ISSN:
1573-904X
Keywords:
esterase-sensitive prodrugs
;
peptide delivery
;
opioid peptides
;
Caco-2 cells
;
chemical and enzymatic stability of peptides
Source:
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
Topics:
Chemistry and Pharmacology
Notes:
Abstract Purpose. To evaluate the chemical and enzymatic stability, as well as the cellular permeation characteristics, of the acyloxyalkoxy-based cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ of the opioid peptides [Leu5]-enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) and DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), respectively. Methods. The rates of conversion of $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, were measured by HPLC in HBSS, pH = 7.4, and in various biological media (e.g., human plasma and Caco-2 cell and rat liver homogenates) having measurable esterase activity. The cellular permeation and metabolism characteristics of [Leu5]-enkephalin, DADLE and the cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ were measured using Caco-2 cell monolayers grown onto microporous membranes and monitored by HPLC. Results. Cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ degraded slowly but stoichiometrically to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, in HBSS, pH = 7.4. In homogenates of Caco-2 cells and rat liver, as well as 90% human plasma, the rates of disappearance of the cyclic prodrugs were significantly faster than in HBSS. The stabilities of the cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ were increased significantly in 90% human plasma and Caco-2 cell homogenates when paraoxon, a potent inhibitor of serine-dependent esterases, was included in the incubation mixtures. A similar stabilizing effect of paraoxon was not observed in 50% rat liver homogenates, but was observed in 10% homogenates of rat liver. When applied to the AP side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer, DADLE and cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ exhibited significantly greater stability than [Leu5]-enkephalin. Based on their physicochemical properties (i.e., lipophilicity), cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ should have exhibited high permeation across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Surprisingly, the AP-to-BL apparent permeability coefficients (PApp) for cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ across Caco-2 cell monolayers were significantly lower than the PApp value determined for the metabolically stable opioid peptide DADLE. When the PApp values for cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ crossing Caco-2 cell monolayers in the BL-to-AP direction were determined, they were shown to be 36 and 52 times greater, respectively, than the AP-to-BL values. Conclusions. Cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ , prepared with an acyloxyalkoxy promoiety, were shown to degrade in biological media (e.g., 90% human plasma) via an esterase-catalyzed pathway. The degradation of cyclic prodrug $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ , which contained an ester formed with an L-amino acid, degraded more rapidly in esterase-containing media than did prodrug $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ , which contained an ester formed with a D-amino acid. Cyclic prodrugs $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{1} $$ and $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{2} $$ showed very low AP-to-BL Caco-2 cell permeability, which did not correlate with their lipophilicities. These low AP-to-BL permeabilities result because of their substrate activity for apically polarized efflux systems.
Type of Medium:
Electronic Resource
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018854308829
Permalink