigations published in the past. The collected samples are categorized in the following groups: (1) bicarbonate-rich groundwater; (2) chlorine-rich groundwater; (3) sulfate-rich groundwater; and (4) mixed groundwater. The first group (As = 158.2 ± 169 μg/l, electric conductivity = 1,732.1 ± 1,086 μS/cm and temperature = 25.6 ± 8 ◦C) is mainly derived from poor arsenic meteoric water, but there is significant thermal/seawater contribution in the second one (As = 1,457.8 ± 2,210 μg/l, electric conductivity = 20,118.3 ± 11,139 μS/cm and temperature = 37.1 ± 20 ◦C). Interaction of the bicarbonate-rich groundwater and hydrothermal vapors gives rise to the sulfate-rich groundwater (As = 847.2 ± 679 μg/l, electric conductivity = 3,940.0 ± 540 μS/cm and temperature = 82.8 ± 3 ◦C) around Solfatara volcano. The mixed groundwater (As = 451.4 ± 388 μg/l, electric conductivity = 4,482.9 ± 4,027 μS/cm and temperature = 37.1 ± 16 ◦C) is observed where the three main groundwater groups undergo a mixing process, depending on the hydrogeology of the volcanic aquifer. Contrary to the bicarbonate- and sulfate-rich groundwater, the chlorine-rich and mixed groundwater generally occurs at low piezometric levels (approximately 〈1 m above sea level) near the coastline. The hierarchical cluster analysis provides more information about the volcanic aquifer, particularly when compositional data analysis is applied to study hydrogeochemistry of the homogeneous groundwater groups and to uncover the relationships between variables. Addressing compositional nature of data is recommended in the future studies for developing new tools that help deeper understanding of groundwater evolution in volcanic aquifers and identifying promising precursors of volcanic eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106922
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hierarchical cluster analysis ; Groundwater evolution ; Hydrothermal system ; Precursors of volcanic eruption ; 03.02. Hydrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Multi-technique geodetic detection of onshore and offshore subsidence along the Upper Adriatic Sea coasts (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-02
    Description: We assess about 20 years of onshore and offshore subsidence along a sector of the Upper Adriatic Sea (Italy) coastal areas affected by natural soil compaction and intense anthropogenic activities such as aquifers exploitation and hydrocarbons extraction. Our approach is based on the synergistic use of independent remote sensing and in-situ geodetic data to detect and spatially characterise the deformation pattern by cross-validating the different available measurements. We collect extensive datasets from i) SAR images provided by Envisat, Cosmo- SkyMed and Sentinel-1 missions, ii) GNSS measurements from continuous stations managed by public institutions, local authorities and private companies and iii) Leveling surveys. The cross-validation analysis shows good agreement among all the independent datasets, thus providing a reliable assessment of the ongoing deformation. We detect an onshore and offshore subsidence peak of about 1/-1.5 cm/yr in the proximity of the coastline, close to Lido di Dante and Fiumi Uniti villages, and at the present offshore platform. The outcomes highlight how the integration of different remote sensing and in situ geodetic techniques is successful to retrieve deformation history in time and space in complex areas, where different natural and anthropogenic sources concur to the overall deformation pattern. Moreover, such approach provides a robust support to modelling studies for hazard assessment in both inland and shoreline areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102756
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Paleoseismological evidence for historical ruptures along the Meduno Thrust (eastern Southern Alps, NE Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-29
    Description: We carried out new geological, morphotectonic, geophysical and paleoseismological investigations on the Meduno Thrust that belongs to the Pliocene-Quaternary front of the eastern Southern Alps in Friuli (NE Italy). The study area is located in the Carnic Prealps, where a series of alluvial terraces, linked to both climatic and tectonic pulses characterises the lower reach of the Meduna Valley. In correspondence of the oblique ramp of the Meduno Thrust, the Late Pleistocene Rivalunga terrace shows a set of scarps perpendicular to the Meduno valley, often modified by human activity. In order to reconstruct the tectonic setting of the area and identify the location for digging paleoseismological trenches, integrated geophysical investigations including electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction and reflection, ground penetrating radar and surface wave analyses (HVSR, ReMi and MASW), were carried out across the scarps of the Rivalunga terrace. Geophysical surveys pinpointed that in correspondence of the oblique ramp, stress is accommodated by a transpressive thrust system involving all the seismo-stratigraphic horizons apart from the ploughed soil. Trenching illustrated the Meduno Thrust movements during Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Trenches exhibited both shear planes and extrados fracturing, showing deformed alluvial and colluvial units. 14C datings of the colluvial units show that the most recent fault movements occurred after 1360 CE and 1670 CE. The age of the deformed stratigraphic units compared with the earthquakes listed in current catalogues, suggests that the 1776 earthquake (Mw 5.8, Io = 8–9 MCS) could represent the last seismic event linked to the Meduno thrust activity. This study provided new quantitative constraints improving seismic hazard assessment for Carnic prealpine area.
    Description: The research developed in the framework of the agreement between the Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia - Direzione Centrale Ambiente ed Energia - Servizio Geologico, the Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (I.S.P.R.A.) and the University of Udine. The project was funded by the Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Direzione Centrale Ambiente ed Energia, Servizio Geologico (C.I. G.: Z0E0C5EF75, p.i. Maria Eliana Poli).
    Description: Published
    Description: 229071
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active fault ; Paleoseismology ; Morphogenic earthquake ; Eastern Southern Alps ; Applied geophysics ; NE Italy ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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  • 19
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    Machine learning applied to rock geochemistry for predictive outcomes: The Neapolitan volcanic history case (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: © 〈2021〉. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
    Description: In this paper we explore the efficiency of various machine learning techniques to determine the volcano source,the eruptive formation and the eruption period of volcanic rocks when their chemical contents are known. Withthis aim, we assembled a data set of 9800 volcanic rocks from the open-access literature. The rocks belong toeruptive formations from Somma-Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, Ischia and Procida volcanoes, in the Neapolitan regionof Italy.The data set includes content of majoroxidesand trace elements,aswell asSrand Nd isotope ratios,erup-tive periods, eruption formations and volcano source. Some discrete numerical variables are missing in certainsamples resulting in data exclusion and measurement inhomogeneity. Our results indicate that, despite such is-sues, some machine learning algorithms have a very high prediction ability, i.e., at 〉70%. The achieved resultsare interesting in order to facilitate the managing of new data for volcanological reconstruction andtephrostratigraphic studies
    Description: Published
    Description: 107254
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Crystal-chemical variations of spinel, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase in MORB basaltic melt induced by continuous cooling (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: In this study we present the compositional changes of clinopyroxene (cpx), plagioclase (plg), spinel (sp), and glass experimentally solidified from an Icelandic MORB melt. The starting material was cooled at Patm and fO2 of air, in the thermal range of cooling (ΔTc) between 1300 °C (superliquidus) to 800 °C (solidus) with rates (ΔT/Δt) of 1, 7, 60, 180, 1800, and 9000 °C/h. The run products obtained at 1, 7 and 60 °C/h are holocrystalline, whilst between 60 and 180 °C/h plg disappears, and texture of cpx + sp. shifts from faceted to dendritic. As cooling rate increases, we observe that Fe2O3 decreases and Al2O3 increases in sp. and Al2O3 + Fe2O3 increase and CaO + MgO decrease in cpx. These measured variations mirror changes induced by cooling rate in cation (atoms per formula unit, a.p.f.u.) and molecular abundances of these two crystalline phases. Plg composition shows clear linear trends versus cooling rate. The chemistry of sp., cpx and, to a minor extent, plg solidified from this basaltic liquid is thus strictly related to the cooling rate condition and is similar to those observed in previous investigations on alkaline and evolved basaltic systems. In particular, cpx is the only mineral phase profusely present at all the cooling rates, showing the greatest chemical variations in terms of oxides, cations, and components. The intra-crystalline glass (≤ 50 μm from crystal rims) obtained at 180–1800 °C/h shows compositional variations related to the surrounding crystal growth, evidencing strong supersaturation phenomena (such as dendritic texture) due to the establishment of a diffusion-controlled growth regime. Chemical attributes of mineral phases are also quantitatively related with the maximum (Gmax) and average (GCSD) growth rates of sp., cpx, and plg. When compared with the starting melt composition, the chemistry of cpx suggests the attainment of near-equilibrium crystallization conditions at cooling rate ≤ 60 °C/h, whereas disequilibrium effects are found at cooling rate 〉 60 °C/h. In contrast, plg is in disequilibrium with the initial melt chemistry in all experiments. By using thermometric models, the calculated crystallization of plg takes place at temperatures much lower than those of cpx, when the crystal content is high and the diffusion of cations in the melt is slow due to the higher (residual) melt viscosity. Under such conditions and due to the effect of cooling, the system cannot return to homogeneous concentrations and, consequently, plg more effectively records the disequilibrium partitioning of cations between the growing crystal surface. The data-set reported here captures the entire (superliquidus to solidus) and intrinsic (heterogeneous site-free silicate liquid) solidification behavior from an actual MORB melt from very rapid to extremely sluggish cooling rate. Finally, all analytical relationships found in this work enable careful reconstruction of the solidification conditions of MORB melts, providing novel geo-speedometers for them at high fO2.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120765
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    The use of 6DOF measurement in volcano seismology – A first application to Stromboli volcano (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Volcano seismology, while its value for surveillance of an active volcano is undebatable, is a very demanding field when it comes to station deployment, maintenance, and finally interpreting the measurements. Most valuable in the past was the deployment of arrays of sensors to evaluate the properties of the entire wavefield in order to classify, locate, and estimate the dominant mechanism of the corresponding sources. While very beneficial, an array of seismographs is very hard to maintain in a permanent installation at an active volcano. With the advent of new instrumentation based on fiber optic technology such as Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) with fiber optic cables as well as Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes (FOG) the measurement of deformation and rotation, i.e., the gradient of the wavefield is feasible. The advantage of the FOG instrumentation with respect to DAS lies in the portability and ease of deployment, which is very similar to standard deployments of traditional seismometers. During a field campaign in summer 2018 we were able to install three FOGs together with classical broadband seismometers in close proximity to the active vents of Stromboli volcano (Italy). We show that with this new six-degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) measurement we are able to analyze the wavefield composition, a property normally reserved for array(s) of seismic sensors. As a first result, we can support earlier array-derived findings that a large portion of the wavefield at Stromboli volcano is formed by SV- and SH- type waves. We also present first locations of these signals facilitating the polarization properties of the combined measurement of gyroscopes and seismometers. They emphasize the benefit of recording wavefield gradients. In addition to these array-like results, the 6DOF recordings show a clear separation of at least three distinct groups of volcanic events of which two are already known and one represents a jetting event that appears nearly invisible for classical seismometers. However, rotational motions - or more general - gradients of the wavefield experience severe distortions by local velocity fluctuations and topography significantly complicating the application of 6DOF techniques at activate volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107499
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 6 DOF ; rotational seismology ; volcanoseismology ; Stromboli ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 22
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    Baseline for rainwater chemistry and quality as influenced by Nyiragongo volcano permanent plume, East Africa (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-15
    Description: Single rainwater samples were collected in the city of Goma (~1,1 million inhabitants), eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, from January to June 2013 to draw a baseline for rainwater chemical composition and quality as influenced by the permanent plume of Nyiragongo volcano. This was a better period for a baseline as the neighboring Nyamulagira volcano, only 15 km apart, had no important degassing from its central crater, and hence the recorded volcanic influence on the rainwater chemistry was solely from Nyiragongo's lava lake which has been active since May 2002. The baseline for the rainwater chemistry and quality is important for this highly populated region where rainwater is the unique potable water source for the inhabitants of many villages surrounding the volcanoes, and for some of the inhabitants of the city of Goma. Our results show that samples collected at the crater rim of Nyiragongo were more acidic with pH ranging from 3.70 to 3.82, while the majority of rainwater samples collected in downtown Goma city and to the northeastern zone of the volcano had pH close to 5.7; which represents the value for rainwater from unpolluted continental areas (Berner and Berner, 2012). However, the pH was as low as 3.93 to the west of Nyiragongo volcano because the volcanic plume is directed westward by the dominant local wind direction. The western part of the city of Goma as well as the small town of Sake and many villages (e.g. Rusayo, Mubambiro, Kingi, …) are located in this zone, and experience endemic fluorosis caused by high fluoride in the available water. The mean F- in this zone was 0.38 mg/L, while the southern and northeastern zones had mean F- concentrations on 0.44 and 0.01 mg/L respectively; even though concentrations higher than the WHO guidelines were found in few samples from the western zone (1.69 mg/L) and from the southern zone (3.44 mg/L). Compared to data from Cuoco et al. (2012) obtained during the Nyamulagira 2010 eruption, and from Balagizi et al.2017 and Liotta et al., 2017 obtained during the intense degassing of both Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira lava lakes; we have noted similarity in the spatial variation of the pH, but samples from the present study showed notable lower concentrations of major elements. This is the case for fluoride which is strictly of volcanic origin. For the other major elements, anthropogenic sources, mainly the traffic and wind-blown dust; or other non-volcanic natural sources influenced their concentrations. Thus, the anions (Cl- and SO42-) and cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) from the present study are either lower compared to that previously reported in the literature for the Virunga, or are both comparable for the zones impacted by anthropogenic activities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 130859
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Endemic dental fluorosis; Nyamulagira volcano; Nyiragongo volcanic plume; Rainwater chemistry; Rainwater quality baseline
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  • 23
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    Chemical variability in volcanic gas plumes and fumaroles along the East African Rift System: New insights from the Western Branch (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-15
    Description: The origin of magmatic fluids along the East African Rift System (EARS) is a long-lived field of debate in the scientific community. Here, we investigate the chemical composition of the volcanic gas plume and fumaroles at Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira (Democratic Republic of Congo), the only two currently erupting volcanoes set on the Western Branch of the rift. Our results are in line with earlier conceptual models proposing that volcanic gas emissions along the EARS mainly reflect variable contributions of either a Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) component or a Depleted Morb Mantle (DMM) component, and deeper fluid. At Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira, our study discards a major contribution of a high 3He/4He mantle plume component in the genesis of volcanic fluids beneath the area. High CO2/3He in fumaroles of both volcanoes is thought to reflect carbonate metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle source. As inferred by previous results obtained on the lava chemistry, this carbonate metasomatism would be more pronounced beneath Nyiragongo. This supports the idea of the presence of distinct metasomes within the lithospheric mantle beneath the Western Branch of the rift.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120811
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: East African Rift System ; Volcano ; Gas chemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    Living coccolithophore communities in the central Mediterranean Sea (Summer 2016): Relations between ecology and oceanography (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: Coccolithophores were collected at 21 stations during summer 2016, from coastal and offshore areas of the Central Mediterranean Sea, to describe the ecology of the coccolithophore community integrating information on their abundance, environmental parameters (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and fluorescence) and oceanographic data. Emiliania huxleyi dominated the assemblage from surface to intermediate layers, while Florisphaera profunda was more abundant in the deep photic zone. Principal Component Analysis revealed that the distribution of coccolithophore taxa was influenced by environmental parameters: K-strategist taxa were related to warm surface waters, whereas lower photic zone taxa were influenced by the development of a Deep Chlorophyll Maximum and high salinity values, well below the thermocline. These results confirmed that a vertical species zonation, as a typical feature of low-middle latitude, characterizes the Central Mediterranean during summer. The distribution of F. profunda once again confirmed its use as a proxy of Deep Chlorophyll Maximum development and paleoproductivity estimates. Gephyrocapsa spp. (=total Gephyrocapsa), and in particular G. oceanica, were more abundant along the Atlantic Water pathway. Finally, the high concentration value of Helicosphaera carteri, recorded in the Ligurian Sea at an offshore station, suggested an expansion of the opportunist nature of this taxon from coastal environments to the offshore areas characterized by high turbidity and high productivity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101995
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Living coccolithophores ; Helicosphaera carteri ; Oceanography ; Ecology ; Central Mediterranean Sea ; coccolithophore ecology and oceanography
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    The response of calcareous plankton to the Sapropel S1 interval in North Ionian Sea (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: A high resolution study of calcareous nannofossils has been performed on samples from the Sapropel S1interval deposited in the North Ionian Sea, with the aim to assess the paleoenvironmental changes in the photic zone during this crucial interval in Mediterranean circulation. Calcareous nannofossil data have been integrated with planktonic foraminiferal data recently published from which the paleoclimatic curve has been constructed. Placoliths (namely Emiliania huxleyi) and Florisphaera profunda distributions, along with that of planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber white, evidence that, after a progressive weakening of surface water mixing, a deep chlorophyll maximum developed just prior to the sapropel deposition. We suggest that these changes took place as a response to enhanced precipitation conditions and riverine discharge as testified by increasing trend of reworked coccoliths and the occurrence of lower salinity taxon Braarudosphaera bigelowii. Calcareous nannofossils also point out that the oceanographic (water column stratification, reduced bottom water ventilation) and biogeochemical (increased primary production) processes that occurred during the S1 formation were particularly dominant during the earliest part of the older S1 warm phase (S1a). Our results support than some reventilation events of the shallow depth of studied site (665 m) occurred to some extent, particularly during the final phases of S1a. The distribution of holococcoliths, more abundant during the cold interruption phase S1i, seems confirm that the preservation of these tiny and delicate coccoliths, highly susceptible to dissolution, is enhanced under seafloor re-ventilation conditions. Finally, we tentatively suggest that preservation also plays a significant role in the distribution of the warm upper photic zone taxa, particularly during the warm S1b interval.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103599
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sapropel S1 ; Calcareous nannofossils ; Planktonic foraminifera ; North Ionian Sea ; Mediterranean ; Hydrosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 26
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    Heterogeneous strength and fault zone complexity of carbonate-bearing thrusts with possible implications for seismicity (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: The understanding of fault-slip behaviour in carbonates has an important societal impact due to the widespread occurrence and propagation of earthquakes in these rocks. Fault rock variations in carbonates are systematically controlled by the lithology of the faulted protolith: cataclasis and hydraulic fracturing with evidence of past seismic slip commonly affect fault rocks in competent limestone formations whereas widespread pressure-solution and sliding along clay foliation are observed in marly rocks. We performed a series of friction experiments on carbonatic fault rocks sampled from mature thrusts (〉2km displacement) in the Apennines of Italy. We sheared both intact wafers and powdered fault materials at low (10MPa) and in situ(53MPa) normal stress under room-humidity and water-saturated conditions. We used velocity steps (1 to 300μm/s) and slide–hold–slide (3–1000 s holds) to assess the frictional stability and healing behaviour of these rocks. We observe that cataclastic fault rocks derived from competent limestones are characterized by high friction coefficients coupled with significant post-slip restrengthening and velocity-weakening behaviour. Conversely, intact foliated marly tectonites, sheared under the same conditions, show low friction, null post-slip healing and stable velocity-strengthening behaviour suggesting that these rocks deform aseismically. To extrapolate these opposite mechanical behaviours to the entire fault surface we developed a fault model integrating our mechanical data, field observations and balanced geological cross-sections. The mechanical heterogeneities highlighted in the model provide constraints for the distribution of fault patches with higher seismogenic potential.
    Description: Published
    Description: 307–318
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: friction carbonates earthquakes fault
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  • 27
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    Chapter3: Cenozoic history of Antarctic glaciation and climate from onshore and offshore studies (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Antarctic Climate Evolution, 2nd Edition, Antarctic Climate Evolution, Elsevier, pp. 41-164, ISBN: 978-0-12-819109-5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 28
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    Modeling the multi-level plumbing system of the Changbaishan caldera from geochemical, mineralogical, Sr-Nd isotopic and integrated geophysical data (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Changbaishan, an intraplate volcano, is characterized by an approximately 6 km wide summit caldera and last erupted in 1903. Changbaishan experienced a period of unrest between 2002 and 2006. The activity developed in three main stages, including shield volcano (basalts), cone-construction (trachyandesites to trachytes with minor basalts), and caldera-forming stages (trachytes to comendites). This last stage is associated with one of the more energetic eruptions of the last millennium on Earth, the 946 CE, VEI 7 Millennium Eruption (ME), which emitted over 100 km3 of pyroclastics. Compared to other active calderas, the plumbing system of Changbaishan and its evolution mechanisms remain poorly constrained. Here, we merge new whole-rock, glass, mineral, isotopic, and geobarometry data with geophysical data and present a model of the plumbing system. The results show that the volcano is characterized by at least three main magma reservoirs at different depths: a basaltic reservoir at the Moho/lower crust depth, an intermediate reservoir at 10–15 km depth, and a shallower reservoir at 0.5–3 km depth. The shallower reservoir was involved in the ME eruption, which was triggered by a fresh trachytic melt entering a shallower reservoir where a comenditic magma was stored. The trachytes and comendites originate from fractional crystallization processes and minor assimilation of upper crust material, while the less evolved melts assimilate lower crust material. Syn-eruptive magma mingling occurred during the ME eruption phase. The magma reservoirs of the caldera-forming stage partly reactivate those of the cone-construction stage. The depth of the magma storage zones is controlled by the layering of the crust. The plumbing system of Changbaishan is vertically extensive, with crystal mush reservoirs renewed by the replenishment of new trachytic to trachyandesitic magma from depth. Unlike other volcanoes, evidence of a basaltic recharge is lacking. The interpretation of the signals preceding possible future eruptions should consider the multi-level nature of the Changbaishan plumbing system. A new arrival of magma may destabilize a part of or the entire system, thus triggering eruptions of different sizes and styles. The reference model proposed here for Changbaishan represents a prerequisite to properly understand periods of unrest to potentially anticipate future volcanic eruptions and to identify the mechanisms controlling the evolution of the crust below volcanoes.
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41972313 and 41790453), Engineering Research Center of Geothermal Resources Development Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, China, INGV Ricerca Libera.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101171
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The role of shale content and pore-water saturation on frictional properties of simulated carbonate faults (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The presence of weak phyllosilicates in mature carbonate fault zones has been invoked to explain weak faults. However, the relation between frictional strength, fault stability, mineralogical composition, and fabric of fault gouge, composed of strong and weak minerals, is poorly constrained. We used a biaxial apparatus to systematically shear different mixtures of shale (68% clay, 23% quartz and 4% plagioclase) and calcite, as powdered gouge, at room temperature, under constant normal stresses of 30, 50, 100 MPa and under room-dry and pore fluid-saturated conditions, i.e. CaCO3-equilibrated water. We performed 30 friction experiments during which velocity-stepping and slide-hold-slide tests were employed to assess frictional stability and to measure frictional healing, respectively. Our frictional data indicate that the mineralogical composition of fault gouges significantly affects frictional strength, stability, and healing as well as the presence of CaCO3-equilibrated water. Under room-dry condition, the increasing shale content determines a reduction in frictional strength, from μ = 0.71 to μ = 0.43, a lowering of the healing rates and a transition from velocity-weakening to velocity-strengthening behavior. Under wet condition, with increasing shale content we observe a more significant reduction in frictional strength (μ = 0.65–0.37), a near-zero healing and a velocity strengthening behavior. Microstructural investigations evidence a transition from localized deformation promoted by grain size reduction, in calcite-rich samples, to a more distributed deformation with frictional sliding along clay-enriched shear planes in samples with shale content greater than 50%. For faults cutting across sedimentary sequences composed of carbonates and clay-rich sediments, our results suggest that clay concentration and its ability to form foliated and interconnected networks promotes important heterogeneities in fault strength and slip behavior.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228811
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Carbonate faults ; Fault slip behavior ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 30
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    Constraining families of dynamic models using geological, geodetic and strong ground motion data: The Mw 6.5, October 30th, 2016, Norcia earthquake, Italy (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence is characterized by remarkable rupture complexity, including highly heterogeneous slip across multiple faults in an extensional tectonic regime. The dense coverage and high quality of geodetic and seismic data allow us to image intriguing details of the rupture kinematics of the largest earthquake of the sequence, the Mw 6.5 October 30th, 2016 Norcia earthquake, such as an energetically weak nucleation phase. Several kinematic models suggest multiple fault planes rupturing simultaneously, however, the mechanical viability of such models is not guaranteed. Using 3D dynamic rupture and seismic wave propagation simulations accounting for two fault planes, we constrain “families” of spontaneous dynamic models informed by a high-resolution kinematic rupture model of the earthquake. These families differ in their parameterization of initial heterogeneous shear stress and strength in the framework of linear slip weakening friction. First, we dynamically validate the kinematically inferred two-fault geometry and rake inferences with models based on only depth-dependent stress and constant friction coefficients. Then, more complex models with spatially heterogeneous dynamic parameters allow us to retrieve slip distributions similar to the target kinematic model and yield good agreement with seismic and geodetic observations. We discuss the consistency of the assumed constant or heterogeneous static and dynamic friction coefficients with mechanical properties of rocks at 3-10 km depth characterizing the Italian Central Apennines and their local geological and lithological implications. We suggest that suites of well-fitting dynamic rupture models belonging to the same family generally exist and can be derived by exploiting the trade-offs between dynamic parameters. Our approach will be applicable to validate the viability of kinematic models and classify spontaneous dynamic rupture scenarios that match seismic and geodetic observations as well as geological constraints.
    Description: T.U., T., D.L., and A.-A. Gabriel are supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (TEAR, agreement No. 852992 and ChEESE, grant no. 823844), the German Research Foundation (DFG project grants no. GA 2465/2-1 and GA 2465/3-1) and by KAUST-CRG (grant no. ORS-2017-CRG6 3389.02). E.T. was supported by Progetti di Ricerca Sapienza (RM120172A2EAC019). Computing resources were provided by the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ, project no. pr63qo on SuperMUC-NG).
    Description: Published
    Description: 117237
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake source ; dynamic rupture ; high-performance computing ; frictional heterogeneity ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.05. Mathematical geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 31
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    Frictional controls on the seismogenic zone: Insights from the Apenninic basement, Central Italy (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-22
    Description: Crustal seismicity is in general confined within the seismogenic layer, which is bounded at depth by processes related to the brittle-ductile transition (BDT) and in the shallow region by fault zone consolidation state and mineralogy. In the past 10-15 years, high resolution seismological and geodetic data have shown that faulting within and around the traditional seismogenic zone occurs in a large variety of slip modes. Frictional and structural heterogeneities have been invoked to explain such differences in fault slip mode and behaviour. However, an integrated and comprehensive picture remains extremely challenging because of difficulties to properly characterize fault rocks at seismogenic depths. Thus, the central-northern Apennines provide a unique opportunity because of the integration of deep-borehole stratigraphy and seismic reflection profiles with high resolution seismological data and outcrop studies. These works show that seismic sequences are limited within the sedimentary cover (depth 〈 9-10 km), suggesting that the underlaying basement plays a key-role in dictating the lower boundary of the seismogenic zone. Here we integrate structural data on exhumed outcrops of basement rocks with laboratory friction data to shed light on the mechanics of the Apenninic basement. Structural data highlight heterogeneous and pervasive deformation where foliated and phyllosilicate-rich rocks surround more competent quartz-rich lenses up to hundreds of meters in thickness. Phyllosilicate horizons deform predominantly by folding and foliation-parallel frictional sliding whereas quartz-rich lenses are characterized by brittle signatures represented by extensive fracturing and minor faulting. Laboratory experiments revealed that quartz-rich lithologies have relatively high friction, μ ≈ 0.51, velocity-strengthening to neutral behaviour, and elevated healing rates. On the contrary, phyllosilicate-rich (muscovite and chlorite) lithologies show low friction, 0.23 〈 μ 〈 0.31, a marked velocity strengthening behaviour that increases with increasing sliding velocity and negligible rates of frictional healing. Our integrated approach suggests that in the Apenninic basement deformation occurs along shear zones distributed on thickness up-to several kilometres, where the frictionally stable, foliated, and phyllosilicate-rich horizons favour aseismic deformation and therefore confine the depth of major earthquake ruptures and the seismogenic zone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117444
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 32
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    Uncommon K-foiditic magmas: The case study of Tufo del Palatino (Colli Albani Volcanic District, Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Leucititic rocks, K-foiditic in composition are volumetrically important in the Colli Albani (also known as Alban Hills) volcanic district (Central Italy) especially during the most explosive phases of activity (〉200 km3). The Colli Albani tephra in distal (〉500 km) deposits indicates that K-foiditic magma chambers fed large explosive eruptions (i.e., tens of km3 of pyroclastic rocks). Major oxides, trace elements and Raman spectra were measured on the glasses and minerals occurring in the K-foiditic scoria clasts of the ~530 kyr-old Tufo del Palatino, erupted in the Colli Albani volcanic district. The Colli Albani pre-eruptive magmatic system is characterized by the aH2O 〈 1 and high CO2 activ- ity in the melt, as testified by the CO3 in the clinopyroxene melt inclusions, by the early crystallization of CO3-bearing apatite and by the high CO2 activity in the free volatile phase that led to crystallization of calcium carbonate in the scoria clast vesicles. The K-foiditic magmas plot on the Cpx + Lc + melt divariant surface of the Ol-Cpx-Lc-Mel- H2O-CO2, P ≥ 0.2 GPa and T ≤ 1100 °C. The assimilation of cold carbonate by hot magmas is an important open- system process allowing the establishment of aH20 〈 1 condition in the volatile-rich, Colli Albani magma chambers where the stability fields of the olivine and phlogopite are reduced in favor of clinopyroxene and leucite. Trace ele- ment modelling indicates large amount of carbonate assimilation (~12.4 wt%) involved in the differentiation process that origins the K-foiditic magmas starting from a K-rich, phonotephritic parental magma. The large amount of as- similate carbonate is consistent with the peculiar distribution of the latent heat across the crystallization interval of the phonotephritic parental magma. The isenthalpic assimilation process is very efficient in the phonotephritic magma because the crystallization of clinopyroxene and leucite in equilibrium with a K-foiditic melt proceeds over a relatively large temperature interval (〉200 °C) and the K-foiditic melt shows low viscosity (104Pa·s at 1000 °C). Actually, the low melt viscosity, that increases the growth rate, and the large temperature interval of crys- tallization are intrinsic factors that increase the release of the latent heat of crystallization from the phonotephritic parental magma. Extrinsic factors enhancing the assimilation process efficiency are the thickness (〉4 km) and the depth (down to 5–7 km) of the carbonate substrate in the Colli Albani volcanic district.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106239
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    Late Quaternary uplift and sea level fluctuations along the Tyrrhenian margin of Basilicata - northern Calabria (southern Italy): New constraints from raised paleoshorelines (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: New analyses of marine terraces in the Tyrrhenian Sea margin of Basilicata - northern Calabria (southern Italy) have been carried out. In the study area, c. 25 km in length, an impressive flight of marine terraces occurs, with the highest terraces reaching ~160 m a.s.l. Detailed geomorphological-stratigraphical analyses on remnants of paleoshorelines located within 60 m a.s.l. have shown that the rocky coast of the investigated coastal stretch has been affected by multiple relative sea-level fluctuations, during which reworking of older shorelines has occurred. Dating of the coral Cladocora caespitosa and speleothems, either predating or postdating single paleoshorelines, has allowed the construction of a chronological framework for the identified relative sea-level markers, and their correlation with MIS 7, MIS 6e and distinct peaks of MIS 5. A mean uplift rate of c. 0.25 mm/y since the Last Interglacial has been quantified, one order of magnitude larger than previous estimates. The uplift rate value has been used to infer the elevations of MIS 5a, 5c and 6e sea level peaks, which are higher than those reported in most sea level curves worldwide, although consistent with several findings from the western Mediterranean. Our results demonstrate that a mere sequential correlation may be misleading in the interpretation of flights of marine terraces and indicates that multiple age controls are crucial to unravelling the complex interaction between uplift and sea-level fluctuations in uplifted coastal areas. The reconstructed MIS 5a, 5c and 6e sea level paleo-elevations, besides contributing to the assessment of late Quaternary sea-level fluctuations in the Mediterranean Sea, may contribute to constrain coeval ice sheets volume variations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107978
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Marine terraces ; morpho-stratigraphy ; Geochronological dating ; MIS 5 ; MIS 6e ; Tyrrhenian margin
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  • 34
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    Shallow-water models for volcanic granular flows: A review of strengths and weaknesses of TITAN2D and FLO2D numerical codes (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: The behaviour of dry and wet volcanic granular flows is one of the main research topics in present day geophysics and volcanology. It involves various disciplines (e.g. sedimentology, geophysics, fluid dynamics) and investigation techniques (e.g. field studies, laboratory experiments, computational fluid dynamics). The vast interest is justified by the complex nature of these flows and their very dangerous nature that threaten millions of people around the world. In the last decade, computational fluid dynamics has become one of the main instruments used to reproduce past events of volcanic granular flows or to predict their behaviour and potential hazard. In this study, we tested two of the most used codes for simulating volcanic granular flows, TITAN2D and FLO2D, against well studied natural cases (the 1998 wet granular flows in the Sarno area and the 2005 block and ash flows at Colima volcano) and large-scale experiments on granular flows. Comparison between simulated parameters and real ones were carried out in order to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of the two numerical codes. TITAN2D results showed how the basal friction angle is fundamental to control numerical simulations and its dependence on the topographic complexities, DEM resolution and slope-angle ratio. Simulation of large scale experiments offered a good relationship between slope angle ratio at break in slope and basal friction angle, which is useful for application to small drainage basins with not complex channel morphology. FLO2D suffers the lack of rheometric parameters for volcaniclastic material, but is less sensitive of DEM resolution with respect to TITAN2D.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107146
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 35
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    Tephrochronological constraints on the timing and nature of sea-level change prior to and during glacial termination V (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Glacial-interglacial variations in ice volume and sea level are essential components of the Pleistocene global climate evolution. Deciphering the timing of change of these key climate parameters with respect to the insolation forcing is central to understanding the processes controlling glacial terminations. Here we exploit the sensitivity of the Paleo Tiber River (central Italy) to sea-level forced changes in the base level and the frequent occurrence of datable tephra layers in its sedimentary successions to reconstruct the timing of the relative sea-level (RSL) change between 450 and 403 ka, i.e., across the glacial termination (T-V) that marks the transition between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12 and MIS 11. The analysis hinges on new stratigraphic data, tephra geochemical fingerprinting, and 40Ar/39Ar dating from a fluvial section that represents the inland counterpart of the near mouth, coastal aggradational succes- sions of the San Paolo Formation (SPF). Tephra correlation indicates that the morpho-stratigraphic record of the inland section is as sensitive to the sea-level change as its coastal counterparts, which makes it ideal to complement previous RSL reconstructions from the Tiber River catchment basin, thereby providing a more detailed picture of the sea-level history across T-V. Combined sedimentological and morphological proxies of the composed inland-coastal SPF record document the occurrence of two phases of relatively rapid sea-level rise, here interpreted as meltwater pulse (MWP) events. The earlier MWP occurred between ~450 and ~445 ka and matches a relatively minor episode of the sea-level rise documented in an existing RSL record, while the younger MWP at ~430 ka corresponds to the high amplitude sea-level rise that marks T-V. We find that both MWPs coincide with episodes of ice-rafted debris deposition in the North Atlantic (Heinrich-like events) and with attendant Southern Hemi- sphere warming, plausibly associated with the bipolar seesaw.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106976
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    Aeromagnetism (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-10
    Description: The airborne magnetic method was established a few decades ago, as a strong tool in mining and petroleum exploration. Several economically relevant discoveries are often credited to aeromagnetism. Geological reconnaissance and mapping, deep crustal and upper mantle studies, environmental characterization, and national and international security issues can greatly benefit from the aeromagnetic method, as compared with other geophysical prospecting schemes. The rapid rate of coverage and the low cost per unit area explored represent just a few among the many advantages of the technique. Consequently, large-scale airborne magnetic surveys have been carried out in various parts of the globe. The amount of direct discoveries of ore bodies by means of aeromagnetism is impressive. Large magnetic iron deposits found in the early 1960s are in Southern California, Missouri, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Ontario, and elsewhere. In the field of petroleum exploration, the method has also been used, although with less direct application. Depth to magnetic basement estimation in sedimentary basins narrows down areas of interest where to conduct exploration surveys in detail by means of more costly methods. The most relevant use of airborne magnetic results is crustal imaging and characterization. Nowadays, geology is interpreted in three dimensions using a digital aeromagnetic map.
    Description: Published
    Description: 675-688
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Keywords: aeromagnetism ; potential fields ; magnetic anomaly ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 04.05. Geomagnetism ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 37
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    EoS of mantle minerals coupled with composition and thermal state of the lithosphere: Inferring the density structure of peridotitic systems (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Unravelling the physical state and properties of mantle rocks is crucial for understanding both plate tectonics, seismic activity, and volcanism. In this context, the knowledge of accurate elastic parameters of constituent mineral phases, and their variations with pressure (P) and temperature (T), is an essential requirement, that coupled with the thermal state of the lithosphere can provide a better understanding of its petrophysics and thermochemical structure. In this paper, we present an assessment of the thermoelastic parameters [in the form of P–V–T–K Equations of State (EoS)] of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, spinel and garnet based on X-Ray diffraction data and direct elastic measurements available in literature. The newly developed EoS are appropriate to describe the elastic behaviour of these phases under the most relevant P–T conditions and bulk compositions of the Earth’s mantle. In combination with the published EoS for mantle olivine and magnesiochromite, these EoS are suitable to calculate the physical properties of mantle peridotites and their variation with P and T. Thanks to these EoS, we can evaluate how the variations in bulk composition and thermal regimes affect the density structure of the lithospheric mantle. Accordingly, the density structure of fertile and depleted peridotitic systems was calculated along the 35, 45 and 60 mWm􀀀 2 geothermal gradients at P comprised between 1 and 8 GPa. Under very cold geothermal gradients, the density of both fertile and depleted peridotitic systems progressively increases with depth, whereas under relatively hot conditions a first downwards decrease from 1 to ca 3 GPa is observed, followed by an increase downward. In mantle sections characterized by intermediate geotherms (45 mWm􀀀 2), the behaviour of the two systems differs up to ca 4 GPa, as the density of the depleted system remains nearly constant down to this depth whereas it moderately increases in the fertile system. The results of our simplified parameterisation, in agreement with classical thermodynamic modelling, indicate that the density structure of the lithospheric mantle is predominantly controlled by the P – T gradient variations, with some compositional control mostly arising at cold-intermediate thermal conditions. Integrated by geophysical and thermodynamic modelling, the newly developed and selected EoS could provide an alternative strategy to infer the elastic properties of mineral phases and peridotite rocks, under the most relevant P–T conditions and compositions of the Earth’s mantle, without requiring sets of end-member properties and solution models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106483
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 38
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    Shape of plutons in crustal shear zones: A tectono-magmatic guide based on analogue models (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Plutons in crustal shear zones may exploit inherited structures, interfere with strain localizing or be deformed passively. To constrain the relative timing of such tectono-magmatic relationships in natural settings is not always straight-forward. We here present sandbox-type analogue model experiments simulating magma emplacement into simple and transtensional crustal shear zones to test the diagnostic potential of pluton shape with respect to timing and setting. Observations based on surface deformation and intrusion shape exemplify the interplay between evolving and inherited tectonic structures and magma uprising. We observe markedly asymmetric intrusions in association with dikes reflecting the regional stresses, fault pattern and finite strain field. At the same time, the presence of an intrusion modifies the tectonic evolution, but only transiently, resulting in short-lived faults, reactivation and inversion. Diagnostic attributes include the pluton’s aspect ratio, its orientation and amplitude as well as dike association. Accordingly, syn-tectonic intrusions show the highest pluton amplitudes, but only intermediate elongation compared to other scenarios. They are oriented parallel to Riedel shears in simple shear, respectively to the compression direction in transtension. Post-tectonic intrusions are least elongated, have medium amplitudes and exploit Riedel shears. Pre-tectonic intrusions are characterized by lowest amplitudes but the highest aspect ratios and are parallel to the finite elongation direction. Intrusions in transtensional shear zones are generally of less elongate than those in simple shear zones. Experimental results are tested against observations from natural examples validating the diagnostic potential of pluton shape for the timing and the tectonic setting of the emplacement.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104417
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 39
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    Three-dimensional paganica fault morphology obtained from hypocenter clustering (L'Aquila 2009 seismic sequence, Central Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: In seismic modelling, fault planes are normally assumed to be flat due to the lack of data which can constrain fault morphology. However, incorporating 3D fault morphology is important for modelling several phenomena, for example calculating mainshock induced stress changes. We utilize a data-analytical method to unveil the 3D rupture morphology of faults using unsupervised clustering techniques applied to earthquake hypocenters in seismic sequences. We apply this method to the 2009 L’Aquila seismic sequence which involved a MW 6.1 mainshock on April 6th. We use a dataset of about 50,000 relocated events, mostly microearthquakes, reaching magnitude of completeness equal to 0.7. Clustering distinguishes the earthquakes as occurring in three main clusters along with other minor fault segments. We then represent the morphology of the main Paganica fault system (responsible for the largest mainshock) using splines. This method shows promise as a step toward robustly and quickly obtaining 3D rupture morphologies where earthquake sequences have been monitored. The 3D model is presented interactively online, and the processing is presented in an interactive Jupyter Notebook (https://bit.ly/2MnCFdj).
    Description: Published
    Description: 228756
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fault morphology Clustering L’Aquila earthquake sequence ; Clustering ; L’Aquila earthquake sequence
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  • 40
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    A first appraisal of the seismogenic and tsunamigenic potential of the largest fault systems in the westernmost Mediterranean (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-22
    Description: The westernmost Mediterranean hosts part of the plate boundary between the European and African tectonic plates. Based on the scattered instrumental seismicity, this boundary has been traditionally interpreted as a wide zone of diffuse deformation. However, recent seismic images and seafloor mapping studies support that most of the plate convergence may be accommodated in a few tectonic structures, rather than in a broad region. Historical earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 〉 6 and historical tsunamis support that the low-to-moderate instrumental seismicity might also have led to underestimation of the seismogenic and tsunamigenic potential of the area. We evaluate the largest active faults of the westernmost Mediterranean: the reverse Alboran Ridge, and the strike-slip Carboneras, Yusuf and Al-Idrissi fault systems. For the first time, we use a dense grid of modern seismic data to characterize the entire dimensions of the main fault systems, accurately describe the geometry of these structures and estimate their seismic source parameters. Tsunami scenarios have been tested based on 3D-surfaces and seismic source parameters, using both uniform and heterogeneous slip distributions. The comparison of our results with previous studies, based on limited information on the fault geometry and kinematics, indicates that accurate fault geometries and heterogeneous slip distributions are needed to properly assess the seismic and tsunamigenic potential in this area. Based on fault scaling relations, the four fault systems have a large seismogenic potential, being able to generate earthquakes with Mw 〉 7. The reverse Alboran Ridge Fault System has the largest tsunamigenic potential, being able to generate a tsunami wave amplitude greater than 3 m in front of the coasts of Southern Spain and Northern Africa.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106749
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Western Mediterranean ; Seismogenic potential ; Tsunamigenic potential ; Numerical modelling ; Active faults ; Active seismic data ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk
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  • 41
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    Deciphering origins and pathways of low-enthalpy geothermal waters in the unconventional geothermal system of Juchipila graben (Central Mexico) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: This work presents hydrochemical results for groundwater and dissolved gas samples collected from a thermal and cold aquifer in the Juchipila Basin, in southern Sierra Madre Occidental, central Mexico. Thermal springs in the Juchipila Basin reach temperatures of 60 ◦C, these manifestations are not related to recent or active volcanism as are all the known geothermal fields in Mexico. The thermal waters (〉32 ◦C) are Na-HCO3 and Na-SO4 type, with an anomalous concentration of F, B, Li, and As. Their chemistry likely results from water-rock interaction processes. The cold waters (〈32 ◦C) have a Ca-HCO3 composition typical of recent infiltration and shallow flow, but they have an anomalous concentration of NO3. The δ2H and δ18O indicate a common meteoric source for the warm and cold water plotting along an evaporation line. The waters have higher CO2 and He concentrations than the air-saturated water. The helium composition is mainly atmospheric and terrigenous with a mantle helium contribution of up to 14%. This suggests that faults affecting the region are deeply rooted, permitting mantle helium uprise. Geothermometry gives mean reservoir temperatures of 58–102 ◦C. Based on these results, we propose a model of hydrothermal circulation in the Juchipila Basin, in which rainwater infiltrates deeply through the graben edges fault system, dissolves ions and crustal helium, incorporates mantle helium, while heated by the geothermal gradient, and eventually surges and mixes with the cold, shallow aquifer along faults cutting the whole succession within the graben.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102076
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrogeochemical processes ; Helium isotopes ; Water stable isotopes ; Unconventional geothermal system ; Mexico
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    Drones for litter mapping: An inter-operator concordance test in marking beached items on aerial images (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Unmanned aerial systems (UAS, aka drones) are being used to map macro-litter on the environment. Sixteen qualified researchers (operators), with different expertise and nationalities, were invited to identify, mark and categorize the litter items (manual image screening, MS) on three UAS images collected at two beaches. The coefficient of concordance (W) among operators varied between 0.5 and 0.7, depending on the litter parameter (type, material and colour) considered. Highest agreement was obtained for the type of items marked on the highest resolution image, among experts in litter surveys (W = 0.86), and within territorial subgroups (W = 0.85). Therefore, for a detailed categorization of litter on the environment, the MS should be performed by experienced and local operators, familiar with the most common type of litter present in the target area. This work provides insights for future operational improvements and optimizations of UAS-based images analysis to survey environmental pollution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 112542
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Coastal pollution; Plastics; Remote sensing; Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV); Waste management
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    High resolution morphometric analysis of the Cordone del Vettore normal fault scarp (2016 central Italy seismic sequence): Insights into age, earthquake recurrence and throw rates (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: We investigated the late Quaternary throw distribution of the main normal fault that ruptured during the Mw 6.5 2016 earthquake in central Italy by means of a high-resolution structure-from-motion (SfM)-derived Digital Surface Model (DSM). We focused on a key area along the Cordone del Vettore fault (CDV), which is part of the Vettore-Bove fault system (VBFS). The CDV displays a prominent compound post-glacial scarp that allowed the reconstruction of the along-strike cumulative throw distribution. We propose a geometric approach to calculate the CDV fault throw distribution from the reconstruction of a displaced glaciation-related erosional surface, used as a geomorphic marker, and a series of closely spaced cross profiles. The proposed calculation accounts for both the slip vector direction and the degraded scarp top, including field data on fault dip angles. Following this approach, we recognized two scarps with a minimum average fault throw of ~21 m and ~35 m for this section of the investigated fault strand. The correlation with the possible post-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) deglaciation phases of the erosional surface suggests a minimum scarp age of 25–27 ka cal BP. Such an age provides a reasonable CDV fault throw rate of ~0.8 mm/a, comparable with known long-term throw rates of the VBFS and active Apennines normal faults. By comparing the reconstructed long-term Cordone del Vettore throw distribution with the 2016 coseismic one, ~24 2016-like surface faulting events are required to generate the main cumulative scarp, under the assumption of constant slip per event. This, along with the age of the scarp, yields an average earthquake recurrence time interval of ~1100 a. These results suggest the presence of multiple regional markers that correlates with different LGM (if not pre-LGM) major glacial phases, whose erosional processes allow the preservation of pre-existing bedrock fault scarp remnants.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107784
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake ; surface rupture ; active tectonics ; geomorphology ; 04.04. Geology
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    High pressure experimental investigation of clinopyroxene dissolution in a K-basaltic melt (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: Dissolution of clinopyroxene (cpx) in a K-basaltic melt from the Campi Flegrei Volcanic District (Italy) has been investigated through dissolution and dissolution-crystallization experiments at pressure of 0.8 GPa, superliquidus temperature of 1350 ◦C, and dwell times between 0.5 and 1 h. The obtained dissolution rates range from 7.9⋅10− 6 cm s− 1 to 6.1⋅10− 6 cm s− 1 as a function of dwell time. In the dissolution-crystallization experiment (1300 ◦C; 0.8 GPa; 2 h), the formation of overgrowth rims accompanied by new cpx crystals suggests that the injection of recharge magmas in basaltic reservoir may lead to inverse or oscillatory zonation. The interaction between cpx and K-basaltic melt at ~1570 ◦C was studied by in situ radiography using synchrotron radiation combined with the Paris-Edinburgh press. This resulted in cpx resorption to occur depending on the temperature conditions with respect to the liquidus temperature of the cpx (TcpxL). The calculated cpx dissolution rates are ~5⋅10− 3 cm s− 1 at T ≤ TcpxL and ~ 3⋅10− 2 cm s− 1 at T ≥ TcpxL. The role of crystal dissolution in the estimation of magma residence times has been also tested for a natural magmatic system by interpolating the dissolution rates (~10− 5–10− 6 cm s− 1) with the textural data of cpx phenocrysts from the Agnano-Monte Spina pyroclastic deposit at Campi Flegrei caldera (Campanian region, Italy). Results from calculations indicate that the time required for partial or complete resorption of phenocrysts varies from ~0.5 to ~40 h, and that the effect of crystal dissolution may be relevant to estimate magma residence times whether signifcant dissolution occurs during magma mixing processes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120533
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 45
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    Hybrid broadband strong-motion simulation to investigate the near-source characteristics of the M6.5, 30 October 2016 Norcia, Italy earthquake (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: During the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence, a series of moderate to large earthquakes M 〉 5 occurred near the Amatrice and Norcia towns. These events are recorded on a dense seismic network, providing relevant observational evidence of complex earthquakes in time and space. In this work, we used this substantial data set to study the ground-motion characteristics of the Norcia earthquake M6.5 on October 30, 2016, through a broadband ground-motion simulation. Three-component broadband seismograms are generated to cover the entire frequency band of engineering interest. Low and high frequencies are computed considering the heterogeneous slip rupture model of Scognamiglio et al. (2018) [1]. High frequencies are calculated using a stochastic approach including P, SV, and SH waves, while low frequencies are obtained through a forward simulation of the kinematic model at the various stations. To predict earthquake-induced ground motions in the area, we adopted region-specific attenuation and source scaling parameters derived by Malagnini et al. (2011) [2]. Ground-motion parameters, including peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV) and spectral amplitudes, are calculated at the selected sites adopting physics-based parameters to understand better the earthquake fault rupture, the wave propagation, and their impacts on the seismic hazard assessment in the region. We showed that combining the fault rupture history over the entire frequency spectrum of engineering interest, the attenuation characteristics of the seismic wave propagation, and the properly defined site responses can improve the prediction of ground motions and time histories, especially in near seismic sources.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106866
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ground-motion simulation ; Hybrid Method ; 30 October 2016 Norcia earthquake ; Site effects ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
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    Foamed gypsum for multipurpose applications in building (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: Gypsum plasterboards are nowadays very appreciated in buildings, mainly due to their lightness, thermal insulation and suitable sound transmission loss when used in double walls. However thermal and acoustic features of gypsum plasterboard can be enhanced. In the present study an innovative method, consisting in the direct addition of a pre-manufactured foam to gypsum pastes is used to increase the gypsum porosity improving sound absorption, lightness and thermal insulation features. In this aim, the role of both different amounts and dilutions of a vegetal foaming agent on the main physical, mechanical and microstructural characteristics of the gypsum was experimentally investigated. Moreover, also X-ray computed micro tomography technique (Micro- CT) was carried out in order to investigate the 3D internal microstructure of the materials. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the foaming agent in increasing the gypsum porosity, with a linear correlation between densities and mechanical strengths. Moreover, the presence of large bubbles, mainly connected each other, involved in a strong reduction of the thermal coefficient (λ), from 0.57 W/m∙K of REF sample to 0.25 W/m∙K of LG10_5% sample, and in a strong increase of the normal sound absorption coefficient (α0), from 0.06 of REF sample to 0.20 of LG10_5% sample. Finally, in the light of the results obtained by the present research, the use of a pre-whipped vegetal foaming agent represents a suitable way to obtain lightweight gypsum-based materials with enhanced thermal and acoustic properties.
    Description: Published
    Description: 124948
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
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    Comparing impact effects of common storms and Medicanes along the coast of south-eastern Sicily (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: The coastal vulnerability along the Mediterranean coasts is increasing, especially in response to the occurrence of tropical-like cyclones, known as Medicanes, which have become more intense than in the past. A peculiar case was the impact of Medicane Zorbas in September 2018 along the coasts of south-eastern Sicily, where it caused inland flooding and damages to the socio-economic activities. Here, Zorbas effects are reconstructed through post-event geomorphological surveys, interviews with direct witness and analyses of video recorded by surveillance systems or found in social media. These data allowed us to assess the flooding extent on seven coastal sectors located between Thapsos Peninsula and Marzamemi. Flooding caused by Zorbas appears to be greater than those produced by the main seasonal storms affecting the areas from 2015 to 2019; nevertheless, it is comparable with the flooding generated by Medicane Qendresa that impacted south-eastern Sicily in 2014. Wave propagation and extreme water level modelling, performed for the main storm events that occurred in the area since 2005, and analyses of data recorded by tide gauges of Catania, Porto Palo di Capo Passero and Malta since 2008, showed that Medicanes generate greater flooding than seasonal storms because they can induce higher and longer surge along the coastline. Collected data indicated that the surge generated by Zorbas reached a maximum value between about 0.8 m and 1.2 m above mean sea level (msl) along the coast of south-eastern Sicily. Results highlighted the need to better evaluate the coastal hazard related to the propagation of Medicanes, especially in the context of future climate change when these events will probably be characterized by longer duration and greater intensity than at the present.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106556
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 48
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    The first application of compositional data analysis (CoDA) in a multivariate perspective for detection of pollution source in sea sediments: The Pozzuoli Bay (Italy) case study (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: In the last decades, investigating geochemistry of sea sediments has been challenging in the eastern sector of Pozzuoli Bay, source of the metal(loid)s has been a matter of debate and the proposed origin of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has been occasionally inconsistent. In this study, compositional data analysis (CoDA) was used because the results are independent of the measurement unit, the selected subgroup of elements and the order of chemicals in the dataset. The robust variant of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were positively correlated with mud and organic matter in the sediments deposited in front of the former industrial site. Concentrations of these metals decrease along the cores and in the distal zone. Nevertheless, Al, As, V, Fe, Cr, Ni and sand form an association along the coast which strengthens with increasing distance from fumaroles in the proximal zone. It suggests that arsenic was mainly originated from the pyroclastic deposits of Campi Flegrei and some of the seepages with hydrothermal component, supported by low contribution of the variables in robust PCA of the sediments from distal zone. Therefore, this pioneering article suggests CoDA as a powerful tool for answering the long-lasting questions over sediment geochemistry in polluted areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 129955
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Bagnoli industrial site; Campi Flegrei; Fractal analysis; Isometric log-ratio; Robust principal component analysis; Symmetric coordinate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
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    Reply to “Comment on the paper by Buono et al. “Dynamics of degassing in evolved alkaline magmas: Petrological, experimental and theoretical insights” (Earth Science Reviews, 211 (2020), 103402)” (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: In our original paper (Buono et al., 2020), we investigated the dynamics of degassing (e.g., bubble nucleation and growth, degassing styles and regimes) of H2O-, CO2- and H2O-CO2-rich evolved alkaline melts over a wide range of variables (final pressures, decompression rates, volatile compositions and contents, temperatures) through a comprehensive review of previous and new HP (high pressure)-HT (high temperature) decompression experiments. The criticism of Allabar and Nowak regards a restricted part of our results, i.e., those concerning homogeneous bubble nucleation from our new experiments on H2O-rich melts. Their aim is refusing the classical nucleation theory (CNT), widely accepted in literature to explain homogeneous bubble nucleation in magmas, for evolved alkaline melts in favour of the spinodal decomposition. We found that the Authors of the Comment do not provide any new evidence in support of their thesis, but they keep only arbitrary and erroneous conjectures of our new experimental data. As we stated in our original paper, the evaluation of the specific bubble nucleation mechanism (CNT vs. spinodal decomposition) is beyond the scope of our research, as appropriate studies on both experimental and natural products would be necessary to shed light on this complex issue.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103654
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 50
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    A numerical study of arsenic contamination at the Bagnoli bay seabed by a semi-anthropogenic source. Analysis of current regime (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: Bagnoli Coroglio is an urban district of the City of Naples (South Italy), which fronts the Tyrrhenian Sea for nearly 3 km. It is part of the Campi Flegrei caldera, one of the most explosive volcanic areas in Europe. The need for redeveloping the site after the intense industrial activities of the twentieth century has prompted a remarkable research effort to investigate the pollution's degree, nature, and extent at both the land and seafloor. This article focuses on releasing thermal waters from a natural channel as a source of arsenic contamination in the Bagnoli marine sediments; the thermal waters originate from the nearby Agnano hot-springs and have been conveying artificially to the track since the mid-XIX century. As a first part of the outcomes, the work describes the flow regime that characterizes the marine area. The analysis has been conducted via numerical simulations carried out with the software package Delft3D, developed by Deltares, which employs dynamically interfacing modules to account for wave propagation, generation of currents, and presence of coastal structures. Climatic inputs to the software (waves, winds, and tide) have specifically been gathered and analyzed within this research. The numerical study has permitted to furnish, for the first time, a clear and systematic view of the hydrodynamic forcings that characterize the area under investigation. In particular, a leading role in the transport of pollutants could be played by rip current systems, whose characteristics vary with climate intensity (waves and wind) and coastal structures characteristics. Due to its inherently dynamic nature, the proposed approach seems especially desirable in situations where different contamination sources are compared. As such, it could be successfully applied to other sites also.
    Description: Published
    Description: 146811
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Anthropogenic contamination sources; Marine circulation; Numerical modeling; Pollutants advection; Rip currents; Seabed contamination by arsenic
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 51
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    Integrated calcareous nannofossil and magnetostratigraphic record of ODP Site 709: Middle Eocene to late Oligocene paleoclimate and paleoceanography of the Equatorial Indian Ocean (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-25
    Description: We investigated the calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of middle Eocene – lower Oligocene sediments from ODP Hole 709 C, equatorial Indian Ocean. The new bio-magnetostratigraphic analyses have resulted in an accurate biochronology of the interval span- ning Chrons C20r (middle Eocene) to C12r, in which 29 bioevents were investigated, in a 12 myr interval. The magnetostratigraphic signal is less clear across the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) but becomes more reliable at the top of Chron C13n to Chron C12r (early Oligocene). Quantitative analyses of calcareous nannofossil as- semblages allowed recognition of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) and the long cooling trend leading to the glacial state starting in the early Oligocene. We identify two hiatuses, in the lower middle Eocene and across the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT). Across the latter unconformity, a major transition from oligotrophic to eutrophic favoring nannofossil taxa highlights the enhanced sea surface nutrient availability during the transition to the early Oligocene glacial system. Finally, a late Oligocene warming event is recorded at this site by the increase in calcareous nannofossil taxa that preferred warm water.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102051
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 52
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    Longitudinal variations of the occurrence of F3 and F4 layers within the southern EIA and their dependence on solar cycle (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: This investigation presents for the first time the seasonal and solar cycle variations of the daytime F-layer multiple stratifications (F3 and F4 layers) near the southern crest of the EIA in two different longitudinal sectors of South America. To perform the study, the ionograms recorded from 2007 to 2015 at Sao Jose dos Campos (23.2° S, 45.9° W), Brazil (eastern sector), and at Tucuman (26.9° S, 65.4° W), Argentina (western sector), are considered. Both sites present a frequency of occurrence of the F3 and F4 layers which is directly proportional to the solar activity, and an annual variation with a maximum in spring/summer and a minimum in autumn/winter. The main result that came out from the analysis is that the frequency of occurrence of the F3 and F4 layers is higher in the western sector than in the eastern sector, and this could be attributed to a different gravity waves activity characterizing the two longitudinal sectors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-70
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 53
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    Methane on Mars: subsurface sourcing and conflicting atmospheric measurements (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-07
    Description: We address the potential for methane to exist in the subsurface of Mars, focusing on its generation, accumulation in sealed traps, and seepage to the atmosphere. We discuss two abiotic processes that could have produced subsurface methane, even if life never developed on the planet. Compared to Earth, accumulations of methane on Mars are likely to be limited, and those that are present may be better sealed by the thick and planetwide cryosphere. Releases are thus expected to be minor and episodic. We emphasize the importance of long-term, continuous monitoring of predicted release sites, as limited, episodic releases could be easy to miss. Moreover, we note that numerous scenarios of methane fluxes from terrestrial analogs may explain non-detections by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), as they can produce atmospheric concentrations below the TGO limit of detection. Our work does not negate the potential for meteoric/cometary sources of methane, but it does illustrate the strength of the case for subsurface sourcing. Finally, we provide a map of potential locations of release and discuss remaining uncertainties and a path forward.
    Description: Published
    Description: 149-174
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 54
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    Northward migration of the Javanese volcanic arc along thrust faults (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: East Java is characterised by a complex interaction of volcanic and tectonic processes and it is marked by isolated eruptive centres scattered across the back-arc sedimentary basins. In 2006 a large sediment hosted geothermal system named Lusi, pierced the Kendeng basin in East Java and since then it continues in a relentless eruption of mud breccia. To investigate the spatial and structural relationships between the volcanic arc and the back-arc domains, we perform a local earthquake tomography. The inversion of regional earthquakes recorded by our seismic network (for about two years) shows sharp Vp and Vp/Vs transitions. We observe a marked reduction of P-wave velocities and a high Vp/Vs ratio in the back-arc basins. Our study highlights a clear connection between the plumbing system of the volcanic arc and the northern sedimentary province. We propose a conceptual model suggesting that magmas and hydrothermal fluids may migrate from the middle to the upper crust into the sedimentary basins capitalising on existing thrust faults. Such low angle faults, promoted by the compressional regime of the region, link the magmatic domain to the northern sedimentary provinces. This process may represent the early phase of volcanic arc migration when magma-derived fluids are focused into fractured and permeable geological structures. Our conceptual model would not only help to understand the occurrence of the abundant mantle-derived fluids sampled across the back-arc, but it is also consistent with the occurrence of isolated magmatic and hybrid systems piercing across sedimentary environments in the back-arc of Java.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117258
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 55
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    Debris-flow hazard assessment at the archaeological UNESCO world heritage site of Villa Romana del Casale (Sicily, Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: Archaeological sites are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of weather-related events, which may lead to irreparable damages to cultural heritage. Here an assessment of the debris-flow hazard for the UNESCO site of Roman Villa del Casale (Italy) is carried out, through a combination of historical analyses, field surveys, geomorphological and hydrological investigations and two-dimensional hydraulic numerical modelling, all performed at river catchment scale. Historical analyses reveal that the site has been hit by several landslides in the far and recent past. This is presently confirmed by the high level of exposure to the impact of rain-triggered debris-flow events, due to the position of the Villa at a closure section of the related river basin and to the hydro- geomorphological characteristics of the basin itself. By applying the proposed approach, a scenario analysis is carried out. Results allow one to highlight the dynamics of the impact of debris flows, thanks to space and time- dependent maps about deposition areas, water depth and speed values, and to identify the most vulnerable archaeological elements within the study site. The numerical simulations are also used to test the efficiency of the existing hydraulic defense systems and to support the implementation of an early warning system for the site protection. Here, we also synthetize the design of the architecture of the wireless monitoring network, the sensor technology adopted to develop an effective real time environmental monitoring system and management plat-form, to construct a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) - early warning and reporting system, which can be applied as a prevention measure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102509
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydraulic risk, Archaeological excavation, Cultural heritage, WSN Monitoring, EWS Scenario analysis ; 03.02. Hydrology
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  • 56
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    Subsidence in Como historic centre (northern Italy): Assessment of building vulnerability combining hydrogeological and stratigraphic features, Cosmo-SkyMed InSAR and damage data (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: Como historic centre, located at the SW branch of Lake Como (northern Italy), is prone to subside because of a thick sequence of late Pleistocene to Holocene glacio-lacustrine, palustrine and alluvial sediments in the subsoil. After the 1950s, the combination of natural causes and anthropogenic activities amplified subsidence-induced differential settlements at building foundation depths, resulting in damage on the superstructures. This work presents the first subsidence vulnerability analysis of the historic buildings in Como city centre by combining hydrogeological and stratigraphic features, in situ damage investigations, and remote sensing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data acquired by Cosmo-SkyMed mission. First, the relationships between local hydrogeological features and vertical displacements retrieved by SAR Interferometry (InSAR) analysis were qualitatively assessed. This highlighted that cumulative vertical InSAR-derived settlements have a stronger linear correlation with the groundwater level rather than the thickness of compressible soil units at the city scale. The largest vertical displacements are located in the NW sector of the city centre and along the shore of Lake Como, where they remark the pre-Roman shoreline. Then, the cause-effect relationships between building damage severity and Subsidence-Related Intensity (SRI) parameters were investigated using a probabilistic approach based on empirical fragility curves. To this aim, two InSAR-derived SRI parameters were tested for both masonry and reinforced concrete buildings: differential settlements and relative rotations. The former resulted to relate better to distinct damage levels in Como historic centre. The analyses performed can contribute to the management of the inestimable architectural and cultural heritage of Como historic centre.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102115
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Subsidence of Como urban area
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  • 57
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    Accumulation and distribution of microplastics in coastal sediments from the inner Oslofjord, Norway (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: Microplastic presence in benthic marine systems is a widely discussed topic. The influence of the natural matrix on microplastic distribution within the sedimentary matrix is often overlooked. Marine sediments from the western inner Oslofjord, Norway, were investigated for temporal trends, with a particular focus on the relationship between sediment grain-sizes and microplastic distribution. Density separation, optical microscopy and chemical validation were used to categorize microplastics. Microplastic concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 1.71 MPs g − 1 dry weight (dw). Fibres were the most common (76%), followed by fragments and films (18%, 6%). Common polymers were polyesters (50%), polypropylene (18%), polymethylmethacrylate (9%), rayon and viscose (5%) and elastane (4%). Microplastics appear to accumulate preferentially according to their morphology and polymer type in certain sediment grain-sizes. Microplastics inputs to the Oslofjord appear to derive from a wastewater treatment plant in the vicinity. Although, the redistribution of microplastics within the fjord needs further investigation.
    Description: This project was supported by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) and the Erasmus+ Programme (EU).
    Description: Published
    Description: 113076
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Accumulation ; Plastic pollution ; Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ; Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) ; Sediment core ; FT-IR ; Microplastics ; Marine sediments
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  • 58
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    Role of magnetic skyrmions for the solution of the shortest path problem (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: Magnetic skyrmions are emerging as key elements of unconventional operations having unique properties such as small size and low current manipulation. In particular, it is possible to design skyrmion-based neurons and synapses for neuromorphic computing in devices where skyrmions move along the current direction (zero skyrmion Hall angle). Here, we show that, for a given graph, skyrmions can be used in optimization problems facing the calculation of the shortest path. Our tests show a solution with the same path length as computed with Algorithm. In addition, we also discuss how skyrmions act as positive feedback on this type of problem giving rise to a self-reinforcement of the path which is a possible solution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 167977
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect; Physics - Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A GIS procedure for the topographic classification of Italy, according to the seismic code provisions (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: In this study we present a procedure for the topographic classification of Italy, taking advantage of existing high resolution digital elevation models (DEM), with the support of routines embedded in Geographic Information Systems. The proposed method is based on morphometric analyses of a DEM, allowing for hilltop ridge detection, slope computation, identification of reliefs with potential topographic site effects, and topographic classification according to the indications of the current European and Italian seismic codes. The developed procedure can be applied worldwide and has a potential engineering interest for a fast and accurate topographic classification of a site, for both scientific and application purposes. The topographic classification of Italy is tested on several well known cases of topographic amplification and it is adopted for the topographic classification of Italian accelerometric stations.
    Description: The study has partially benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC)—Agreement B2, DPC-INGV. This paper does not necessarily represent DPC official opinions and policies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106848
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: DEM ; Topographic classification ; EC8 ; NTC18 ; GIS ; Morphometric analyses
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Hydrothermal pressure-temperature control on CO2 emissions and seismicity at Campi Flegrei (Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Fluids supplied by stored magma at depth are causal factors of volcanic unrest, as they can cause pressurization/ heating of hydrothermal systems. However, evidence for links between hydrothermal pressurization, CO2 emission and volcano seismicity have remained elusive. Here, we use recent (2010−2020) observations at Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) to show hydrothermal pressure, gas emission and seismicity at CFc share common source areas and well-matching temporal evolutions. We interpret the recent escalation in seismicity and surface gas emissions as caused by pressure-temperature increase at the top of a vertically elongated (0.3–2 km deep) gas front. Using mass (steam) balance considerations,we showhydrothermal pressurization is causing energy transfer from the fluids to the host rocks, ultimately triggering low magnitude earthquakes within a seismogenetic volume containing the hydrothermal system. This mechanism is probably common to other worldwide calderas in similar hydrothermal activity state.
    Description: MIUR project n. PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW“Connect4Carbon”
    Description: Published
    Description: 107245
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2 emission ; Campi Flegrei ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Geological hazard assessment of the coastal area of Rome (Central Italy) from multi-source data integration (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-03
    Description: This work presents the first 3D geological model of the Rome coastal area that integrates available subsurface geological, stratigraphic and geophysical data with surface geochemical data obtained both from the literature and new surveys. The model provides new insights into the stratigraphic and tectonic setting of the area and the geological factors controlling both natural and human-induced gas emissions. This sector of the Italian Tyrrhenian margin has been historically affected by natural emissions of deep CO2 and thermogenic CH4, stored in permeable layers but with local migration to the surface along buried normal faults. In addition to natural processes, human activities can also cause leakage and serious health risks, such as the abrupt gas release in August 2013, that was triggered by borehole drillings near the Rome international airport. The presented 3D reconstruction unveils the link between faults, stratigraphy, lithology and the distribution of the soil gas anomalies. It provides information about the depth of the reservoir that can potentially trap endogenous gases, and the location and geometry of the main faults along which the gas migrates towards the surface. Furthermore, reconstruction of the distribution and thickness of important clay layers better constrains the low permeable areas that prevent gas escape. The 3D model, coupled with the geochemical information, can serve as a useful tool for the local administration to perform land-use planning and manage the local geological and degassing hazards that affect this highly urbanized area near Rome. Furthermore, we estimate that the large amount of CO2 broadly released in the area also provides a contribution to the budget of natural greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106527
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 3D geological model ; Soil gas ; Active faults ; Surface degassing ; Geological hazards ; Tiber delta ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Climatological study of the ion temperature in the ionosphere as recorded by Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar and comparison with the IRI model (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: Ion temperature data recorded by Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (42.61 N, 288.51 E) over four full solar cycles (from 1970 to 2018) are analyzed to depict its climatological behavior in the range of altitudes between 100 and 550 km. The ion temperature dependencies on altitude, local time, month of the year, and solar activity level are studied through a climatological analysis based on binning and boxplot representation of statistical values. Binned observations of ion temperature are compared with International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) modeled values (IRI-2016 version). This comparison reveals several shortcomings in the IRI modeling of the ion temperature at ionosphere altitudes, in particular for the altitudinal, diurnal, seasonal, and solar activity description. The main finding of this study is that the overall IRI overestimation of the ion temperature can be probably ascribed to the long-term ionosphere cooling. Moreover, the study suggests that the IRI ion temperature model needs to implement the seasonal and solar activity dependence, and introduce a more refined diurnal description to allow multiple diurnal maxima seen in observations. The IRI ion temperature anchor point at 430 km is investigated in more detail to show how also a better description of the altitude dependence is desirable for modeling purposes. Some hints and clues are finally given to improve the IRI ion temperature model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2186-2203
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    TITIPy: A Python tool for the calculation and mapping of topside ionosphere turbulence indices (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: TITIPy (Topside Ionosphere Turbulence Indices with Python) is a stand-alone Python tool developed for the calculation and mapping of RODI, ROTI, and ROTEI indices, for the characterization of the turbulent state of the topside ionosphere. Data gathered by Langmuir Probes and Precise Orbit Determination antennas on-board ESA Swarm satellites constellation are used to calculate topside ionosphere indices with a high time rate and a global coverage. From the study of these topside indices, information on physical mechanisms involved in the formation of small-scale irregularities (both spatial and temporal) can be drawn, particularly at high and low latitudes. TITIPy provides outputs as time series of calculated indices in text files, and figures as maps in geographic and magnetic coordinates. TITIPy is particularly suited for the investigation of the topside ionosphere irregularities, and for the identification of peculiar spatial and temporal patterns. The paper describes the TITIPy design and code workflow along with a detailed explanation of RODI, ROTI, and ROTEI indices calculation. Furthermore, an example of application based on data collected during the St. Patrick 2015 geomagnetic storm is also shown. TITIPy is open-source and freely downloadable at https://github.com/pignalberi/TITIPy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104675
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Onset and evolution of Kīlauea's 2018 flank eruption and summit collapse from continuous gravity (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Prior to the 2018 lower East Rift Zone (ERZ) eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, continuous gravimeters operated on the vent rims of ongoing eruptions at both the summit and Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. These instruments captured the onset of the 2018 lower ERZ eruption and the effects of lava withdrawal from both locales, providing constraints on the timing and style of activity and the physical properties of the lava lakes at both locations. At the summit, combining gravity, lava level, and a three-dimensional model of the vent indicates that the upper ∼200 m of the lava lake had a density of about 1700 kg m−3, slightly greater than estimates from 2011–2015 and possibly indicating a gradual densification over time. At Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, gravity and vent geometry were used to model both the density and the rate of crater collapse, which was unknown owing to a lack of visual observations. Results suggest the withdrawal of at least m3 of lava over the course of two hours, and a material density of 1800–1900 kg m−3. In addition, gravity data at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō captured a transient decrease and increase about an hour prior to crater collapse and that was probably related to a small, short-lived fissure eruption on the west flank of the cone and possibly to dike intrusion beneath Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. The fissure was the first event in the subsequent cascade that ultimately led to the extrusion of over 1 km3 of lava from lower ERZ vents, collapse of the summit caldera floor by more than 500 m, and the destruction of over 700 homes and other structures. These results emphasize the importance of continuous gravity in operational monitoring of active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117003
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Evaluation of near-surface groundwater aquifers through integrated geophysical and geodetic measurements (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Extensive geophysical and geodetic measurements were carried out to evaluate the groundwater aquifer, trace the basement relief, as well as detect the igneous intrusions and structural elements (mainly faults) that affect the occurrence of groundwater in the study area. The fieldwork included resistivity sounding, a geomagnetic survey, and Global Positioning System measurements. The magnetic results showed the presence of a group of main faults in East-west trend at the western part of the area and major fault at the northern part of the area of NW-SW trend. The findings also showed the presence of two igneous rock intrusions located in the middle of the eastern part of the valley. Pronounced differences in the depths of basement rocks have been identified, ranging between 0 and 900 m from the surface. Both high horizontal movements and high shear strain rates have been found to be concentrated at the southeast of the study area and it was noted that high stress was accumulated along the main observed faults and at the main groundwater aquifers. The geoelectrical results confirmed the presence of two aquifers; a shallow aquifer (Quaternary aquifer) that narrows northwards and a Nubian sandstone aquifer, which considered the main aquifer. The Nubian sandstone aquifer carries groundwater in the region, which overlies the last geoelectric unit represented by the basement complex layer and geological structures affecting the potential availability of groundwater in the study area, as proved by the geomagnetic survey and stress accumulation.
    Description: Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/351), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    Description: Published
    Description: 101549
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GPS ; stress ; strain ; geomagnetic ; geoelectric ; groundwater ; 04. Solid Earth
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    2D Synthetic dataset of numerical simulations of long-period seismicity in a volcanic edifice and related sensitivity kernels (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: This work describes the data used in the EPSL research article "Quantifying strong seismic propagation effects in the upper volcanic edifice using sensitivity kernels". The dataset is generated in order to investigate to what extent the seismic signals recorded on volcanoes are affected by near surface velocity structure. Data were calculated using the computational spectral elements scheme SPECFEM2D, where the wave propagation beneath Mount Etna volcano, Italy, was simulated in both homogeneous and heterogeneous models. The heterogeneous model comprises a low-velocity superficial structure (top several hundred meters) based on the previously published studies. Several different source mechanisms and locations were used in the simulations. The seismic wavefield was "recorded" by 15 surface receivers distributed along the surface of the volcano. The associated sensitivity kernels were also computed. These kernels highlight the region of the velocity model that affects the recorded seismogram within a desired time window. The text files describing the velocity models used in the simulations are also provided. The data may be of interest to volcano seismologists, as well as earthquake seismologists studying path effects and wave propagation through complex media.
    Description: European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007 2013) under the project NEMOH, grand agreement no. 289976.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106673
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Near surface velocity structure; Numerical simulations; Sensitivity kernels; Specfem2d; Volcanic edifice; Volcano seismic sources
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Quantifying strong seismic propagation effects in the upper volcanic edifice using sensitivity kernels (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: In volcanic environments, the correct interpretation of the signals recorded by a seismic station is critical for a determination of the internal state of the volcano. Those signals contain information about both the seismic source and the properties of the path travelled by the seismic wave. Therefore, understanding the path effect is necessary for both source inversions and geophysical investigation of the volcanoes' properties at depth. We present an application of the seismic adjoint methodology and sensitivity kernel analysis to investigate seismic wave propagation effects in the upper volcanic edifice. We do this by performing systematic numerical simulations to calculate synthetic seismograms in two-dimensional models of Mount Etna, Italy, considering different wave velocity properties. We investigate the relationship between different portions of a seismogram and different parts of the structural volcano model. In particular, we examine the influence of known near-surface low-velocity volcanic structure on the recorded seismic signals. Results improve our ability to understand path effects highlighting the importance of the shallowest velocity structure in shaping the recorded seismograms and support recent studies that show that, although long-period seismic events are commonly associated with magma movements in resonant conduits, these events can be reproduced without the presence of fluids. We conclude that edifice heterogeneities impart key signatures on volcano seismic traces that must be considered when investigating volcano seismic sources.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116683
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Tectonically driven drainage reorganization in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: High-elevation plateaus that are positioned in between topographic barriers are common orogenic features in the South American continent, formed under a range of evolving environmental conditions. For example, in the central Andes (Bolivia-Argentina), the Puna-Altiplano is arid and endorheic with a poorly developed fluvial system, while in the northern Andes (Colombia) the Chiquinquirà and Tunja highlands are characterized by a humid equatorial exorheic fluvial system. In addition to a plateau-like low-relief surface at 2500 m, the landscape of the northern Eastern Cordillera and SantanderMassif (northern Colombia) displays a lower elevation (~1500m) low-relief landscape (Mesas) comprising river captures, windgaps, and a disconnected alluvial fan that collectively record a transient state. This configuration has been achieved through a combination of compressive deformation and sub-crustal processes. The compressive shortening started to occur in the Paleogene and is still active, whereas regional surface uplift related to slab flattening andmantlewedge hydration startedintheLateMiocene/Pliocene.To disentangle the crustal vs sub-crustal forcing and to investigate the relative timing of drainage network evolutionwe combine the analysis of topography, hydrography (river longitudinal profiles, morphometric parameters, drainage divide stability), knickpoint migration (celerity model), paleo-longitudinal profile modeling, satellite images, and field observations. In particular, we show that during the development of the low-relief Mesas landscape the older Chiquinquirà highland was a closed drainage and that the lower portion of the Suárez River flowed northward into the Bucaramanga depression forced by the Los Cobardes Anticline topographic barrier. The Suárez River collected waters from the southern SantanderMassif and the upper reach of the Chicamocha River, which was draining the Tunja highland. An abandoned windgap deposit on the eastern edge of the Mesa de Barichara suggests that the lower portion of the Chicamocha Riverwas not yet formed. Subsequent to the Chiquinquirà highland drainage opening, two main tributaries of the Magdalena River, the Lebrija and Sogamoso, captured the Suárez River in a short temporal sequence. A knickpoint celerity model allows us to date the Lebrija capture of the Bucaramanga depression at ~260–270 ka and the subsequent Sogamoso capture at 190–220 ka. Only during this final stage, the lowermost Chicamocha River section formed and the drainage network developed to its present configuration. Finally,we suggest that the early Cenozoic rift inversion has controlled the drainage network pattern and the late Miocene sub-crustal-induced surface uplift has driven the main fluvial network reorganization.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107847
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Tracking the summit activity of Mt. Etna volcano between July 2019 and January 2020 by integrating petrological and geophysical data (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: The evolution of volcanic activity observed at the New South East Crater (NSEC) and Voragine (VOR) between July 2019 and January 2020 has been deciphered by taking into account the changes of textures and chemical zoning of plagioclase and olivine crystals from the erupted lavas and tephra. The petrological observations have been integrated with analyses of the amplitude and source location of volcanic tremor and infrasound data. Characteristics of crystals erupted on July 2019 at the NSEC reflect protracted intrusions of magma into the mid-upper section of the plumbing system, approximately within 290–120 MPa, which acted as the main zone of magma accumulation and crystallization before the beginning of the eruptive activity. Textures and compositions of crystals erupted at VOR emphasize the beginning of volcanic activity driven by recharge/discharge phases that mostly affect the shallowest portion of the Mt. Etna plumbing system (〈40 MPa). At the end of 2019, mineral compositions and zoning patterns changed again in accordance with eruption dynamics. The observed changes reflect the transition from an early phase, between November and December 2019, characterized by substantial equilibrium during magma storage and transport toward higher disequilibrium conditions and eruptive frequency, in January 2020. This has been associated to episodes of deep replenishment of mafic magmas displacing the resident one. Diffusion chronometry applied to zoned olivines shows that most of the episodes of magma intrusion correlate temporally with changes in the features of both volcanic tremor and infrasonic events in terms of amplitude and source location, providing evidence that such geophysical signals are directly related to the magma dynamics in the upper plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107350
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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    Modified shallow water model for viscous fluids and positivity preserving numerical approximation (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: Shallow water equations are widely used in the simulation of those geophysical flows for which the flow horizontal length scale is much greater than the vertical one. Inspired by the example of lava flows, we consider here a modified model with an additional transport equation for a scalar quantity (e.g., temperature), and the derivation of the shallow water equations from depth-averaging the Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The assumption of constant vertical profiles for some of the model variables is relaxed allowing the presence of vertical profiles, and it follows that the non-linearity of the flux terms results in the introduction of appropriate shape coefficients. The space discretization of the resulting system of hyperbolic partial differential equations is obtained with a modified version of the finite volume central-upwind scheme introduced by Kurganov and Petrova in 2007. The time discretization is based on an implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta method which couples properly the hyperbolic part and the stiff source terms, avoiding the use of a very small time step; the use of complex arithmetic increases accuracy in the implicit treatment of stiff terms. The whole scheme is proved to preserve the positivity of flow thickness and the stationary steady-states. Some numerical experiments are performed to validate the proposed method and to show the incidence on the numerical solutions of shape coefficients introduced in the model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 482-505
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Shallow water equations ; Viscous fluids ; Finite Volume ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    A partitioned solver for compressible/incompressible fluid flow and light structure (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: In this work, a partitioned fluid-structure interaction solver is presented. Fluid flow problem is solved with time-discontinuous deforming domain stabilized space-time finite element method. Flow is computed with pressure primitive variables which permit to use the same numerical technique for both compressible and incompressible regimes. Elastic deformation of the structure is modelled in the Lagrangian frame of reference with Saint-Venant Kirchhoff and Neo-Hookean material models - both are non-linear and valid for large deformations. Structure equations are discretized with Galerkin finite element method for space and with generalized-alpha method for the time. Mesh motion is modelled with the elastic deformation method. An implicit algorithm is presented to couple the different solvers. The details are provided on the implementation of the solvers in parallel software. The numerical code is verified and validated on several compressible and incompressible flow benchmarks widely used in the literature. The results demonstrate that the developed solver successfully detects the accurate interaction between fluid and structure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 182-195
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Carbon dioxide diffuse emission at the Tolhuaca hydrothermal system (Chile) controlled by tectonics and topography (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: The Tolhuaca hydrothermal system is one of the few attested geothermal resources in Chile. While recent investigations provided some insights into the depth and temperature of the geothermal reservoirs and the chemical and mineralogical evolution of the hydrothermal system, little is still known about the CO2 degassing of the system and the local and shallow control of fluid pathways. Here, we document the soil CO2 degassing and soil temperature distributions in the southern part of the Tolhuaca hydrothermal system and at one of its northern fumaroles, and provide a first estimate of its total CO2 release. The surveyed area is responsible for a total CO2 emission of up to 30 t d-1. Hydrothermal CO2 emissions (~ 4-27 t d-1) are mostly restricted to the thermal manifestations or generally distributed along NNW trending lineaments, sharing the same orientation as the volcanic vents and thermal springs and fumaroles. Hydrothermal CO2 fluxes, fumaroles and thermal springs are generally encountered in topographic lows, in close vicinity of streams and often in clay-rich pyroclastic units, highlighting a relation between landscape evolution and the activity of the hydrothermal system. We suggest that glacial unloading and incision of the stream inside the clay-rich units have likely enhanced locally the permeability, creating a preferential pathway for the migration of deeper fluid to the surface. As several hydrothermal systems in the Andes are found on the flank of volcanoes hosting glaciers, we propose that they could have had a similar development to that of the Tolhuaca hydrothermal system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107316
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2 emission ; Tolhuaca volcano
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    Real-time quantitative detection of styrene in atmosphere in presence of other volatile-organic compounds using a portable device (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: Exposure to styrene is a major safety concern in the fibreglass processing industry. This compound is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen. Several types of analytical equipment exist for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere; however, most of them operate ex-situ or do not provide easy discrimination between different molecules. This work introduces an improved and portable method based on FTIR spectroscopy to analyse toxic gaseous substances in working sites down to a concentration of less than 4 ppm. Styrene and a combination of VOCs typically associated with it in industrial processes, such as acetone, ethanol, xylene and isopropanol, have been used to calibrate and test the methodology. The results demonstrate that the technique offers the possibility to discriminate between different gaseous compounds in the atmosphere with a high degree of confidence and obtain very accurate quantitative information on their concentration, down to the ppm level, even when different VOCs are present in a mixture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 122510
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Environmental sensors; Infrared spectroscopy; Volatile organic compounds
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    Soil CO2 flux and temperature from a new geothermal area in the Cordón de Inacaliri Volcanic Complex (northern Chile) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-14
    Description: This paper deals with the first geochemical data from an unexplored sector of the Cordón de Inacaliri Volcanic Complex (Central Andes, Chile). The site is located at ∼5,150-5,200 m a.s.l., inside the Pabelloncito graben where, at about 9 km NW of the studied area, the only currently working geothermal power plant of South America, named Cerro Pabellón, occurs. Diffuse soil CO2 and soil temperature measurements were carried out to unravel the structural control on the rising fluids and estimate the total CO2 output, the heat flow rate and the heat flux, aimed at assessing a preliminary evaluation of the geothermal potential of the area. The study area is characterized by a pervasive hydrothermal mineralogical alteration, CO2 flux values of up to ∼4,400 g m-2 d-1 and soil temperatures up to the boiling point of water at that altitude. All these features are likely related to an endogenous source. Spatial distribution of both soil CO2 flux and temperature depict an ENE-striking lineament, whose intersection with the NW-striking Pabelloncito graben forms a favourable structural setting for the discharge of hydrothermal fluids. The total CO2 output emission of the studied area (∼0.0179 km2) was ∼0.53 t d-1, with an associated discharge of steam of 6.45 t d-1 (CO2/H2O ratio = 0.08). An electric capacity potential of 1.08 MWe km-2 was computed from the heat flow rate and heat flux values. Our results suggest that this part of the Pabelloncito graben is an interesting geothermal prospect and a good candidate for further exploration studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101961
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Equatorial grooves distribution on Ganymede: Length and self-similar clustering analysis (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Grooves represent the evidence of tectonic activity that deformed Ganymede surface during its geologic evolution. In this work, we investigate the main characteristics of Ganymede's groove populations on four different areas located at the equatorial region of the satellite (Uruk Sulcus, Babylon Sulci, Phrygia Sulcus and Mysia Sulci). Specifically, we analyse i) the grooves length distribution to provide a framework for their evolution and ii) the grooves self-similar clustering to infer their vertical penetration inside Ganymede icy shell. For each dataset, we find that the grooves distribution is well fitted by an exponential-law and a power-law distribution depending on the structure length. This implies the presence of confined structures in a shallow layer of the icy crust (relatively shorter, exponentially-fitted structures) and crustal-scale structures that could theoretically reach the crust-ocean interface (relatively longer, power law-fitted structures). In addition, the existence of two exponential distributions for few datasets suggest that there could be two different system of structure confined within specific mechanical crust layers. The thickness of the penetrated icy shell is retrieved through the self-similar clustering analysis and ranges between 105 and 130 km for the examined datasets. This value agrees with independent estimates of the icy shell thickness, ranging between 80 and 150 km. Moreover, our results support the hypothesis that a large number of grooves penetrate the brittle icy crust, with sets of fractures vertically confined in different mechanical layers, while the penetration of few interconnected faults underlying longer grooves may interest the whole icy crust above the liquid ocean.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105140
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GALILEAN SATELLITES ; DARK TERRAIN ; FAULT EVOLUTION ; TECTONICS ; PATTERNS GEOMETRY ; JUPITER
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Mechanism of progressive broad deformation from oceanic transform valley to off-transform faulting and rifting (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zhang, F., Lin, J., Zhou, Z., Yang, H., & Morgan, J. P. Mechanism of progressive broad deformation from oceanic transform valley to off-transform faulting and rifting. Innovation, 3(1), (2022): 100193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100193.
    Description: Oceanic transform faults (TFs) are commonly viewed as single, narrow strike-slip seismic faults that offset two mid-ocean ridge segments. However, broad zones of complex deformation are ubiquitous at TFs. Here, we propose a new conceptual model for the progressive deformation within broad zones at oceanic TFs through detailed morphological, seismic, and stress analyses. We argue that, under across-transform extension due to a change in plate motion, plate deformation occurs first along high-angle transtensional faults (TTFs) within the transform valleys. Off-transform normal faults (ONFs) form when across-transform deviatoric extensional stresses exceed the yield strength of the adjacent oceanic lithosphere. With further extension, these normal faults can develop into off-transform rift zones (ORZs), some of which can further develop into transform plate boundaries. We illustrate that such progressive complex deformation is an inherent feature of oceanic TFs. The new conceptual model provides a unifying theory to explain the observed broad deformation at global transform systems.
    Description: We benefited from discussions with Drs. Tao Zhang, Huihui Weng, Yen Joe Tan, the SCSIO Deep Ocean Geodynamics Group, the CUHK Seismology Group, and the participants of the InterRidge transform fault workshop in France, 2018. This work was supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0205), NSFC grants (41976064, 41890813, 41976066, 91628301, and 91858207), CAS grants (Y4SL021001, QYZDY-SSW-DQC005, 133244KYSB20180029, 131551KYSB20200021, and ISEE2021PY03), National Key R&D Program of China grants (2018YFC0309800 and 2018YFC0310105), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021A1515012227), and Hong Kong Research Grant Council grants (14304820 and 14306119).
    Keywords: Transform fault deformation ; Off-transform faulting and rifting ; Plate rotation ; Transtensional fault ; Ridge-transform interaction
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Long-period seismic events with strikingly regular temporal patterns on Katla volcano's south flank (Iceland) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-28
    Description: Katla is a threatening volcano in Iceland, partly covered by the M\'yrdalsj\"okull ice cap. The volcano has a large caldera with several active geothermal areas. A peculiar cluster of long-period seismic events started on Katla's south flank in July 2011, during an unrest episode in the caldera that culminated in a glacier outburst. The seismic events were tightly clustered at shallow depth in the Gvendarfell area, 4 km south of the caldera, under a small glacier stream on the southern margin of M\'yrdalsj\"okull. No seismic events were known to have occurred in this area before. The most striking feature of this seismic cluster is its temporal pattern, characterized by regular intervals between repeating seismic events, modulated by a seasonal variation. Remarkable is also the stability of both the time and waveform features over a long time period, around 3.5 years. No comparable examples have been found in the literature. Both volcanic and glacial processes can produce similar waveforms and therefore have to be considered as potential seismic sources. Discerning between these two causes is critical for monitoring glacier-clad volcanoes and has been controversial at Katla. For this new seismic cluster on the south flank we regard volcano-related processes as more likely than glacial ones for the following reasons: 1) the seismic activity started during an unrest episode involving sudden melting of the glacier and a j\"okulhlaup; 2) the glacier stream is small and stagnant; 3) the seismicity remains regular and stable for years; 4) there is no apparent correlation with short-term weather changes, such as rain storms. We suggest that a small, shallow hydrothermal system was activated on Katla's south flank in 2011, either by a minor magmatic injection or by changes of permeability in a local crack system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 28-40
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Geophysics; Physics - Geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 78
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    Out of phase Quaternary uplift-rate changes reveal normal fault interaction, implied by deformed marine palaeoshorelines (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-15
    Description: We have mapped and constrained the timing of tectonically deformed uplifted Late Quaternary palaeoshorelines in the Messina Strait, southern Italy, an area above a subduction zone containing active normal faults. The palaeoshorelines are preserved from up to thirteen Late Quaternary sea-level highstands, providing a record of the deformation over this timescale (~500 ka) for the Messina-Taormina Fault, the Reggio Calabria Fault and the Armo Fault. The palaeoshorelines reveal spatial patterns of uplift through time along the strike of these normal faults, and, given the across strike arrangement of the faults, also reveal how the contribution of each fault to the regional strain-rate progressed through time. The results reveal that the uplift rates mapped within the fault hangingwalls and footwalls were not constant through time, with a marked change in the location of strain accumulation at ~50 ka. The uplift rates, once converted into throw-rates, imply that the three faults comprised similar throw-rates prior to ~50 ka (in the range 0.77–0.96 mm/yr), with the Armo and Reggio Calabria faults then switching to lower rates (0.32 mm/yr and 0.33 mm/yr respectively), whilst the Messina-Taormina Fault accelerated to 2.34 mm/yr. The regional extension rate, gained by summing the implied heave rates across the three faults, was maintained through time despite this re-organisation of local strain accumulation at ~50 ka. We explain these out-of-phase fault throw-rate changes during the constant-rate regional extension conditions as due to interactions between these upper plate normal faults. We finally discuss how fault throw-rates changing through time may affect a long-term seismic hazard assessment within active normal fault systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105432
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Crustal Deformation ; Active Faults ; Marine terraces ; Uplift ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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    The use of immersive virtual reality for teaching fieldwork skills in complex structural terrains (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-15
    Description: Innovations in virtual reality (VR) technology have led to exciting possibilities in teaching earth sciences, allowing students to experience complex geological sites that, due to cost and logistical reasons, they would not normally be able to experience. The need for high quality online digital learning resources and blended learning was brought to the forefront during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as courses with a traditional physical field work component were forced to move online and provide alternatives to students. While it is unlikely that virtual field trips (VFT) would be accepted by students as a replacement of real-world fieldwork moving out of the pandemic, research shows promise that using IVR experiences can lead to enhanced learning outcomes in geosciences, warranting its inclusion on the curricula. This paper presents the outputs of a project to improve student learning in complex geological environments using VR. Here we outline a workflow that was developed to collect high resolution imagery using remote sensing to create digital outcrop models (DOM) of complex geological sites. Using this framework, this paper will then explore the use of VR for an investigation of the Husavik Triple Junction, a complex structural site in northern Iceland, explaining how the drone data was converted to a 3D DOM and demonstrating how VR can be used to simulate real world field mapping. Finally, we describe how these IVR activities have been integrated into taught modules at postgraduate level and discuss how the use of IVR experiences can complement existing geoscience curriculum design.
    Description: Erasmus+ Key Action 2 funded project 2017-1-UK01-KA203-036719 3DTeLC-Bringing the 3Dworld into the classroom: a new approach to Teaching, Learning and Communicating the science of geohazards in terrestrial and marine environments coordinated by M. Whitworth. (https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/projects/eplus-projectdetails/#project/2017-1-UK01-KA203-036719and http://www.3dtelc.com) and the MIUR Project ACPR15T4_00098–Argo3D, coordinated by A. Tibaldi (http://argo3d.unimib.it/).
    Description: Published
    Description: 104681
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Virtual reality ; Geosciences ; Teaching ; Fieldwork ; Structural geology ; Digital outcrop model ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 04.04. Geology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
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    Insights into the dynamics of the Nirano Mud Volcano through seismic characterization of drumbeat signals and V/H analysis (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-30
    Description: Mud volcanoes are rapidly-evolving geological phenomena characterized by the surface expulsion of sediments and fluids from over-pressurized underlying reservoirs. We investigate the Nirano Mud Volcano, Northern Italy, with seismic methods to better understand the dynamic evolution of the system and shed light on its subsurface structure. Our study allowed to detect and characterize three different types of high-frequency drumbeat signals that are present in the most active part of the mud volcano plumbing system. With a back-projection method based on the cross-correlation envelope of signals recorded at different station pairs, we can determine the source location of the drumbeats. These coincide with the location of V/H (vertical-to-horizontal) amplitude peaks obtained from an ambient vibration profile and resistivity anomalies identified in a previous study. We observe that the drumbeats are P-wave dominated signals, with characteristics similar to those found in magmatic settings, i.e. LPs (long-period signals). We suggest that such tremors originate from the migration of mud and gas inside the mud volcanic conduits. The source location, waveform and frequency content of the drumbeats evolve over time. We found that drumbeat occurrence is directly linked with morphological changes at surface.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107619
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Through a glass, darkly: Trying to understand geothermal systems by means of geothermometers and fCO2-indicators (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-10
    Description: There are three classes of geothermometers and fCO2-indicators (collectively known as geoindicators): the traditional or classical ones, the theoretical activity-based geoindicators, and multicomponent chemical geothermometry. Most traditional geothermometers (e.g., SiO2, Nasingle bondK, Na-K-Ca, Ksingle bondMg) are linear functions linking the logarithm of the equilibrium constant of the controlling reaction to the absolute temperature reciprocal. Total concentrations are considered in most traditional geothermometers. Thanks to these two characteristics, the traditional geothermometers are simple to be used, which explains their widespread use. However, there are at least two issues which have been disregarded or not properly considered in the derivation of traditional geothermometers. One is that total concentrations of relevant solutes can deviate considerably from the activities of the aqueous species participating to the controlling mineral-solution reactions due to the formation of aqueous complexes. The other concerns the hydrothermal minerals, with some having variable composition and adularia being affected by Alsingle bondSi order-disorder on the tetrahedral sites. To overcome these two issues, theoretical activity-based geoindicators were recently proposed. To use these geoindicators is necessary to run a speciation program, but computed temperatures and CO2 fugacities are more reliable than those given by traditional geoindicators and additional information is obtained on the hydrothermal minerals present in the geothermal aquifer. Multicomponent chemical geothermometry consists in simulating the heating of the aqueous solution of interest from the P-T conditions present at the surface to those occurring in the geothermal aquifer. Both multicomponent chemical geothermometry and theoretical activity-based geoindicators call for the use of a suitable computer code and an internally consistent thermodynamic database. It would be desirable for the database to be shared, accepted and used by the entire scientific community.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107097
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 82
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    Interlaboratory test for chemical analysis of geothermal fluids: A new approach to determine deep geothermal reservoir fluid composition with uncertainty propagation (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-28
    Description: A representative fluid sampling of surface geothermal manifestations and its analytical data quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) are challenging aspects of understanding the geothermal reservoir processes. To achieve these goals, an interlaboratory test for the chemical analyses of ten water samples: one synthetic water, two lake waters (i.e., duplicated), one stream water, and six water samples from two geothermal wells of Los Azufres Geothermal field (LAGF), Michoacan, Mexico, was conducted. The geothermal wells were sampled at four points: (1) total discharge of condensed fluid at the wellhead, (2) separate liquid condensed in the well separator, (3) flushed liquid at the weir box, and (4) separated vapor condensed at the well-separator (data taken from Verma et al., 2022). Sixteen laboratories from ten countries reported their results. The pH, electrical conductivity, Ca2+, Li+, SO4 2 B, and Si-total measurements were 8.35 ± 0.04, 12.25 ± 0.53 mS/cm, 25 ± 1 mg/l, 18 ± 1 mg/l, 569 ± 33 mg/l, 320 ± 21 mg/l, and 20.5 ± 0.7 mg/l, which are close to the conventional true values, 8.40, 12.31 mS/cm, 23 mg/l, 19 mg/l, 647 mg/l, 330 mg/l, and 20.0 mg/l, respectively. Analytical errors for major ions, Na+, Cl
    Description: Published
    Description: 105477
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geothermal water ; Inter-laboratory test ; Geothermal system ; Los Azufres ; Geochemical modeling ; Uncertainty propagation ; NIST Uncertainty machine ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
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    Tides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: The Earth is a dynamic planet, where earthquakes and volcanoes are among some of its most outstanding expressions. Just like our planet as a whole is subject to lunisolar gravitational tides, seismic and volcanic activity are also influenced by the relative motion of the Sun and Moon. This tidal influence takes different forms, spanning different spatial and temporal scales, from quasiperiodic patterns with semidiurnal to multiannual periods to the triggering of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Tidal stresses have been primarily evoked as driving forces, although they are 3–5 orders of magnitude smaller than tectonic stresses, which makes cause-effect relationships elusive. This chapter reviews the different observations of tidal influence in geophysical and geochemical data acquired in tectonic and volcanic settings, as well as the methods that have been developed to detect it. Using case studies, we provide some insights on the sensitivity of geological systems to tidal stresses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 333-364
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Keywords: Volcanic activity ; Seismic activity ; Solid Earth and ocean tides ; External forcing ; Tidal triggering ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    The 2011 unrest at Katla volcano: characterization and interpretation of the tremor sources (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-28
    Description: A 23 hour tremor burst was recorded on July 8-9th 2011 at the Katla subglacial volcano, one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes in Iceland. This was associated with deepening of cauldrons on the ice cap and a glacial flood that caused damage to infrastructure. Increased earthquake activity within the caldera started a few days before and lasted for months afterwards and new seismic activity started on the south flank. No visible eruption broke the ice and the question arose as to whether this episode relates to a minor subglacial eruption with the tremor being generated by volcanic processes, or by the flood. The tremor signal consisted of bursts with varying amplitude and duration. We have identified and described three different tremor phases, based on amplitude and frequency features. A tremor phase associated with the flood was recorded only at stations closest to the river that flooded, correlating in time with rising water level observed at gauging stations. Using back-projection of double cross-correlations, two other phases have been located near the active ice cauldrons and are interpreted to be caused by volcanic or hydrothermal processes. The greatly increased seismicity and evidence of rapid melting of the glacier may be explained by a minor sub-glacial eruption. It is also plausible that the tremor was generated by hydrothermal boiling and/or explosions with no magma involved. This may have been induced by pressure drop triggered by the release of water when the glacial flood started. All interpretations require an increase of heat released by the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 63-78
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Geophysics; Physics - Geophysics
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    Climatology of ionospheric amplitude scintillation on GNSS signals at south American sector during solar cycle 24 (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: Scintillations are caused by ionospheric irregularities and can affect the propagation of trans-ionospheric radio signals. One way to understand and predict the impact of such irregularities on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals is through the spatial/temporal characterization of the scintillation’s climatology during different phases of a solar cycle covering different latitudes and longitudes. This characterization is performed using amplitude scintillation index S4, during the full solar cycle 24, in the South American (SA) sector. The investigation considers the diurnal, daily, and seasonal variation of S4 index for climatological purpose, and the goal of this study is to investigate the scintillations covering a large spatial scale during the full solar cycle 24. The characterization shows a latitudinal asymmetry, whereas at the south, the scintillations were more frequent and their peak was more distant from the magnetic equator, which can be attributed by the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA), and/or by the transequatorial meridional neutral winds. It also shows a longitudinal asymmetry, where the scintillations at the eastern sector occurred between November and February, while at the western sector, they occurred during the months of October, November, February and March, which can be attributed to the difference between the magnetic and geographic equators. The occurrence of scintillations during two distinct geomagnetic storms with similar storm time in the SA sector is also presented.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105872
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Sources and migration pathways of methane and light hydrocarbons in the subsurface of the Southern Po River Basin (Northern Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-03
    Description: This paper presents new chemical and isotopic data on gases from deep oil and gas fields, bubbling gases, dissolved gases in groundwaters and dry seeps of the Southern Po River Basin (Emilia-Romagna, Italy), aiming to (i) characterize and differentiate the various types of deep natural gases; (ii) identify the source(s) of methane and light hydrocarbons in shallow aquifers and surface gas-rich emissions; (iii) propose a conceptual model of natural fluid migration pathways in the sedimentary prism of the Southern Po River Basin. Based on the isotopic composition of CH4 and C2–C4 n-alkanes, CH4/(C2H6+C3H8) ratio, relative proportion of the C7 hydrocarbons and relative concentration of cyclic compounds with respect to the total cyclic abundance, three main deep reservoirs of hydrocarbons are identified in the subsurface of the Southern Po River Basin: (1) microbial gas hosted in Pliocene-Pleistocene marine sediments, (2) thermogenic gas hosted in Miocene deposits and (3) thermogenic gas produced in Triassic carbonates. Helium isotopes of these deep fluids indicate an almost pure crustal origin (Rc/Ra values = 0.014–0.04), with negligible contributions from mantle-derived helium. A variable contribution of atmosphere-derived fluids is highlighted by low 4He/20Ne (down to 5.42) and 40Ar/36Ar (≤319.5) values. Comparison of chemical and isotopic signatures of deep and surficial hydrocarbon occurrences suggests that methane in shallow groundwaters or gas seeps is sourced by microbial gas migrating upward from deep Plio-Pleistocene reservoirs, with no detectable contributions of Triassic or Miocene thermogenic hydrocarbons. At shallow depths (roughly around 20–50 m.b.g.l.), Plio-Pleistocene microbial methane appears to be mainly stored in anoxic aquifers. However, where CH4 further migrates upwards and reaches aerobic environments (e.g., aquifers or soils), it readily undergoes a process of exothermic microbial oxidation mediated by methanotrophic bacteria. Where the structural architecture of the sedimentary sequence favors the migration of fluids, the methanotrophic biofilter is bypassed and CH4 is discharged through soil diffuse degassing or gas bubbling at water wells. We argue that microbial consumption might be able to bio-sequester significant amounts of Plio-Pleistocene deep-sourced methane in the form of CO2 and biomass. Such process might be widespread in the subsurface of the Southern Po River Basin and, possibly, in other foreland basins worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105981
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Methane ; Po river basin ; Emilia-romagna region ; Natural gas geochemistry ; Hydrocarbon source rocks ; Gas accumulation and migration ; Thermogenic gas ; Microbial gas
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 87
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    Middle-late Pleistocene chronology of palaeoshorelines and uplift history in the low-rising to stable Apulian foreland: Overprinting and reoccupation (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: To refine knowledge about terrace phases and uplift history for a tectonically poor deformed region, we apply the synchronous correlation method to reconstruct the chronology of a poorly constrained sequence of raised palaeoshorelines on the Apulian foreland, southern Italy. This work uses new chronological constraints obtained by amino acid racemisation (AAR) and isoleucine/alloisoleucine epimerisation (IE) on Patella spp., Thetystrombus latus (Gmelin), Glycymeris sp., and ostracods and U-series dating on corals Hoplangia durotrix Gosse and Cladocora caespitosa Linneo. This procedure provides a quantitative estimate of the vertical movements and associated rates within a region of the Apulian foreland. The synchronous correlation method uses sea-level highstands and uplift rate(s) as inputs; in particular, for sea-level highstands, the inputs are the age of the highstands and the sea-level elevation of the highstands relative to the present-day sea level. The output is a set of currently expected elevations of each sea-level highstand (the present elevations of palaeoshorelines). We then used regression analysis to assess the robustness between our observed palaeoshorelines and expected elevations of sea-level highstands. Our results show that the best fitting scenario is obtained using the sea-level curves of (i) Waelbroeck et al. (2002) from present to 410 ky BP and (ii) Rohling et al. (2014) from 410 to 590 ky BP as inputs for our synchronous correlation method, with uplift rates ranging from 0.09 mm/y to 0.07 mm/y with a mean value of 0.08 mm/y from 590 ky BP onwards. We recognised palaeoshorelines in the field belonging to the following highstands: 120 ky BP (MIS 5.5, second peak), 127 ky BP (MIS 5.5, first peak), 212 ky BP (MIS 7.3), 330 ky BP (MIS 9.3), 410 (MIS 11), 525 ky BP (MIS 13.3), and 590 ky BP (MIS 15). Our results show field observations of the reoccupation effect of younger palaeoshorelines over older ones due to the relatively slow uplift rates measured in the investigated area as predicted by our synchronous correlation method. In particular, we show a well-mapped and described reoccupation of the MIS 5.5 palaeoshoreline over the MIS 7.3 palaeoshoreline, constrained by new absolute dating. In addition, the data from the Apulian foreland suggest an MIS 7.3 highstand close to the present sea level.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108530
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Crustal Deformation ; Uplift ; Marine terraces ; Absolute dating ; 04.04. Geology
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    Does predation control the diapausing stock of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine? (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wiebe, P., Baumgartner, M., Copley, N., Lawson, G., Davis, C., Ji, R., & Greene, C. Does predation control the diapausing stock of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine? Progress In Oceanography, 206, (2022): 102861, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102861.
    Description: The variability of zooplankton populations is controlled by external and internal forcing, with the former being principally large-scale changes in circulation, and the latter being driven by in situ growth, competition, and predation. Assessing the relative importance of these forcings is challenging and requires analyses of multifaceted observational data. As part of the U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank program, a series of cruises were conducted in fall 1997, 1998, and 1999 to survey diapausing populations of Calanus finmarchicus and their predators in Wilkinson, Jordan, and Georges Basins of the Gulf of Maine. Station and underway sampling were conducted using net (1 m2 MOCNESS) and bioacoustic (BIOMAPER-II) systems, respectively, to acquire vertically stratified data for zooplankton biomass, taxonomic, size, and life-stage composition, together with associated environmental data. The results show that the autumn diapausing C. finmarchicus abundance was much lower in 1998 than in 1997 or 1999, even though the overall zooplankton biomass levels were comparable between the three years. The size frequency distribution of the diapausing individuals had a bi-modal pattern in 1997 and 1999, but a single mode in 1998, indicating the demise of an early cohort of the diapausing stock. The relative biomass and computed energy demand of potential invertebrate predators (euphausiids, decapods, medusae, and siphonophores) was found to be higher in 1998 and could account for the missing C. finmarchicus cohort. Evidence collected from this study supports the hypothesis that local predation has the potential to control the diapausing stock of C. finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine.
    Description: RJ received support from the Northeast US Shelf Long Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) project (NSF OCE-1655686) and the US MBON Gulf of Maine project to NERACOOS (NOPP award NA19NOS0120197 and BOEMUMaine Cooperative Agreement M19AC00022) for analyzing the size data and working on the manuscript. Research support was provided by the US GLOBEC Georges Bank Program through the CILER Cooperative Agreement NA-67RJO148 (NOAA Coastal Ocean Program).
    Keywords: Gulf of Maine ; Calanus finmarchicus ; Fall abundance variability ; Calanus C5 size variability ; Predation control
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 89
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    Decarbonation of subducting carbonate-bearing sediments and basalts of altered oceanic crust: Insights into recycling of CO2 through volcanic arcs (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: The geological carbon cycle has played a key role in controlling climate throughout Earth’s history. For the last ∼ 3 billion years plate tectonics has driven subduction. Subducted slabs have transported CO_2 from the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere into the Earth, from where it may be released back to the surface through processes such as arc volcanism or can be stored in the deep interior over geological time. Carbonate-bearing sediments and basalts of altered oceanic crust are the primary media by which carbon is subducted. Therefore, quantifying the depth and amount of CO_2 released from different carbonate-bearing lithologies during subduction is fundamental to understanding whether CO_2 is recycled through arc volcanism or buried in the mantle. The magnitude of CO_2 released from subducting slabs at fore- and sub-arc depths is controlled by processes including ocean crust alteration (i.e., carbonation), metamorphic decarbonation, carbonate dissolution and slab-melting. However, the relative contribution of these processes to overall slab decarbonation is still debated, and will be complex given the variety of sedimentary lithologies and subduction geodynamics. Here, we present a global arc-by-arc lithology-specific analysis of the magnitude of slab CO_2 released purely by metamorphic decarbonation of carbonate-bearing sediment and basalt during subduction of altered oceanic crust, using a thermodynamically rigorous model. We find that metamorphic decarbonation is highly efficient in low carbonate sediments, such as carbonated clay, and in carbonated basalts of altered oceanic crust, causing all of their CO_2 to be removed. Sediments with medium and higher carbonate contents, such as chalk and limestone, are only partially decarbonated, but the combination of metamorphic decarbonation and carbonate dissolution promotes efficient carbon loss. Together they can explain observed magmatic CO_2 emissions in carbonate-rich arcs. Warm slabs, such as Mexico and Cascadia, produce complete metamorphic decarbonation of carbonate minerals beneath fore-arcs. Under more common cold and intermediate thermal regimes metamorphic decarbonation of carbonate minerals occurs at depths between ∼ 80 and 170 km ( ∼ 2.3 to 5.5 GPa) promoting CO_2 input into the mantle sources of volcanic arcs. Overall, our results demonstrate that sub-arc decarbonation is typically considered an important potential source of slab-derived CO_2 , which needs to be considered together with carbonate dissolution to explain observed volcanic CO_2 emissions. In many arcs the modelled CO_2 flux from sediment and basalts of altered oceanic crust into the wedge exceeds the observed CO 2 output suggesting that the mantle wedge and arc lithosphere may sequester some CO_2 .
    Description: Published
    Description: 117945
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 90
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    Geodynamics, geophysical and geochemical observations, and the role of CO2 degassing in the Apennines (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-01
    Description: An accurate survey of old and new datasets allowed us to probe the nature and role of fluids in the seismogenic processes of the Apennines mountain range in Italy. New datasets include the 1985–2021 instrumented seismicity catalog, the computed seismogenic thickness, and geodetic velocities and strains, whereas data from the literature comprise focal mechanism solutions, CO2 release, Moho depth, tomographic seismic velocities, heat flow and Bouguer gravity anomalies. Most of the inspected datasets highlight differences between the western and eastern domains of the Apennines, while the transition zone is marked by high geodetic strain, prevailing uplift at the surface and high seismic release, and spatially corresponds with the overlapping Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Mohos. Published tomographic models suggest the presence of a large hot asthenospheric mantle wedge which intrudes beneath the western side of the Apennines and disappears at the southern tip of the southern Apennines. This wedge modulates the thermal structure and rheology of the overlying crust as well as the melting of carbonate-rich sediments of the subducting Adriatic lithosphere. As a result, CO2-rich fluids of mantle-origin have been recognized in association with the occurrence of destructive seismic sequences in the Apennines. The stretched western domain of the Apennines is characterized by a broad pattern of emissions from CO2-rich fluids that vanishes beneath the axial belt of the chain, where fluids are instead trapped within crustal overpressurized reservoirs, favoring their involvement in the evolution of destructive seismic sequences in that region. In the Apennines, areas with high mantle He are associated with different degrees of metasomatism of the mantle wedge from north to south. Beneath the chain, the thickness and permeability of the crust control the formation of overpressurized fluid zones at depth and the seismicity is favored by extensional faults that act as high permeability pathways. This multidisciplinary study aims to contribute to our understanding of the fluid-related mechanisms of earthquake preparation, nucleation and evolution encouraging a multiparametric monitoring system of different geophysical and geochemical observables that could lead the creation of a data-constrained and reliable conceptual model of the role of fluids in the preparatory phase of earthquakes in the Apennines.
    Description: The INGV Earthquake Department Strategic Project FURTHER “The role of FlUids in the pReparaTory pHase of EaRthquakes in Southern Apennines”
    Description: Published
    Description: 104236
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2 Earth degassing ; Earthquakes ; Mantle wedge ; Subduction ; Apennines ; 04.06. Seismology ; Geochemistry ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 91
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    New age constraints on the MIS 9 – MIS 5.3 marine terraces of the Pontine Plain (central Italy) and implications for global sea levels (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-14
    Description: New constraints were set on the age of marine deposits in the Pontine Plain and of the related sea level indicators on the Tyrrhenian Sea coast of central Italy by twelve new 40Ar/39Ar dates on detrital sanidine from these deposits. By combining a new geomorphologic analysis and previous morpho-pedostratigraphic studies with these geochronological constraints we reconstructed the geometry of four marine terraces and correlated these with the highstands during the marine isotopic stages (MIS) 9.3, 7.5, 5.5 and 5.3. Results point to a progressive tilting of the terraces, the elevation increasing from the SE to the NW due to differential tectonic uplift that occurred over the last 300 ka. We identified a MIS 9 sea level at 30 - 25 m asl in the northwestern sector, whereas the MIS 7.5 sea level reached a maximum of 24 m asl in the NWand descended to 18 m asl in the central sector. Moderate tilting affected the MIS 5.5 sea level, with an elevation of 12 to 9.5 m asl in between the Anzio and Circeo headlands. Finally, an undeformed MIS 5.3 sea level at ca. 3 m asl is indicated throughout this coastal reach, confirming previous data suggesting a much higher absolute sea level during this highstand with respect to the d18O-derived predicted level.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107866
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Marine terraces ; MIS 5 sea level ; Pontine Plain ; Tyrrhenian Sea ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 92
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    Empirical predictive models for fling step and displacement response spectra based on the NESS database (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-27
    Description: The characterization of the fling-step represents a challenging task due to the shortage of near-source records with permanent tectonic displacement and the limitation in retrieving the fling-amplitude from accelerometric waveforms. In recent years, innovative ground-motion processing techniques have been developed for a more accurate estimation of both fling-displacements and spectral displacements in contrast to traditional bandpass filtering, although their application is still unusual. In this paper, we exploit the newly released dataset of the Near-Source Strong-motion records (NESS2) uniformly processed with the extended BASeline COrrection technique (eBASCO), against which we propose: (1) a new empirically-based ground motion model (GMM) for the prediction of the fling-step, and (2) an adjustment factor of the spectral displacements predicted by a reference GMM to account for the contribution of the fling-step at long periods. Such models are in agreement with observations and existing GMMs, and thus could be advantageously employed in seismic hazard analyses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107294
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 93
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    An application of the NonErgodic ground ShaKing (NESK) approach to an historical earthquake scenario: The case-study of the 1915 Fucino earthquake (central Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-27
    Description: The 1915, Mw6.7, Fucino earthquake is one of the most destructive events occurred in the central-southern Apennines (Central Italy) in pre-instrumental era, involving normal faulting in a deep alluvial basin. This study shows the application of the empirical non-ergodic approach (NESK method) for mapping ground shaking related to this historical event, taking into account the regional features of source, propagation and site contributions. Corrections of the source-region and spatially correlated maps of site and path residuals are combined with median prediction at the reference rock (i.e. without site amplification) to generate spatially variable ground shaking and associated variability in terms of peak ground acceleration and spectral ordinates at vibration periods from 0.01s to 2s. The method captures the main spatial non-stationarities and anisotropies of the shaking fields produced by this earthquake in and around the Fucino basin. In particular, we obtain patterns of seismic motion quite in accordance with the results of other methods and the macroseismic intensity field. Marked amplifications of the shaking in the long-periods are also captured, due to the coupling of 3D site effects, especially in the deeper portion of the basin, with propagation effects mainly focused towards the eastern part of the fault. These results confirm that the non-ergodic shaking scenarios from NESK can provide useful indications even in the case of very complex seismological and geological contexts, such as in the case of strong events in deep sedimentary basins.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107622
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 94
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    Quantifying the influence of cooling and shear rate on the disequilibrium rheology of a trachybasaltic melt from Mt. Etna (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-27
    Description: Magmas often experience severe disequilibrium conditions during their migration through the Earth's crust and the subsequent emplacement on its surface. During their transport, magmas are subjected to a wide range of cooling (q) and deformation rates (), generating physico-chemical perturbations in the magmatic system able to inhibit or promote crystallization processes. Quantifying the magnitude and timescale of kinetic effects is essential to correctly constrain the rheological evolution of magmas and their ability to flow. Here we present a suite of cooling deformation experiments (CDE) conducted on a basalt from Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) to disentangle and model the concurrent effects of q (from 1 to 10 °C/min) and (from 1 to 10 s−1) on the rheology of the system. The analysis of the temporal evolution of viscosity indicates that both q and strongly affect the onset of crystallization and achievement of a rheological cut-off over time, which represents the steep viscosity increase responsible for inhibiting magma flow. Both these rheological thresholds occur at lower T and earlier in time with increasing q, as well as at higher T and earlier in time with increasing . To reproduce the observed effects of crystallization on the apparent viscosity, we adopt a stretched exponential function that identifies two main crystallization regimes: i) a first shear-induced crystallization regime, characterized by a gentle viscosity increase and ii) a second cooling-dominated regime, marked by a steeper viscosity increase. The relative extent of these crystallization regimes strictly depends on the interplay between q and on the crystallization kinetics and suggest a first order control of q and a subordinate role of .
    Description: Published
    Description: 117725
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 95
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    Diversity and abundances of foraminifera in living sponges of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Sea Research, Elsevier, 187, pp. 102245, ISSN: 13851101
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-15
    Description: Foraminifera nourishing on fresh organic matter often exhibit an epibiotic or even an epizoic lifestyle. This study investigates the colonization of sponges by foraminifera. For this purpose, 12 siliceous sponges of different genera (Asconema, Geodia, Lissodendoryx and Schaudinnia) and order Haplosclerida were collected in 2018 with a ROV in water depths of 223 to 625 m in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Sponges were stained with a Rose Bengal/ ethanol mixture to allow a differentiation between foraminifera that had been recently alive and empty tests. Each sponge sample contained 3–42 dead and 1–10 living foraminiferal individuals per cm3 and summarizing up to 78 different taxa on one single sponge (Geodia phlegraei). Even on Geodia barretti, which is able to release barrettin (an alkaloid) to avoid colonialization by other organisms, living foraminiferal individuals (1 ind./cm3) were observed. The highest foraminiferal densities (living and dead individuals) were recorded on Haplosclerida sp. (49 ind./cm3) and Geodia sp. (45 ind./cm3). The lowest densities of foraminifera were found on G. barretti (3–14 ind./cm3) and on Lissodendoryx complicata (9 ind./cm3). The foraminiferal diversity ranges from 7.04 to 17.38 for Fisher α and from 2.40 to 3.33 (Shannon-Wiener (H)S). The highest diversity was found on G. phlegraei and the lowest one on L. complicata. This study is highlighting the ecosystem engineering role of sponges providing niche habitats for a high number of foraminifera.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 96
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    Forest destruction by ‘a‘ā lava flow during Etna's 2002–03 eruption: Mechanical, thermal, and environmental interactions (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-14
    Description: Forest destruction by ‘a‘ ̄a lava flow is common. However, mechanical and thermal interactions between the invading lava and the invaded forest are poorly constrained. We complete mapping, thermal image and sample analyses of a channel-fed ‘a‘a ̄ lava flow system that invaded forest on the NE flank of Mt. Etna (Italy) in 2002. These lava flows destroyed 231,000 trees, only 2% of which are still visible as felled trunks on the levees or at the channel-levee contact. The remaining 98% were first felled by the flow front, with the trunks then buried by the flow. Rare tree molds can be found at the rubble levee base where trees were buried by avalanching hot breccia and then burnt through, with a time scale for total combustion being a few days. Protruding trunks fell away from the flow, if felled by blocks avalanching down the levee flank, or became aligned with the flow if falling onto the moving stream. Estimated cooling rates (0.1–5.5 ◦C km− 1) are normal for well-insulated ‘a‘a ̄ flow, suggesting no thermal interaction. We find the highest phenocryst concentrations (of 50–60%, above an expected value of 30–40%) in low velocity (〈0.5 m s− 1) locations. These low velocity zones are also characterized by high trunk concentrations. Thus, the common factor behind crystal and trunk deposition is velocity. That is, when the lava slows down, crystal settling occurs and trunks are preferentially deposited. Thus, although we find no thermal or textural effects due to the presence of the forest, we do find mechanical and environmental in- teractions where the trees are consumed to become part of the flow.
    Description: This research was financed by the Agence National de la Recherche through the project LAVA (Program: DS0902 2016; Project: ANR-16 CE39-0009). We very much thank Sean I. Peters and an anonymous reviewer for their extremely constructive advice and support. This is ANR-LAVA contribution no. 23 and Laboratory of Excellence ClerVolc contribution no. 552.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107621
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Channelized ‘a‘ ̄a lava flow ; thermal imagery ; lava flows ; 2002-03 eruption ; forest destruction ; tree molds ; Etna volcano ; cooling rates ; Interaction lava and trees ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 97
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    Emplacement of a felsic dyke swarm during progressive heterogeneous deformation, Eastern Elba Dyke Complex (Island of Elba, Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-06
    Description: Magmatic and sub-solidus fabrics in intrusive rocks are frequently used to infer the relative timing of deformation with respect to magma emplacement and cooling. Here, we describe the relationships between strain and fabric development in leucogranite sheets (pegmatite, aplite) emplaced into shear zones that localized post-thermal peak deformation in the contact aureole of an upper crustal pluton (〈0.2 GPa) on the Island of Elba, Italy. The leucogranite sheets present igneous, mylonitic, and cataclastic fabrics. Detailed meso- and microscopic structural analysis suggests that the dykes emplaced in the shear zones behaved as competent, rigid bodies during mylonitic deformation of the host rocks. Thermal modelling indicates that emplacement and cooling of the sheets occurred very rapidly (a few days to years) compared to typical tectonic strain rates and strain accumulation timescales in the host rocks. Such a fast cooling does not allow melt or magma-induced thermal softening in the host rocks during deformation. The development of mylonitic and cataclastic fabrics in the dykes was controlled by the localized activation of fluid-controlled reaction softening mechanisms (mylonitic fabric) and embrittlement during cooling in sites of high-strain (cataclastic fabric). We show that a broad spectrum of fabrics can form in igneous sheet intrusions emplaced at the same time and crustal level. The coexistence of isotropic (non-foliated igneous) versus anisotropic (mylonitic and cataclastic) fabrics in igneous sheet intrusions should therefore be evaluated in terms of tectonic strain rates, cooling rates, thermal state of the host, distribution of heterogeneous strain, and activation of strain softening mechanisms. Our observations highlight that the concepts of pre-, syn-, late- and post-tectonic fabrics in intrusive igneous rocks should be used with caution when interpreting relative timing relationships between deformation and magmatism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104600
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Shear zones ; Igneous sheets Magma emplacementGranite deformationPegmatite ; Magma emplacement ; Granite deformation ; Pegmatite ; Elba Island ; Emplacement of a felsic dyke swarm during progressive heterogeneous deformation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 98
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    Assessing the impact of vehicular particulate matter on cultural heritage by magnetic biomonitoring at Villa Farnesina in Rome, Italy (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-16
    Description: Magnetic biomonitoring methodologies were applied at Villa Farnesina, Rome, a masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, with loggias frescoed by renowned artists such as Raffaello Sanzio. Plant leaves were sampled in September and December 2020 and lichen transplants were exposed from October 2020 to early January 2021 at increasing distances from the main trafficked road, Lungotevere Farnesina, introducing an outdoor vs. indoor mixed sampling design aimed at assessing the impact of vehicular particulate matter (PM) on the Villa Loggias. The magnetic properties of leaves and lichens - inferred from magnetic susceptibility values, hysteresis loops and first order reversal curves - showed that the bioaccumulation of magnetite-like particles, associated with trace metals such as Cu, Ba and Sb, decreased exponentially with the distance from the road, and was mainly linked to metallic emission from vehicle brake abrasion. For the frescoed Halls, ca. 30 m from the road, the exposure to traffic-related emissions was very limited or negligible. Tree and shrub leaves of the Lungotevere and of the Villa's Gardens intercepted much traffic-derived PM, thus being able to protect the indoor cultural heritage and providing an essential conservation service. It is concluded that the joint use of magnetic and chemical analyses can profitably be used for evaluating the impact of particulate pollution on cultural heritage within complex metropolitan contexts as a preventive conservation measure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 153729
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Brake wear; Cultural heritage; Lichen transplants; Magnetic biomonitoring; Preventive conservation; Traffic-related particulate matter
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 99
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    Stress-induced changes in hydrothermal gas discharges along active faults near Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Near-continuous monitoring both of gas emissions (CO2, CH4 and H2S) and of water temperature at Santa Venera al Pozzo thermal springs (SE foot of Mt. Etna volcano, Sicily, Italy) was conducted from December 2017 to April 2019, using a novel and cheaper Chromatography Monitoring System (CMS) coupled with a water temperature sensor. The results showed methane as predominant gas and temporal changes in gas concentrations that were in part due to daily fluctuations, which caused small amplitude variations, and in part due to non-environmental causes. These latter were correlated with the occurrence of strong earthquakes and slow tectonic events related to magmatic intrusions, but not with input of magmatic gases into the thermal aquifer, given the nonmagmatic origin of all monitored gases. Methane spikes were observed during many volcano-tectonic events and call for a deep source of this gas. H2S was detected only during the strongest local tectonic events, including a Mw 4.9 earthquake, suggesting that this gas has a common origin as CH4 (i.e., mixing between microbial and thermogenic gas), but it is released only when tectonic stress is applied for sufficiently long periods as to cause H2S oversaturation in the hydrothermal aquifer. Water temperature decreases were also observed immediately after the two strongest earthquakes in the area, which helped us produce a comprehensive model to explain the observed geochemical variations. Our approach allowed revealing the great sensitivity of gases such as CH4 and especially H2S to tectonic stress, thus making them valuable indicators of impending strong tectonic or volcanotectonic events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229388
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; Volcanic activity ; Geothermal systems ; Fluids ; Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 100
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    The assessment of local geological factors for the construction of a Geogenic Radon Potential map using regression kriging. A case study from the Euganean Hills volcanic district (Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: The assessment of potential radon-hazardous environments is nowadays a critical issue in planning, monitoring, and developing appropriate mitigation strategies. Although some geological structures (e.g., fault systems) and other geological factors (e.g., radionuclide content, soil organic or rock weathering) can locally affect the radon occurrence, at the basis of a good implementation of radon-safe systems, optimized modelling at territorial scale is required. The use of spatial regression models, adequately combining different types of predictors, represents an invaluable tool to identify the relationships between radon and its controlling factors as well as to construct Geogenic Radon Potential (GRP) maps of an area. In this work, two GRP maps were developed based on field measurements of soil gas radon and thoron concentrations and gamma spectrometry of soil and rock samples of the Euganean Hills (northern Italy) district. A predictive model of radon concentration in soil gas was reconstructed taking into account the relationships among the soil gas radon and seven predictors: terrestrial gamma dose radiation (TGDR), thoron (220Rn), fault density (FD), soil permeability (PERM), digital terrain model (SLOPE), moisture index (TMI), heat load index (HLI). These predictors allowed to elaborate local spatial models by using the Empirical Bayesian Regression Kriging (EBRK) in order to find the best combination and define the GRP of the Euganean Hills area. A second GRP map based on the Neznal approach (GRPNEZ) has been modelled using the TGDR and 220Rn, as predictors of radon concentration, and FD as predictor of soil permeability. Then, the two GRP maps have been compared. Results highlight that the radon potential is mainly driven by the bedrock type but the presence of fault systems and topographic features play a key role in radon migration in the subsoil and its exhalation at the soil/atmosphere boundary.
    Description: Published
    Description: 152064
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Euganean Hills ; Geogenic Radon Potential ; Geostatistics ; Natural radioactivity ; Radon ; Regression kriging ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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