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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 221-232 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Nonrenewable resources ; Cost-benefit analysis ; Future incremental costs ; Technological advance ; Discounting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In cost-benefit analysis, natural resources, like other factors of production, should be costed as a mixture of marginal social cost of exploiting additional resources and lost marginal social benefit of forgone alternative uses, according to the way in which extra resources are made available to a project. For a nonrenewable resource, changes in future marginal social cost and marginal social benefit are likely to add significantly to the immediate elements of cost, as successively less tractable resource stocks are exploited. Of the several reasons given for ignoring these future costs, the most plausible is that technological advance justifies a heavy discount on the future. However, neither historical nor logical arguments demonstrate the inevitability of efficacious technological advance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 233-242 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Nonrenewable resources ; Cost-benefit analysis ; Probabilistic analysis ; Shadow prices ; Technological advance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the uncertainty that surrounds the future availability of nonrenewable natural resources and the efficacy of technological advance, the economic costing of resources should be undertaken probabilistically. While optimistic assumptions entail little change from the costing procedures used in conventional cost-benefit analysis, even moderately pessimistic assumptions lead to a much increased cost for nonrenewable resources. These lead in turn to a reappraisal of the value of investment and of the cost ascribed to other factors of production. Even when optimistic assumptions are deemed the more plausible, a utility-maximizing evaluation may still give more emphasis to pessimism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 406 (2000), S. 290-293 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Tropospheric water vapour is a key element of the Earth's climate, which has direct effects as a greenhouse gas, as well as indirect effects through interaction with clouds, aerosols and tropospheric chemistry. Small changes in upper-tropospheric water vapour have a much larger impact on ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Risk analysis 20 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The reasons commonly given for discounting future costs and benefits are doubtfully applicable to future injuries: in particular, time preference justifies neither inter- nor intragenerational discounting. The cost of future injuries could be discounted on grounds that a smaller sum, invested at interest, is needed to pay a given level of ex post monetary compensation the further in the future the injury occurs. This effect is offset, however, by the diminishing marginal utility of compensation, if consumption is otherwise increasing. Depending on the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption, on whether consumption is growing at an optimal rate, and on the time period considered, the implicit discount rate may be positive, zero, or negative (even indefinitely so). There is no prospect of conventional discounting dealing appropriately with the cost of injuries to either future or present generations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: solubilisation ; eluent gel permeation chromatography ; micelles ; copolymers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential of a chromatographic method which is based on elution gel chromatography (EGPC) in the study of solubilisation of drugs in micellar solutions. Methods. The EGPC method differs from conventional GPC in the use of a solution of the associating surfactant as eluent (rather than solvent) and the injection of a small volume of solution of different concentration (or alternatively injection of solvent alone) to probe the association equilibrium in the eluent. The technique was applied to a study of the solubilisation of selected drugs in aqueous micellar solutions of a triblock copolymer (Synperonic-PE F127) composed of oxyethylene [E, OCH2CH2] and oxypropylene [P, OCH2CH(CH3)] units with nominal molecular formula E98P67E98. Results. EGPC curves were obtained showing vacancy peaks at the elution volumes of the drugs, clearly demonstrating their solubilisation. In addition, the micelle-molecule equilibrium of the copolymer surfactant could be monitored at all times. Quantitative determination of the partition of solute between micelles and solvent phase was not possible due to the incomplete conversion of molecules to micelles in solutions of the selected copolymer. Conclusions. The EGPC technique provides evidence for the solubilisation of the drugs in aqueous solutions of Synperonic F127; a more thorough assessment of its potential for quantitative measurement of solubilisation requires the use of a surfactant which is wholly (or at least mainly) in the micellar state under the conditions of use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 252 (1974), S. 629-629 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR,?R. B. Cater's complaint (Nature, November 29) that 70.4% of all inquiries for a reprint spelt his name wrongly, is not as bad as he makes out. It is a firm principle in science that the worth of any man's work is independent of that man's non-intellectual attributes, such as mere name. Far ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 5 (1981), S. 161-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Charging ; Exclusion ; Recreation management ; Consumers' surplus ; Distribution of recreational opportunity ; Substitute sites ; Intuitive expectations ; Visit rate ; Site carrying capacity ; Equilibrium price ; Elasticity ; Utility functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Overuse of recreation sites seems to justify regulation, and the principal tools for this are fee charging or physical exclusion. Both seem equally costly to administer. Both involve equal costs to consumers if recreationists visit from one origin, but if they come from different origins, costs may be greater and consumers' surplus less under either tool, depending on the shape of the demand curve. Which is the more equitable tool depends on the relative representation of rich and poor participants from near and distant origins. Potentially beneficial use of site revenues is an advantage of charging. Neither availability of substitutes nor variation in daily demand seems likely to change these results substantially, but a system of booking admissions before the trip outset might neutralize the advantages of charging. The optimal level of use varies with the regulatory tool chosen. The optimal admissions under exclusion could be fewer than or more than under charging, or may even be equal to unregulated use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 545-554 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Electrophonics ; ELF ; Leonids 1999 ; meteors ; radio waves ; VLF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For more than 200 years large meteors entering the atmosphere have been observed to produce audible sounds simultaneously with the optical flash. Since sound waves travel much slower that visible light, the only explanation was that electromagnetic waves produced by the meteors induce a vibration in a transducer close to the observer, producing an audible sound, known as electrophonics. To check this hypothesis, continuous measurements of low frequency electromagnetic waves were performed during the Leonids meteor storm on the night of 18 November, 1999. The analyses of the data indicate distinct electromagnetic pulses produced by the incoming meteors. Many of the weaker incoming meteors that could not be seen visibly were also detected electromagnetically, with a peak rate of approximately 15,000 meteors per hour occurring at the peak of the storm, nearly 50 times the visible rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Keywords: Fire regime ; fire scenarios ; climate change ; tropical vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Investigations of the ecological, atmospheric chemical, and climatic impacts of contemporary fires in tropical vegetation have received increasing attention during the last 10 years. Little is known, however, about the impacts of climate changes on tropical vegetation and wildland fires. This paper summarizes the main known interactions of fire, vegetation, and atmosphere. Examples of predictive models on the impacts of climate change on the boreal and temperate zones are given in order to highlight the possible impacts on the tropical forest and savanna biomes and to demonstrate parameters that need to be involved in this process. Response of tropical vegetation to fire is characterized by degradation towards xerophytic and pyrophytic plant communities dominated by grasses and fire-tolerant tree and bush invaders. The potential impacts of climate change on tropical fire regimes are investigated using a GISS GCM-based lightning and fire model and the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas-Induced Climate Change (MAGICC).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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