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  • Articles  (8,811)
  • 2020-2023  (8,811)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: Effective policies to mitigate climate change need to be accompanied by a socially just transition. Based on experiences of past and ongoing transition policies in coal regions in Europe and with indications to the specificity of framework conditions and challenges and to the potential effectiveness and transferability of approaches, this paper presents lessons learnt which can be inspirational for similar transitions in other coal regions and for transitions in other sectors.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: Diese Fallstudie untersuchte den durch die geringe Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Steinkohlebergbaus ausgelösten Strukturwandel im Ruhrgebiet vom Ende der 1950er Jahre bis 2015. Mit Hilfe verschiedener qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden der empirischen Sozial- und Wirtschaftsforschung analysierte sie den Strukturwandelprozess und die in Reaktion auf diesen Prozess umgesetzte Strukturpolitik mit dem Ziel, dieses Wissen für zukünftige Strukturwandelprozesse in anderen (Kohle-)Regionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Eine Diskursanalyse half zu erkennen, wer warum welche strukturpolitischen Ansätze unterstützte - und gibt damit Hinweise auf die mögliche Relevanz von Erfahrungen für andere Regionen.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: This case study examined the structural change in the Ruhr area caused by the low international competitiveness of German hard coal mining over the period from the late 1950s to 2015. It analysed the structural change process and the structural policies implemented as a reaction to this process with the objective to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions by deploying various qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical social and economic research. A discourse analysis helped to recognise who supported which structural policy approaches and why - and thus gives indications of the possible relevance of experiences for other regions.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: This case study examined the structural change in Lusatia caused by the system change from a centrally planned economy to a market economy in the period 1990-2015. It analysed the structural change process and the structural policies implemented as a reaction to this process with the objective to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions by deploying various qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical social and economic research. A discourse analysis helped to recognise who supported which structural policy approaches and why - and thus gives indications of the possible relevance of experiences for other regions.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: Diese Fallstudie untersuchte den durch den Systemwechsel von der Plan- zur Marktwirtschaft ausgelösten Strukturwandel in der Lausitz im Zeitraum 1990-2015. Mit Hilfe verschiedener qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden der empirischen Sozial- und Wirtschaftsforschung analysierte sie den Strukturwandelprozess und die in Reaktion auf diesen Prozess umgesetzte Strukturpolitik mit dem Ziel, dieses Wissen für zukünftige Strukturwandelprozesse in anderen (Kohle-)Regionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Eine Diskursanalyse half zu erkennen, wer warum welche strukturpolitischen Ansätze unterstützte - und gibt damit Hinweise auf die mögliche Relevanz von Erfahrungen für andere Regionen.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: We present new high-resolution snow depth data on Arctic sea ice derived from airborne microwave radar measurements from the IceBird campaigns of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) together with a new retrieval method using signal peakiness based on an intercomparison exercise of colocated data at different altitudes. We aim to demonstrate the capabilities and potential improvements of radar data, which were acquired at a lower altitude (200 ft) and slower speed (110 kn) and had a smaller radar footprint size (2-m diameter) than previous airborne snow radar data. So far, AWI Snow Radar data have been derived using a 2-18-GHz ultrawideband frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar in 2017-2019. Our results show that our method in combination with thorough calibration through coherent noise removal and system response deconvolution significantly improves the quality of the radar-derived snow depth data. The validation against a 2-D grid of in situ snow depth measurements on level landfast first-year ice indicates a mean bias of only 0.86 cm between radar and ground truth. Comparison between the radar-derived snow depth estimates from different altitudes shows good consistency. We conclude that the AWI Snow Radar aboard the IceBird campaigns is able to measure the snow depth on Arctic sea ice accurately at higher spatial resolution than but consistent with the existing airborne snow radar data of NASA Operation IceBridge. Together with the simultaneous measurements of the total ice thickness and surface freeboard, the IceBird campaign data will be able to describe the whole sea-ice column on regional scales.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: In Europe, turbot aquaculture has a high potential for sustainable production, but the low tolerance to fishmeal replacement in the diet represents a big issue. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of more sustainable feed formulations on growth and feed performance, as well as nutritional status of juvenile turbot in recirculating aquaculture systems. In a 16-week feeding trial with 20 g juvenile turbot, one control diet containing traditional fishmeal, fish oil and soy products and two experimental diets where 20% of the fishmeal was replaced either with processed animal proteins (PAP) or with terrestrial plant proteins (PLANT) were tested. Irrespective of diets, growth performance was similar between groups, whereas the feed performance was significantly reduced in fish of the PAP group compared to the control. Comparing growth, feed utilisation and biochemical parameters, the results indicate that the fish fed on PAP diet had the lowest performance. Fish fed the PLANT diet had similar feed utilisation compared to the control, whereas parameters of the nutritional status, such as condition factor, hepato-somatic index and glycogen content showed reduced levels after 16 weeks. These effects in biochemical parameters are within the physiological range and therefore not the cause of negative performance. Since growth was unaffected, the lower feed performance of fish that were fed the PAP formulation might be balanced by the cost efficient formulation in comparison to the commercial and the PLANT formulations. Present study highlights the suitability of alternative food formulation for farmed fish.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: Les algues comportent des substances naturelles très prometteuses, exploitables pour la nutrition humaine, l’industrie pharmaceutique et agroalimentaire. L’Algérie possède près de 1600 km de côte, renfermant une diversité algale considérable. Une telle diversité, sousexploitée, constitue un réel potentiel pour la recherche et l’industrie. Dans la présente étude, l’accent sera mis sur la composition chimique en acides gras des algues marines Cystoseira sauvageauana et Laurencia pinnatifida collectées dans la région côtière de Tipasa. Le profil en acides gras des algues a été déterminé après avoir effectué une extraction des lipides suivie d’une estérification des acides gras et caractérisation de ces derniers par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CPG).Les acides gras identifiés chez les deux espèces étudiées varient du C14 à C20, l'acide palmitique (C16:0) étant le composé majoritaire. En outre, l’acide arachidonique (C20:4) et l’acide eicosapentaénoïque EPA (C20:5) constituent les principaux acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI).
    Description: Algae contain very promising natural substances that can be used for human nutrition, the pharmaceutical industry and food processing. Algeria has nearly 1600 km of coastline, containing a considerable algal diversity. Such diversity, which is under-exploited, constitutes a real potential for research and industry. This study will focus on the chemical composition of fatty acids of the marine algae Cystoseira sauvageauana and Laurencia pinnatifida collected in the coastal region of Tipaza. The fatty acid profile of the algae was determined after performing lipid extraction followed by esterification of the fatty acids and characterization of the latter by gas chromatography (GC). The fatty acids identified in the two species studied range from C14 to C20, with palmitic acid (C16:0) being the major compound. In addition, arachidonic acid (C20:4) and eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (C20:5) are the main polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Chemical composition ; Laurencia pinnatifida ; Fatty acids ; Algal diversity ; Food processing ; Acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) ; Cystoseira sauvageauan ; Acide arachidonique ; Acide eicosapentaénoïque ; Acide palmitique ; Eicosapentaenoic acid ; Palmitic acid ; Arachidonic acid ; ASFA_2015::P::Polyunsaturated fatty acids ; ASFA_2015::G::Gas chromatography ; ASFA_2015::B::Botanical resources
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.4-9
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: The paper considers the results of the study of modern terraces on the coast of the Lodeyny Peninsula in the Barents Sea. According to field observations, decoding of space and geodetic maps and volumetric modeling, signs of three terraces have been identified. Two terraces having a rear seam, a cliff, a brow and horizontal platforms have been studied in more detail. The rear seams are located at 7 and 30 m, and the edges at 10 and 40 m above the sea level. The third terrace is confined to the level of 40–60 m, and has not been studied in detail. According to estimates, the first two terraces were formed about 3,300 and 6,000 years ago respectively. The 1st terrace characterizes the period of slow land rise by 10 m, at the speed up to 3 mm/year, which began about 3,300 years ago and continues to the present. It is characterized by a uniform sea retreat of about 15 mm/year. The erosion products of this terrace are common in the lateral zone and represent modern marine sediments, including beaches forming a new terrace. The 2nd terrace characterizes to the dynamics of rapid land rise by 30 m at a speed of about 11 mm/year, which occurred in the period from 6,000 to 3,300 years ago. The erosion products of this terrace are most common on the coast and are found at a distance of 100 m to 2–3 km from the shore. It is assumed that the speed of movement of the coastline during the retreat of the sea was different and reached up to 900 mm/year. According to the authors, preliminary data indicate the instability of the territory and the manifestation of block movements, which may have a negative impact on the development of infrastructure.
    Description: В статье рассмотрены результаты изучения современных террас на побережье Баренцева моря в районе п-ва Лодейный. По данным натурных наблюдений, дешифрирования космических и геодезических карт и объемного моделирования выявлены признаки трех террас. Более детально изучены две террасы, у которых присутствуют тыловой шов, обрыв, бровка и горизонтальные площадки. Тыловые швы располагаются на отметках 7 и 30 м, а бровки – на отметках 10 и 40 м над уровнем моря. Третья терраса приурочена к уровню 40–60 м, детально не изучена. По расчетным данным первые две террасы образовались около 3 300 и 6 000 лет назад. 1-я терраса характеризует период медленного подъема суши на 10 м со скоростью около 3 мм/год, начавшийся около 3 300 лет назад и продолжающийся по настоящее время. Продукты размыва этой террасы распространены в латеральной зоне и представляют современные морские отложения, в том числе пляжи, формирующие новую террасу. 2-я терраса характеризует динамику быстрого подъема суши на 30 м со скоростью около 11 мм/год, произошедшего в период от 6 000 до 3 300 лет назад. Продукты размыва этой террасы имеют наибольшее распространение на побережье и встречаются на расстоянии от 100 м до 2–3 км от берега. Предполагается, что скорость перемещения береговой линии при отступлении моря была различной и достигала до 900 мм/год. По мнению авторов, предварительные данные свидетельствуют о нестабильности территории и проявлении блоковых подвижек, что может оказать негативное воздействие на развитие инфраструктуры.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Arctic coast ; Transformation of the shores ; Арктическое побережье ; Tрансформация берегов ; ASFA_2015::T::Terraces ; ASFA_2015::A::Arctic zone ; ASFA_2015::A::Arctic waters ; ASFA_2015::B::Bays ; ASFA_2015::B::Beach cusps ; ASFA_2015::B::Beach features
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.38-49
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Description: The deglaciation history and Holocene environmental evolution of northern Wijdefjorden, Svalbard, are reconstructed using sediment cores and acoustic data (multibeam swath bathymetry and sub-bottom profiler data). Results reveal that the fjord mouth was deglaciated prior to 14.5±0.3 cal. ka BP and deglaciation occurred stepwise. Biomarker analyses show rapid variations in water temperature and sea ice cover during the deglaciation, and cold conditions during the Younger Dryas, followed by minimum sea ice cover throughout the Early Holocene, until c. 7 cal. ka BP. Most of the glaciers in Wijdefjorden had retreated onto land by c. 7.6±0.2 cal. ka BP. Subsequently, the sea-ice extent increased and remained high throughout the last part of the Holocene. We interpret a high Late Holocene sediment accumulation rate in the northernmost core to reflect increased sediment flux to the site from the outlet of the adjacent lake Femmilsjøen, related to glacier growth in the Femmilsjøen catchment area. Furthermore, increased sea ice cover, lower water temperatures and the re-occurrence of ice-rafted debris indicate increased local glacier activity and overall cooler conditions in Wijdefjorden after c. 0.5 cal. ka BP. We summarize our findings in a conceptual model for the depositional environment in northern Wijdefjorden from the Late Weichselian until present.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Description: The repeated proximity of West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) ice to the eastern Ross Sea continental shelf break during past ice age cycles has been inferred to directly influence sedimentary processes occurring on the continental slope, such as turbidity current and debris flow activity; thus, the records of these processes can be used to study the past history of the WAIS. Ross Sea slope sediments may additionally provide an archive on the history and interplay of density-driven or geostrophic oceanic bottom currents with ice-sheet-driven depositional mechanisms. We investigate the upper 121 m of Hole U1525A, collected during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 374 in 2018. Hole U1525A is located on the southwestern external levee of the Hillary Canyon (Ross Sea, Antarctica) and the depositional lobe of the nearby trough-mouth fan. Using core descriptions, grain size analysis, and physical properties datasets, we develop a lithofacies scheme that allows construction of a detailed depositional model and environmental history of past ice sheet-ocean interactions at the eastern Ross Sea continental shelf break/slope since ~2.4 Ma. The earliest Pleistocene interval (~2.4- ~ 1.4 Ma) represents a hemipelagic environment dominated by ice-rafting and reworking/deposition by relatively persistent bottom current activity. Finely interlaminated silty muds with ice-rafted debris (IRD) layers are interpreted as contourites. Between ~1.4 and ~0.8 Ma, geostrophic bottom current activity was weaker and turbiditic processes more common, likely related to the increased proximity of grounded ice at the shelf edge. Silty, normally-graded laminations with sharp bases may be the result of flow-stripped turbidity currents overbanking the canyon levee during periods when ice was grounded at or proximal to the shelf edge. A sandy, IRD- and foraminifera-bearing interval dated to ~1.18 Ma potentially reflects warmer oceanographic conditions and a period of stronger Antarctic Slope Current flow. This may have enhanced upwelling of warm Circumpolar Deep Water onto the shelf, leading to large-scale glacial retreat at that time. The thickest interval of turbidite interlamination was deposited after ~1 Ma, following the onset of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, interpreted as a time when most ice sheets grew and glacial periods were longer and more extreme. Sedimentation after ~0.8 Ma was dominated by glacigenic debris flow deposition, as the trough mouth fan that dominates the eastern Ross Sea continental slope prograded and expanded over the site. These findings will help to improve estimations of WAIS ice extent in future Ross Sea shelf-based modelling studies, and provide a basis for more detailed analysis of the inception and growth of the WAIS under distinct oceanographic conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Description: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is one of the largest potential sources of future sea-level rise, with glaciers draining the WAIS thinning at an accelerating rate over the past 40 years. Due to complexities in calibrating palaeoceanographic proxies for the Southern Ocean, it remains difficult to assess whether similar changes have occurred earlier during the Holocene or whether there is underlying centennial- to millennial-scale forcing in oceanic variability. Archaeal lipid-based proxies, specifically glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT; e.g. TEX86 and TEXL86), are powerful tools for reconstructing ocean temperature, but these proxies have been shown previously to be difficult to apply to the Southern Ocean. A greater understanding of the parameters that control Southern Ocean GDGT distributions would improve the application of these biomarker proxies and thus help provide a longer-term perspective on ocean forcing of Antarctic ice sheet changes. In this study, we characterised intact polar lipid (IPL)-GDGTs, representing (recently) living archaeal populations in suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the Amundsen Sea and the Scotia Sea. SPM samples from the Amundsen Sea were collected from up to four water column depths representing the surface waters through to Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), whereas the Scotia Sea samples were collected along a transect encompassing the sub-Antarctic front through to the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. IPL-GDGTs with low cyclic diversity were detected throughout the water column with high relative abundances of hydroxylated IPL-GDGTs identified in both the Amundsen and Scotia seas. Results from the Scotia Sea show shifts in IPL-GDGT signatures across well-defined fronts of the Southern Ocean. Indicating that the physicochemical parameters of these water masses determine changes in IPL-GDGT distributions. The Amundsen Sea results identified GDGTs with hexose-phosphohexose head groups in the CDW, suggesting active GDGT synthesis at these depths. These results suggest that GDGTs synthesised at CDW depths may be a significant source of GDGTs exported to the sedimentary record and that temperature reconstructions based on TEX86 or TEXL86 proxies may be significantly influenced by the warmer waters of the CDW.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 14
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    Alfred Wegener Institute
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Data Processing Reports , notRev
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  • 15
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    Alfred Wegener Institute
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Data Processing Reports , notRev
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Description: In this paper we analyze how oceanic circulation affects sediment deposition along a sector of the Ross Sea continental margin, between the Iselin Bank and the Hillary Canyon, and how these processes evolved since the Late Miocene. The Hillary Canyon is one of the few places around the Antarctic continental margin where the dense waters produced onto the continental shelf, mainly through brine rejection related to sea ice production, flow down the continental slope and reach the deep oceanic bottom layer. At the same time the Hillary Canyon represents a pathway for relatively warm waters, normally flowing along the continental slope within the Antarctic Slope Current, to reach the continental shelf. The intrusion of warm waters onto the continental shelf produces basal melting of the ice shelves, reduces their buttressing effect and triggers instabilities of the ice sheet that represent one of the main uncertainties in future sea level projections. For this study we use seismic, morpho-bathymetric and oceanographic data acquired in 2017 by the R/V OGS Explora. Seismic profiles and multibeam bathymetry are interpreted together with age models from two drilling sites (U1523 and U1524) of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 374. Oceanographic data, together with a regional oceanographic model, are used to support our reconstruction by showing the present-day oceanographic influence on sediment deposition. Regional correlation of the main seismic unconformities allows us to identify eight seismic sequences. Seismic profiles and multibeam bathymetry show a strong influence of bottom current activity on sediment deposition since the Early Miocene and a reduction in their intensity during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period. Oceanographic data and modelling provide evidence that the bottom currents are related to the dense waters produced on the Ross Sea continental shelf and flowing out through the Hillary Canyon. The presence of extensive mass transport deposits and detachment scarps indicate that also mass wasting participates in sediment transport. Through this integrated approach we regard the area between the Iselin Bank and the Hillary Canyon as a Contourite Depositional System (ODYSSEA CDS) that offers a record of oceanographic and sedimentary conditions in a unique setting. The hypotheses presented in this work are intended to serve as a framework for future reconstructions based on detailed integration of lithological, paleontological, geochemical and petrophysical data.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Duvalo “volcano” is a site of anomalous geogenic degassing close to Ohrid (North Macedonia) not related to volcanic activity, despite its name. CO2 flux measurements made with the accumulation chamber (321 sites over ∼50,000 m2) showed fluxes up to nearly 60,000 g m−2 d−1, sustaining a total output of ∼67 t d−1. Soil gas samples were taken at 50 cm depth from sites with high CO2 fluxes and analyzed for their chemical and isotope composition. The gas is mainly composed by CO2 (〉90%) with significant concentrations of H2S (up to 0.55%) and CH4 (up to 0.32%). The isotope compositions of He (R/RA 0.10) and of CO2 (δ13C ∼ 0‰) exclude significant mantle contribution, while δ13C-CH4 (∼−35‰) and δ2H-CH4 (∼−170‰) suggest a thermogenic origin for CH4. The area is characterized by intense seismic activity and Duvalo corresponds to an active tectonic structure bordering the Ohrid graben. The production of H2S within the stratigraphic sequence may be explained by thermochemical reduction of sulfate. The uprising H2S is partially oxidized to sulfuric acid that, reacting with carbonate rocks, releases CO2. The tectonic structure of the area favors fluid circulation, sustaining H2S production and oxidation, CO2 production and allowing the escape of the gases to the atmosphere. In the end, Duvalo represents a tectonic-related CO2 degassing area whose gases originate mostly, if not exclusively, in the shallowest part of the crust (〈10 km). This finding highlights that even systems with trivial mantle contribution may sustain intense CO2 degassing (〉1,000 t km−2 d−1).
    Description: Published
    Description: e2021GC010198
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geogenic degassing ; CO2 fluxes ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Il margine tirrenico dell’Italia centrale dalla Toscana alla Campania è caratterizzato dalla presenza di una fascia di apparati vulcanici, estinti o quiescenti, e mostra un assetto geodinamico con litosfera assottigliata, alti flussi di calore e forte degassamento di anidride carbonica (CO2) e altri gas di origine magmatica, mantellica o geotermica. I gas che risalgono si disciolgono in acquiferi profondi, se ospitati in rocce Mesozoiche carbonatiche, o superficiali, se ospitati in rocce clastiche o vulcaniche Neogeniche e Quaternarie. Tutti questi acquiferi rilasciano gas alla superficie attraverso sistemi aperti di faglie o fratture, generando zone di emissione anomala in atmosfera (fig. 1). In zone dove non vi è significativa emissione, il gas potrebbe però essere confinato nel sottosuolo da livelli impermeabili efficienti. Quando scavi o perforazioni attraversano questi livelli, il gas in pressione può fuoriuscire anche in maniera violenta (fig. 2). Numerosi incidenti di questo tipo sono avvenuti nei territori di Roma, di Fiumicino e ai Colli Albani. Sia le emissioni naturali che quelle di origine antropica possono rappresentare un pericolo per la salute umana o degli animali qualora i gas si accumulino in alte concentrazioni in depressioni del terreno, in scavi o in seminterrati.
    Description: Published
    Description: 45-51
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Keywords: gas endogeni, piana del Tevere ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Volcanic hazard assessment relies on the accurate knowledge of the eruptive style and recurrence of volcanic eruptions in the past. At El Hierro (Canary Islands) historical and prehistorical records are still poorly defined, and although the island was the location of one of the most recent eruptions (La Restinga, 2011 CE) of the Canarian archipelago, the recent subaerial volcanism is still poorly studied. Information about the age of Holocene volcanic activity as well as the stratigraphy of the deposits is scarce: few eruptions are dated so far, whereas the others are classified as pre-or Holocene events considering lava flow characteristics along the coast. Here, we report on the dating of eleven (M˜na Chamuscada, M˜na del Tesoro, Orchilla, Las Calcosas, M˜na Negra, Lomo Negro, Below Lomo Negro, Cuchillo del Roque, Malpaso Member, and M˜na del Guanche) Holocene subaerial eruptions, distributed along the three rift zones, combining paleomagnetic and 14C methods. We also provide geochemical analyses for nine of them. Results indicate that M˜na Chamuscada and M˜na del Tesoro occurred more recently than previously considered, setting them within the last two thousand years. Conversely, paleomagnetic and 14C ages found for Lomo Negro eruption are consistent with literature data (Villasante- Marcos and Pav´on-Carrasco, 2014) and constrain the occurrence of this event in the XVI century CE. Finally, for Malpaso Member deposits, the two 14C datings obtained by charcoals found below and above the trachytic layer set the eruption during the Holocene epoch, between ~7300 BCE and ~4700 BCE. For the other eruptions, in two cases (Orchilla and Las Calcosas) many possible time windows during the last 14 ka have been found, whereas a few possible ages have been obtained for the others. On the whole, the resulting chronological reconstruction of the recent activity of El Hierro indicates that eruptions occurred unevenly along the three main rifts, with nine eruptions in the WNW rift, six in the NE rift, and four in the SSE rift. We document at least two periods characterized by high eruptive frequency: an old one, between 8000 BCE and 1000 BCE, with eight eruptions, three of which characterized by more evolved compositions (phonotephrite and trachyte), and a recent one, between 1000 BCE and present day, with at least seven eruptions, mainly showing basanite compositions. The new data yield a significant improvement of Holocene eruption chronology, thus are instrumental for a correct evaluation of the volcanic hazard at El Hierro.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107526
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Paleomagnetism ; El Hierro ; 04.05. Geomagnetism ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: The Gutenberg–Richter law and the Omori law are both characterized by a scaling behavior. However, their relation is still an open question. Although several hypotheses have been formulated, a comprehen- sive geophysical mechanism is still missing to explain the observed variability of the scaling exponents b-value and p-value, e.g., correlating the seismic cycle to statistical seismology and tectonic processes. In this work, a model for describing the size-frequency scaling and the temporal evolution of seismicity is proposed starting from simple assumptions. The parameter describing how the number of earthquakes decreases after a major seismic event, p, turns out to be positively correlated to the exponent of the frequency-size distribution of seismicity, b, and related to tectonics. Our findings suggest that p ≈ 23 (b + 1). It implies that a relationship between fracturing regimes, “efficiency” of the seismic process, duration of the seismic sequences and geodynamic setting exists, with outstanding potential impact on seismic hazard. On the other hand, the Gutenberg–Richter law simply reflects the tendency of the segments of the Earth’s crust to reach mechanical stability via constrained energy-budget optimization. Each perturbation has a probability of growing an earthquake or not, depending on disorder within the fault zone and the energy accumulated in the adjoining volume, mainly controlling the evolution of seismic sequences. The results are consistent with the different energy sources related to the tectonic settings, i.e., gravitational in extensional regimes, having higher b and p values, and generating lower maximum magnitude earthquakes with respect to strike-slip and contractional settings, which are rather fueled by elastic energy, showing lower b and p values, and they may generate higher magnitude events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117511
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gutenberg–Richter distribution ; fracturing and fault disorder ; Omori–Utsu law ; earthquake triggering ; tectonic setting ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: The Data Science Symposium at Haus der Wissenschaft on 8/9 November 2021 in Bremen was the 6th Symposium in this series since 2017.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-04-02
    Description: This paper considers the possibility of applying the thermohaline method (using the construction of T,S-diagrams) to determine the quasi-heterogeneity of water layers in the Azov Sea drawing on the expedition data obtained in 2016–2020. The diagrams allowing to identify a two-layer water structure in the aquatic environment of the Azov Sea (excluding the area of Taganrog Bay) have been constructed. The analysis of water stratification in the conditions close to the natural regime of the sea (thus, including salinity), as well as in the present conditions of its salinization, has been carried out. The data obtained through the analysis of sample observations have been verified with mathematical methods; the explanations from the standpoint of T,S-analysis of the aquatic environment have been presented. The hydrological features of the salt regime of the Azov Sea are given with the specification of the situations during the advection of the Black Sea waters, which precondition a stable separation of the waters in the southern part of the sea into surface and bottom “water masses”. These possibilities are justified mathematically, and for the modern period of considerable salinization of the sea, in accordance with the theory of T,S-analysis of water masses, a classification assessment of the aquatic environment is proposed.
    Description: В работе рассмотрена возможность применения термохалинного способа (с построением T,S-диаграмм) определения квазиоднородности водных слоев в Азовском море на основании экспедиционных данных, полученных в период 2016–2020 гг. Построены диаграммы, позволяющие выявить в водной среде собственно Азовского моря (без учета Таганрогского залива) двухслойную структуру вод. Проведен анализ стратификации вод в условиях, близких к естественному режиму моря (а следовательно, и солености), а также в современных условиях его осолонения. Математическими приемами подтверждены данные анализа выборочных наблюдений и предложены объяснения с позиций T,S-анализа водной среды. Приводятся гидрологические особенности солевого режима Азовского моря с конкретизацией ситуаций в периоды адвекции черноморских вод, вследствие которой возникали условия для устойчивого разделения водной среды на юге моря на поверхностную и придонную «водные массы». Эти возможности обосновываются математически, а для современного периода значительного осолонения моря в соответствии с теорией T,S-анализа водных масс предлагается классификационная оценка водной среды.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Salinity effects ; Water stability ; Thermohaline method ; T,S-diagrams ; Water structure ; Водные массы ; Структура воды ; Устойчивость вод ; Термохалинный способ ; ASFA_2015::T::Thermohaline circulation ; ASFA_2015::W::Water temperature data ; ASFA_2015::W::Water masses
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.33-44
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-04-02
    Description: Age composition and linear growth rate in the ark clam (Anadara kagoshimensis) population in the Kerch Strait are investigated. Based on the analysis of seasonal annual growth rings and chevron grooves on the hinge ligament of the ark clam, the age of this species has been examined, which, in this population, was found to be 7 years (6+). Based on the age and annual length gain of the molluscs in the course of their ontogenesis, a theoretical growth curve is presented; it has been calculated following the von Bertalanffy growth equation, where L∞, k, and t are the parameters equaling to 50.2, 0.428, and 0.022, respectively. The highest growth rate was observed in the first year of life, 17 mm; however, later on, it was consistently decreasing and did not exceed 2 mm/year in the oldest individuals. The relationship between the ark clam’s growth rate (PL) and its length, approximated by the inverse linear function is presented. Based on the parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation, a theoretical maximum age of the investigated species has been calculated; it was found to be 8.74 years. It has been shown that the linear growth rate of the ark clam in various areas of the Azov and Black Sea Basin is determined by the water salinity to a considerable extent, because in the desalinated areas (Azov Sea, Kerch Strait, Danube River Delta and Northwestern Black Sea with 10–14 ‰ salinity), the growth rate of this mollusc was 1.5–2 times lower than in the Southeastern Black Sea (18 ‰).
    Description: Исследована возрастная структура и скорость линейного роста популяции анадары (Anadara kagoshimensis) в Керченском проливе. На основе анализа сезонных годовых слоев роста и шевронных борозд на лигаментной площадке анадары изучен возраст этого вида, который в популяции составляет 7 лет (6+). На основе возраста и годового прироста моллюсков в течение онтогенеза представлена теоретическая кривая роста, рассчитанная по уравнению Берталанфи, где L∞, k, t — параметры, равные 50,2, 0,428 и 0,022, соответственно. Максимальная скорость роста наблюдалась в первый год жизни — 17 мм, однако в дальнейшем она устойчиво снижалась и у наиболее старых особей не превышала 2 мм/год. Показана связь скорости роста (PL) с длиной анадары, которая аппроксимируется обратной линейной функцией. На основе параметров уравнения Берталанфи рассчитан теоретически максимальный возраст исследуемого вида, который составил 8,74 года. Показано, что скорость линейного роста анадары в различных акваториях Азово-Черноморского бассейна в значительной степени определяется соленостью вод, поскольку в опресненных районах (Азовское море, Керченский пролив, дельта Дуная, северо-западная часть Черного моря с соленостью 10–14 ‰) темп роста моллюска был в 1,5–2 раза ниже, чем в юго-восточной части Черного моря (18 ‰).
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Anadara kagoshimensis ; Growth rings ; Chevron grooves ; Salinity effects ; Von Bertalanffy equation ; Ark clam ; Годовые слои ; Анадара ; Шевронные борозды ; ASFA_2015::A::Age composition ; ASFA_2015::G::Growth rate ; ASFA_2015::M::Marine molluscs
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.45-55
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-04-02
    Description: The Azov limans of the Krasnodar Territory are of major fishery importance, as they serve as the spawning grounds for valuable semi-anadromous fish species. Roach and zander at their early stages of development are highly susceptible to the negative effects of various abiotic environmental factors, which makes them very dependent on the hydrochemical status of the water bodies during the spawning season. As the hydrochemical regime, in turn, closely depends on the hydrological regime and the overgrowth area of the limans, it can be used as a criterion parameter that affects the success of spawning of the semi-anadromous fish species and growth of their juveniles. This paper proposes a system of hydrochemical scoring and establishes the criteria for the typification of the limans based on their suitability for spawning and growing of zander and roach following the data collected in the spring season of 2017–2021. Based on the analysis of the hydrochemical data, 3 main blocks for the typification of limans according to their suitability for spawning of semi-anadromous fish species were identified: gas conditions, ionic composition and the content of biogenic components in water along with an assessment of the primary production of phytoplankton. It has been found out that the Azov limans of the Krasnodar Territory vary significantly in terms of the hydrochemical composition of their water. Some limans are characterized by pronounced fluctuations of the hydrochemical and ichthyological characteristics in interannual dynamics. Based on the hydrochemical criteria, the limans of the Kulikov-Ordynsk group (Bolshoy Bashtovy, Donchikov, Bolshoy Grushchany) and the Kulikovskiy Liman were the most favorable for the spawning of zander and roach, and the Ryasnoy, Boykievskiy and Kurchanskiy Limans were the least favorable. The low production coefficient in the water of most limans can be indicative of their high degree of overgrowth with macrophytes, which control is crucial in increasing the efficiency of natural reproduction of semi-anadromous fish species. The correlation between the criterion scoring of the limans based on the hydrochemical regime and the density of distribution of zander and roach juveniles has been established, which confirms the validity of this study.
    Description: Азовские лиманы Краснодарского края имеют важное рыбохозяйственное значение, поскольку они служат нерестилищами для ценных полупроходных видов рыб. Высокая чувствительность тарани и судака на ранних стадиях развития к негативному воздействию различных абиотических факторов окружающей среды делает их наиболее зависимыми от гидрохимического состояния водоемов в период размножения. Поскольку гидрохимический режим, в свою очередь, тесно зависит от гидрологического режима и уровня зарастаемости лиманов, его можно использовать в качестве критериального параметра, влияющего на успешность нереста полупроходных рыб и на рост их молоди. В работе предлагается балльная гидрохимическая оценка и выделяются критерии типизации лиманов по их пригодности для нереста и развития молоди судака и тарани на основе материалов, полученных в весенний период 2017–2021 гг. По результатам анализа гидрохимических данных было выделено 3 основных блока для типизации лиманов по их пригодности для воспроизводства полупроходных видов рыб: газовый режим, ионный состав и содержание в воде биогенных элементов с оценкой первичной продукции фитопланктона. Установлено, что азовские лиманы Краснодарского края значительно различаются между собой по гидрохимическому составу воды. Некоторые лиманы характеризуются выраженной вариабельностью гидрохимических и ихтиологических показателей в межгодовой динамике. По гидрохимическим критериям наиболее благоприятными для нереста судака и тарани являлись лиманы Куликово-Ордынской группы (Большой Баштовый, Дончиков, Большой Грущаный) и лиман Куликовский, неблагоприятными — лиманы Рясной, Бойкиевский и Курчанский. Низкий продукционный коэффициент в воде большинства лиманов может отражать высокую степень их зарастаемости макрофитами, борьба с которыми является основным приоритетным направлением для повышения эффективности естественного воспроизводства полупроходных видов рыб. Установлена корреляционная взаимосвязь критериальной оценки лиманов по гидрохимическому режиму и плотности распространения молоди судака и тарани, что подтверждает состоятельность данной работы.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Hydrochemical regime ; Roach ; Zander ; Juveniles ; Macrophytes ; Тарань ; Судак ; Полупроходные виды рыб ; Азовские лиманы ; Макрофиты ; ASFA_2015::A::Anadromous species ; ASFA_2015::A::Artificial rearing ; ASFA_2015::S::Spawning grounds
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.18-32
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-04-02
    Description: The stage of obtaining high-quality gonads was explored in the course of development of the biotechnology for artificial reproduction of the anadromous Azov-Black Sea shemaya Alburnus leobergi (Freyhof & Kottelat, 2007), a valuable species of the Azov Sea ichthyofauna. This research is aimed at the assessment of the maturity status of shemaya females and males after their wintering in the ponds of a fish farm on the Lower Don at a thermal constant of 849 degree days (DD) and at the evaluation of the reproductive parameters of shemaya females exposed to different doses of the pituitary extract. In all literary sources available, the information on this topic has been scarce and fragmentary, and in the foreign sources, it was entirely absent. Our investigation has shown that the gonads of 55 % of males were at 5th and 5th–6th stages of maturity. At the same time, females significantly differed by the degree of gonad maturity: 26.0 % of females had first-generation eggs at different stages of resorption, the sexual products of 15.8 % of females were at the 5th stage of maturity, and 58.2 % of females had immature sexual products at the 3rd–4th and 4th stages of maturity. The investigation of the effect of two doses (6.0 and 9.0 mg/kg) of the pituitary gland extract with application of the fractional method showed that 15.0 % and 16.7 % of injected shemaya females with the most mature eggs responded to the preliminary dose of the pituitary extract by ovulation of physiologically sound eggs (0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg, respectively). 20.0 % and 6.7 % of females responded to the provoking dose of pituitary hormone by ovulating physiologically high-quality eggs in accordance with the concentration applied. The fertilization rate of physiologically sound eggs in both scenarios had similar values (97.4 and 97.9 %). Since the thermal constant of 849 DD is excessive for the start of artificial reproduction of the Azov-Black Sea shemaya, it is necessary to conduct research in order to identify the thermal constant precluding the loss of the first-generation eggs caused by the incipient processes of resorption.
    Description: При разработке биотехники искусственного воспроизводства проходной черноморско-азовской шемаи Alburnus leobergi (Freyhof & Kottelat, 2007) — ценного вида азовской ихтиофауны — изучали этап получения качественных половых продуктов. Цель исследований — оценить состояние зрелости самок и самцов шемаи после зимнего выдерживания в зимовальных прудах рыбоводного хозяйства на Нижнем Дону при сумме тепла 849 градусо-дней (ГД) и репродуктивные показатели самок шемаи при воздействии разных доз гипофиза. Во всех доступных литературных источниках информация по данной теме была немногочисленной и фрагментарной; в зарубежных источниках ее не обнаружено вовсе. Исследования показали, что 55 % самцов имели половые продукты V и V– VI стадий зрелости. Самки в этот период значительно различались по степени зрелости половых продуктов: 26,0 % самок имели икру первой генерации в разных фазах резорбции, 15,8 % самок — половые продукты V стадии зрелости, 58,2 % самок — незрелые половые продукты III–IV и IV стадий зрелости. Исследование влияния двух доз гипофиза (6,0 и 9,0 мг/кг) дробным методом показало, что 15,0 и 16,7 % инъецированных самок шемаи с наиболее зрелой икрой ответили на предварительную дозу гипофиза овуляцией физиологически качественной икры (0,6 и 0,9 мг/кг, соответственно). На разрешающую дозу гормона гипофиза 20,0 и 6,7 % самок ответили овуляцией физиологически качественной икры соответственно примененным дозам. Степень оплодотворения физиологически качественной икры в обоих вариантах имела близкие значения (97,4 и 97,9 %). Поскольку сумма тепла 849 ГД является избыточной для начала воспроизводственных работ с черноморско-азовской шемаей, необходимо провести исследования для выявления уровня суммы тепла, который позволит избежать потерь икры первой генерации в результате начинающихся процессов резорбции.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Alburnus leobergi ; Hormonal stimulation ; Gonadosomatic index (GSI) ; Stages of maturity ; Artificial reproduction ; Pituitary gland extract ; Черноморско-азовская шемая ; Гормональная стимуляция ; Гонадосоматический индекс (ГСИ) ; Искусственное воспроизводство ; ООО «Рыбколхоз им. Мирошниченко» ; ASFA_2015::H::Hormones ; ASFA_2015::O::Oocytes ; ASFA_2015::S::Sexual maturity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.56-67
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-04-02
    Description: Each species strives to expand its range and spreads in all directions. Its expansion occurs in the direction where biological and abiotic factors are similar to its native habitat. Entering the area with different conditions activates the mechanism of adaptation to new conditions. If such an adaptation is successful, the range of this species expands in this direction, otherwise this area remains unclaimed. Possible migration routes of exotic species run along the coast of Turkey through the coast of the Republic of Georgia or along the coasts of Bulgaria, Romania and the Crimean Peninsula. Taking into account the existing system of currents in the sea, the most likely option seems to be their invasion into the Russian sector of the Black Sea as a result of migration from the Sea of Marmara through the Bosphorus Strait and further along the direction of the Anatolian and Caucasian currents. Another way is with ballast water. In 1995–2014, 7 monitoring stations under the authority of AzNIIRKH operated near the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory on a year-round basis. They were equipped with all the necessary types of fishing gear (set nets with a mesh size from 25 to 200 mm, bottom set nets with a minimum mesh size of 6.5 and 10 mm, cast nets with 30 mm mesh, etc.). AzNIIRKH-trained observers were present at each haul of the fishing gear and conducted the necessary catch analyses. All unusual species were preserved by freezing or taxidermy and transferred to the institute. As a result of the operation of AzNIIRKH monitoring stations, in the catches of commercial fishing gear off the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory in 2005 and 2012, two exotic species have been recorded: Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1828) and Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758.
    Description: Каждый вид стремится расширить зону своего обитания и распространяется во все стороны. Расширение его происходит в том направлении, где биологические и абиотические факторы сходны с его нативным ареалом. При проникновении в акваторию с отличными условиями включается механизм адаптации к новым условиям. Если виду удается приспособиться к этим условиям, ареал расширяется и в этом направлении; в противном случае данная акватория видом не осваивается. Возможные пути миграции экзотических видов пролегают вдоль берегов Турции через побережье Республики Грузия или вдоль побережий Болгарии, Румынии и полуострова Крым. Учитывая существующую в море систему течений, наиболее вероятной представляется версия проникновения их в российский сектор Черного моря в результате миграции из Мраморного моря через пролив Босфор и далее — по направлению Анатолийского и Кавказского течений. Еще один путь — с балластными водами судов. В период 1995–2014 гг. круглогодично у черноморского побережья Краснодарского края работало 7 контрольно-наблюдательных пунктов (КНП) АзНИИРХ. Оснащены они были всеми необходимыми видами орудий лова (ставные сети с размером ячеи от 25 до 200 мм, донные ставные невода с минимальным размером ячеи 6,5 и 10 мм, закидные невода с ячеей 30 мм и др.). Прошедшие подготовку в АзНИИРХ наблюдатели присутствовали при каждой выборке орудий лова и проводили необходимые анализы уловов. Все необычные виды ими фиксировались путем заморозки или изготовления чучел и передавались в институт. В результате работ КНП АзНИИРХ в уловах промысловых орудий лова у черноморского побережья Краснодарского края в 2005 и 2012 гг. были отмечены два экзотических вида: Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1828) и Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Mediterraneanization ; Lophius piscatorius ; Siganus luridus ; Abiotic factors ; Fishing gear ; Экзотические виды ; Медитерранизация ; Орудия лова ; ASFA_2015::R::Rare species ; ASFA_2015::I::Introduced species ; ASFA_2015::G::Geographical distribution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.89-95
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-04-02
    Description: For a long time in the field of aquaculture existed the uncertainty, associated with the use of the ponds formed by water-retaining structures on watercourses (the so-called “riverbed ponds”), despite numerous attempts to resolve emerging contradictions legislatively—including another such attempt made last year by the adoption of Federal Law No. 163-FZ of June 11, 2021 “On the amendment of the Federal Law “On aquaculture (fish farming) and amendment of some legislative acts of the Russian Federation” and some legislative acts of Russian Federation”. The amendments introduced by this law establish new legal mechanisms for the use of riverbed ponds for the purposes of pond aquaculture, which makes their study particularly relevant. However, it will not be possible to fully understand the essence of these legislative changes without understanding the history and development of the legal framework applicable to these water bodies. In this regard, this article shows how riverbed ponds through numerous legislative changes were gradually introduced into the property circulation and how the principle of separation of the water resources of riverbed ponds and the land under them appeared, which means that the water in such ponds remains federal, but the land under them may be in other forms of ownership. This article also discusses the questions of the correlation of this principle with other principles of the legal regulation underlying water and land legislation, and how it is perceived by judicial practice. The author analyzed in detail the amendments, adopted by Federal Law of 11.06.2021 No. 163-FZ, concerning the regulation of riverbed ponds, proposed a classification of the legal basis for the use of water bodies in fish farming, and concluded what problems in the use of riverbed ponds remained, despite recent legislation attempts to eliminate them. Finally, this article suggests directions for further changes, according to which, as it seems to the author, the legislator could go to solve the identified problems.
    Description: На протяжении длительного времени в сфере аквакультуры сохраняется неопределенность в порядке использования прудов, образованных водоподпорными сооружениями на водотоках (т. н. «русловых прудов»), несмотря на многочисленные попытки законодательного урегулирования возникающих противоречий — включая очередную такую попытку, совершенную в прошлом году принятием Федерального закона от 11 июня 2021 г. No 163-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон «Об аквакультуре (рыбоводстве) и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации» и отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации». Поправки, внесенные указанным законом, устанавливают новые правовые механизмы использования русловых прудов для прудового рыбоводства, что делает их изучение особенно актуальным. Однако до конца понять суть произошедших изменений не удастся без осознания исторического развития правового режима данных водных объектов. В связи с этим в статье показано, как постепенно путем многочисленных законодательных изменений русловые пруды были введены в имущественный оборот, и появился принцип разделения водных ресурсов русловых прудов и земель под ними, из которого следует, что вода в таких прудах остается федеральной, а земельные участки под ними могут находиться в других формах собственности. Изучены вопросы о соотнесении обозначенного принципа с остальными принципами правового регулирования, лежащими в основе водного и земельного законодательств, и о его восприятии судебной практикой. Подробно проанализированы изменения, принятые Федеральным законом от 11.06.2021 No 163-ФЗ, в части, касающейся регулирования русловых прудов; с учетом указанных изменений предложена классификация оснований для использования водных объектов в рыбоводстве, а также сделан вывод о том, какие проблемы в использовании русловых прудов сохранились, несмотря на последние попытки законодателя их устранить. Наконец, предложены направления дальнейших изменений, по которым, как представляется автору, мог бы пойти законодатель для решения выявленных проблем.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Riverbed ponds ; Legislative acts ; Pond aquaculture ; Water use agreements ; Fish-breeding sites ; Русловые пруды ; Прудовая аквакультура ; Договоры водопользования ; Земли водного фонда ; Земли сельскохозяйственного назначения ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquaculture law ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish farms ; ASFA_2015::A::Agreements
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.96-120
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-04-02
    Description: The results of investigation of the pollution of the water and bottom sediments of the Caucasian Shelf in the Black Sea by heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury) and arsenic, as well as their content in the Black Sea turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) are presented for 1995–2020. In the water and turbot, the determination of Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Cd has been conducted using the method of atomic absorption with electrothermal atomization; mercury in all components of the ecosystems was measured using the method of atomic absorption with “cold steam”; in the bottom sediments, the content of Zn, Cu, Pb and As was identified using X-ray fluorescence method. In 1995–2020, in some water samples, the concentrations of zinc, copper and mercury exceeded the maximum permissible level established for the water bodies of fisheries importance, while the lead and cadmium were below it. The arsenic content during the entire observation period was extremely low. A noticeable decrease in the concentrations of zinc, lead and copper in the shelf waters of the Black Sea in the present period as compared with the years of the greatest pollution (1995–2002) was recorded. In the bottom sediments, the content of lead, zinc and mercury exceeded their content in the earth's crust for several years; for arsenic, the excess was recorded throughout the entire observation period. This mostly results from the peculiarities of the granulometric composition of the shelf bottom and, to a much lesser extent, from anthropogenic influence. The differences in the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and arsenic in the organs of the Black Sea turbot are shown. Out of the identified elements, only lead, mercury and arsenic in isolated cases exceeded the permissible level in the organs of the turbot in some years.
    Description: Представлены результаты исследований загрязнения тяжелыми металлами (медь, цинк, свинец, кадмий, ртуть) и мышьяком воды и донных отложений Кавказского шельфа Черного моря и собственно черноморского калкана Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) в период с 1995 по 2020 г. В воде и калкане определение Zn, Cu, Pb, As и Cd проводили методом атомной абсорбции с электротермической атомизацией; ртути во всех элементах экосистемы — методом атомной абсорбции в «холодном паре»; Zn, Cu, Pb и As в донных отложениях — рентгенфлуоресцентным методом. В отдельных пробах воды концентрации цинка, меди и ртути превышали предельно допустимую концентрацию для рыбохозяйственных водоемов, в то время как концентрации свинца и кадмия — нет. Содержание мышьяка в течение всего периода наблюдений оставалось крайне низким. Было отмечено заметное снижение концентраций цинка, свинца и меди в воде шельфа Черного моря в современный период по сравнению с периодом наибольшего загрязнения (1995–2002 гг.). В донных осадках содержание свинца, цинка и ртути в течение ряда лет превышало содержание в земной коре; для мышьяка превышение наблюдалось в течение всего периода наблюдений. Очевидно, что данная ситуация в большей степени связана с особенностями гранулометрического состава дна шельфа, чем с антропогенным влиянием. Показаны различия в биоаккумуляции тяжелых металлов и мышьяка органами черноморского калкана. Из перечня определяемых элементов превышение допустимого уровня в органах калкана отмечалось в отдельные годы в единичных случаях для свинца, ртути и мышьяка.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Scophthalmus maeoticus ; Mercury ; Copper ; Zinc ; Arsenic ; Cadmium ; Maximum permissible level ; Bottom sediments ; Калкан ; Тяжелые металлы ; Накопление ; Донные отложения ; ASFA_2015::H::Heavy metals ; ASFA_2015::M::Marine pollution ; ASFA_2015::S::Sediment pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.68-88
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  • 30
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Azov-Black Sea Branch of FSBSI VNIRO (AzNIIRKH) | Rostov-on-Don, Russia
    Publication Date: 2022-04-02
    Description: Vertical distribution of biogenic elements in Gelendzhik area in 2019 has been presented. Hydrochemical criteria for typification of the Azov limans of the Krasnodar Territory as the spawning grounds for semi-anadromous fish species have been enlisted. Use of the thermohaline method for determining the quasi-heterogeneity of the water masses in the Azov Sea is discussed. Age composition and linear growth of the invasive ark clam species (Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906)) in the Kerch Strait have been estimated. Effect of different doses of pituitary hormone on the reproductive performance of shemaya females (Alburnus leobergi, Freyhof & Kottelat, 2007) has been studied. Heavy metals and arsenic in water, bottom sediments and Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus, Pall., 1814) in the Caucasian Shelf area in the Black Sea (1995–2020) have been traced. Exotic fish species off the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory are presented. Problems of using riverbed ponds in aquaculture (in the context of recent legislative changes) are considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Marine molluscs ; Alburnus leobergi ; Scophthalmus maeoticus ; Anadara kagoshimensis ; Salinity effects ; Macrophytes ; Загрязнение воды ; Цинк ; Ртуть ; Экзотические виды ; Черноморско-азовская шемая ; Калкан ; Анадара ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquaculture law ; ASFA_2015::F::Fish farms ; ASFA_2015::M::Marine pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Book/Monograph/Conference Proceedings
    Format: 120pp.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Reliable knowledge of ice discharge dynamics for the Greenland Ice Sheet via its ice streams is essential if we are to understand its stability under future climate scenarios. Little however is known about the paleo ice-sheet configuration in areas still covered by ice. Here we use radio-echo sounding data to decipher the regional deformation history of the north-eastern Greenland Ice Sheet from its internal stratigraphy. We map folds deep below the surface that we attribute to the activity of a now-extinct ice stream, which shows strong similarities to the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. We propose that locally this ancient ice flow regime reached much further inland than today’s and was ceased in the Holocene. The new insight that major ice streams may abruptly disappear will affect future approaches to understanding and modelling the response of Earth’s ice sheets to global warming.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: We use satellite and airborne altimetry to estimate annual mass changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet. We estimate ice loss corresponding to a sea-level rise of 6.9 ± 0.4 mm from April 2011 to April 2020, with a highest annual ice loss rate of 1.4 mm/yr sea-level equivalent from April 2019 to April 2020. On a regional scale, our annual mass loss timeseries reveals 10–15 m/yr dynamic thickening at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ from April 2016 to April 2018, followed by a return to dynamic thinning. We observe contrasting patterns of mass loss acceleration in different basins across the ice sheet and suggest that these spatiotemporal trends could be useful for calibrating and validating prognostic ice sheet models. In addition to resolving the spatial and temporal fingerprint of Greenland's recent ice loss, these mass loss grids are key for partitioning contemporary elastic vertical land motion from longer-term glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) trends at GPS stations around the ice sheet. Our ice-loss product results in a significantly different GIA interpretation from a previous ice-loss product.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Currently, little is known about the population identity of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in Antarctic waters but initial analyses of acoustic recordings from the Southern Ocean (SO) have shown that fin whale calls differ between regions, possibly representing different fin whale populations. In the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean, the typical fin whale 20-Hz song is often accompanied by simultaneous higher frequency (HF) component at around 89Hz or 99Hz. However, the distribution of these call types throughout the area and whether there is a clear spatial separation between these call types is so far unknown. In this study fin whale calls were examined between two locations, the Greenwich Meridian and Elephant Island across the Weddell Sea (from 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015) to gain further insights into the connections between fin whales in this region. The HF call component was found to be significantly (p-value 〈 2.2e^-16) unique in its frequency at the two locations with 99Hz (97.14Hz ± 3.19) at Greenwich Meridian and 86Hz (86.26Hz ± 1.36) at Elephant Island. The inter-pulse interval (IPI) of both low frequency (LF) (20-Hz) and HF calls were also found to differ between geographic regions, with a median IPI of 14.5 seconds at Elephant Island and median IPI around 10 seconds at Greenwich Meridian. Variation in song IPIs were also investigated between geographic locations, Elephant Island was determined to have a majority singlet song type and Greenwich Meridian was found to have mostly triplet songs. The occurrence of HF and LF calls showed a strong positive correlation, indicating that both call components are produced simultaneously. The characteristic elements for fin whale calls examined in this study all indicate that the fin whale calls recorded at Elephant Island and Greenwich Meridian belong to two distinct acoustic populations. An understanding of how potentially distinct fin whale stocks utilize different geographic regions is fundamental for management and conservation measures aiming to improve the conservation status of this vulnerable species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Thesis , notRev
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Nell’ambito del progetto EDISECUR, finanziato della regione Lazio, è stato sviluppato un prototipo di telesensore infrasonico, TIS, a tracciamento di speckle per la misura della velocità angolare, delle frequenze fondamentali e delle armoniche di una superficie sottoposta a oscillazioni. Il TIS si presta particolarmente per il rilevamento e il monitoraggio nel tempo degli edifici, ponti e altri manufatti. Conoscere lo stato vibrazionale di queste strutture può essere d’interesse sia per la loro caratterizzazione dinamica che per la sicurezza. Questo prototipo, sufficientemente compatto, si presta a una misura immediata della velocità angolare e, con semplici operazioni, si possono dedurre spostamenti e accelerazioni angolari. Dalle grandezze angolari e dalla conoscenza geometrica della superficie, tramite alcuni schemi ed esempi, si mostra come sia possibile determinare anche altri parametri cinematici lineari. Il telesensore può essere impiegato nelle misure delle vibrazioni di superfici a lunga distanza di varia natura, anche laddove non fosse possibile accedere per eseguire una misura diretta. Lo strumento copre un campo di frequenze fino alle decine di Hz, ha una sensibilità e una dinamica tale da rilevare le vibrazioni indotte dal rumore industriale, dal traffico, dal vento e altro. Questo lavoro è principalmente rivolto alle applicazioni del TIS nel rilevamento delle vibrazioni delle strutture ed è in questo ambito che vengono spiegate le modalità, i limiti e i vantaggi del suo impiego insieme agli errori insiti nella tecnica di misura. Dato che il TIS misura un movimento relativo tra lo stesso strumento e la superficiebersaglio, sono stati valutati gli errori delle vibrazioni dovute alla microsismicità e altre cause ambientali. Vengono infine riportati due preliminari esempi di misura su una struttura edile.
    Description: Regione Lazio, progetto EDISECUR
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-36
    Description: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Remote Sensor ; Vibration Detector
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: When a rough surface is illuminated by a laser beam, it scatters the light, producing a random interference pattern also known as speckle pattern. By imaging the speckle pattern with a line-scan CCD, we are able to measure the acoustic vibrations of a scattering surface, which can be up to 300 m distant. We also show that our instrument can be used as a laser microphone capable of detecting ambient sound such as a human voice.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7805-7809
    Description: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 - male - 2.93 m - Pelvic location - Cape Cod Stranding Network
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Image
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2022-04-11
    Description: Natural sites in urban spaces can have a key role in citizen well-being, providing fundamental ecosystem services to the population and assuring a multitude of benefits. Therefore, cities should guarantee a number of green areas and their conservation in time as an essential part of urban architecture. In this framework, cooperation between scientists, decision makers and citizens is critical to ensure the enhancement of green public spaces. Social and scientific communities are called to work in a tuned way to combine scientific knowledge and methods to local socio-economic contexts, driven by the values of geoethics. The Bullicante Lake case study, discussed in this work, represents an example of application of geoethical values, such as inclusiveness, sharing, sustainability and conservation of bio- and geodiversity. This urban lake in Rome appeared following illegal excavation works in 1992 and remained closed until 2016 favouring re-naturalization processes. Over time, this site was often threatened by pending actions for building. The aim of this study was to highlight how fruitful cooperation between science and citizens is able to transform a degraded urban area into a place of knowledge, recreation, enjoyment and eco-systemic preservation. Moreover, on the basis of this experience, the authors proposed a generalised approach/strategy to be developed and applied in other contexts. The active involvement of citizens and the cooperation among scientists, artists and institutions were able to redress opportunistic behaviours well by preventing site degradation and its improper use, favouring environmental safeguarding and making possible the site’s recognition as a natural monument. The results of these actions led to the improved quality of citizen life, showing an excellent example of virtuous cooperation between science and society.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4429
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geoethics ; conservation ; education ; citizen participation ; ecosystems ; urban lake ; green areas ; Rome ; 05.09. Miscellaneous ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2022-04-11
    Description: L’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) riceve, nella Sala di Sorveglianza Sismica e Centro Allerta Tsunami di Roma, i segnali in tempo reale da centinaia di stazioni sismiche distribuite sul territorio nazionale. Entro due minuti dall’occorrenza di un qualsiasi terremoto, appositi sistemi automatici forniscono una prima valutazione dei parametri ipocentrali. Due sismologi, sempre presenti nella sala operativa della sede centrale, controllano le informazioni ottenute e, per i terremoti sopra una determinata soglia di magnitudo (ML ≥ 2.5), comunicano alla Sala Situazione Italia della Protezione Civile i dati elaborati, in media in circa 12 minuti (massimo entro 30 minuti) [Margheriti et al., 2021]. La valutazione definitiva dei parametri ipocentrali di tutti i terremoti, dai più grandi avvertiti in vaste aree del territorio ai più piccoli rilevati solo da pochi strumenti, è demandata a un’analisi più accurata svolta in un secondo tempo, ormai da alcuni decenni, da un gruppo di analisti specializzati nell’interpretazione dei segnali sismici. Gli analisti sismologi del Bollettino Sismico Italiano revisionano tutti i dati registrati dalle stazioni della Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN) dell’INGV e riconoscono la presenza di terremoti attraverso un’analisi diretta delle forme d’onda. In tal modo l’analista rileva il tempo d’arrivo delle onde sismiche ai vari sensori e valuta l’ampiezza delle oscillazioni e la direzione del moto del suolo; questi parametri, utilizzati da apposite procedure di calcolo, consentono di localizzare ogni terremoto e di valutare la magnitudo associata. Le informazioni così ottenute confluiscono nel database che l’INGV gestisce e che mette a disposizione della comunità1. Questa pubblicazione ha come scopo quello di far conoscere un prodotto dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Il Bollettino Sismico Italiano (BSI), con particolare riferimento all’anno 2015. Saranno delineate le principali caratteristiche della sismicità naturale e quella di origine antropica registrata in Italia nel corso dell’anno esaminato.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-48
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Bollettino Sismico Italiano 2015 ; Italian Seismic Bulletin 2015 ; sequences and seismic swarms ; explosion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human mobility via lockdowns, social distancing rules, home quarantines, and the full or partial suspension of transportation. Evidence-based policy recommendations are urgently needed to ensure that transport systems have resilience to future pandemic outbreaks, particularly within Global South megacities where demand for public transport is high and reduced access can exacerbate socio-economic inequalities. This study focuses on Metro Manila - a characteristic megacity that experienced one of the most stringent lockdowns worldwide. It analyzes aggregated cell phone and GPS data from Google and Apple that provide a comprehensive representation of mobility behavior before and during the lockdown. While significant decreases are observed for all transport modes, public transport experienced the largest drop (-74.5 %, on average). The study demonstrates that: (i) those most reliant on public transport were disproportionately affected by lockdowns; (ii) public transport was unable to fulfil its role as public service; and, (iii) this drove a paradigm shift towards active mobility. Moving forwards, in the short-term policymakers must promote active mobility and prioritize public transport to reduce unequal access to transport. Longer-term, policymakers must leverage the increased active transport to encourage modal shift via infrastructure investment, and better utilize big data to support decision-making.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Dominant agricultural and food systems lead to continuous resource depletion and unacceptable environmental and social impacts. While current calls for changing agrifood systems are increasingly framed in the context of sustainability transitions, they rarely make an explicit link to transition studies to address these systemic challenges, nor do transition scholars sufficiently address agri-food systems, despite their global pertinence. From this viewpoint, we illustrate several gaps in the agri-food systems debate that sustainability transition studies could engage in. We propose four avenues for research in the next decade of transition research on agri-food systems: 1) Crossscale dynamics between coupled systems; 2) Social justice, equity and inclusion; 3) Sustainability transitions in low- and middle-income countries; 4) Cross-sectoral governance and system integration. We call for a decade of new transition research that moves beyond single-scale and sector perspectives toward more inclusive and integrated analyses of food system dynamics.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Technological breakthroughs and policy measures targeting energy efficiency and clean energy alone will not suffice to deliver Paris Agreement-compliant greenhouse gas emissions trajectories in the next decades. Strong cases have recently been made for acknowledging the decarbonisation potential lying in transforming linear economic models into closed-loop industrial ecosystems and in shifting lifestyle patterns towards this direction. This perspective highlights the research capacity needed to inform on the role and potential of the circular economy for climate change mitigation and to enhance the scientific capabilities to quantitatively explore their synergies and trade-offs. This begins with establishing conceptual and methodological bridges amongst the relevant and currently fragmented research communities, thereby allowing an interdisciplinary integration and assessment of circularity, decarbonisation, and sustainable development. Following similar calls for science in support of climate action, a transdisciplinary scientific agenda is needed to co-create the goals and scientific processes underpinning the transition pathways towards a circular, net-zero economy with representatives from policy, industry, and civil society. Here, it is argued that such integration of disciplines, methods, and communities can then lead to new and/or structurally enhanced quantitative systems models that better represent critical industrial value chains, consumption patterns, and mitigation technologies. This will be a crucial advancement towards assessing the material implications of, and the contribution of enhanced circularity performance to, mitigation pathways that are compatible with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement and the transition to a circular economy.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 42
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    Earth and Space Science Open Archive (ESSOAr)
    In:  EPIC3AGU 2020 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, 2020-12-01-2020-12-17Estimating the Rate of Change of Stratospheric Ozone using Deep Neural Networks, AGU Fall Meeting 2020, Earth and Space Science Open Archive (ESSOAr)
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Due to the intensive ozone research in recent decades, the processes that influence stratospheric ozone are well understood. The chemistry and transport model ATLAS was developed to simulate the chemistry and transport of stratospheric ozone globally. The chemical rate of change of ozone is calculated at each model point and time step of the model by solving a system of differential equations that requires 55 input parameters (chemical species, temperatures, ...). But the computational e!ort to solve this complex system of differential equations is very high, and with respect to the overall limited computation time, this prevents the inclusion of ozone chemistry into ESMs. This project proposes a data-driven machine learning approach to predict the rate of change of stratospheric ozone. To derive a data set from modelled data, ATLAS was run for several short model runs. The rate of change of ozone and 55 parameters were stored at each model point and time step. By observing the co-variances of the high-dimensional feature-space, a large data set with reduced dimensionality has been created. A supervised learning algorithm used this data set of input and output pairs to train a deep feed- forward neural network (NN). This involved the identification and optimisation of several hyperparameters and to find a well- functioning combination of depth (number of layers) and width (number of neurons per layer). In this way, the NN model capacity is optimised with respect to the data itself. To evaluate this approach, the results were compared with another data-driven approach called SWIFT. The SWIFT model employs a repro-modelling approach that uses polynomials to approximate the rate of change of ozone. The resulting NN model is not only capable of learning the context of an eleven-dimensional hyperplane, but also improves the RMSE by about one order of magnitude compared to SWIFT’s previous polynomial approach. In addition, the deviations of the predictions at the boundaries (altitude and latitude) are significantly lower, which is a challenge for the polynomial approach. Only fully coupled ozone climate set ups are able to consider the complex interactions of the stratospheric ozone layer and climate. This is a step towards a computationally very fast but accurate application of an interactive ozone scheme in climate models.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International, ©:The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Description: Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) caused by the melting of past ice sheets is still a major cause of sea level variations and 3-D crustal deformation in the Mediterranean region. However, since the contribution of GIA cannot be separated from those of oceanic or tectonic origin, its role can be only assessed by numerical modelling, solving the gravitationally self-consistent sea level equation. Nonetheless, uncertainties about the melting history of the late-Pleistocene ice sheets and the rheological profile of the Earth’s mantle affect the GIA predictions by an unknown amount. Estimating the GIA modelling uncertainties would be particularly important in the Mediterranean region, due to the amount of high quality geodetic data from space-borne and ground-based observations currently available, whose interpretation demands a suitable isostatic correction. Here we first review previous results about the effects of GIA in the Mediterranean Sea, enlightening the variability of all the fields affected by the persistent condition of isostatic disequilibrium. Then, for the first time in this region, we adopt an ensemble modelling approach to better constrain the present-day GIA contributions to sea level rise and geodetic variations, and their uncertainty.
    Description: Published
    Description: 984–998
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: In this paper, we will describe a temporary exhibition held at the Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università di Pisa (Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa, hereafter MSN), Italy, in year 2020-2021, and the educational and awareness raising results that the proposed approach has produced. The aim of this exhibition was to guide the visitor along a path of awareness on the very topical issue of “plastic in our environment”. It focused not only on the environmental impact produced by the dispersal of anthropogenic plastic waste, especially in the sea, but also on the awareness of what actions need to be taken, both on a govern-mental and personal level, by each of us, to limit it in the future. The exhibition started from the data and images proposed by the media, which shocked us with the seriousness of the plastic emergency and triggered worldwide attention. Then the emphasis of the exhibition shifted to scientific data, rigorously presented by researchers who study the issue directly in the field, in the Mediter-ranean Sea and along its coasts. Finally, the last exhibits addressed the issue of plastic disposal, inviting visitors to check their real knowledge about the concepts of degradable, compostable, or recyclable plastic, and to reflect on what could be the most effective means to limit plastic problems in the future. The plastic problem is exquisitely anthropogenic, and the exhibit was designed to make visitors feel involved. The mismanagement of the lifecycle of this material (from manufacturing processes to products’ end life) can be addressed on a global scale by drastically reducing the use and production of single-use plastic items, promoting proper waste management, and improving the effectiveness of recycling. The exhibition message was that laws are essential, as well as calling plastic producers to their responsibility, but something can also be done locally by us as individuals, through proper disposal and by producing less single-use plastic waste. Visitors’ attitudes and knowledge on this topic were investigated through online questionnaires prepared by experts in the field, and the data collected are presented and discussed in this paper.
    Description: Published
    Description: 338-356
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ocean Literacy ; marina litter ; environmental plastic impact ; museum exhibition ; virtual visit ; educational games
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: The process of the development of a citizen science platform on Ocean Literacy designed and implemented during the lock-down period of 2020 is described. As restrictions due to the COVID-19 health emergency did not allow researchers to organise public events and field data collection activities related to Ocean Literacy, it was decided to take advantage of this situation by building an online platform to bring Ocean Literacy issues directly into citizens’ homes. The massive use of digital tools by all civ-ic communities during this time has enabled both the implementation of this idea and rendering it effective. The pandemic control measures then provided a unique opportunity to focus citizen attention on the collection of household data and information and to highlight the more or less direct connections between citizens’ lifestyles and the eco-marine system. Short questionnaires were used to ascertain and highlight citizens’ household behaviours and daily attitudes during the lockdown towards water use, seafood consumption and plastic material use and disposal. Data and information were also proposed, collected and analyzed in terms of: general environmental awareness of the respondents, perception regarding their purchasing choices during this particular period, as well as any changes in lifestyles and habits during the lockdown with respect to previous periods. The collected data enabled the improvement of our knowledge on some aspects of people’s domestic habits as well as their perception vs. real knowledge about the proposed environmental issues. We also realized that it is increasingly crucial for scientists to directly and extensively involve people and schools in educational and outreach activities and events as a good practice of science-society interaction. But to achieve good results there is a need to develop appropriate communication tools and effective involvement strategies to promote their widespread participation in citizen science projects.
    Description: Published
    Description: 389-404
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ocean Literacy ; Citizen science ; freshwater ; seafood ; plastic ; human impact ; marine litter
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: The Adventure Plateau, located in the NW sector of the Sicilian Channel, experienced several episodes of exposure/erosion and subsequent drowning, with the most recent occurring after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Unlike other parts of the Sicilian Channel, the Adventure Plateau is relatively tectonically stable and is therefore best suitable for reconstructing its coastal configuration before the post-LGM marine transgression. Here, we use high-resolution seismic data to identify and map the palaeo-coastline at the LGM on the basis of the internal architecture of the prograding wedges (i.e., the location of the subaqueous clinoform rollover point) and the erosional markers such as the subaerial unconformities and the wave ravinement surfaces. These data, which show an extreme variability in the palaeo-morphology of the coastal margins of the Adventure Plateau, have been complemented with vintage seismic profiles in order to entirely cover its perimeter. The mapped LGM coastline has then been compared to predictions from glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modeling, which considers the horizontal migration of the shorelines in response to sea level rise and to Earth’s rotational and deformational effects associated with deglaciation. The two shorelines (i.e., the coastline derived from the marine data interpretation and the one derived from the GIA model) are in good agreement at 21 kyears BP, although some discrepancies occur in the southern part of the plateau, where the seabed slope is extremely gentle, which makes the clinoform rollover points and the buried erosional unconformities difficult to detect. After 20 kyears BP, an acceleration in the rate of the sea level rise occurred. The results of this study indicate the importance of comparing experimental data with model predictions in order to refine and calibrate boundary parameters and to gain a better picture of the evolution of sea level rise over various time scales. View Full-Text
    Description: Published
    Description: 125
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
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    In:  EPIC3LTER Jahrestagung 2022, virtual, 2022-03-16-2022-03-18
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 48
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    https://atlas.netto-null.org
    In:  EPIC3https://atlas.netto-null.org, https://atlas.netto-null.org
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Salt marshes, along with seagrass and mangroves, are known to be globally important carbon sinks. Salt marsh plants absorb CO2 from the air. Through photosynthesis, they use the carbon to build plant parts such as leaves and roots, i.e. organic biomass. Salt marsh plants produce a considerable amount of belowground biomass. This organic matter is persistent and only decays over a long period of time. Over time, some of the carbon-containing biomass is permanently buried in the marsh soil. Here, conditions are usually favourable for the preservation of the organic material, which can lead to carbon storage for thousands of years. In this way, salt marshes absorb CO2 from the air and store it as organic carbon in the soil - a mechanism that removes CO2 from the atmosphere and counteracts climate change. In addition, salt marshes act as a filter and trap for sediment and organic material that enters the salt marsh from outside. When water levels are high, salt marshes are flooded and the salt marsh plants literally fish out sediment and organic material from the water above them. Organic material in particular also contains carbon, which is then deposited in the salt marsh and later stored in the soil. The accumulation of carbon from sources outside the salt marsh also contributes to the role of salt marshes as carbon sinks.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
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  • 49
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    In:  EPIC3
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Just like salt marshes and mangroves, seagrasses are ecologically important habitats in coastal ecosystems and are also important carbon storages. Seagrasses absorb CO2 and other forms of inorganic carbon from water and air and produce organic biomass, i.e. new plant components, by means of photosynthesis. Dead parts of the seagrass plant can be buried into the deeper, oxygen-poor layers of the tidal flat sediment by current-induced sediment reallocation or burrowing activity of animals. Bacteria that are responsible for decomposing the organic material and would thus release the carbon again can hardly become active there due to the lack of oxygen. The carbon incorporated in the plant parts can thus be stored in the seabed for many centuries. In addition to this internal source, seagrasses also act as filters for sediment and organic material, which is transported into the seagrass bed from outside. Sediment and organic material may originate from deeper areas of the sea and then be transported towards the coast, or may be directly from nearby coastal vegetation. Above a seagrass bed, these components are literally fished out of the seawater near the bottom as if with a comb. In this way, new layers of sediment and organic material are continuously deposited in the seagrass meadow, leading to a further accumulation of organic material that can be stored in the seabed for up to thousands of years.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 50
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    In:  EPIC315th International Scientific Wadden Sea Symposium, 30 Nov 2021 - 02 Dec 2021, Online.
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: The introduction of non-indigenous species may cause strong effects on biodiversity, species interactions and functioning of native soft-bottom coastal ecosystems. Especially introduced bioengineering organisms modify existing benthic habitat structures and thereby habitat-specific species interactions. In the Wadden Sea, beds of native blue mussels have been invaded by Pacific oysters Magalana gigas, which caused a large-scale shift from pure epibenthic Mytilus edulis beds to current mixed reefs of mussels and oysters. These newly developed biotic habitats may affect the occurrence of former associated key organisms and their ecological functions. In this context, we studied the grazing activity of native periwinkles Littorina littorea and the spatial distribution of M. edulis in oyster reefs in the northern Wadden Sea and explored the resulting distribution patterns of barnacle epibionts attached to oyster and mussel shells. A manipulative field experiment revealed that density of L. littorea significantly affects the recruitment success of barnacles Semibalanus balanoides on oyster shells. The highest number of barnacles recruited at periwinkle exclusion and this relationship was already known for pure blue mussel beds in the past. Barnacle epigrowth on blue mussel shells, however, changed with the new position of mussels within the oyster matrix and is nowadays lower than in former times. Our results demonstrate that introduced bioengineering organisms may alter, native biotic habitats but associated species interactions may remain the same. Additionally, it shows that native species may profit from the new structures by, for example, being less overgrown with detrimental barnacle overgrowth.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 51
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    In:  EPIC3ECSA 58 - EMECS 13, 06 Sep 2021 - 09 Sep 2021, online.
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: The introduction of non-indigenous species may cause strong effects on biodiversity, species interactions and functioning of native coastal ecosystems. Especially introduced bioengineering organisms may fundamentally change native soft-bottom ecosystems by modifying existing benthic habitat structures and thereby habitat-specific species interactions. The introduction of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas into the sedimentary coastal area of the south-eastern North Sea and its preferred settlement on native blue mussel shells caused a large-scale shift from pure epibenthic Mytilus edulis beds to current mixed reefs of mussels and oysters. To investigate whether the newly developed biotic habitat affects the occurrence of associated key organisms and their ecological functions, we studied the long-term occurrence of periwinkles Littorina littorea and their grazing activity on barnacles attached to Pacific oyster shells in the northern Wadden Sea. We found no negative effects of oyster density increase on periwinkle population dynamics in the last two decades, which spans a time-period from the beginning of Pacific oyster establishment on mussel beds to oyster dominance today. A manipulative field experiment revealed that density of L. littorea significantly affects the recruitment success of barnacles Semibalanus balanoides on oyster shells. The highest number of barnacle recruited at periwinkle exclusion. Thus, snail density and resulting grazing activity may control barnacle overgrowth on oyster shells, which is known to cause detrimental effects on overgrown bivalves. The company of introduced oysters and native periwinkles in the Wadden Sea shows that alien species may find native friends in newly conquered ecosystems with mutual benefits.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: The dispersal of organisms is primarily a natural process, but in the course of globali-zation it is being extremely intensified by anthropogenic influences. Marine ecosystems in particular are experiencing a large number of biological invasions. Once established, alien species interact with the abiotic and biotic environment of the new ecosystem. Most introduced species become inconspicuous members of the ecosystem, but some have the potential to influence intraspecific interactions. A good understanding of the interactions within an ecosystem is necessary to understand the effects of a biological invasion. This knowledge contributes to a better understanding of how the marine environment is influenced by human activities, which can form the basis for sustainable conservation efforts. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the interactions between native and non-native organisms, ranging from effects on population dynamics to ecosystem functions, by examining the interactions between the two introduced Pacific shore crabs, Hemigrapsus takanoi and Hemigrapsus sanguineus, and native organisms in the oyster reef community in the Wadden Sea. This thesis investigates the populations dynamics of three intertidal crab species at four study sites along the Wadden Sea coastline and how the seasons may affect the population (Part 2), as well as the distribution of the species along a tidal gradient (Part 2). Abundance studies revealed an increase of mean Hemigrapsus spp. densities on mixed reefs of native blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) from 2011 to 2020 (Part 2). As the Asian brush-clawed shore crab H. takanoi represents one of the most abundant brachyuran crab species, the feeding habits of H. takanoi, its effects on prey populations, and on the associated community in the newly invaded habitat were studied (Part 3). Experiments revealed that H. takanoi affects the recruitment success of epifauna, while no effect on endofauna were observed. The higher density of H. takanoi compared to the native C. maenas results in a larger impact on their prey community, even though individual consumption rates are lower for H. takanoi. Predators may also have non-consumptive effects on other organisms, therefore the native parasite-host system of Himastala elongata was studied. (Part 4). These experi-ments revealed a complex interaction between non-consumptive predation risk effects on parasite transmission which may constitute an important indirect mechanism affecting prevalence and distribution patterns of parasites across their life cycles. Finally, the thesis investigated parasite infection of the three crab species, as a fundamental biological factor that can influence community ecology (Part 4). The study on infection levels in introduced and native crabs confirms that the native crab indeed experience a higher infection level than their introduced counterparts, H. takanoi and H. sanguineus (Part 5). In addition, the number of parasites is higher in introduced crab species in comparison to the native crab species, which is also evident from the first detection of entoniscid Portunion maenadis (Part 4). Overall, the results show that the two introduced crab species interact with the native biota in a variety of ways and thus influence the biological environment. This thesis also demonstrates that an assessment of the potential effects of an introduced species on the existing ecosystem must be based on a wide variety of investigations, as the potential possible interactions between residents and introduced species are very complex.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Thesis , notRev
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Major achievements The feedback provided by potential users on their needs was very much appreciated. They underlined the importance of having: ● an easy to deploy instrument (i.e.: from small fishing boats); ● multi-parameter sensors in ONE device; ● less maintenance effort and prioritized the variables to measure. Although, there are technical limitations and different solutions and there is no one tool that can do everything, which is low cost, has high resolution and low maintenance, the outcomes of the platforms/sensors/communications working group meet the main requirements that emerged. Priority was given to: ● a platform that will operate in drifter mode which is extremely easy to deploy and perfect for studies associated with search and rescue operations (another need that has emerged). It also constantly guarantees the knowledge of the instrument position. The platform can be easily converted into the moored mode. ● temperature and pressure sensors. The sensors will be low -cost with the idea to replace them rather than calibrate them; ● LoRaWAN communications preferably with Bluetooth integration for the in-situ download of the data.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Coral calcification is a complex biologically controlled process of hard skeleton formation, and it is influenced by environmental conditions. The chemical composition of coral skeletons responds to calcification conditions and can be used to gain insights into both the control asserted by the organism and the environment. Boron and its isotopic composition have been of particular interest because of links to carbon chemistry and pH. In this study, we acquired high-resolution boron images (concentration and isotopes) in a skeleton sample of the azooxanthellate cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. We observed high boron variability at a small spatial scale related to skeletal structure. This implies differences in calcification control during different stages of skeleton formation. Our data point to bicarbonate active transport as a critical pathway during early skeletal growth, and the variable activity rates explain the majority of the observed boron systematic. Coral skeletal high-resolution boron systematics can shed new light on a still enigmatic control of coral calcification.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Abstract Marine coastal zones are highly productive, and dominated by engineer species (e.g. macrophytes, molluscs, corals) that modify the chemistry of their surrounding seawater via their metabolism, causing substantial fluctuations in oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and nutrients. The magnitude of these biologically driven chemical fluctuations is regulated by hydrodynamics, can exceed values predicted for the future open ocean, and creates chemical patchiness in subtidal areas at various spatial (µm to meters) and temporal (minutes to months) scales. Although the role of hydrodynamics is well explored for planktonic communities, its influence as a crucial driver of benthic organism and community functioning is poorly addressed, particularly in the context of ocean global change. Hydrodynamics can directly modulate organismal physiological activity or indirectly influence an organism's performance by modifying its habitat. This review addresses recent developments in (i) the influence of hydrodynamics on the biological activity of engineer species, (ii) the description of chemical habitats resulting from the interaction between hydrodynamics and biological activity, (iii) the role of these chemical habitat as refugia against ocean acidification and deoxygenation, and (iv) how species living in such chemical habitats may respond to ocean global change. Recommendations are provided to integrate the effect of hydrodynamics and environmental fluctuations in future research, to better predict the responses of coastal benthic ecosystems to ongoing ocean global change.
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  • 56
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    Seychelles Fishing Authority | Victoria, Seychelles
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: The spiny lobster fishery has been conventionally managed by seasonal closures and limited access (license-limited) regulations implemented by the Seychelles Fishing Authority. These regulations have been in force to limit the level of fishing effort of fishers primarily targeting the coastal and shallow water stocks, which are easily accessible and susceptible to overfishing. In the past, assessments of fisheries dependent data have shown several significant declines in the coastal stocks when too many licenses are allocated or when the fishery remains open for 3 to 4 consecutive seasons. Consequently, the stock status is determined by assessing both fisheries dependent and independent (surveys) data. Results obtained are provided to managers with advice on whether the fishery should be opened or remain closed.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Lobster fisheries ; Resource Management ; Regulations ; Licences
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 13pp.
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  • 57
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    Seychelles Fishing Authority | Victoria, Seychelles
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: The Seychelles artisanal spiny lobster fishery targets shallow water lobster stocks around the main granitic islands. The main species of lobsters caught are Homard Grosse Tete (Panulirus penicillatus), Homard Rouge (P. longipes), Homard Vert (P. versicolor) and Porcellene (P. ornatus). The spiny lobster fishery in Seychelles is a licensed and seasonally- managed fishery with fishers applying for licences prior to the opening of the season, which typically last 3 months in duration.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Research Report ; Lobster fisheries ; Resource Management ; Spiny lobster fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 10pp.
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  • 58
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    Seychelles Fishing Authority | Victoria, Seychelles
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Spiny lobsters (Palinuridae) are amongst many marine species with great commercial importance for small-scale fisherman. In Seychelles, the spiny lobster fishery has traditionally been managed as a seasonal closure and limited access (license-limited) fishery. The lobster fishing season usually opens for 3 months, but because of low catch and effort as a result of unfavourable weather conditions, the 2020/2021 fishing season was extended by 1 month. This report presents analyses of the fisheries-dependent data collected from the spiny lobster fishery during the 2020/2021 fishing season and makes comparison between previous fishing seasons. To achieve this, data collected from fishers and sampled Catch and Effort logbooks were used. Statistical analyses to compare sizes between the previous seasons for Panulirus longipes (Long-legged spiny lobster) and Panulirus penicillatus (Pronghorn spiny lobster) were performed. Results for 2020/2021 season showed that snorkelling was the dominant fishing method. An increase in both the total catch (6.14 Metric Tonnes) and number of fishing trips (242 trips) was observed compared to the two previous seasons. In terms of fishing location, Mahé remains the most dominant area for both total catch and number of trips amongst the major fishing sites. Despite an increase in the number of trips, the CPUE showed a slight decrease. For the 2020/21 season, female carapace length (CL) sizes for both Panulirus penicillatus and Panulirus longipes were larger compared to the previous seasons. In contrast, a decrease in CL was observed in males. Overall, the data analysis for 2020/2021 season indicates that there was a slight decrease in lobster’s relative abundance, most probably attributed to lobster fishing season being open for two consecutive fishing seasons. Despite more fishing opportunities being made available through the fishery extension, the CPUE remained lower compared to the previous season, thus indicating possible signs of reduced lobster abundance. The 2021 fisheries independent survey will be conducted during the last quarter of the year to establish the changes in the relative abundance of lobsters.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Research Report ; Lobster fisheries ; Resource Management ; Spiny lobster fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 30pp.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Kelp forests are important habitats in the strongly environmentally and seasonally variable Arctic. There is a critical lack of knowledge about how seasonal conditions and climate change scenarios influence survival and reproduction of kelp early life stages. To better understand the regulation of kelp life cycle processes in this harsh environment we focused on the physiological performance and reproductive success of early life stages in Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata from Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen. Gametophyte growth and survival during Arctic winter and subsequent sporophyte recruitment under spring conditions were investigated. Winter conditions (2°C, complete darkness) halted gametophyte growth and prevented the onset of gametogenesis in both species. The gametophytes of L. digitata but not A. esculenta became fertile after returning to spring conditions, suggesting that sporogenesis, sexual reproduction and recruitment in A. esculenta must occur successively during summer/autumn while in L. digitata a new generation of sporophytes could develop from overwintering gametophytes. The effects of simulated canopy shading (offering protection against extreme irradiance stress, particularly as sea ice retreats), present-day and projected Arctic summer seawater temperatures, and nutrient levels on gametophyte survival, fertility and sporophyte recruitment success were also investigated in both species. A. esculenta gametophytes had greater survival and reproductive success than L. digitata, except under very low light (simulating dense canopy). In contrast, shading was required for reproductive success in L. digitata gametophytes. Predicted summer temperatures of 9°C reduced sexual reproduction in both species. Interactions observed between these environmental drivers probably reflect species-specific seasonal patterns of survival and reproduction. These differences between kelp species in response to abiotic factors and light levels (simulated canopy shading) suggest that climate change could alter community structure in the Arctic through effects on sexual reproduction and sporophyte recruitment success.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 61
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    ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
    In:  EPIC3Earth-Science Reviews, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 228, pp. 103987, ISSN: 0012-8252
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: The seabed plays a key role in the marine carbon cycle as a) the terminal location of aerobic oxidation of organic matter, b) the greatest anaerobic bioreactor, and c) the greatest repository for reactive organic carbon on Earth. We compiled data on the oxygen uptake of marine sediments with the objective to understand the constraints on mineralization rates of deposited organic matter and their relation to key environmental parameters. The compiled database includes nearly 4000 O 2 uptake data and is available as supplementary material. It includes also information on bottom water O 2 concentration, O 2 penetration depth, geographic position, water depth, and full information on the data sources. We present the different in situ and ex situ approaches to measure the total oxygen uptake (TOU) and the diffusive oxygen uptake (DOU) of sediments and discuss their robustness towards methodological errors and statistical uncertainty. We discuss O 2 transport through the benthic and diffusive boundary layers, the diffusion- and fauna-mediated O 2 uptake, and the coupling of aerobic respiration to anaerobic processes. Five regional examples are presented to illustrate the diversity of the seabed: Eutrophic seas, oxygen minimum zones, abyssal plains, mid-oceanic gyres, and hadal trenches. A multiple correlation analysis shows that seabed O 2 uptake is primarily controlled by ocean depth and sea surface primary productivity. The O2 penetration depth scales with the DOU according to a power law that breaks down under the abyssal ocean gyres. The developed multiple correlation model was used to draw a global map of seabed O2 uptake rates. Respiratory coefficients, differentiated for depth regions of the ocean, were used to convert the global O 2 uptake to organic carbon oxidation. The resulting global budget shows an oxidation of 212 Tmol C yr − 1 in marine sediments with a 5-95% confidence interval of 175-260 Tmol C yr − 1 . A comparison with the global flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) from photic surface waters to the deep sea, determined from multiple sediment trap studies, suggests a deficit in the sedimentation flux at 2000 m water depth of about 70% relative to the carbon turnover in the underlying seabed. At the ocean margins, the flux of organic carbon from rivers and from vegetated coastal ecosystems contributes greatly to the budget and may even exceed the phytoplankton production on the inner continental shelf.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: QUESTO VOLUME RACCONTA UNA STORIA DI CAMBIAMENTI. Da un lato i cambiamenti del nostro pianeta, un ambiente vivo e in continua trasformazione; dall’altro, i cambiamenti nel modo di pensare, vedere e spiegare il mondo che, nell’arco di duemila anni, hanno guidato l’uomo nella comprensione dei meccanismi che regolano l’evoluzione della Terra. Il risultato di questo lungo percorso è la teoria della Tettonica delle Placche, una delle più importanti rivoluzioni scientifiche del XX secolo. La sua enunciazione ha coronato un’epoca d’oro per le Scienze della Terra. Accolta inizialmente con scetticismo, talvolta apertamente osteggiata, è stata accettata da un’intera generazione di scienziati che hanno fatto proprie le idee sulla deriva dei continenti, ponendo le basi per il cambiamento del modo di studiare e comprendere la dinamica della Terra: dalla visione di un pianeta statico, cristallizzato nelle sue forme, si è passati alla consapevolezza di vivere su un pianeta dinamico, continuamente rimodellato dalla tettonica globale. La teoria della Tettonica delle Placche è in grado, da sola, di spiegare fenomeni apparentemente inconciliabili: l’attività sismica, l’orogenesi, la disposizione dei vulcani, il magnetismo delle rocce, la formazione di strutture come le fosse oceaniche e gli archi vulcanici, la distribuzione e la forma dei continenti, il riaggiustamento isostatico postglaciale, la distribuzione geografica delle faune e flore fossili e la sorprendente struttura dei fondali oceanici. In questo volume percorriamo un lungo viaggio attraverso le intuizioni e le scoperte degli scienziati che, più di tutti, hanno contribuito alla formulazione della teoria della Tettonica delle Placche. I geografi del XVI secolo avevano notato, per primi, la somiglianza tra i margini dei continenti che si affacciano sull’Oceano Atlantico; nei secoli successivi sono state formulate molte ipotesi per spiegare queste caratteristiche della superficie e comprendere come siano correlate con la struttura interna della Terra, fino ad arrivare all’ipotesi sulla deriva dei continenti di Alfred Wegener. All’inizio del XX secolo erano già stati raccolti tutti gli elementi per una prima formalizzazione della teoria. Ma saranno la seconda guerra mondiale, prima, e la guerra fredda, dopo, a fornire l’opportunità per studiare in modo approfondito i fondali oceanici e per realizzare le prime reti sismiche globali. I nuovi dati raccolti forniranno le evidenze più schiaccianti a sostegno della Tettonica delle Placche. Con l’avvento del nuovo millennio, l’attenzione di molti scienziati si è rivolta allo studio dei pianeti extraterrestri in cerca dei segni di attività tettonica. Oggi sappiamo infatti che ha avuto un ruolo fondamentale nella comparsa della vita sulla Terra: l’individuazione di questi segni sarà centrale per la ricerca di mondi alieni che possano aver ospitato, o potranno ospitare, la vita.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Education ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: Swarm is the European Space Agency (ESA)'s first Earth observation constellation mission, which was launched in 2013 to study the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution. Two Langmuir probes aboard each of the three Swarm satellites provide in situ measurements of plasma parameters, which contribute to the study of the ionospheric plasma dynamics. To maintain a high data quality for scientific and technical applications, the Swarm products are continuously monitored and validated via science-oriented diagnostics. This paper presents an overview of the data quality of the Swarm Langmuir probes' measurements. The data quality is assessed by analysing short and long data segments, where the latter are selected to be sufficiently long enough to consider the impact of the solar activity. Langmuir probe data have been validated through comparison with numerical models, other satellite missions, and ground observations. Based on the outcomes from quality control and validation activities conducted by ESA, as well as scientific analysis and feedback provided by the user community, the Swarm products are regularly upgraded. In this paper, we discuss the data quality improvements introduced with the latest baseline, and how the data quality is influenced by the solar cycle. In particular, plasma measurements are more accurate in day-side regions during high solar activity, while electron temperature measurements are more reliable during night side at middle and low latitudes during low solar activity. The main anomalies affecting the Langmuir probe measurements are described, as well as possible improvements in the derived plasma parameters to be implemented in future baselines.
    Description: Published
    Description: 149–162
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: The pressure-gradient current is among the weaker ionospheric current systems arising from plasma pressure variations. It is also called diamagnetic current because it produces a magnetic field which is oriented oppositely to the ambient magnetic field, causing its reduction. The magnetic reduction can be revealed in measurements made by low-Earth orbiting satellites flying close to ionospheric plasma regions where rapid changes in density occur. Using geomagnetic field, plasma density and electron temperature measurements recorded on board ESA Swarm A satellite from April 2014 to March 2018, we reconstruct the flow patterns of the pressure-gradient current at high-latitude ionosphere in both hemispheres, and investigate their dependence on magnetic local time, geomagnetic activity, season and solar forcing drivers. Although being small in amplitude these currents appear to be a ubiquitous phenomenon at ionospheric high latitudes characterized by well defined flow patterns, which can cause artifacts in the main field models. Our findings can be used to correct magnetic field measurements for diamagnetic current effect, to improve modern magnetic field models, as well as to understand the impact of ionospheric irregularities on ionospheric dynamics at small-scale sizes of a few tens of kilometers.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1428
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High-latitude ionosphere ; Pressure-gradient current ; Diamagnetic current ; Swarm constellation ; 01.02. Ionosphere ; 04.05. Geomagnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: This article reviews the algorithms used for various calculations such as predicting the tidal heights and currents for the tide table, using the tide table, and obtaining tidal harmonic constants.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1-15
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The tidal current harmonic constants in Ise Bay are owned by the Japan Coast Guard Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department and is a point-like one created by continuous day and night observation of tidal currents at fixed points. There is a grid-like one created in 2004 based on joint reserch with the Japan Hydrographic Association (2004, 2005a, 2005b). This time, as part of the research to create tidal current grid data, tidal current harmonic constants were created from the current direction and current velocity data observed by the Ise Bay Ocean Short Wave Radar operated by the Nagoya Port and Airport Technical Research Office, Chubu Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. We examined these tidal current harmonic constants.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.74-95
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The Japan Coast Guard observes the tidal time series using the Autonomous Ocean Vehicle (AOV) to precisely determine datum levels. As the AOVs utilize solar energy for their observation equipment, interruptions of observation caused by the power shortage due to decrease in the amount of sunshine in the winter becomes an operational issue. In this paper, we investigate whether short observations during interruptions or prolonged observation are effective to obtain reliable tidal harmonic constants. We found that short observations of more than 24 hours during interruptions or observations from the next year on the same date as the interruption make the tidal harmonic constants close to the value calculated from no missing data. The results of this study can be used as index for deciding the implementation of observation in winter or making plans for observation using AOVs.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.51-73
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department, Japan Coast Guard (JHOD), has installed an acoustic transducer on all of its survey vessels (excluding the S/V Tenyo) to conduct GNSS-Acoustic ranging (GNSS-A) observations. JHOD also installed a seafloor geodetic observation system on the new S/V Koyo(4,000 tons) commissioned in March 2021 to improve the efficiency of its GNSS-A observations. In this article, we report on the outline of the seafloor geodetic observation system installed on the S/V Koyo, the survey method and the resulting relative position between the GNSS antenna and the transducer, and the result of the test observation. The result of the test observation indicated that the horizontal components of the seafloor site position observed by the S/V Koyo agree with the trend of the time series estimated from our regular GNSS-A observations. On the other hand, the vertical component indicated the possibility of a positioning bias, which would necessitate further evaluation by continuing the GNSS-A observations using the S/V Koyo.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.40-50
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The Japan Coast Guard Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department has provided data on tidal current, which is one of the ocean currents, as area information (tidal current grid data). In recent years, technologies related to the ocean have advanced, and new information such as detailed water depth data has been acquired. In addition, the mainstream method of providing tidal current grid data is digital, which has a high variety of information usages from printed matter. The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department is conducting research to create new tidal current grid data corresponding to these. Between 2019 and 2020, the Akashi Strait was examined as part of first trial at creating tidal current grid data.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.96-112
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: Ice information center open every winter at the 1st Regional Coast Guard Headquarters. For safe navigation, we collect and analyze data of sea ice observations from C.G. offices, stations and relative organizations, and offer ice information as sea ice condition charts and navigational warnings. In this report, we summarize observation results of coastal sea ice stations from C.G. offices etc. in the recent 30 years.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.113-119
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: Efficient Airborne Lidar Bathymetry (ALB) surveys involve elaborate prior adjustments and operation planning processes based on a consideration of various relevant conditions. We attempted to visualize the distribution and its seasonal variation of the ALB measurable areas around Japan using a remotely sensed dataset of diffused attenuation coefficients, which represents the optical characteristics of the seawater, to help reduce the burden of the operation planning. The results showed that the maximum measurable depth at a certain spot seasonally varies and, subsequently, the distribution of the measurable areas varies as well. The estimated maximum penetration depths have proved to make a useful index for operation planning, while its future verification is required.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.29-39
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: When thinking about general use in waters, depth information is one of the necessar y pieces of information. By using a Web-GIS system such as the Maritime-domain-awareness (MDA) situational indication linkages, UMISHIRU, this can be effectively achieved. Unfortunately, the UMISHIRU does not itself have the depth information in. In this paper, we describe how to compile the depth data of the J-EGG500 and ETOPO1 and present the depth information in the UMISHIRU for the beginning UMISHIRU user.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.120-133
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: In recent years, with the spread and improvement in the accuracy of kinematic GNSS positioning, ellipsoidally referenced surveys (ERS) have become practically possible, which in principle do not require tide observations during the bathymetric surveys. In this paper, as the first step of a trial to establish the standard operating procedures for ERS in Japan, we presented the practical operating procedures of bathymetric data processing in ERS and vertical datum model estimation, by using the existing bathymetric data in Tokyo Bay. In this case, the validity of the ERS operating procedures was verified by comparing the depths in the ERS procedures with those in the conventional procedures with tidal reduction.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.16-28
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The Maritime-domain-awareness (MDA) Situational Indication Linkages, UMISHIRU, operated by the Japan Coast Guard, is a Web-GIS (Geographic Information System) featuring more than 200 items of marine information. Since being upgraded from the former Japan Marine Cadastre in 2019, UMISHIRU has covered global-scale information items, but it can overlay the parallels and meridians to a limited extent on the map. This paper describes a method for beginners to draw parallels and meridians beyond the limited range, and likewise to draw other geographic lines.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.134-141
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: IHO S-63“IHO Data Protection Scheme” is the standard for protecting S-57 ENCs from piracy and unauthorized use. It has been used worldwide. Part 15 of the IHO S-100“Universal Hydrographic Data Model” is the upgraded version of S-63 and will be used for S-100 products, not only for ENCs, in the near future. This article gives comparisons between them and offers some considerations.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.142-149
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2022-03-28
    Description: Future sea-level predictions require that the history and physical state of the Antarctic ice sheet is well understood and constrained by observations. Much of the ice sheets’ ice-dynamic properties are governed by processes at the ice-bed interface which can be imaged with radar sounding surveys. Moreover, certain processes at the ice-sheet base can have an effect all the way to the ice surface, which in turn can be observed with satellites. Here we use a combination of ultra-wideband radio-echo sounding data, satellite radar and laser altimetry data to characterize the evolution of the subglacial morphology of the Jutulstraumen drainage basin (western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica). Based on the classification of the bed topography, we reconstruct the step-by-step modifications the subglacial landscape has experienced since the beginning of the glaciation of Antarctica, 34 million years ago. In addition, between 2017 and 2020, we find evidence of active episodic cascade-like subglacial water transport along the subglacial valley network. The combination of these observations will represent an important step towards a better understanding of large-scale ice-sheet dynamics in western Dronning Maud Land.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: The number of input-output assessments focused on energy has grown considerably in the last years. Many of these assessments combine data from multi-regional input-output (MRIO) databases with energy extensions that completely or partially depict the different stages through which energy products are supplied or used in the economy. The improper use of some energy extensions can lead to double accounting of some energy flows, but the frequency with which this happens and the potential impact on the results are unknown. Based on a literature review, we estimate that around a quarter of the MRIO-based energy assessments reviewed incurred into double accounting. Using the EXIOBASE MRIO database, we also analyse the effects of double accounting in the absolute values and rankings of different countries' and products' energy footprints. Building on the insights provided by our analysis, we offer a set of key recommendations to MRIO users to avoid the double accounting problem in the future. Likewise, we conclude that the harmonisation of the energy data across MRIO databases led by experts could simplify the choices of the data users until the provision of official energy extensions by statistical offices becomes a widespread practice.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2022-04-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2022-04-20
    Description: Phycotoxins (marine algal toxins) are toxic metabolites released by certain phytoplankton species. They can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks because filter-feeding mollusks, such as mussels, can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain and present a threat for consumers’ health. A wide range of symptoms, from digestive to nervous, are associated to human intoxication by biotoxins, characterizing different and specific syndromes, called shellfish poisoning. The aim of this study is to compare the seasonal and spatial phycotoxin profiles of mussels (wild and farmed) harvested from South Bulgarian coast in the period 2017-2018. Analyzed were 57 samples by different analytical techniques - liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection followed by postcolumn derivatization. Domoic acid (DA), yessotoxin (YTX), pectenotoxin-2, PTX-2sa/ epi-PTX-2sa and gonyautoxin-2 (GTX2) were detected in the studied samples. Results revealed huge seasonal variations in the phycotoxin profiles of the mussels investigated. Spring 2017 profile is dominated by domoic acid present in 67% of the samples and reaching highest level of 618.9 ng. g-1. In summer 2017 samples YTX is prevalent (60%) reaching a level of 8.3 ng.g-1. No phycotoxins were detected in samples from fall 2017. The epimer pair PTX-2sa/ epi-PTX-2sa was with highest seasonal abundance in winter-spring 2018 – 47%. Its maximum detected level was 7.1 ng.g-1. No statistically significant differences in mean phycotoxin levels of different sampling locations were determined. Generally, the herein reported marine toxins levels are comparable or even lower than in other European studies and much lower than legislative limits set in EU. Nevertheless, the huge seasonal variations in the phycotoxin profile show that for protection of consumers’ health a further surveillance on marine toxins content in edible mussels is required.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2022-04-20
    Description: Some diatoms and dinoflagellates can produce marine toxins, which can accumulate in, e.g. filter-feeding bivalves, posing a potent treat to seafood consumers. In this study, concentrated net plankton samples were collected from mussel cultivation regions (Kavarna bay) and zones for wild catch (Varna bay) in two periods - winter to fall 2018 and spring 2019. A method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to analyze domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), gymnodimine A (GYM), 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX1), and goniodomin A (GDA). Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. Results indicated the presence of DA, PTX2, SPX1 and GDA reaching maximum levels of 1.4 ng.NH-1.m-1 DA, 115.5 ng.NH-1.m-1 PTX2, 0.2 ng.NH-1.m-1 SPX1 and 8.6 ng.NH-1.m-1 GDA. No PSTs were detected in the investigated samples. The maximum toxin load of the samples was due to the presence of PTX2. Detection of DA, PTX2, SPX1 and GDA in the samples points to the possible toxigenic nature of phytoplankton species along the Bulgarian coast. These data may be used to evaluate the probability of potential risks to local aquaculture and seafood from wild catch.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2022-04-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" , notRev
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2022-04-18
    Description: In March 2013, the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE) was carried out in the Fram Strait region and over Svalbard to investigate atmospheric convection and boundary layer modifications due to interactions between sea ice, the atmosphere, and open water. A major goal was the observation of marine cold-air outbreaks (MCAOs), which are typically characterised by the transport of very cold air masses from the ice-covered ocean over a relatively warm water surface and which often affect local and regional weather conditions. During STABLE, MCAOs were observed on 4 d within a period displaying a strongly northward-shifted sea ice edge north of Svalbard and, thus, with an unusually large Whaler's Bay polynya. The observations mainly consisted of in situ measurements from airborne instruments and of measurements by dropsondes. Here, we present the corresponding data set from a total of 15 aircraft vertical profiles and 22 dropsonde releases. Besides an overview of the flight patterns and instrumentation, we provide a detailed presentation of the individual quality-processing mechanisms, which ensure that the data can be used, for example, for model validation. Moreover, we discuss the effects of the individual quality-processing mechanisms, and we briefly present the main characteristics of the MCAOs based on the quality-controlled data. All 37 data series are published on the World Data Center PANGAEA (Lüpkes et al., 2021a, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936635).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 83
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    Alfred Wegener Institute
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-04-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Data Processing Reports , notRev
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2022-04-19
    Description: The late Pleistocene Yedoma Ice Complex is an ice-rich and organic-bearing type of permafrost deposit widely distributed across Beringia and is assumed to be especially prone to deep degradation with warming temperature, which is a potential tipping point of the climate system. To better understand Yedoma formation, its local characteristics, and its regional sedimentological composition, we compiled the grain-size distributions (GSDs) of 771 samples from 23 Yedoma locations across the Arctic; samples from sites located close together were pooled to form 17 study sites. In addition, we studied 160 samples from three non-Yedoma ice-wedge polygon and floodplain sites for the comparison of Yedoma samples with Holocene depositional environments. The multimodal GSDs indicate that a variety of sediment production, transport, and depositional processes were involved in Yedoma formation. To disentangle these processes, a robust endmember modeling analysis (rEMMA) was performed. Nine robust grain-size endmembers (rEMs) characterize Yedoma deposits across Beringia. The study sites of Yedoma deposits were finally classified using cluster analysis. The resulting four clusters consisted of two to five sites that are distributed randomly across northeastern Siberia and Alaska, suggesting that the differences are associated with rather local conditions. In contrast to prior studies suggesting a largely aeolian contribution to Yedoma sedimentation, the wide range of rEMs indicates that aeolian sedimentation processes cannot explain the entire variability found in GSDs of Yedoma deposits. Instead, Yedoma sedimentation is controlled by local conditions such as source rocks and weathering processes, nearby paleotopography, and diverse sediment transport processes. Our findings support the hypothesis of a polygenetic Yedoma origin involving alluvial, fluvial, and niveo-aeolian transport; accumulation in ponding waters; and in situ frost weathering as well as postdepositional processes of solifluction, cryoturbation, and pedogenesis. The characteristic rEM composition of the Yedoma clusters will help to improve how grain-size-dependent parameters in permafrost models and soil carbon budgets are considered. Our results show the characteristic properties of ice-rich Yedoma deposits in the terrestrial Arctic. Characterizing and quantifying site-specific past depositional processes is crucial for elucidating and understanding the trajectories of this unique kind of ice-rich permafrost in a warmer future.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 85
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium | Chauvin, LA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/15916 | 30 | 2015-03-30 17:03:43 | 15916 | Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON)
    Publication Date: 2022-04-20
    Description: The Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) Program is a component of NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program. The central hypothesis of this research is: Anthropogenic nutrient inputs have enhanced coastal ocean productivity with subsequent impacts on coastal ocean water quality, living resource yields, and the global marine carbon cycle. The initial study area for this program is the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Outflow and adjacent Louisiana shelf region.
    Keywords: Oceanography
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 85
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2022-04-21
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2022-04-21
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2022-04-22
    Description: Quantitative environmental assessments are crucial in working effectively towards sustainable production and consumption patterns. Over the last decades, life cycle assessments (LCA) have been established as a viable means of measuring the environmental impacts of products along the supply chain. In regard to user and consumption patterns, however, methodological weaknesses have been reported and, several attempts have been made to improve LCA accordingly, for example, by including higher order effects and behavioural science support. In a discussion of such approaches, we show that there has been no explicit attention to the concepts of consumption, often leading to product-centred assessments. We introduce social practice theories in order to make consumption patterns accessible to LCA. Social practices are routinised actions comprising interconnected elements (materials, competences, and meanings), which make them conceivable as one entity (e.g. cooking). Because most social practices include some sort of consumption (materials, energy, air), we were able to develop a framework which links social practices to the life cycle inventory of LCA. The proposed framework provides a new perspective of quantitative environmental assessments by switching the focus from products or users to social practices. Accordingly, we see the opportunity in overcoming the reductionist view that people are just users of products, and instead we see them as practitioners in social practises. This change could enable new methods of interdisciplinary research on consumption, integrating intend-oriented social sciences and impact-oriented assessments. However, the framework requires further revision and, especially, empirical validation.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2022-04-22
    Description: The paper provides an integrated assessment of environmental and socio-economic effects arising from final consumption of food products by European households. Direct and indirect effects accumulated along the global supply chain are assessed by applying environmentally extended input-output analysis (EE-IOA). EXIOBASE 3.4 database is used as a source of detailed information on environmental pressures and world input-output transactions of intermediate and final goods and services. An original methodology to produce detailed allocation matrices to link IO data with household expenditure data is presented and applied. The results show a relative decoupling between environmental pressures and consumption over time and shows that European food consumption generates relatively less environmental pressures outside Europe (due to imports) than average European consumption. A methodological framework is defined to analyze the main driving forces by means of a structural decomposition analysis (SDA). The results of the SDA highlight that while technological developments and changes in the mix of consumed food products result in reductions in environmental pressures, this is offset by growth in consumption. The results highlight the importance of directing specific research and policy efforts towards food consumption to support the transition to a more sustainable food system in line with the objectives of the EU Farm to Fork Strategy.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Investigation of the vertical distribution of nutrients is an important component in studying the entire ecosystem of the Black Sea. Biogenic elements play a crucial role in the primary production in the sea coastal zone and are among the main indicators of the ecological state of marine waters. Any changes in nutrient regime are reflected in biological marine plankton communities. This work was aimed at the investigation of the seasonal vertical dynamics of biogenic elements in the northeastern part of the Black Sea near the city of Gelendzhik in 2019. To determine concentration of nutrients, the methods standard to the practice of marine hydrochemical studies have been used. As a result of this investigation, it has been found that nitrate and ammonium forms of nitrogen, and mineral phosphorus have well-defined concentration maxima that correspond to certain values of conditional density. There is one deep maximum in the vertical distribution of nitrates; on average, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen is 5.57 μmol/L. Vertical profile of phosphates has an upper maximum (average concentration of 1.39 μmol/L), a minimum (1.19 μmol/L) and a lower maximum (6.64 μmol/L) of concentrations. Seasonal changes in climatic conditions, coastal runoff and rate of phytoplankton consumption determine the dynamics of nutrient concentrations in the photic layer of marine waters.
    Description: Исследование вертикального распределения биогенных элементов является важной составляющей изучения всей экосистемы Черного моря. Биогенные элементы имеют большое значение для первичной продукции в прибрежной зоне моря и являются одним из главных показателей экологического состояния морских вод. Любые изменения режима биогенных элементов отражаются на биологических морских планктонных сообществах. Целью данной работы являлось исследование сезонной вертикальной динамики биогенных элементов в северо-восточной части Черного моря в районе г. Геленджик в 2019 г. Для определения концентрации биогенных веществ применялись методы, являющиеся стандартными в практике морских гидрохимических работ. В результате проведенного исследования было выявлено, что нитратная, аммонийная форма азота и минеральный фосфор имеют хорошо выраженные максимумы концентраций, которые соответствуют определенным значениям условной плотности. В вертикальном распределении нитратов имеется один глубинный максимум; концентрации нитратного азота в среднем составляют 5,57 мкмоль/л. Для вертикального профиля фосфатов характерен верхний максимум (средняя концентрация — 1,39 мкмоль/л), минимум (1,19 мкмоль/л) и нижний максимум концентраций (6,64 мкмоль/л). Сезонные изменения климатических условий, береговой сток и скорость потребления фитопланктоном обуславливают динамику концентраций биогенных веществ в фотическом слое морских вод.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Nitrate nitrogen ; Nitrite nitrogen ; Ammonium nitrogen ; Silicon ; Mineral phosphorus ; Plankton ; Aquatic communities ; Primary production ; НИС «Ашамба» ; R/V Ashamba ; Seasonal variations ; Сезонные изменения ; Вертикальное распределение ; Первичная продукция ; Водные сообщества ; Кремний ; Нитратный азот ; Нитритный азот ; ASFA_2015::B::Biogenic material ; ASFA_2015::V::Vertical distribution ; ASFA_2015::N::Nitrogen compounds
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.7-17
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  • 91
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 - female - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 92
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 - male 2.75 m - Pelvic location - UMASS Amherst
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 93
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 - male - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of the population exposed to the earthquake shaking of surviving or being less affected. The ability of an EEWS to affect the risk and, in particular, vulnerability and exposure, may determine serious legal responsibilities for people involved in the system, as scientists and experts. The main question concerns, in fact, the relationship between EEWSs and the predictability and avoidability of earthquake effects-i.e., the ground shaking affecting citizens and infrastructures - and the possibility for people to adopt self-protective behavior and/or for industrial infrastructures to be secured. In Italy, natural disasters, such as the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, teach us that the relationship between science and law is really difficult. So, before EEW’s become operational in Italy, it is necessary to: 1) examine the legislative and technical solutions adopted by some of the international legal systems in countries where this service is offered to citizens; 2) reconstruct the international and European regulatory framework that promotes the introduction of EW systems as life-saving tools for the protection of the right to life and understand whether and how these regulatory texts can impose an obligation on the Italian legal system to develop EEWS; 3) understand what responsibilities could be ascribed to the scientists and technicians responsible for managing EEWS in Italy, analyzing the different impact of vulnerability and exposure on the predictability and avoidability of the harmful event; 4) reflect on the lessons that our legal system will have to learn from other Countries when implementing EEW systems. In order to find appropriate solutions, it is essential to reflect on the opportunity to provide shared and well-structured protocols and creating detailed disclaimers clearly defining the limits of the service. A central role must be recognized to education, because people should not only expect to receive a correct alarm but must be able to understand the uncertainties involved in rapid estimates, be prepared to face the risk, and react in the right way.
    Description: This work has been carried out within the Project ART-IT (Allerta Rapida Terremoti in Italia), funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (Progetto Premiale 2015, DM. 850/2017).
    Description: Published
    Description: 685153
    Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake, early warning, criminal liability, negligence, risk ; Early warning, criminal law, human rights
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: The evolution and state of geological structure at Earth's surface is best understood with an accurate characterization of the subsurface. Here we present seismic tomographic images of the Italian lithosphere based on ground motion recordings and characterized by compressional and shear wavespeed structure at remarkable resolution, corresponding to a minimum period of ∼10 s. Enhanced accuracy is enabled by state-of-the-art three-dimensional wavefield simulations in combination with an adjoint-state method. We focus on three primary findings of our model Im25. It highlights the distribution of fluids and gas (CO2) within the Italian subsurface and their correlation with seismicity. It illuminates Mt. Etna volcano and supports the hypothesis of a deep reservoir (∼30 km) feeding a shallower magma-filled intrusive body. Offshore of the eastern Italian coast, it reveals that the Adriatic plate is made of two distinct microplates, separated by the Gargano deformation zone, indicating a complex lithosphere and tectonic evolution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 69
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2022-04-12
    Description: Deutschlands Klimaschutzstrategie baut auf den Einsatz von grünem Wasserstoff aus erneuerbaren Energien. Doch wo soll der Wasserstoff herkommen, aus heimischer Produktion oder importiert aus dem Ausland? Eine Studie des Wuppertal Instituts und DIW Econ schafft einen Überblick über die aktuelle Datenlage und ermittelt Wertschöpfungs- und Beschäftigungseffekte beider Strategien. Das Resümee: Es trifft nicht zu, dass importierter Wasserstoff allgemein günstiger ist, entscheidend sind je nach Herkunftsland die tatsächlich realisierbaren Strom- und Transportkosten. Wird der grüne Wasserstoff stattdessen im eigenen Land produziert, wird dies zudem eine positive Beschäftigungswirkung und Wertschöpfung entfalten. Mit der Erreichung der Klimaziele 2050 betrüge die zusätzliche Wertschöpfung bei einer stark auf die heimische Erzeugung ausgerichtete Strategie bis zu 30 Milliarden Euro im Jahr 2050 und es könnten bis zu 800.000 Arbeitsplätze geschaffen werden.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2022-04-13
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2022-04-13
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2022-03-11
    Description: As the Arctic coast erodes, it drains thermokarst lakes, transforming them into lagoons and, eventually, integrates them into subsea permafrost. Lagoons represent the first stage of a thermokarst lake transition to a marine setting and possibly more saline and colder upper boundary conditions. In this research, borehole data, electrical resistivity surveying, and modelling of heat and salt diffusion were carried out at Polar Fox Lagoon on the Bykovsky Peninsula, Siberia. Polar Fox Lagoon is a seasonally isolated water body connected to Tiksi Bay through a channel, leading to hypersaline waters under the ice cover. The boreholes in the centre of the lagoon revealed floating ice and a saline cryotic bed underlain by a saline cryotic talik, a thin ice‐bearing permafrost layer, and unfrozen ground. The bathymetry showed that most of the lagoon was ice‐grounded in spring. In bedfast ice areas, the electrical resistivity profiles suggest that an unfrozen saline layer was underlain by a thick layer of refrozen talik. The modelling suggests thermokarst lake taliks refreeze when submerged in saltwater with mean annual bottom water temperatures below or slightly above 0 °C. This occurs, because the top‐down chemical degradation of newly formed ice‐bearing permafrost is slower than the cooling of the talik. Hence, lagoons may pre‐condition taliks with a layer of ice‐bearing permafrost before encroachment by the sea and this frozen layer may act as a cap on gas migration out of the underlying talik.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2022-03-11
    Description: Subsea permafrost forms when sea level rise from deglaciation or coastal erosion results in inundation of terrestrial permafrost. The response of permafrost to flooding in these settings will be determined by both ice-rich Pleistocene deposits and the thermokarst basins that thawed out during the Holocene. Thermokarst processes lower ground ice content, create partially drained and refrozen depressions (Alases) and thaw bulbs (taliks) beneath them, warm the ground, and can thaw the ground below sea level. We hypothesize that inundated Alases offshore with relatively lower ice content and higher porewater salinities in their sediments (possibly resulting from lagoon interaction) thaw faster than Yedoma terrain. To test this hypothesis, we estimated permafrost thaw rates offshore of the Bykovsky Peninsula in Tiksi Bay, northeastern Siberia using geoelectric surveys with floating electrodes. The surveys traversed a former undrained lagoon, drained and refrozen Alas deposits, and undisturbed Yedoma terrain at varying distances from shore. A continuous Yedoma-Alas-beach-lagoon survey was also carried out to obtain an indication of pre-inundation subsurface electrical resistivity. While the estimated degradation rates of the submerged Yedoma lies in the range of similar sites, and slows with increasing distance offshore, the Alas rates were more diverse and at least twice as fast within 125 m of the coastline. The latter is possibly due to saline lagoon water that infiltrated the Alas while it was still unfrozen. The ice-bearing permafrost depths of the former lagoon were generally the deepest of the terrain units, but displayed poor correlation with distance offshore. We attribute this to heterogeneous talik thickness upon the lagoon to sea transition, as well as permafrost aggradation processes beneath the spit. Given the prevalence of thermokarst basins and lakes along parts of the Arctic coastline, their effect on subsea permafrost degradation must be similarly prevalent. Remote sensing analyses suggest that 40% of lagoons wider than 500 m originated in thermokarst basins along the pan-Arctic coast. The more rapid degradation rates shown here suggest that low-ice content conduits for fluid flow may be more common than currently thought based on thermal modelling of subsea permafrost distribution.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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