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  • Elasticity
  • Rock mechanics
  • Seismology
  • Springer  (133)
  • Elsevier  (43)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Wiley
  • 1
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    On the seismogenic increase of the ratio of the ULF geomagnetic field components (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Following the paper by Fraser-Smith et al. (1990), many scientists have focused their research on the ULF geomagnetic field pulsations in the hope of finding possible anomalous signals caused by the seismic activity. Thereafter, many papers have reported ULF geomagnetic field polarization ratio increases which have been claimed to be related to the occurrence of moderate and strong earthquakes. Even if there is no firm evidence of correlation between the polarization ratio increase and seismic events, these publications maintain that these ‘‘anomalous’’ increases are without doubt precursors of pending earthquakes. Furthermore, several researchers suggest that these seismogenic signals may be considered a promising approach towards the possibility of developing short-term earthquake prediction capabilities based on electromagnetic precursory signatures. On the contrary, a part of the scientific community emphasizes the lack of validation of claimed seismogenic anomalies and doubt their association with the seismic activity. Since earthquake prediction is a very important topic of social importance, the authenticity of earthquake precursors needs to be carefully checked. The aim of this paper is to investigate the reliability of the ULF magnetic polarization ratio changes as an earthquakes’ precursor. Several polarization ratio increases of the geomagnetic field, which previous researchers have claimed to have a seismogenic origin, are put into question by a qualitative investigation. The analysis takes into account both the temporal evolution of the geomagnetic field polarization ratio reported in previous papers, and the global geomagnetic activity behaviour. Running averages of the geomagnetic index Kp are plotted onto the original figures from previous publications. Moreover, further quantitative analyses are also reported. Here, nine cases are investigated which include 17 earthquakes. In seven cases it is shown that the suggested association between the geomagnetic field polarization ratio increases and the earthquake preparation process seems to be rather doubtful. More precisely, the claimed seismogenic polarization ratio increases are actually closely related to decreases in the geomagnetic activity level. Furthermore, the last two investigated cases seem to be doubtful as well, although a close correspondence between polarization ratio and geomagnetic activity cannot be unambiguously demonstrated.
    Description: Published
    Description: 19-32
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Earthquake precursors ; Short-term earthquake prediction ; Geomagnetic field ; Seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Core-mantle boundary topography: seismology (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: n/a
    Description: Published
    Description: 125-127
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Core-mantle boundary topography ; Seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.03. Mantle and Core dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
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    Role of crustal fluids and thermo-mechanical structure for lower crustal seismicity: The Gargano Promontory (southern Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-20
    Description: Several regions around the globe are characterized by a seismically active lower crust, at depths where litho­logical and thermal conditions suggest stress release by ductile flow. The Gargano Promontory (GP, southern Italy) is an example where a recently installed seismic network has recorded an intense seismic activity at depths between 20 and 30 km, i.e. in the lower crust. The GP is located in proximity of the Gargano-Dubrovnik line­ament, a seismogenic zone separating the central and southern Adriatic basins. These two basins constitute sites of sediments accumulation since Tertiary times. Another important basin in the region is represented by the Apennine foredeep, that includes the Candelaro area. We analyze the possible mechanisms controlling the dis­tribution of seismicity in the GP to identify the factors that make the lower crust seismically active. To this aim, we construct a thermo-rheological model of a layered continental crust, calibrated on the basis of geometrical, lithological and thermal constraints. The model takes into account various crustal lithologies, the presence of fluids in the crystalline basement, lateral variations of geotherm and stress field. The numerical simulations show that the presence of fluids is a key factor controlling the cluster of seismicity in the lower crust. Moreover, the presence of water in the upper crystalline basement and sedimentary cover provides a plausible explanation for upper crustal seismicity in a zone of very high heat flow SW of the GP. The distribution of the seismicity is probably affected by the composition of the crystalline basement, with mafic bodies injected into the crust during the Paleocene magmatic phase that affected the Mediterranean region. In addition, fluid accumulation and overpressure may occur along detachment levels in the lower crust, leading to clustering of the earthquakes. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that the presence of hydrous diapiric upwelling(s) in the upper mantle can feed a deep fluid circulation system, inducing lower crustal seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103929
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lower crust ; Rheology ; Seismology ; Geotherm ; Numerical modeling ; Gargano Promontory (southern Italy)
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conjugaisons finies et milieux continus en relativite generale
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Geometry and Physics 4 (1987), S. 51-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0393-0440
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Mechanics of solids ; Relativity ; [Mathematical Subject Codes] 73 B 05 ; [Mathematical Subject Codes] 73 C 99 ; [Mathematical Subject Codes] 83 C
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0393-0440(87)90011-8
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface properties of two rabbit lung lamellar body preparations with markedly different fatty acid profiles
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1047 (1990), S. 284-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Entropy ; Lung surfactant ; Monolayer, Free energy, Enthalpy ; Surface tension
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2760(90)90527-5
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Erythrocyte membrane elasticity during in vivo ageing
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 643 (1981), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Erythrocyte, Human, Rabbit) ; Ageing membrane ; Deformability ; Elasticity ; Microelastimetry
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(81)90072-9
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Measurements of the elasticity of monolayers consisting of lipids from nerve membranes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 689 (1982), S. 346-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Nerve membrane) ; Elasticity ; Longitudinal surface wave ; Monolayer ; Phospholipid
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(82)90268-1
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of intracellular Ca^2^+ and proteolytic digestion of the membrane skeleton on the mechanical properties of the red blood cell membrane
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 905 (1987), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Human erythrocyte) ; Calcium ion, intracellular ; Elasticity ; Erythrocyte membrane ; Lateral diffusion ; Membrane skeleton ; Potassium channel ; Surface viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(87)90022-8
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The stress-strain relation of the plasma membrane of isolated plant protoplasts
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 643 (1981), S. 663-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rye leaf protoplast) ; Elasticity ; Lysis ; Membrane tension ; Plasma membrane
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2736(81)90363-1
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    The elastic properties of aluminum at high temperatures
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 48 (1987), S. 603-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3697
    Keywords: Elasticity ; diffusion ; grain boundary ; modulus defect ; relaxation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022-3697(87)90147-8
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    The interaction between alkyl derivatives and elastin
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biophysical Chemistry 21 (1985), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0301-4622
    Keywords: Alkyl derivative ; Atherosclerosis ; Binding ; Elasticity ; Elastin ; Glass transition
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0301-4622(85)85013-4
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  • 12
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    Earthquake induced damage in an historic area: the September–October 1997 seismic sequence which affected Assisi, Central Italy (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Assisi Earthquake ; Seismology ; Historic buildings ; Umbria-Marche ; Seismic microzonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La sequence sismique de septembre–octobre 1997 qui a affecté l'une des régions historiques les plus importantes d'Italie Centrale a mis en évidence que l'impact économique des tremblements de terre de magnitude modérée peut être considérable. En ce qui concerne la vulnerabilité du patrimoine artistique et architectural, on a constaté que des trésors inestimables pouvaient subir des dégâts importants même lors de secousses modérées. On attire l'attention sur le fait qu'un microzonage sismique ne pourra être efficace que si l'on prend en compte non seulement l'activité sismique passée mais aussi l'historique des développements urbains.
    Notes: Abstract  The September–October 1997 seismic sequence in one of the most important historic areas of Central Italy showed that the economic impact of earthquakes of only moderate magnitude can be high. In view of the vulnerability of the artistic and architectural heritage, priceless treasures in such towns as Assisi are very susceptible to damage as a consequence of such seismic events. Attention is drawn to the fact that for seismic microzonation to be effective, it is essential that not only the past seismic activity but also the history of the urban developments is taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100640050026
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoelastic Equilibrium of Bodies in Generalized Cylindrical Coordinates (1998)
    Springer
    Georgian mathematical journal 5 (1998), S. 521-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9176
    Keywords: Elasticity ; thermoelasticity ; transversally isotropic body ; thermoelastic equilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Using the method of separation of variables, an exact solution is constructed for some boundary value and boundary-contact problems of thermoelastic equilibrium of one- and multilayer bodies bounded by the coordinate surfaces of generalized cylindrical coordinates ρ, α, z. ρ, α are the orthogonal coordinates on the plane and z is the linear coordinate. The body, occupying the domain Ω = {ρ0 〈 ρ 〈 ρ1, α0 〈 α 〈 α1, 0 〈 z 〈 z 1}, is subjected to the action of a stationary thermal field and surface disturbances (such as stresses, displacements, or their combinations) for z = 0 and z = z 1. Special type homogeneous conditions are given on the remainder of the surface. The elastic body is assumed to be transversally isotropic with the plane of isotropy z = const and nonhomogeneous along z. The same assumption is made for the layers of the multilayer body which contact along z = const.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:GEOR.0000008130.94207.f5
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  • 14
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    A Contact Problem of the Interaction of a Semi-Finite Inclusion with a Plate (1999)
    Springer
    Georgian mathematical journal 6 (1999), S. 489-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9176
    Keywords: Elasticity ; elastic mixtures ; general representations ; integral Fredholm equations ; boundary value problems ; splitted boundary value problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A piece wise-homogeneous plane made up of twodifferent materials and reinforced by an elastic unclusion is considered on a semi-finite section where the different materials join. Vertical and horizontal forces are applied to the inclusion which haz a variable thichness and a variable elasticity modulus. Under certain conditions the problem is reduced to integrodifferential equations of third order. The solution is constructed effectively by applying the methods of theory of analytic functions to a boundary value problem of the Carleman type for a strip. Asymptotic estimates of normal contact stress are obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022932902050
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  • 15
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    Application of Analogues of General Kolosov–Muskhelishvili Representations in the Theory of Elastic Mixtures (1999)
    Springer
    Georgian mathematical journal 6 (1999), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9176
    Keywords: Elasticity ; elastic mixtures ; general representations ; Fredholm integral equations ; boundary value problems ; splitted boundary value problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The existence and uniqueness of a solution of the first, the second and the third plane boundary value problem are considered for the basic homogeneous equations of statics in the theory of elastic mixtures. Applying the general Kolosov–Muskhelishvili representations from [1], these problems can be split and reduced to the first and the second boundary value problem for an elliptic equation which structurally coincides with the equation of statics of an isotropic elastic body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022904308409
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Point force and edge dislocation in a two-phase anisotropic medium (1996)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 47 (1996), S. 617-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Keywords: Elasticity ; composite material ; Green's function ; plane problem ; anisotropy ; point force ; dislocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Green's functions are derived for the in-plane deformation due to an in-plane point force and edge dislocation acting at a point in a plane of two joined semi-infinite anisotropic plates. The Lekhnitskii's complex potential approach is used, and a general expression of the solutions is obtained in closed-form. Including the case of an isotropic-anisotropic two-phase medium and the case of an isotropic-isotropic two-phase medium, the solutions are given for all possible combinations of materials with either s1 ≠ s2 or S1=s2, where si and s2 are the roots of the characteristic equation of the material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00914875
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Green's functions for a point force and dislocation outside an elliptic inclusion in plane elasticity (1996)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 47 (1996), S. 894-905 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Green's function ; inclusion ; plane problem ; point force ; dislocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The plane elasticity problem of an infinite plate containing an elliptic inclusion is considered. The Green's functions for a point force and/or a dislocation located outside the inclusion are derived. By using the complex potential approach of Muskhelishvili, the general solutions are obtained in a form of carefully selected functions plus an infinite series. The numerical convergence of the solutions is better than that of Stagni-Lizzio's solutions. The proposed solutions can also be applied to the case of a point force and dislocation acting at a point right on the interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920040
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  • 18
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    Elasticity and movements of the cockroach tarsus in walking (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 157-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Insect ; Walking ; Elasticity ; Tarsus ; Joints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Anatomical, kinematic and ablation studies were performed to evaluate the contribution of elasticity in use of the cockroach tarsus (foot) in walking. The distal tarsus (claws and arolium) engages the substrate during the stance phase of walking by the action of a single muscle, the retractor unguis. Kinematic and ablation studies demonstrated that tarsal disengagement occurs at the end of stance, in part via the action of elastic elements at the penultimate tarsal joint. In isolated legs, this joint exhibits very rapid (less than 20 ms duration) recoil to extension when released from the engaged position, and recoil is even more rapid (less than 10 ms) after removal of the retractor tendon (apodeme). The joint also possesses an enlarged cuticular condyle which is the attachment for ligaments and articular membranes, some of which fulfill morphological criteria consistent with the presence of the elastic protein resilin. Measurements of restoring forces generated by joint displacement indicate that they are graded but could readily lift the mass of the distal tarsus. This biomechanical design can facilitate efficient use of the tarsus in walking while under active control by only a single muscle and may also be highly advantageous when cockroaches very rapidly traverse irregular terrain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050374
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  • 19
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    The energy demand elasticity in relation to gross domestic product - A relevant indicator?
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 8 (1986), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Energy demand
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(86)90023-X
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  • 20
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    The dynamic stability of OPEC's oil price mechanism
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 14 (1992), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Mechanism ; Speed of adjustment and stability ; Target price
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(92)90026-A
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  • 21
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    Residential energy demand: additional empirical evidence by minority household type
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 15 (1993), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Minority v majority households
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(93)90027-O
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  • 22
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    The demand for gasoline: a comment on the cross-section analysis by Drollas
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 9 (1987), S. 287-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Energy policy ; Gasoline demand
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(87)90036-3
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  • 23
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    Gasoline demand and supply under a disequilibrium market
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 6 (1984), S. 276-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Disequilibrium ; Elasticity ; Price-adjustment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(84)90007-0
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  • 24
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    Relationships between stem structure and bending strength in Pinus radiata seedlings (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 86-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; Stem deformation ; Nitrogen ; Stem form ; Elasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings from nine families of Pinus radiata were grown in a glasshouse under conditions of high and low nitrate nitrogen availability to investigate effects on anatomical and strength characteristics of stems. Families were classified into groups dependent upon their previously determined susceptibility to stem deformation prevalent in plantations established on fertile ex-pasture. Nitrogen treatments significantly affected seedling form in terms of both branch production and stem slenderness. The high N treatment resulted in shorter seedlings, a proportion of which were obviously stunted. Stem strength of seedlings, physically supported throughout the experiment, was assessed as stem lean at harvest as well as the bending strength of the fresh stem at 50% stem height. These two variables were found not to be correlated. Stem lean at harvest was greatest in families known to be susceptible to stem deformation. These families produced stems that were also more slender than families of low susceptibility. Increased stem lean was associated mostly with increased stem slenderness while elasticity was more influenced by pith diameter, stem density and wood radius.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225474
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  • 25
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    Strength and structure of stems from fast grown Pinus radiata (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; Stem strength ; Elasticity ; Lignin ; Microfibril angle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Segments of living stems from 2-year-old, fast growing Pinus radiata, established on a fertile ex-pasture, were examined in terms of their bending strength parallel to the grain. Stem anatomical and structural variables were examined to identify variables that could explain variation in bending strength. Half of the seedlings were physically supported to minimise the confounding effects of compression wood production in response to environmental stresses. Differences between seedlings and cuttings were examined. Variation in microfibril angle and lignin content was sufficient to account for 81% of the variation in bending strength. A positive correlation between both of these variables and elasticity was evident. Few differences were found to be caused by the support treatment or between seedlings and cuttings. The support treatment resulted in significantly fewer branches in the top most whorl, while cuttings had less branches in this whorl than seedlings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199612
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  • 26
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    Deformable models (1988)
    Springer
    The visual computer 4 (1988), S. 306-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Modeling ; Animation ; Deformation ; Elasticity ; Dynamics ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We develop physically-based models of deformable curves, surfaces, and solids for use in computer graphics. Our deformable models are governed by the mechanical laws of continuous bodies whose shapes can change over time. These laws, expressed in the form of dynamic differential equations, unify the description of shape and motion. By solving the equations numerically we are able to create realistic animations involving the interaction of deformable models with various applied forces, ambient media, and impenetrable obstacles in a simulated physical world. We develop deformable models capable of perfectly elastic behavior and more general inelastic behavior, including viscoelasticity, plasticity, and fracture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01908877
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  • 27
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    Dynamic contour: A texture approach and contour operations (1995)
    Springer
    The visual computer 11 (1995), S. 277-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Active contour methods ; Segmentation ; Image processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The large morphometric variability in biomedical organs requires an accurate fitting method for a pregenerated contour model. We propose a physically based approach to fitting 2D shapes using texture feature vectors and contour operations that allow even automatic contour splitting. To support shrinkage of the contour and obtain a better fit for the concave parts an area force is introduced. When two parts of the active contour approach each other, it divides. The contour undergoing elastic deformation is considered as a set of masses linked by springs with their natural lengths set to zero. We also propose a method for automatic estimation of some model parameters based on a histogram of image forces along a contour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01898405
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    Three-dimensional shapes of looped DNA (1996)
    Springer
    Meccanica 31 (1996), S. 235-271 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: DNA double helix ; Thin rod ; Equilibrium ; Kirchhoff's analogy ; Elasticity ; Bifurcation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Si analizzano le configurazioni di equilibrio di una molecola chiusa di DNA per mezzo di un modello di trave sottile, omogenea, isotropa e linearmente elastica, con sezione circolare. La configurazione di equilibrio di una tale trave, inizialmente rettilinea e poi ritorta, soggetta a forze esterne e momenti solo alle sue estremità, è descritta dalla soluzione di equazioni identiche a quelle che governano il moto di un girostato simmetrico in rotazione intorno ad un punto fisso in un campo gravitazionale (l'analogie di Kirchhoff). Per poter rappresentare l'equilibrio del cappio di DNA, il modello di trave deve essere racchiuso in un anello, Il corrispondente problema al contorno consiste in un sistema di quattro equazioni nonlineari rispetto a quattro parametri. Le soluzioni del problema fuori del piano vengono ottenute tramite l'analisi perturbativa ed una procedura di continuazione al variare di un parametro. Si discutono le modifiche di configurazione del sistema per diversi valori dei parametri.
    Notes: Abstract The equilibrium shapes of a closed DNA are investigated by employing a model of a thin, homogeneous, isotropic, linearly elastic rod of circular cross section. An equilibrium configuration of such an initially straight and twisted rod, submitted to external forces and moments at its ends only, obeys equations identical to those governing the rotation of a symmetric gyrostat spinning about a fixed point in a gravitational field (the Kirchhoff analogy). To represent the equilibrium of the looped DNA, the model rod must be smoothly closed into a ring. The corresponding BVP results in a system of four nonlinear equations with respect to four parameters. The perturbation analysis and the parameter continuation approach are used to find nonplanar solutions. The conformation change is discussed for various values of parameters.
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    On Variational Approaches to Plate Modes (1997)
    Springer
    Meccanica 32 (1997), S. 143-156 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Reissner–Mindlin plate theory ; Solid mechanics.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The three basic functionals of potential energy, complementary energy and Hellinger–Prange–Reissner are usedto obtain a rational derivation of Reissner–Mindlinplate models, starting from the three-dimensional theory.We show that the models so obtained are instances of the same plate theory; nevertheless, due to the different constitutive relations governing their response, they mimic the three-dimensional behaviour in three different manners.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004271405217
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    Equal Curvature and Equal Constraint Cantilevers: Extensions of Euler and Clebsch Formulas (1997)
    Springer
    Meccanica 32 (1997), S. 493-503 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Equal curvature ; Equal constraint ; Structural mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The flexure of cantilevers is one of the early problems, if not the first, to have been studied by the elasticity theoreticians. One considers axisymmetrical rods and rectangular section beams. This investigation concerns the case where the maximum stress is constant (Galilei-Euler-Clebsch problem) as well as the case where the curvature of the medium fiber is constant. For both cases, it is shown that the equations to solve belong to the same class. The research was into thickness distributions replying to those conditions under various loading cases. At the free end, the distributions obtained degenerate into a family for which the thickness is null, but contrary to a widely held opinion, they also and naturally give forms showing a finite thickness at this end. The proposed distributions have a general form which has not been found in the literature treating elasticity theory or strength of materials [1-9]. They are extensions of Euler and Clebsch formulas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004278131928
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    Two instructive instabilities in non-linear elasticity: Biaxially loaded membrane, and rubber balloons (1996)
    Springer
    Meccanica 31 (1996), S. 387-395 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Stability ; Elasticity ; Solid Mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario I solidi elastici si ‘svergolano’ sotto carichi di compressione, cioè le soluzioni diventano non-univoche e biforcano, e il solido diventa instabile. Fenomeni simili possono avvenire anche in trazione, come qui si mette in evidenza esaminando una membrana quadrata tesa simmetricamente secondo due direzioni: la rottura della simmetria fa perdere unicità alla soluzione. Sotto carico non-simmetrico, le curve carico-deformazione divengono non-monotone, e quindi compare una isteresi che riflette una catastrofe di piegatura, come segnalato per primo da Kearsley [1]. I palloni sottili hanno relazioni raggio-pressione non monotone, il che suggerisce proprietà di stabilità non banali. Si presenta un'analisi di stabilità per due pallon interconnessi, che parte da quelle di Dreyer et al. [2] e Kitsche et al. [3] e le sviluppa.
    Notes: Abstract Elastic bodies buckle under compressive loads, i.e. solutions become non-unique, they bifurcate and the body becomes unstable. Similar phenomena occur in tension as is evidenced here by the symmetric biaxial loading of a square membrane. Symmetry breaking removes the non-uniqueness. Under non-symmetric loading the load-deformation curves become non-monotone, consequently a hysteresis occurs which is the reflection of a fold-type catastrophy. This instructive instability was discovered by Kearsley [1]. Here we investigate it more fully and present some additional aspects. Balloons have non-monotone pressure-radius relations which suggest non-trivial stability properties. A stability analysis is presented for two interconnected balloons. In this we follow — and expand on — the analyses presented by Dreyer et al. [2] and Kitsche et al. [3].
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    A note on the optimal state of a binary solid mixture in a stressed elastic bar (1996)
    Springer
    Meccanica 31 (1996), S. 519-525 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Bar ; Elasticity ; Phase equilibrium ; Thermomechanics of continua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Si considerano le possibili configurazioni di equilibrio di una sbarra composta da una miscela solida di due materiali elastici, posta in posizione verticale e soggetta, oltre al campo gravitazionale, ad una azione, forza o spostamento applicato, in corrispondenza di una estremità. Si suppone che, in ogni sezione trasversale, il modulo di Young della sbarra dipenda solo dal rapporto locale fra i due componenti della miscela in quella sezione e che questa dipendenza soddisfi la diseguaglianza di Paul [2]. Viene mostrato che fra tutte le possibili disposizioni dei due materiali base presenti all'interno del corpo in quantità assegnata, quella che corrisponde ad un minimo per l'energia potenziale prevede che uno dei due componenti si separi dall'altro, concentrandosi in un singolo strato orizzontale. Questo risultato suggerisce che quando un cilindro composito è sottoposto a queste sollecitazioni, i suoi materiali costituenti tenderanno a diffondersi e, alla fine, a separarsi.
    Notes: Abstract We consider the potential energy of the equlibrium configuration under gravity and prescribed vertical forces or displacement of a vertical bar which is composed of a mixture of two elastic materials. It is supposed that in each horizontal cross section the mixture has an effective Young's modulus which depends only on the ratio of the two materials in that cross section, and that the dependence satisfies the bound of Paul [2]. It is shown that among all arrangements of the constituents with a given volume fraction, the smallest potential energy is attained when one of the materials is segregated in a single horizontal layer. This result suggests that when a composite cylinder is kept in such a state of strain, its constituent material will eventually diffuse into this segregated state.
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    On Small-Displacement Waves in Prestressed Bodies with Isotropic Incremental Elasticity Tensor (1997)
    Springer
    Meccanica 32 (1997), S. 505-514 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Linear theory ; Residual stresses ; Waves motions in solids ; Mechanics of solids.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a body at rest in a prestressed configurationκwhich responds elastically to small incremental displacements fromκthe incremental elasticity tensor is supposed isotropic. On the basis of the paper [1] we characterize the conditions for the propagation of longitudinal, transverse, and oblique small-displacement waves superimposed toκFormulae for the propagation speeds of these waves are written in terms of the prestress components and Lamparameters. The amplitudes of longitudinal and transverse waves are eigenvectors for the prestress.
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    The rigid inclusion with highest penetration (1991)
    Springer
    Meccanica 26 (1991), S. 149-153 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Elasticity ; shape optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Un'inclusione clinidrica rigida con sezione trascersale di area limitata e forma variabile è immersa in un mezzo elastico infinito. Avendo supposto che la sezione possegga un asse di simmetria e che sia spinta nel mezzo da una forza agent secondo tale asse, si pone il problema di trovare il profilo della sezione per cui è massima la penetrazione. Una risposta si può dare solo per due classi particolari di domini in elasticità piana.
    Notes: Abstract A cylindrical bounded rigid inclusion with cross section of bounded area and variable shape is embedded in an infinite elastic medium. Assuming that the cross section possesses an axis of symmetry and that it is pushed into the medium by a force acting in the direction of this axis, the question arises of finding the section's profile for which penetration is highest. A solution is found only for two particular classes of domains in plane elasticity.
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    Difference equations approach to the analysis of layered systems (1992)
    Springer
    Meccanica 26 (1992), S. 195-209 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Elasticity ; layered systems ; difference equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Nell' articolo vengono esaminate, sulla base di equazioni alle differenze, strutture di tipo ‘catena’. Si mettono in rilievo i vantaggi di un tale approccio. Per i sistemi complessi sono state ottenute equazioni alle differenze sia in termini di trazioni che spostamenti. Vengono stabiliti legami con altri metodi. Si fa un'analisi dettagliata del caso in cui la soluzione per un singolo strato ě rappresentata sotto la forma della serie di Fourier (integrale). Vengono esposti pure risultati pratici.
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of chain-like structures is tackled on the basis of difference equations. The advantages of such an approach are outlined. Difference equations for layered systems are derived both in terms of tractions and displacements. Interconnections with other methods are stated. Detailed analysis is given for the case when solution for a single layer is presented by Fourier series (integrals). Practical conclusions are driven at.
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    Transverse Decay of Solutions in an Elastic Cylinder (1998)
    Springer
    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 577-585 
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    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Circular cylinder ; Transverse decay ; Elasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In a semi‐infinite cylinder composed of anisotropic linearised elastic material, loaded on the base and clamped along the lateral surface, it is known that the solution as measured, for example, by the strain‐energy flux through a plane cross‐ection decays longitudinally at most exponentially with respect to the axial distance from the base. There is, however, also a transverse radial decay of the solution, again measured for example by the strain‐energy, occurring from the region close to the cylinder's axis to the region near the lateral surface, where the energy vanishes. This problem is considered in the present paper which discusses a circular semi‐infinite cylinder and derives an estimate for the strain‐energy contained in a cylindrical annulus at a given distance from the base and of variable height, and whose outer surface coincides with the lateral surface of the cylinder. It is shown that the strain‐energy decays at most algebraically to zero as the inner radius of the annulus increases to that of the cylinder. Sommario. E'noto che in un cilindro semi‐infinito composto da materiale elastico lineare anisotropo, caricato sulla base ed incastrato lungo la superficie laterale, la soluzione elastica, misurata, per esempio, dal flusso di energia di deformazione attraverso una sezione trasversale piana, decade con legge al più esponenziale con la distanza dalla base. C'è tuttavia, anche un decadimento radiale della soluzione, misurato, per esempio, dall'energia di deformazione che passa dalla regione vicina all'asse del cilindro a quella vicin alla superficie laterale dove l'energia si annulla Questo problema è qui studiato. Si discute in particolare un cilindro circolare semi‐infinito e si deduce una stima per l'energia di deformazione contenuta in un anello cilindrico ad una distanza assegnata dalla base e di altezza variabile, e la cui superficie esterna coincide con la superficie laterale del cilindro. Si dimostra che l'energia di deformazione decade al più con legge algebrica a zero quando il raggio interno del cilindro si avvicina a quello esterno.
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    The detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions (1995)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 16 (1995), S. 495-532 
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    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion detection and recognition ; Seismology ; Remote sensing ; Radioactivity ; Ionospheric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society's Joint Association for Geophysics and VERTIC (the Verification Technology Information Centre) held in London in 1992. The topics presented focused on the detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions. The objective of the meeting was to emphasize the multi-methodological approach that is important in verifying compliance with test-ban treaties. An overview of seismological monitoring was followed by a discussion of the technical and scientific aspects of a global seismic monitoring network, and in particular of the 1991 experiment to test the large-scale international exchange of seismic data between recording stations and data centres world-wide. The current capabilities of satellite remote-sensing were presented, and their use explained in terms of both the provision of information for monitoring the development of foreign nuclear testing programmes and also for providing sufficient information for the evaluation of treaty compliance. A review of radio-isotope sampling showed how the isotopic signature of both air and ground based sampling programmes can be diagnostic of the nuclear source. Finally, previously classified research on the ionospheric effects of underground nuclear explosions was presented, the generated acoustic waves disturbing the ionosphere and producing detectable changes in the reflection of radio and radar signals which have potential as a monitoring technique.
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    Limiting polytope geometry for rigid rods, disks, and spheres (1969)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 1 (1969), S. 179-225 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Rigid spheres ; Rigid disks ; Rigid rods ; Elasticity ; High pressure ; Polytopes ; Convexity ; Crystal anharmonicity ; Pair correlation functions ; Multidimensional geometry ; Crystalline order ; Crystal defects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The available configuration space for finite systems of rigid particles separates into equivalent disconnected regions if those systems are highly compressed. This paper presents a study of the geometric properties of the limiting high-compression regions (polytopes) for rods, disks, and spheres. The molecular distribution functions represent cross sections through the convex polytopes, and for that reason they are obliged to exhibit single-peak behavior by the Brünn-Minkowski inequality. We demonstrate that increasing system dimensionality implies tendency toward nearest-neighbor particle-pair localization away from contact. The relation between the generalized Euler theorem for the limiting polytopes and cooperative “jamming” of groups of particles is explored. A connection is obtained between the moments of inertia of the polytopes (regarded as solid homogeneous bodies) and crystal elastic properties. Finally, we provide a list of unsolved problems in this geometrical many-body theory.
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    After-Effects of Electrolytically diffused hydrogen in the second-order elastic coefficient of poynting’s effect in nickel and steel (1992)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 14 (1992), S. 1105-1113 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Elasticity ; elastic constants ; vibration ; Diffusion ; migration and displacement of impurities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary If hydrogen is diffused electrolytically in a metal, it subsequently escapes out if the metal is left to itself. However this hydrogen-treated metal does not totally regain the original magnitudes of its various physical properties,e. g., thermo e.m.f., electrical resistivity, elastic modulii etc. This effect has also been observed in the second-order elastic effect (the Poynting effect) in nickel and two varieties of steel. Measurements were carried out first before hydrogen diffusion. The samples were electrolytically diffused with hydrogen and the left to themselves for a few days and the measurements were repeated. The changed values of the coefficient of Poynting effect are discussed in terms of the dislocations created by in-and out-going hydrogen.
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    On the first stationary boundary-value problem of elasticity in weighted Sobolev spaces in exterior domains of R3 (1996)
    Springer
    Applied mathematics & optimization 34 (1996), S. 183-190 
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    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Exterior domains ; First boundary-value problem ; Weighted Sobolev spaces ; Stokes problem ; 35 ; 73 ; 76
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper solves the first boundary-value problem of elasticity both in interior and exterior domains ofR 3. The equations are set in weighted Sobolev spaces for exterior domains that describe the decay of the functions at infinity. The results established include existence, regularity, and convergence of iterations of the solution.
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    Higher mode dispersion measurement (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1274-1283 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface-wave dispersion ; Higher mode surface waves ; Italy, phase vel. of surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method is presented for the determination of higher mode dispersion over small distances, using two stations. From an intermediate focus earthquake it has been possible to measure the dispersion of the first and second Rayleigh modes in the period range 25–35 sec and 25–70 sec respectively. Using the almost linear array of Italian long-period stations TRI, BLZ, OLB an estimate of the average errors is also made.
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    Eine Verbesserung von Alsops Methode zur Bestimmung der Reflexions- und Transmissionskoeffizienten von Oberflächenwellen (1979)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1979), S. 1045-1049 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Alsop's method (1966) for the non-normal passage of surface waves through a vertical discontinuity is improved by using a new functional to be made stationary on the plane of discontinuity. The modified functional has the dimension of an energy flux and is characterized by the discontinuous surface wave displacements and stresses on the vertical discontinuity. Model calculations which were carried out for SV-waves and Love waves show that the new version of Alsop's method yields in all respects more consistent results than the old one.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Methode von Alsop (1966) für den Durchgang von schräg einfallenden Oberflächenwellen durch eine vertikale Diskontinuität wird durch Verwendung eines neuen Funktionals, das auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche stationär sein soll, verbessert Das modifizierte Funktional hat die Dimension eines Energieflusses und wird durch diejenige Spannungs- und Verschiebungsdiskontinuität charakterisiert, die durch das Oberflächenwellenfeld auf der Diskontinuitätsfläche erzeugt wird. Modellrechnungen für SV-Wellen und Lovewellen zeigen, daß die neue Version von Alsoos Verfahren in jeder Hinsicht konsistentere Ergebnisse als die bisherige liefert.
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    On intermediate-term earthquake prediction in central Italy (1990)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 134 (1990), S. 79-92 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; earthquake prediction ; self-similarity ; algorithm CN ; Central Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Time of Increased Probability (TIP) for the occurrence of a strong earthquake is determined in Central Italy. This is done with an algorithm that has been successfully applied in other regions of the world (algorithm CN, from the initials of California and Nevada, where the first diagnoses of TIPs were made). The use of normalized functions allows direct application of the orginal algorithm to the new region being studied, without anyad hoc adjustment of the parameters. Retrospective analysis carried on until 1986 shows that TIPs occupy 26 percent of the total time considered and precede four out of five strong earthquakes. Forward monitoring indicates the possible existence of a TIP started in May 1988. Several tests indicate that the results obtained are quite stable, even when using catalogues from different agencies. Apart from obvious practical interest, this research is essential for the worldwide investigation of self-similarity in the origin of strong earthquakes.
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    Triaxial testing of Lopez Fault gouge at 150 MPa mean effective stress (1994)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 142 (1994), S. 749-775 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; earthquakes ; friction ; faulting ; pore pressure ; consolidation ; dilatancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Triaxial compression experiments were performed on samples of natural granular fault gouge from the Lopez Fault in Southern California. This material consists primarily of quartz and has a self-similar grain size distribution thought to result from natural cataclasis. The experiments were performed at a constant mean effective stress of 150 MPa, to expose the volumetric strains associated with shear failure. The failure strength is parameterized by the coefficient of internal friction μ, based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Samples of remoulded Lopez gouge have internal friction μ=0.6±0.02. In experiments where the ends of the sample are constrained to remain axially aligned, suppressing strain localisation, the sample compacts before failure and dilates persistently after failure. In experiments where one end of the sample is free to move laterally, the strain localises to a single oblique fault at around the point of failure; some dilation occurs but does not persist. A comparison of these experiments suggests that dilation is confined to the region of shear localisation in a sample. Overconsolidated samples have slightly larger failure strengths than normally consolidated samples, and smaller axial strains are required to cause failure. A large amount of dilation occurs after failure in heavily overconsolidated samples, suggesting that dilation is occurring throughout the sample. Undisturbed samples of Lopez gouge, cored from the outcrop, have internal friction in the range μ=0.4–0.6; the upper end of this range corresponds to the value established for remoulded Lopez gouge. Some kind of natural heterogeneity within the undisturbed samples is probably responsible for their low, variable strength. In samples of simulated gouge, with a more uniform grain size, active cataclasis during axial loading leads to large amounts of compaction. Larger axial strains are required to cause failure in simulated gouge, but the failure strength is similar to that of natural Lopez gouge. Use of the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion to interpret the results from this study, and other recent studies on intact rock and granular gouge, leads to values of μ that depend on the loading configuration and the intact or granular state of the sample. Conceptual models are advanced to account for these descrepancies. The consequences for strain-weakening of natural faults are also discussed.
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    Determination of focal coordinates of near earthquakes in an area of unknown crustal parameters (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 667-673 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Hypocenter determination ; Focal coordinate determination ; Near earthquakes location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new computation method is described which determines the focal coordinates, theP n-andP G-velocity, the focal time and the Moho-depth in the case of near earthquakes. The method is provided especially for areas where the crustal parameters are insufficiently known. It presumes that the standard error ofP n-andP G-arrival times is a minimum. The problem turns out to represent the solution of a set of at least seven equations with seven unknown parameters. Four of these unknowns can be separated in advance. This leads to a considerable simplification. The three remaining unknowns are the focal coordinates. Their best fitting values are found by the gradient method. An example is presented which shows how errors can arise if the initial trial coordinate is chosen at an unfavourable position.
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    A review of rock mechanics studies in the United States pertinent to earthquake prediction (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 586-602 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Earthquake prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Premonitory phenomena such as dilatancy, creep, acoustic emission, and changes in seismic velocity and attenuation, electrical resistivity, magnetic moment, and gas emission, which occur before fracture of initially intact rock and before stick-slip on faults or between finely ground surfaces of rock, have been reviewed and discussed in relation to earthquake prediction. This review is restricted to the results of laboratory experiments that have been carried out in the United States of America.
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    A note on the approximate determination of the dispersion of Love waves in a laterally nonhomogeneous layer lying over a homogeneous half-space (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1170-1178 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Love waves ; Laterally nonhomogeneous layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rayleigh's principle and the concept of the local wave number have been utilised for the approximate determination of the dispersion of Love waves propagating in a laterally heterogeneous layer lying over a homogeneous half-space. The shear wave velocity and the rigidity in the surface layer have been assumed to decrease with the increase of the lateral distance from the origin. The range of validity of the dispersion equation obtained by this method has been examined critically. It was found that: (a) for existence of Love waves the minimum value of shear wave velocity in the layer must be less than that in the matter below, and (b) the phase velocity of Love waves decreases with the increase of the lateral distance from the origin.
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    Source mechanisms and microfracturing during uniaxial cycling of rock (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 151-166 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Source mechanisms ; Rock mechanics ; Microcracks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Focal mechanisms for 116 acoustic emission events associated with uniaxial cyclic loading of Westerly granite have been investigated using P-wave first-motions. Polarities were observed at eight transducers positioned on the sample to provide good azimuthal coverage. The P-wave radiation patterns can be fit by a quadrupole source but not by a simple pure tensional source. The predominant orientations of the two nodal planes for the quadrupole fit were subparallel to and perpendicular to the σ1 direction. Events with ‘close’ hypocenters, i.e., within a radius of 3 mm, display a remarkable similarity in focal mechanisms irrespective of the cycle or time within a cycle at which they occur. The polarity observations of 48 of 116 acoustic emission events could be fit with the simple quadrupole indicating that the microfracturing processes even in uniaxial compression often simplistically portrayed as propagating axial cracks are indeed quite complex.
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    Accuracy in measurements and the temperature and volume dependence of thermoelastic parameters (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 327-339 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Elasticity ; thermoelasticity ; piston-cylinder ; rectangular parallepiped resonance ; MgO ; NaCl ; Anderson-Grüneisen parameter ; equation of state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To obtain the temperatureT and volumeV (or pressureP) dependence of the Anderson-Grüneisen parameter δ T , measurements with high sensitivity are required. We show two examples:P, V, T measurements of NaCl done with the piston cylinder and elasticity measurements of MgO using a resonance method. In both cases, the sensitivity of the measurements leads to results that provide information about δ T (η,T), where η≡V/V 0 andV 0 is the volume at zero pressure. We demonstrate that determination of δ T leads to understanding of the volume and temperature dependence ofq=(∂ ln γ/∂ lnV) T over a broadV, T range, where γ is the Grüneisen ratio.
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    Contribution to phase velocity investigations of Rayleigh-waves in middle Europe (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1299-1306 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Rayleigh wave dispersion ; Phase velocity of Rayleigh waves ; German Dem. Rep., Rayleigh waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The phase velocity curve of Rayleigh-waves is determined for a profile crossing the area of GDR from south to north. Two different methods of seismogram processing are used which are discussed in detail. The phase velocities found are checked for compatibility. An inversion of a common phase velocity curve is done by using hedgehog procedure.
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    Velocities of elastic waves andv P/v S ratios in dry and water-saturated rock samples at high pressure (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 795-805 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: velocity changes ; Rock mechanics ; Fluids in porous media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Elastic wave velocities and the ratiov P/v S were studied for dry and initially saturated samples of carbonate and crystalline rocks at pressures to 2 kbar. In initially saturated samplesv P increases in crystalline rock, whereas in sedimentary rock it may either increase or decrease with increasing pressure. Under the same conditionsv S remains approximately constant in crystalline rocks and decreases in sedimentary samples. The ratiov P/v S as a function of pressure increases in dry rocks and decreases in saturated ones. Saturated samples always have higherv P/v S ratios than dry ones. It appears that the geometry of the pore space influences the acoustic properties of saturated crystalline rocks.
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    The gross features of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe from seismic surface waves and body waves (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1209-1213 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Phase velocity dispersion ; Rayleigh waves ; ‘Hedgehog’ inversion method ; Lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Long-period recordings of dispersive Rayleigh waves along numerous station lines, or ‘profiles’, in Europe have for the first time permitted a uniform inversion of these observations based on a new method of phase velocity regionalization. Regional dispersion relations obtained by this method have then been subjected to a complete inversion procedure commonly known as the ‘hedgehog’ method. The results are presented in a map outlining the thickness of the lower lithosphere (‘lid’) and the shear (S) velocities in both the ‘lid’ and the asthenosphere ‘channel’. A comparison of these results with the minimum compressional (P) wave velocities in the asthenosphere and their corresponding depths provides an estimate of theV p /V s ratio for the asthenosphere in the European area.
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    Friction of rocks (1978)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 615-626 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Friction ; Faulting surfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental results in the published literature show that at low normal stress the shear stress required to slide one rock over another varies widely between experiments. This is because at low stress rock friction is strongly dependent on surface roughness. At high normal stress that effect is diminished and the friction is nearly independent of rock type. If the sliding surfaces are separated by gouge composed of Montmorillonite or vermiculite the friction can be very low.
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    Fracture surface energy of olivine (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 866-872 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fracture energy ; Identation of minerals ; Rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A relatively simple indentation technique for the rapid measurement of fracture surface energy, Γ, of small samples is described. The reliability of this technique is assessed by testing soda-lime glass for which there are good independent fracture mechanics determinations of fracture surface energy. The indentation technique gives a value for Γ of 4.33 J m−2 which compares favourably with the accepted value of 3.8 J m−2. Fracture surface energies of the {010} and {001} cleavage planes of single crystal olivine (modal composition Fo88Fa12) are then determined and compared with theoretical estimates of the thermodynamic surface energy, γ, calculated from atomistic parameters (γ is equal to Γ in the absence of dissipative processes during crack extension). The experimental values for Г{010} and Г{001} are respectively 0.98 J m−2 and 1.26 J m−2. The calculated values of γ{010} and γ{001} are respectively in the range from 0.37 J m−2 to 8.63 J m−2 and 12.06 J m−2. The particular advantages of the indentation technique for the study of the fracture surface energies of geological materials are outlined.
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    An upper mantleP-wave velocity model for eastern and southern Africa (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 1262-1273 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; African Rift ; P-wave velocity beneath Africa ; Upper mantle structure for Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract AP-wave velocity model for the upper mantle beneath eastern and southern Africa is proposed. The top 250 km of the model is characterized by relatively low velocities similar to those deduced for the upper mantle beneath the western United States of America. At greater depths, the velocities gradually change to normal mantle values.
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    Travel-time residuals and three-dimensional velocity structure of Italy (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 583-606 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-wave residuals ; Three-dimensional velocity inversion ; Velocity structure of Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Jeffreys-Bullen P and PKP travel-time residuals observed at more than 50 seismic stations distributed along Italy and surrounding areas in the time interval 1962–1979, indicate the complex velocity pattern of this region. Strong lateral velocity inhomogeneities and low velocity zones are required to explain the observed pattern of residuals. In particular, late arrivals of about 1 sec are observed in the Apenninic mountain range, requiring both greater crustal thickness and low velocity layers, coherent with seismic refraction data and surface wave dispersion measurements. The seismic stations located in the Western and Eastern Alps indicate the presence of high velocities. In the Western Alps the strong azimuthal variation of residuals and the high values of early arrivals have a close relationship to the Ivrea body, an intrusive crustal complex characterized by a velocity as high as 7–7.2 km/sec. A travel-time inversion performed with theAki et al. (1977) block model, confirms the peculiar characteristics and the sharp variations in the lithosphere of the whole Italian region, with values of velocity perturbations between many adjacent blocks, ranging in size from 50 to 100 km, and independent from the earth parametrization chosen, reaching values up to 10% in the lithospheric part and 5% in the asthenosphere. 3-D inversion requires also high velocity along the Tyrrhenian coastal margin, equivalent to an uprise of major crustal and lithospheric discontinuities along this part of the Italian peninsula. Moreover low velocity material must be present in the northern part of the Adriatic foreland, in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system, closely related to the stress and seismicity pattern, and the lateral bending of the lithosphere in the same region.
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    Focus-of-attention techniques in the automatic interpretation of seismograms (1991)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 135 (1991), S. 61-75 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; seismic networks ; artificial intelligence ; expert systems ; automatic interpretation ; seismic event detection ; data compression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The focus-of-attention techniques implemented in SNA2, a knowledge-based system for seismogram interpretation, are presented. They consist of data compression of the input digital records, scanning of the compressed traces to detect candidate seismograms and extraction of seismogram features. A criterion is given to rate the clarity of seismograms; the clarity defines the order in which the system will consider them to build up the interpretation. The proposed techniques are simple and fast; they allow quick rejection of noise and focussing the attention of the system on the portions of traces containing relevant information.
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    A lithospheric model to interpret focal properties of intermediate and shallow shocks in central greece (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 655-666 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Greece ; Plate tectonics ; Focal mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An attempt has been made to interpret the striking difference, in focal properties, between the intermediate and shallow earthquakes in Central Greece and an observed time sequence of these shocks by a lithospheric model. This model consists of a lithospheric slab descending from the Ionian to the Aegean and a back-arc expanding Aegean lithosphere. Thrust faulting near the top surface of the slab, caused by the sinking of the slab, triggers spreading and normal faulting in the back-arc Aegean region.
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    Systematic variations of mean travel-time residuals in space and time (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 675-692 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; P wave residuals ; Travel-time anomalies ; Earthquake prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Mean travel-time residuals of P waves for the period 1964–1970 at stations in North America and Europe are well separated into large domains of positive and negative values. The spatial distribution of residuals in North America is in good agreement with the structure of the upper mantle obtained from Rayleigh wave dispersion and is in accord with magnitude anomalies and heat flow data. A systematic variation of residuals in time is found to be sensitive to major changes in the nature of the earthquake source distribution, as for example aftershocks, as well as to changes in methods of detection of first arrivals. Residuals at neighboring stations are correlated up to distances of the order of 2°. Half year mean residuals at stations within 2° distance from the epicenters of strong earthquakes have a sudden jump 1.5 years before the occurrence of an earthquake. A formal algorithm based on this pattern permits prediction of the times of all 16 earthquakes with magnitudeM≥7.5 occurring during the interval 1966–1972. Although the average duration of the alarm periods is about half the total time interval of the catalog, so that the algorithm has no practical importance, these results are statistically significant on a 99% level of confidence.
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    Transient disturbance produced in an elastic half-space by impulsive shearing traction distributed over a circular region (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 198-211 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; theoretical ; Cagniard's technique ; Elastic waves produced by shearing traction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The displacement produced in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic elastic medium by the application of shearing traction over a circular portion of the half-space has been evaluated in exact form by Cagniard's Technique (Cagniard, 1962;Gakenheimer andMiklowitz, 1969).
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    The effect of water on stress relaxation of faulted and unfaulted sandstone (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 634-654 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Strength of rocks ; Crack growth with water ; Rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of stress relaxation experiments have been carried out on faulted and intact Tennessee sandstone to explore the influence of pore water on strength at different strain rates. Temperatures employed were 20, 300 and 400°C, effective confining pressure was 1.5 kb and strain rates as low as 10−10 sec−1 were achieved. Most samples were prefaulted at 2.5 kb confining pressure and room temperature. This is thought to have secured a reproducible initial microstructure. The strength of the dry rock was almost totally insensitive to strain rate in the range 10−4 to 10−10 sec−1. In contrast, the strength of the wet rock decreased rapidly with strain rate at rates less than 10−6 sec−1. Brittle fracture of the quartz grains which constitute this rock is the most characteristic mode of failure under the test conditions used. The experimental data are discussed in terms of the possible deformation rate controlling processes, and it is suggested that in the wet experiments at intermediate to high strain rates (10−7 to 10−4 sec−1) the observed deformation rate is controlled by the kinetics of water assisted stress corrosion, whilst deformation at low strain rates (ca. 10−9 sec−1) is controlled by a pressure solution process. The results have implications for the rheology of fault rocks at depths of perhaps 10 to 15 km in sialic crust.
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    Velocity changes associated with generalized triaxial deformation of pyrophyllite (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 975-989 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Dilatancy-diffusion, Velocity changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Compressional and shear-wave velocities (V p andV s ) were measured during the generalized triaxial deformation (i.e.σ 1≠σ 2=2σ 3) of pyrophyllite. Observed velocity changes could be ascribed to crack development during dilatancy. Velocity changes were very localized with respect to the ultimate failure plane. The orientation and development of the failure plane was continuously observed with laser holography. Velocity reverals, i.e. changes from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend, were documented in a wet sample in bothV p andV s . These changes in bothV p andV p are inconsistent with dialatancy-diffusion models. The reversals were interpreted as a reflection of local stress reorientation caused by a slowly propagating fault.
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    Effects of magnesium deficiency on strength, mass, and composition of rat femur (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 44-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Stress ; Elasticity ; Mechanical properties ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Magnesium (Mg) participates in the normal formation and remodeling of bone. However, little is known about effects of Mg status on the biomechanical function of bone. We examined gross morphometry and composition as well as biomechanical properties of the femurs of male rats fed diets adequate or deficient in Mg. Comparison of deficient animals and controls yielded a number of differences (all significant at P〈0.05). Mg-depleted animals exhibited slow growth, inefficient food utilization, and greatly reduced concentrations of Mg in both serum and femur ash. Compared with controls, femurs from depleted animals were shorter, but wet weights, diameters, and midfemoral cross-sectional areas showed no differences. Bone length was reduced to a greater degree than could be accounted for by differences in body weights between the groups. Bones of Mg-deficient rats contained less dry matter and less ash (which contained more Ca/g) than those of controls, along with a higher percentage of moisture. Significantly reduced bone strength in depleted animals was evident from the lighter loads supported at the elastic limit (yield point) and at fracture and from decreased stresses accompanying those loads. Modulus of elasticity, however, was not affected by Mg depletion. Different yield and breaking loads were related to different body weights of groups, but stresses were reduced for deficient bones even after adjusting for body size. Our data establish abnormal biomechanical behavior of cortical bone in Mg-deficient animals and emphasize the importance of measuring such functional properties of bone in the assessment of responses to altered metabolic conditions under experimental conditions.
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    Elasticity of the pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12)-majorite (MgSiO3) garnets solid solution (2000)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 27 (2000), S. 445-452 
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    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Keywords Garnets ; Polycrystals ; Hot-pressing ; Elasticity ; Interferometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dense isotropic polycrystalline specimens of majorite-rich garnets (Py100, Py62Mj38, Py50Mj50, Py21Mj79 and Mj100) along the pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12 = Py100)-majorite (MgSiO3 = Mj100) join were fabricated in a 2000-ton uniaxial split-sphere anvil apparatus (USSA-2000) at pressures from 10 to 18.5 GPa and temperatures from 1200 to 1850 °C, within their stability fields in runs of 2–4-h duration, using hot-pressing techniques developed by Gwanmesia et al. (1993). These specimens are single-phased, fine-grained (≤5 mm), free of microcracks, and have bulk densities greater than 99% of the corresponding single-crystal X-ray density. Elastic compressional (P) and shear (S) wave velocities were determined at room pressure and temperature for these polycrystalline garnet specimens by phase comparison ultrasonic interferometry. For Mj100, the P and S wave velocities are within 1% of the Hashin-Shtrikman averages calculated from the single crystal elastic moduli measured by Brillouin spectroscopy. Both the elastic bulk modulus (K) and the shear modulus (G) decrease continuously with increasing majorite content from pyrope garnet (Py100) to pure majorite garnet (Mj100). The compositional dependence of K and G are given by K = 172.3 (40) − 0.085X, and G = 91.6 (10) − 0.038X, where X = mol% majorite), respectively, indicating that substitution of Si for Mg and Al decreases both K and G by about 5% along the solid solution series.
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    Thigmonasticity of thistle staminal filaments (1993)
    Springer
    Planta 190 (1993), S. 58-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Cirsium (cell wall) ; Cuticle ; Elasticity ; Thigmonasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Investigations of the longitudinal distribution of the extensibility of staminal filaments of the common thistle (Cirsium horridulum Michx.) showed that the base of the filaments (attachment to corolla) is almost twice as elastic as the apical portion (next to anthers). Boiling leads to a more uniform distribution of extensibility. Using a stress-strain analyzer we investigated the elastic properties of fresh, water-boiled, partially hydrolyzed (acid-boiled), and dehydrated filaments. Stress-strain curves of sinusoidally stretched sets of filaments revealed complex, non-linear behavior with an average modulus of elasticity of 5 MPa·m−2. The phase angle varied from approximately 18 degrees for 0.01-Hz deformations to 84 degrees at 2 Hz, indicating strong viscoelastic components. The viscoelasticity of the filaments indicates that the cell walls have a high ratio of pectin to cellulose. Boiling does not affect Young's modulus, but dehydration does. The technique of applying sinusoidal loads and the analysis of the stress-strain curves proves useful for the assessment of mechanical properties of cell walls, especially for non-growing or contractile tissues.
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    Direct turgor pressure measurements in individual leaf cells of Tradescantia virginiana (1980)
    Springer
    Planta 149 (1980), S. 445-453 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Leaf cells ; Tradescantia ; Turgor pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The water relations of leaves of Tradescantia virginiana were studied using the miniaturized pressure probe (Hüsken, E. Steudle, Zimmermann, 1978 Plant Physiol. 61, 158–163). Under well-watered conditions cell turgor pressures, P o, ranged from 2 to 8 bar in epidermal cells. In subsidiary cells P o was about 1.5 to 4.5 bar and in mesophyll cells about 2 to 3.5 bar. From the turgor pressure, relaxation induced in individual cells by changing the turgor pressure directly by means of the pressure probe, the half-time of water exchange was measured to be between 3 and 100 s for the epidermal, subsidiary, and mesophyll cells. The volumetric elastic modulus, ε, of individual cells was determined by changing the cell volume by a defined amount and simultaneously measuring the corresponding change in cell turgor pressure. The values for the elastic modulus for epidermal, subsidiary, and mesophyll cells are in the range of 40 to 240 bar, 30 to 200 bar, and 6 to 14 bar, respectively. Using these values, the hydraulic conductivity, L p, for the epidermal, subsidiary, and mesophyll cells is calculated from the turgor pressure relaxation process (on the basis of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes) to be between 1 and 55·10-7 cm s-1 bar-1. The data for the volumetric elastic modulus of epidermal and subsidiary cells indicate that the corresponding elastic modulus for the guard cells should be considerably lower due to the large volume changes of these cells during opening or closing. Recalculation of experimental data obtained by K. Raschke (1979, Encycl. Plant Physiol. N.S., vol. 7, pp 383–441) on epidermal strips of Vicia faba indicates that the elastic modulus of guard cells of V. faba is in the order of 40–80 bar for closed stomata. However, with increasing stomatal opening, i.e., increasing guard cell volume, ε decreases. Therefore, in our opinion Raschke's results would indicate a relationship between guard cell volume and ε which would be inverse to that for plant cells known in the literature. ε assumes values between 20–40 bar when the guard cell colume is soubled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385746
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    Turgor pressure and water transport properties of suspension-cultured cells of Chenopodium rubrum L. (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 151 (1981), S. 95-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell suspension culture ; Chenopodium ; Elasticity ; Immobilization ; Pressure probe ; Water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The turgor pressure and water relation parameters were determined in single photoautotrophically grown suspension cells and in individual cells of intact leaves of Chenopodium rubrum using the miniaturized pressure probe. The stationary turgor pressure in suspension-cultured cells was in the range of betwen 3 and 5 bar. From the turgor pressure relaxation process, induced either hydrostatically (by means of the pressure probe) or osmotically, the halftime of water exchange was estimated to be 20±10 s. No polarity was observed for both ex- and endosmotic water flow. The volumetric elastic modulus, ε, determined from measurements of turgor pressure changes, and the corresponding changes in the fractional cell volume was determined to be in the range of between 20 and 50 bar. ε increases with increasing turgor pressure as observed for other higher plant and algal cells. The hydraulic conductivity, Lp, is calculated to be about 0,5–2·10−6 cm s−1 bar−1. Similar results were obtained for individual leaf cells of Ch. rubrum. Suspension cells immobilized in a cross-linked matrix of alginate (6 to 8% w/w) revealed the same values for the half-time of water exchange and for the hydraulic conductivity, Lp, provided that the turgor pressure relaxation process was generated hydrostatically by means of the pressure probe. Thus, it can be concluded that the unstirred layer from the immobilized matrix has no effect on the calculation of Lp from the turgor pressure relaxation process, using the water transport equation derived for a single cell surrounded by a large external volume. By analogy, this also holds true for Lp-values derived from turgor pressure changes generated by the pressure probe in a single cell within the leaf tissue. The fair similarity between the Lp-values measured in mesophyll cells in situ and mesophyll-like suspension cells suggests that the water transport relations of a cell within a leaf are not fundamentally different from those measured in a single cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384243
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    Charging versus exclusion: Choice between recreation management tools (1981)
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 161-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Charging ; Exclusion ; Recreation management ; Consumers' surplus ; Distribution of recreational opportunity ; Substitute sites ; Intuitive expectations ; Visit rate ; Site carrying capacity ; Equilibrium price ; Elasticity ; Utility functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Overuse of recreation sites seems to justify regulation, and the principal tools for this are fee charging or physical exclusion. Both seem equally costly to administer. Both involve equal costs to consumers if recreationists visit from one origin, but if they come from different origins, costs may be greater and consumers' surplus less under either tool, depending on the shape of the demand curve. Which is the more equitable tool depends on the relative representation of rich and poor participants from near and distant origins. Potentially beneficial use of site revenues is an advantage of charging. Neither availability of substitutes nor variation in daily demand seems likely to change these results substantially, but a system of booking admissions before the trip outset might neutralize the advantages of charging. The optimal level of use varies with the regulatory tool chosen. The optimal admissions under exclusion could be fewer than or more than under charging, or may even be equal to unregulated use.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867335
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    Modeling elastic properties of microtubule tips and walls (1998)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 27 (1998), S. 501-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Microtubule ; Elasticity ; Competing curvatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electron micrographs of tips of growing and shrinking microtubules are analyzed and interpreted. The many shapes observed are all consistent with a simple mechanical model, a flexible tube with competing intrinsic curvatures. Observations are also consistent with growing and shrinking microtubules having the same intrinsic curvature for protofilaments, the one observed in oligomers peeling off shrinking microtubules. If this is so, the lateral bonds between protofilaments are responsible for the difference between shapes of tips on growing and shrinking microtubules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002490050160
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    Measurement of the elasticity of the actin tail of Listeria monocytogenes (2000)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 29 (2000), S. 134-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key wordsListeria monocytogenes ; Cell motility ; Actin gel ; Elasticity ; Optical tweezers ; Cell mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report biophysical experiments performed on the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, a model system to study actin-based motility. Using optical tweezers and electrophoresis experiments, we find that the bacterium is firmly attached to its tail, and we demonstrate that the tail responds as an elastic gel when deformed. We have measured its elastic modulus at a value of 103–104 Pa, which is 10 times higher than the rigidity of the eukaryotic cytoplasm. These results demonstrate that the bacterium and its tail form a very robust system, consistent with the steadyness of the motion observed in vivo. We propose an elastic model for the propulsion mechanism which takes into account the connection and thus the interaction between the actin filaments. It provides a generic description of the various aspects of actin-tail based movements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002490050258
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    The elastic deformability of closed multilayered membranes is the same as that of a bilayer membrane (1992)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 21 (1992), S. 251-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Multilayered membranes ; Elasticity ; Elastic constants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The elastic behavior of closed multilayered membranes is analyzed with the assumption that the constituent layers are in close contact but are unconnected in the sense that they are free to slide by one another. The system exhibits three independent elastic deformation modes for any number of the constituent layers equal to or larger than two. These are the area expansivity of the membrane neutral surface, and the local and non-local membrane bending. The corresponding elastic moduli are expressed in terms of the elastic moduli of the constituent layers, their areas, and distances between their neutral surfaces. Closed multilayered membranes only differ from a closed bilayer membrane in that for any of their shapes some of the constituent layers are expanded and some compressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185119
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    Shear circular dislocation loops investigated with elasticity theory and atomistic simulations (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 7 (2000), S. 25-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Copper ; Dislocation ; Elasticity ; Molecular dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The elastic fields of displacements, strains, and stresses for a shear circular loop are obtained with the Burgers formula. In addition, interactions between two shear circular loops are obtained based on elasticity theory. A series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on a shear circular partial dislocation loop in copper have been performed to examine the elastic solutions. It is found that the results of the MD simulations are in good agreement with those of elasticity theory for a loop with radius ∼7.5 nm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008766500345
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    Structural mechanics of carbon nanotubes: From continuum elasticity to atomistic fracture (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 173-182 
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    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Nanotechnology ; Fullerenes ; Fibers ; Elasticity ; Fracture ; Simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Motivated by recent observations of bent, collapsed and twisted carbon nanotubes, we investigate their behavior at large deformations. These hollow molecules behave remarkably similar to their macroscopic homologs. They reversibly switch into different morphological patterns, and each shape change corresponds to an abrupt release of energy and a singularity in the stress-strain curve. These transformations, simulated using a realistic many-body potential, are accurately described by a continuum-shell model. In contrast, a response to axial tension proceeds smoothly up to a fracture threshold, beyond which a monoatomic carbon chain unravels between the tube fragments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01185652
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    Complex hypersingular integral equation for the piece-wise homogeneous half-plane with cracks (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 102 (2000), S. 177-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Elasticity ; half-plane ; boundary integral equations ; hypersingular.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract New complex hypersingular integral equation (CHSIE) is derived for the half-plane containing the inclusions (which can have the different elastic properties), holes, notches and cracks of the arbitrary shape. This equation is obtained by superposition of the equations for each homogeneous region in a half-plane. The last equations follow from the use of complex analogs of Somigliana's displacement and stress identities (SDI and SSI) and Melan's fundamental solution (FS) written in a complex form. The universal numerical algorithm suggested before for the analogous problem for a piece-wise homogeneous plane is extended on case of a half plane. The unknown functions are approximated by complex Lagrange polynomials of the arbitrary degree. The asymptotics for the displacement discontinuities (DD) at the crack tips are taken into account. Only two types of the boundary elements (straight segments and circular arcs) are used to approximate the boundaries. All the integrals involved in CHSIE are evaluated in a closed form. A wide range of elasticity problems for a half-plane with cracks, openings and inclusions are solved numerically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007633814813
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    Interaction among a row of ellipsoidal inclusions (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 102 (2000), S. 371-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Elasticity ; body force method ; singular integral equations ; numerical analysis ; three-dimensional analysis ; stress concentration factor ; ellipsoidal inclusion.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the interaction among a row of N ellipsoidal inclusions of revolution is considered. Inclusions in a body under both (A) asymmetric uniaxial tension in the x-direction and (B) axisymmetric uniaxial tension in the z-direction are treated in terms of singular integral equations resulting from the body force method. These problems are formulated as a system of singular integral equations with Cauchy-type or logarithmic-type singularities, where unknowns are densities of body forces distributed in the r,θ,z directions. In order to satisfy the boundary conditions along the ellipsoidal boundaries, the unknown functions are approximated by a linear combination of fundamental density functions and polynomials. The present method is found to yield rapidly converging numerical results for interface stresses. When the elastic ratio E 1⇒E I/E M〉1, the primary feature of the interaction is a large compressive or tensile stress σn on the interface θ=0. When E 1⇒E I/E M〈1, a large tensile stress σθ or σt on the interface θ=1/2π is of interest. If the spacing b/d and the elastic ratio E I/E M are fixed, the interaction effects are dominant when the shape ratio a/b is large. For any fixed shape and spacing of inclusions, the maximum stress is shown to be linear with the reciprocal of the squared number of inclusions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007604809440
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    A method based on singularity theory to predict edge delamination of laminates (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 100 (1999), S. 105-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Elasticity ; composite materials ; delamination.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Delamination starting from a stress free edge is the main mode of failure of cross-ply laminates. The analysis of singularities and resulting stress concentrations at interfaces along these edges are not sufficient to provide a satisfying model of onset mechanisms. In particular, the model is by far less sensitive to the layers thickness than observed in traction experiments. A refined asymptotic process is proposed which takes into account the existence of surface flaws (micro-cracks or notches). Numerical results prove that this model is much more in agreement with the experiments. Moreover, the knowledge of the interface toughness, in addition with the experiments, allows to estimate a characteristic fracture length, a kind of process zone. It is a material property and in a first approximation it arises to be of the same order of magnitude than the characteristic inhomogeneity length of the components, i.e. the fibers diameter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018382422833
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    Elasticity of an upper mantle clinopyroxene (1998)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 26 (1998), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Pyroxene ; Elasticity ; Monoclinic ; Systematics ; ISS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The ambient pressure elastic properties of a natural clinopyroxene (C2/c symmetry) from Kilbourne Hole, NM have been determined. In terms of end-members, diopside (CaMgSi2O6), hedenbergite (CaFeSi2O6), jadeite (NaAlSi2O6), cosmochlor (NaCrSi2O6), and Mg-Tschermak (MgAl(AlSi)O6), its composition is Di72He9Jd3Cr3Ts12. The analytic density, based on chemistry and cell parameters is 3.327 (0.003) g/cm3. The elastic constants [c11, c12, c13, c15, c22, c23, c25, c33, c35, c44, c46, c55, c66] are [273.8 (0.9), 83.5 (1.3), 80.0 (1.1), 9.0 (0.6), 183.6 (0.9), 59.9 (1.6), 9.5 (1.0), 229.5 (0.9), 48.1 (0.6), 76.5 (0.9), 8.4 (0.8), 73.0 (0.4), 81.6 (1.0)] GPa where uncertainties are reported at the 95% confidence level. The aggregate (mean of Hashin-Strikman bounds) adiabatic bulk modulus is 117.2 (0.7) GPa, and the shear modulus is 72.2 (0.2) GPa. Although measured moduli are broadly consistent with trends in elasticity versus atomic volume, deviations from the systematics would produce significant (percent level) changes in calculated velocities for candidate mantle mineral assemblages. The compositional dependence of elasticity for several clinopyroxenes is explored on the basis of just the Di+He and Jd+Ts mole fractions. The bulk modulus lies within experimental uncertainties of the linear mixture of end-member properties while the shear modulus deviates by 3%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690050156
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    Thigmonasticity of thistle staminal filaments (1991)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 163 (1991), S. 174-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Thigmonasticity ; Cuticle ; Elasticity ; Extensibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Touching stimulates thistle (Cirsium horridulum Michx.) staminal filaments to rapidly shorten to approximately 70% of their original length. The filaments subsequently re-elongate and regain contractibility within 10min. This thigmonastic movement can be repeated at least 10 times in detached flowers. Filament length is reduced by bathing in 1 M sorbitol, indicating that length change depends on variation in turgor pressure, as is also indicated by plasmolysis observed in contracted filaments. Contraction also depends upon elastic properties of the cuticle. These properties of the cuticle are resistant to boiling in water, chloroform or acid, and treatment with proteases, protein denaturants, sulfatases, and many cell wall degrading enzymes, but are sensitive to cutinase, β-glucuronidase, and boiling in 1 M NaOH. Analysis of carbohydrates from flowers boiled in 1 N NaOH showed that most galacturonic acid residues were extracted from filaments but not from petals (which are inelastic). The filament galacturonic acid residues may form a part of the cuticular contractile mechanism, and/or they may facilitate the bending of the vascular and cortical cells that occurs during contraction. Our results indicate that the elasticity of the stretched cuticle provides the force for the contraction of the filaments and the build-up of turgor causes re-elongation.
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    Viscoelastic properties of the wrist motor servo in man (1984)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 12 (1984), S. 599-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Stretch reflex ; Muscle ; Elasticity ; Viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Viscoelastic properties play an important role in posture and movement. Such properties arise from muscle mechanics and from stretch-reflex actions. We describe experiments designed to characterize both linear and nonlinear elastic and viscous properties of the wrist motor servo in human subjects. First, we describe a trial comparison method for the identification of reflex responses that are unmodified by triggered reaction-time movements. Elastic properties were studied by applying step changes in load force that stretched or released the wrist flexor and extensor muscles. The properties were basically spring-like, but there was a short-range enhancement of stiffness that gave rise to a prominent hysteresis. Viscous properties were studied by applying ramp stretches at different velocities. Both EMG and force responses showed a weak fractional-power dependence on velocity similar to that described recently for muscle spindle receptors. Consideration is given to the possible advantages of this type of nonlinear feedback in the damping of postural responses and movements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371452
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    Mechanical and biochemical analyses of tibial compartment fascia in chronic compartment syndrome (1994)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 22 (1994), S. 272-279 
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    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Chronic compartment syndrome ; Fascia ; Elasticity ; Viscoelasticity ; Collagen ; Collagen crosslinking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Increases in compartment pressure associated with chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) may be due to changes in the mechanical properties and/or thickness of fascia (4,22). To explore this possibility, we compared the mechanical and biochemical characteristics (stiffness, thickness, time-dependent response, collagen content, and collagen crosslinking) of fascia from patients with symptomatic anterior compartment syndrome to fascia from adjacent collateral compartments. We tested 43 specimens harvested from 20 individuals during surgical fasciectomy. Properties of normal (lateral)-compartment (NC) and pathological (anterior)-compartment (PC) fascia were mechanically tested in the axial and transverse directions forming four groups. An external control group (EX) of six specimens of anterior and lateral-compartment fascia harvested from amputated legs was also included in the study. PC fascia was found to be thicker and structurally stiffer (elastic modulus times thickness) in the axial direction than was NC fascia (p≤0.05). No significant differences were found between NC and PC time-dependent response, although significant differences between percent relaxation in the pooled axial and transverse direction specimens were observed. No differences were found in the collagen content, as measured by hydroxyproline (Hyp) concentration, between NC and PC fascia. PC fascia was found to have less collagen crosslinking by hydroxylyslpyridinoline (HP) concentration. In conclusion, although this study does not elucidate etiological factors in CCS, the changes found in PC fascia suggest that fascial mechanical properties contribute to the pathology.
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    Elasticity of the crystal-like, amorphous solid-like, and liquid-like structures in deionized suspensions of colloidal silica spheres (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 873-883 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Elasticity ; suspension structure ; colloidal crystals ; colloidal silica ; reflection spectroscopy ; viscometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Elastic moduli (G) of deionized suspensions of colloidal silica spheres (diameters=45–192 nm; standard deviations of sphere size divided by the mean diameter=0.05–0.21; surface charge densities=0.33–0.94 μC/cm2; volume fractions of sphere (ϕ)=0.019–0.21) have been determined by the reflection spectrum measurements in a sedimentation equilibrium and the rotatory viscometry. TheG-values are 56–460 Pa (ϕ=0.019–0.051), 330–890 Pa (0.06–0.09), and 100 Pa (0.025) for the crystal-like, amorphous solid-like, and liquid-like structures, respectively. TheG-values seem to be in the order amorphous solid-like 〉 crystal-like 〉 liquid-like at the same sphere concentration. The suspension structures and their elastic moduli are highly influenced by the sizes and their monodispersities of the spheres. These results support that the electrostatic intersphere repulsion and the long Debye-screening length around the spheres are important for the appearance of the suspension structures.
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    A Note on Elasticity and Price Dispersions in the Music Recording Industry (2000)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 17 (2000), S. 465-470 
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    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Elasticity ; music recording industry ; oligopoly ; price dispersions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The present note examines price dispersions inthe music recording industry between new release andmid-line (older) recordings. The model employs theframework developed within the industrial economicsliterature and provides empirical results suggestingthat new release prices are lower than those ofmid-level recordings. This result follows fromdiffering buyer characteristics and varying levelsof close substitutes, leading to higher demandelasticities for new release recordings. Finally,the theoretical expectations should hold in thepresence of either significant scale economies ormodest minimum efficient scales of production.
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    The petrography, structure and mechanical behaviour of coals (1987)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 5 (1987), S. 331-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; coal ; compressive strength ; petrography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study is to determine the parameters which influence coal's mechanical behaviour. The two coals examined (HBL, Simon, France and Barro Banco, Brazil) structurally originated from different deposits. The differences are readily explained by the contrasting composition of vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain. Their mechanical behaviour is linked to their petrographical composition. The Lorrainain coal behavioural pattern was evaluated. It is elastobrittle or elastoplastic with progressive failure. Brazilian coal behaves according to a pattern of elastoplastic with progressive failure or perfect elastoplastic.
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    Rock mechanics applied to shaft pillar mining (1990)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 8 (1990), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; shaft pillar ; mine design ; numerical modeling ; finite-elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The Bureau of Mines is investigating methods for evaluating and optimizing shaft designs for deep metal mines. This paper describes one such project at the Homestake Mine in Lead, SD. To determine a safe approach for the extraction of ore from the Ross Shaft pillar at Homestake, a basic rock mechanics approach has been taken that involves laboratory testing, field measurements, and computer modelling. The results of the study show that ore bodies in the Ross pillar can be mined safely and that the shaft will remain in elastic rock. On the basis of this work, other mines can develop finite-element modelling to evaluate the stability of mine openings and increase resource recovery.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920649
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    Rheological properties of fresh and cryopreserved human arteries tested in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 39 (2000), S. 461-468 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Key words In vitro tests ; Elasticity ; Human artery ; Cryopreservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cryopreservation is widely used to preserve blood vessels for a while but is controversially suspected to affect the mechanical behavior of these allografts. The aim of this study was to determine whether differences in the three-dimensional mechanical behavior exist or not between fresh and cryopreserved arteries. Using a previously developed experimental system, in vitro inflation tests were performed on twenty segments of human fresh and cryopreserved arteries, in static conditions. Opening angles were also measured from images of rings in zero-stress state. The initial reference state was chosen as the unloaded state and tests were performed on specimens stretched at natural “in vivo” length. Mechanical measures calculated are “natural” (Hencky) strains (finite deformations), “true” (Cauchy) stresses in radial, circumferential, and longitudinal directions as well as strain energy per unit volume. Tangent moduli are derived from radial and circumferential stress-strain characteristics using non-linear curve fitting. Values of incremental and pressure-strain elastic parameters, wall stiffness, and compliance per unit length are also calculated. Results are presented in terms of characteristics of stresses and strains in the three directions, axial force, tangent moduli vs strains or stresses, and energy per unit volume, for both types of artery, with reference to transmural pressure. Detailed numerical results are given at mean transmural pressure or in the physiological range. Significant differences are indicated by statistic Student T-tests. Results obtained show that significant differences exist between rheological properties of fresh and cryopreserved segments of human artery. Strains, stresses, axial force, strain energy, and wall stiffness values highlight those differences whereas elastic parameters, compliance, and opening angle do not. The usefulness of some parameters to compare the mechanical behavior existing between fresh and cryopreserved arteries is therefore underlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003970000110
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    Effect of sample dimensions, lubrication and deformation rate on uniaxial compression of gelatin gels (1985)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 24 (1985), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Elasticity ; gel ; compression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The response of 10% gelatin gels to uniaxial compression is determined in part by frictional effects at the gel-platen interface. By using teflon-coated plates, lubricated with paraffin or silicone oil, these frictional effects are effectively eliminated. The stress-strain response can then be described by the two-constant Mooney-Rivlin relation, the sum of the two parameters (C 1 +C 2 ) being about 25% lower in lubricated compression than the value obtained in simple shear and torsion. Cross-head speed (for total testing times of 0.2–3 min) had no effect on material response, but long-term stress relaxation does occur over periods of about 30 min and longer. Sample radius did not affect the response in lubricated compression but had a major effect under unlubricated conditions. No systematic change in response was seen with sample diameter to height (aspect) ratios between 9.6 and 3.1 in lubricated compression, but data scatter for a given sample diameter was worst at the lowest heights (highest aspect ratio). Agreement of all true stress versus strain data was within about ± 7% regardless of sample height or deformation rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01332607
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    Application of a new separation analyzer for the characterization of dispersions stabilized with clay derivatives (2000)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 278 (2000), S. 369-374 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words Separation analyzer ; Organoclay dispersions ; Elasticity ; Emulsion stability ; Emulsions stabilized by clay derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a newly developed separation analyzer is demonstrated by characterization of the sedimentation kinetics and the swelling behavior of organoclays in binary solvent mixtures (toluene/cyclohexane) as well as by investigation of oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by clay derivatives. The automatic measuring system – LUMiFuge 114 – is based on a special centrifuge with an integrated optoelectronic sensor system which allows the measuring of spatial and temporal changes of light transmission during the rotation in a variable centrifugal field (12–1200g). By using the new device a fast and reproducible characterization of settling behavior and dispersion stability was possible. Moreover, the evaluation of the long-term stability of samples with high separation stability as well as of the heterogenity of the separation process, the sample transparency and the elasticity of the sediment as a function of alternating centrifugal force could be carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960050527
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    Rock mass mechanical characteristics in an opencut at bor copper mine (1976)
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 8 (1976), S. 153-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; opencut ; shearing tests ; geophysics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Erforschung von Charakteristiken der Felsmassen am Tagebau des Kupferbergwerks Bor Die Erforschung mechanischer Charakteristiken erfolgte im Gefüge von Forschungsarbeiten zum Projekt des neuen mit vorgesehener Tiefe von etwa 300 m geplanten Tagebaues. Von der Analyse des Charakters von Forschungsarbeiten für ein derartig großes technisches Vorhaben sowie auch der Analyse von grundlegenden strukturellen und physikalischen Charakteristiken der Felsmassen (Rissigkeit, Anisotropie, Heterogenität und Naturspannungszustand) ausgehend, wurde klar auf die Orientierungsnotwendigkeit der Forschungen von mechanischen Charakteristiken auf Untersuchungen in situ hingewiesen. Als Untersuchungsergebnisse werden aufgeführt: Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von elastischen longitudinalen Wellen, Elastizitätsmoduln, Beschädigungskoeffizienten und Parameter des Scherwiderstandes.
    Abstract: Résumé Etude des caractéristiques mécaniques des roches à la minière de cuivre de Bor à ciel ouvert L'étude des caractéristiques mécaniques a été faite dans le cadre des investigations pour le projet d'une nouvelle minière dont la profondeur prévue est de 300 m approximativement. L'analyse du caractère des investigations nécessaires pour un projet technique d'une telle portée, ainsi qu'une analyse des caractéristiques structurales et physiques des roches (fissuration, anisotropie, hétérogénéité, contraintes naturelles) ont montré indubitablement que les investigations des caractéristiques mécaniques doivent être exécutés in situ. On a présenté aussi les résultats de ces investigations: vitesse de propagation des ondes élastiques longitudinales, module d'élasticité, coéfficient d'endommagement, et les paramètres de la résistence au cisaillement.
    Notes: Summary Rock Mass Mechanical Characteristics in an Opencut at Bor Copper Mine Preliminary testing for the design of the new opencut, which will go to a depth of about 300 m, included testing rock mechanical characteristics. The character of the preliminary testing demanded by an engineering undertaking of this scale and the fundamental structural and physical properties of rock masses (fissuring, anisotropy, heterogeneity, natural stresses) are discussed and it is emphatically concluded that priority should go to in situ testing. Results are presented of determinations of the velocity of propagation of longitudinal elastic waves, elasticity modulus, coefficient of damage and shear strength parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239812
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    Analysis of dynamic disturbance on rock burst (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1999), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Rock burst ; Rock mechanics ; Brittle failure ; Finite element analysis ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'accumulation d'énergie de déformation élastique dans la roche est la cause interne principale des coups de terrain. Cependant, une sollicitation dynamique peut constituer un important facteur externe, déclenchant fréquemment ce phénomène. L'article discute du mécanisme de sollicitation dynamique et de sa contribution au coup de terrain, prenant appui sur une simulation numérique relative à un exemple tiré d'une usine hydroélectrique en Chine.
    Notes: Abstract  The accumulation of elastic strain energy in the rock is the main internal cause of rock burst. However, dynamic disturbance is an important external factor, frequently triggering this phenomenon. The paper discusses the mechanism of dynamic disturbance and its contribution to rock burst using numerical simulation based on an example from a hydropower station in China.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100640050046
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    Anisotropic elastic bending models of DNA (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of biological physics 22 (1996), S. 227-243 
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    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Keywords: Anisotropy ; DNA bending ; DNA curvature ; Elasticity ; Finite element methods ; Sequence dependent stiffness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simplified elastic rod models of DNA were developed in which the rigidity of DNA is sequence dependent and asymmetrical, i.e. the bending is facilitated towards the major groove. By subjecting the models to bending load in various directions perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of DNA, the bending deformation and the average conformation of the models can be estimated using finite element methods. Intrinsically curved sequence motifs [(aaaattttgc)n, (tctctaaaaaatatataaaaa)n] are found to be curved by this modelling procedure whereas the average conformation of homopolymers and straight motifs [(a)n, (atctaatctaacacaacaca)n] show negligible or no curvature. This suggests that sequence dependent asymmetric rigidity of DNA can provide an explanation in itself for intrinsic DNA curvature. The average rigidity of various DNA sequences was calculated and a good correlation was found with such quantities as the free energy change upon the binding of the Cro repressor, the base stacking energy and the thermal fluctuations at room temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401875
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    The small anisotropy formulation of elastic deformation (1989)
    Springer
    Acta applicandae mathematicae 14 (1989), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 73C20 ; 73C25 ; 73C50 ; 73G05 ; 73G10 ; Elasticity ; constitutive relations ; specific internal energy ; shear modulus ; hyperelasticity ; isotropic ; anisotropy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The specific internal energy defines the constitutive relation (stress-strain function) in elastic deformations. We introduce a form for the specific internal energy that expresses the idea of small anisotropy. In this formulation, only one parameter is needed to specify the anisotropic part of the deformation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307216
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    Migration of seismic data (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 76 (1994), S. 703-723 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Seismology ; migration ; scalar wave equation ; parallel computing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Prospecting for oil and gas resources poses the problem of determining the geological structure of the earth's crust from indirect measurements. Seismic migration is an acoustic image reconstruction technique based on the inversion of the scalar wave equation. Extensive computation is necessary before reliable information can be extracted from large sets of recorded data. In this paper a collection of “industrial” migration techniques, each giving rise to a data parallel algorithm, is outlined. Computer simulations on synthetic seismic data illustrate the problem and the approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02188682
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    Precision calculation of elasticity for percolation (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 44 (1986), S. 211-223 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Elasticity ; percolation ; conductivity ; critical exponents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Monte Carlo transfer matrix evaluation of the elastic constants at the percolation threshold of the random-bond honeycomb lattice, with widths of up to 96 and lengths of about two million lattice constants (roughly 200 hours CDC Cyber 205 vector computer time) gave a critical exponentT=3.96±0.04 with a logarithmic correction term. This exponent agrees well with the scaling hypothesisT=t+2v=3.97, relatingT to the two-dimensional conductivity exponent.
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    Elastic modulus of the human intact left ventricle—determination and physiological interpretation (1975)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 13 (1975), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Human left ventricle ; Modulus ; Stress/strain ; Thick-walled model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Le ventricule gauche (VG) est représenté par une enveloppe musculaire dont la performance est caractérisée par la pression de la chambre et la contrainte et la déformation sur la paroi ventriculaire; le module d'élasticité ventriculaire effectif du VG décrit la relation entre ces variables de la performance et représente donc la fonction du transfer du système physiologique du ventricule gauche. On présente une méthode de détermination indirecte du module effectifE du ventricule gauche. La méthode fait usage d'un modèle mathématique à paroi épaisse du VG et ayant un milieu isotropique homogène. On détermine des valeurs instantanées deE pour des sujets atteints de maladies cardiaques à étiologies variables, de façon à évaluer la réponse du VG aux surcharges chroniques de pression et de volume. Les valeurs résultantes deE sont utilisées diagnostiquement pour caractériser l'état physiologique du VG. Des valeurs normales de,E à la systole indiquent que la force de la contraction exercée par le VG est normale et qu'il s'est donc ajusté à la maladie cardiaque.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das linke Ventrikel (LV) wird als Muskelschale dargestellt, dessen Leistung durch Kammerdruck und Beanspruchung der Ventrikulärwand beschrieben wird. Das effektive elastische Modul des LV bringt diese Leistungsvariablen aufeindander in Bezug und stellt daher die Ubertragungsfunktion des linken physiologischen Ventrikelsystems dar. Es wird ein Verfahren zur indirekten Bestimmung des effektiven Moduls (E) für das linke Ventrikel dargestellt. Das Verfahren verwendet das starkwandige mathematische Modell eines LV mit einem homogenen isotropen Medium. Sofortige E-Werte werden für Fälle mit Herzkrankheiten verschiedener Ursachen betimmt, um die Reaktion des LV auf chronische Überbelastung durch Druck und Volumen zu beaurteilen. Die sich für E ergebenden Werte werden diagnostisch dazu verwendent, den physiologischen Zustand des LV zu bestimmen. Normale Werte für E bei Systole bedeuten, daß die vom LV ausgeführte Kontraktion normal stark ist, was bedeutet, daß sich das LV auf die Herzkrankheit eingestellt hat.
    Notes: Abstract The left ventricle (l.v.) is represented as a shell of muscle whose performance is characterised in terms of the chamber pressure and stress/strain in the ventricular wall; the effective elastic modulus of the l.v. relates these peerformance variables, and hence represents the transfer function of the left ventricular physiological system. A method is presented for indirectly determining the effective modulusE for the left ventricle. The method employs a thick-walled mathematical model of the l.v. having a homogeneous isotropic medium. Instantaneous values ofE are determined for subjects with heart diseases of varied etiologies, in order to assess the responses of the l.v. to chronic overloads of pressure and volume. Resulting values forE are used diagnostically to characterise the physiological state of the l.v. Normal values ofE, at systole, indicate that the strength of contraction exercised by the l.v. is normal, and hence is an indication of the l.v. having adjusted to the heart disease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02477722
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    Elastic and strength properties of canine long bones (1977)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 72-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Bone ; Elasticity ; Mechanical strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mechanical properties of canine long bones have been determined. The mean and standard deviation of the maximum load supported by six fresh canine femurs in 3-point bending was 1366±253 N. In all cases, the bones sustained a considerable amount of plastic deformation before failure. The modulus of elasticity (GN/m2), ultimate tensile stress (MN/m2) and yield stress (MN/m2) were 13·86, 108·3 and 88·3 for six humeral specimens and 13·88, 142·1 and 104·0 for 13 tibial specimens, respectively. The tibial specimens showed a statistically significant higher ultimate strength than the humeral specimens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441578
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    Hydrodynamics of blood flow through the inferior vena cava (1977)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 248-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Haemodynamics ; Inferior vena cava ; Negative-resistance effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire La veine cave inférieure est un vaisseau affaissable soumis á des variations de la pression de respiration. Les observations cliniques sur le corps humain démontrent que, au cours d'une aspiration profonde, l'accroissement de la pente de pression propulsive provoque l'affaissement de la veine cave inférieure près du diaphragme, et réduit paradoxalement la circulation sanguine. Les empreintes faites au cours des autopsies démontrent qu'il se produit une constriction élastique fortement localisée à l'endroit où la veine cave inférieure, traverse le diaphragme. Un modèle mécanique passif, comportant une constriction élastique semblable, présente le même comportement paradoxal de résistance négative, conformément aux principes de l'écoulement à travers des tubes affaissables.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Vena cava inferior ist ein kollabierendes Gefäss, das Respirationsdruckschwankungen unterliegt. Klinische Beobachtungen an Menschen zeigen, dass ein Anstieg in dem propulsiven Druckgefälle bewirkt, dass die untere Hohlvene nahe der Membrane kollabiert und paradoxerweise daher den Blutstrom reduziert. Postmortale Abbildungengen zeigen, dass eine stark lokalisierte elastiche Verengung daher den Blutstrom reduziert. Postmortale Abbildungen zeigen, dasse eine stark lokalisierte elastische Verengung eintritt, wo die untere Hohlvene durch die Membrane führt. Ein passives mechanisches Modell mit einer ähnlichen elastischen Verengung zeigt ein ähnliches paradoxes oder negatives Widerstands-Verhalten, das den Prinzipien über den Strom durch kollabierende-Gefässe entspricht.
    Notes: Abstract The inferior vena cava (i.v.c.) is a collapsible vessel which is subject to respiratory pressure variations. Clinical observations on humans show that, during deep inspiration, an increase in the propulsive pressure gradient causes the i.v.c. to collapse near the diaphragm and paradoxically reduces the blood flow. Postmortem casts show that there is a sharply localised elastic constriction where the i.v.c. passes through the diaphragm. A passive mechanical model, incorporating a similar elastic constriction, exhibits similar paradoxical or negative-resistance behaviour, which is in accordance with the principles governing flow through collapsible tubes.
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    Reflection from elastic discontinuities (1983)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 21 (1983), S. 697-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Elasticity ; Pressure pulse ; Propagation ; Reflection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Elastic mismatching is studied by an impulse technique. Elastic mismatches are created by joining two latex rubber tubes of the same internal diameter but different wall thickness. A short duration pressure impulse is generated at the entrance of the water-filled tube system and the transmission characteristics of the impulse are determined from a series of measurements along the tube system using a catheter-tip pressure manometer. This technique enables the magnitude and phase change of the reflection at the elastic discontinuity to be obtained. A number of tube combinations are examined and in all cases a good agreement is shown between the measured reflection coefficient and the value calculated theoretically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464032
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    Anisotropy of Young's modulus of human tibial cortical bone (2000)
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 38 (2000), S. 333-338 
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    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Biomechanics ; Cortical bone ; Young's modulus ; Anisotropy ; Elasticity ; Ultrasonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The anisotropy of Young's modulus in human cortical bone was determined for all spatial directions by performing coordinate rotations of a 6 by 6 elastic stiffness matrix. The elastic stiffness coefficients were determined experimentally from ultrasonic velocity measurements on 96 samples of normal cortical bone removed from the right tibia of eight human cadavers. The following measured values were used for our analysis: c 11 =19.5 GPa, c 22 =20.1 GPa, c 33 =30.9 GPa, c 44 =5.72 GPa, c 55 =5.17 GPa, c 66 =4.05 GPa, c 23 =12.5 GPa. The remaining coefficients were determined by assuming that the specimens possessed at least an orthorhombic elastic symmetry, and further assuming that c 13 =c 23 , c 12 =c 11 –2c 66 . Our analysis revealed a substantial anisotropy in Young's modulus in the plane containing the long axis of the tibia, with maxima of 20.9 GPa parallel to the long axis, and minima of 11.8 GPa perpendicular to this axis. A less pronounced anisotropy was observed in the plane perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia. To display our results for the full three-dimensional anisotropy of cortical bone, a closed surface was used to represent Young's modulus in all spatial directions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347055
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    Controllability and Stabilization in Elasticity, Heat Conduction and Thermoelasticity: Review of Recent Developments* (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of global optimization 17 (2000), S. 353-386 
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    ISSN: 1573-2916
    Keywords: Approximation ; Elasticity ; Exact and approximate controllability ; Heat equations ; Stabilization ; Thermoelasticity ; Thermoviscoelasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to review developments in exact and approximate controllability as well as stabilization of elastic, thermoelastic, and thermo-viscoelastic bodies. Heat equations are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026596405554
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    A convenient device for hemispherical projection plotting in rock mechanics (1988)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 6 (1988), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; hemispherical projection ; discontinuity plotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00880805
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