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  • General Chemistry  (8,394)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (7,755)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
  • 1970-1974  (10,435)
  • 1930-1934  (7,544)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Ablator manufacturing (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Studies are being conducted to determine how manufacturing-induced defects affect the performance of ablative heat shields. If commonly occurring defects do not affect material performance, simpler manufacturing techniques can be used, quality control requirements can be relaxed, repair and rework operations can be held to a minimum, and thus the total manufacturing cost can be reduced.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA Space Shuttle Technol. Conf.; p 475-504
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  • 2
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    Manufacturing developments in insulation application (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Manufacturing development studies have been conducted to provide information on the fabrication and handling characteristics of a number of candidate multilayer insulation systems. The application of these complex, lightweight insulation systems to large-scale, flight-type cryogenic tankage and other structures has of necessity required the development of new methods, processes, and tooling concepts. Results of some of the studies that have contributed to the advancement of cryogenic technology are presented. The insulation systems that are of primary importance for future application are those using the sliced foam spacers, the net type spacers, the glass fiber paper spacers, and the Superfloc system which consists of tufts of dacron fibers flocked on the surface of the radiation shields.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Cryog. Res. at MSFC: Res. Achievements Rev., Vol. 4, No. 2; p 73-92
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  • 3
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    Design for advanced insulation systems (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The design of principal multilayer insulation (MLI) systems being investigated by Marshall Space Flight Center and its contractors for application to flight-type cryogenic tankage for long-term storage in space vehicles is described. The MLI systems were designed for application to a 105 in. diameter cryogenic test tank to simulate full-scale design and installation methods representative of flight-type hardware. The MLI systems selected for design represent systems suitable for use on space vehicles such as the modular nuclear vehicles that require application of thicknesses up to 6 in. The MLI systems are lightweight and structurally efficient.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Cryog. Res. at MSFC: Res. Achievements Rev., Vol. 4, No. 2; p 53-72
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  • 4
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    Multilayer high performance insulation materials (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A number of tests are required to evaluate both multilayer high performance insulation samples and the materials that comprise them. Some of the techniques and tests being employed for these evaluations and some of the results obtained from thermal conductivity tests, outgassing studies, effect of pressure on layer density tests, hypervelocity impact tests, and a multilayer high performance insulation ambient storage program at the Kennedy Space Center are presented.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Cryog. Res. At MSFC: Res. Achievements Rev., Vol. 4, No. 2; p 93-98
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  • 5
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    Fire extinguishment in hypobaric and hyperbaric environments (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Work that has been performed to provide information on the effects of various fire extinguishing agents in special atmospheres is discussed. Data used in the development of both equipment and techniques for manned spacecraft and related equipment are discussed. The equipment includes a hypobaric chamber suitable for low pressure use and a hyperbaric chamber for high pressure operation. The effectiveness of agents in weightless environment is also discussed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Conf. on Mater. for Improved Fire Safety; p 163-169
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  • 6
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    The combustion process (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The effect of thermodynamic, chemical, and physical properties on the combustion of materials is discussed. The mechanisms which produce and support combustion of various materials are examined. The effects of free radical reactions, convection and gravitational effects on combustion rates, and changes in flame propagation due to size and shape of surfaces are described.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Conf. on Mater. for Improved Fire Safety; p 3-7
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  • 7
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    Conditions for local thermodynamic equilibrium in uranium (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Model for calculation of parameters for local thermodynamic equilibrium in uranium
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: FLORIDA UNIV. RES. ON URANIUM PLASMAS AND THEIR TECHNOL. APPL. 1971; P 173-178
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  • 8
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    Thermal design of a satellite telescope (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Thermal control techniques in designing large orbiting telescopes
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA, WASHINGTON OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 359-379
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  • 9
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    Thermodynamics of the internal combustion engine (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Pollution aspects of internal combustion engine thermodynamics
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ET. AND THERMODYN. IN HIGH TEMP. GASES 1970; P 31-40
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  • 10
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    Rocket combustion instability suppression with cavity resonators (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Properly tuned Helmholtz resonator damping devices are an effective method for eliminating high frequency combustion instability in rocket engine thrust chambers. A program was implemented with the objective of extending Helmholtz resonator theory to thrust chamber conditions to establish a standard design procedure. By using systematic cold-flow testing and hot firings, empirical design equations were formulated. An effort is currently underway to extend the design theory to other types of acoustical damping devices such as quarter-wave tubes and slots.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Res. Achievements Rev., Vol. 4, No. 6; p 53-59
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  • 11
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    Reusable surface insulation materials research and development (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Reusable surface insulation is considered a prime candidate for heat shielding large areas of the space shuttle vehicle. The composition and fabrication of RSI materials are discussed, followed by evolution of RSI and current problems, physical and thermal properties, arc plasma test data and results, and material improvement research. Finally, a summary of RSI technology status is presented.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA Space Shuttle Technol. Conf.; p 373-433
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  • 12
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    Materials and design for ablative heat shields (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The goal of the ablation technology program is to bring ablation research and development to a high state of readiness for application to space shuttle vehicles. Some recent results and current work in the areas of materials, designs, and refurbishment for ablative TPS are reported. Future research and development needs are also presented.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA Space Shuttle Technol. Conf.; p 505-536
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  • 13
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    Thermal protection system trade studies on ablators and reuseable surface insulation (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Analytical trade studies are presented that consider passive TPS configurations using the following material categories: (1) reuseable surface insulation - surface-coated rigidized ceramic fiber; (2) low density charring ablators; and (3) carbon-carbon and high density ablators for leading edge areas. Emphasized are effects on TPS weight by variations in entry trajectories and material thermal characteristics.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA Space Shuttle Technol. Conf.; p 303-334
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  • 14
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    An assessment of radiative metallic thermal protection systems for space shuttle (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The metallic thermal protection system technology program for the space shuttle is reviewed for the areas of environmental uncertainties, materials data base, TPS design concepts and heat-shield panel configurations, testing and evaluation of materials, panels, and complete systems.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA Space Shuttle Technol. Conf.; p 267-302
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  • 15
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    Development of a silicone ablator for high-heat-flux and high-shear-rate condition (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A silicone material was developed which gives suitable ablative protection in the high heat flux, high shear environments encountered in severe reentry applications, such as nose cones for ballistic vehicles and protection of leading edges or other critical areas of a vehicle. In addition, the ease of handling, low application cost, and room temperature cure make such a silicon material suitable nozzles for the large rockets necessary for vehicle launching. The development of this product is traced from the selection of suitable polymers through the choice of fillers and the finalization of filler loadings.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Space Simulation; p 725-748
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  • 16
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    Space simulation and rate dependent radiation testing (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: An environmental test facility is described which allows in-situ measurements for evaluation of near real time sinergistic effects of combined space environments.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Space Simulation; p 453-460
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  • 17
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    Multilayer insulation thermal protection systems technology (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A summary is presented of the work performed by Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and industry toward the development of flight-type multilayer insulation(MLI) systems. The MSFC MLI program is divided into three large categories: (1) the generation and compilation of MLI composite test data; (2) the analysis, design, and testing of heat flow through MLI applied to ducting, seams, electrical feedthroughs, structural supports, and the tank sidewall; and (3) the development, modification, and utilization of new testing procedures, tanks, and the test facilities. Numerous data have been generated, analyzed, and documented on different MLI composites.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Cryog. Res. at MSFC: Achievements Rev., Vol.4, No. 2; p 5-52
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  • 18
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    Nozzle exhaust plume backscatter experiment using the JPL Molsink facility (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Qualitative tests were made by injecting water through a rocket nozzle wall, and the droplet trajectories were observed photographically. These tests were conducted for nozzles in which boundary layer flow is significant. The tests indicated that both gases and particulate matter will be found in the region outside of the plume boundaries, and can be calculated using current analytical techniques. A test program is being conducted to measure the distribution of exhaust gases from small nozzles using an electron beam/photomultiplier system and a matrix of quartz crystal microbalances. Calibration tests, using simulated hydrazine exhaust product gas mixtures, were also conducted. The test program and results of the pumping calibration tests with hydrazine (simulated hydrazine exhaust products) are reported.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 89-96
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  • 19
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    Considerations on precision temperature control of a large orbiting telescope (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Precision temperature control of large orbiting telescopes
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 417-424
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  • 20
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    Rate constants from ignition studies of the H2-CO-O2 system (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Rate constant determination for ignition of hydrogen carbon monoxide oxygen system
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: ET. AND THERMODYN. IN HIGH TEMP. GASES 1970; P 105-117
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  • 21
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    Oxidation protected carbon-carbon (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Pyrolized carbon-carbon has one unique advantage over other materials that makes its application to the space shuttle thermal protection system very attractive. This unique characteristic is the increase in material strength and modulus with increase in temperature up to about 2500 K (4040 F). Offsetting this unique advantage are disadvantages which include brittleness, high cost, and the tendency of the material to react with oxygen, particularly at high temperatures. The development of an oxidation inhibitor for the material and the definition of fabrication processes for selected full-scale components are considered.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA Space Shuttle Technol. Conf.; p 335-372
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  • 22
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    Development of materials screening tests for oxygen-enriched environments (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The criteria governing materials to be used in an oxygen enriched atmosphere and tests to determine suitability for fireproof considerations in spacecraft design are discussed. The nine tests applied to materials before acceptance in spacecraft construction are presented. The application of the standard tests to determine ranking of materials is included.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Conf. on Mater. for Improved Fire Safety; p 23-27
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  • 23
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    Heat pipes for spacecraft temperature control: Their usefulness and limitations (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Heat pipes are used in spacecraft to equalize the temperature of structures and maintain temperature control of electronic components. Information is provided for a designer on: (1) a typical mounting technique, (2) choices available in wick geometries and fluids, (3) tests involved in flight-qualifying the design, and (4) heat pipe limitations. An evaluation of several heat pipe designs showed that the behavior of heat pipes at room temperature does not necessarily correlate with the classic equations used to predict their performance. They are sensitive to such parameters as temperature, fluid inventory, orientation, and noncondensable gases.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 33-41
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  • 24
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    Materials for foam type insulation (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: An internal foam fabrication is one of the concepts being considered for cryogenic insulation on the hydrogen tanks of the shuttle vehicle. The three-dimensional polyurethane used on the S-4 B tanks failed to meet the higher temperature requirements of the shuttle vehicle, however, and other foams under consideration include polyisocyanurates, polyphenylene oxides, polyimides, and polybenzimidazoles. Improved adhesive systems for attaching the foams to the interior tank wall are under study.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Cryog. Res. at MSFC: Res. Achievements Rev., Vol. 4, No. 2; p 179-184
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  • 25
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    A review of the Grumman orbiter wind tunnel heat transfer tests (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Tests were conducted in the NASA Langley continuous flow, variable density and Mach 20 helium tunnels. The orbiter was tested alone and with various side and tandem mounted tanks. Test conditions spanned a Reynolds number range which resulted in both laminar and turbulent flows. Experimental studies also examined the heat transfer problems associated with integration of the auxiliary propulsion system into the orbiter. Tests in the hypersonic shock tunnel investigated heating to cavities and heating from single and multiple hydrogen-oxygen plumes while tests, run as part of the configuration evaluation, examined the heating to wing pods.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 297-345
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  • 26
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    Flammability tests for Apollo command module and lunar module mockup (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The flammability test program for Apollo command module and lunar module mockups is described. The fire safety design of the modules was verified by performing deliberate ignitions at many locations while the interior atmosphere was controlled to simulate realistic flight conditions. The data obtained for each test and restrictions on various materials are discussed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Conf. on Mater. for Improved Fire Safety; p 43-54
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  • 27
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    Manned spacecraft nonmetallic-materials flammability selection criteria and requirements (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The criteria and requirements governing the selection and use of nonmetallic materials in manned spacecraft to control potential fire hazards are reviewed. The development of flammability requirements is discussed and traced through the historical evolution. Events that dictated the changes that have taken place are discussed. The current nonmetallic material requirements are presented. Significant features of a nonmetallic materials handbook are included.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Conf. on Mater. for Improved Fire Safety; p 9-21
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  • 28
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    Prediction of heat-transfer characteristics for ejector exhaust nozzles (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Heat balance equation for predicting heat transfer of ejector exhaust nozzle at afterburning phase
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: L. METHODS IN AIRCRAFT AERODYN. 1970; P 623-638
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  • 29
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    Apollo 12 soil mechanics investigation (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-20
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Calif. Univ. Res. in the Space Sci., v. 2; 24 p
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  • 30
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    Heat-transfer testing procedures in phase B shuttle studies with emphasis on phase change data improvement (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: The procedures used in the application of the phase change technique to the phase B shuttle configuration are discussed along with factors which may affect data accuracy. These factors include variation of thermal properties of phase change model material, sensitivity of measured heat transfer coefficients to the assumed value of the adiabatic to total temperature ratio, and wall temperature effects. These sensitivities are illustrated in sample calculations for a shuttle geometry. Factors which may affect the visual clarity and interpretation of phase change data are discussed, and a method of improving photographic data quality through the use of polarized light is presented.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 661-682
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  • 31
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    An analysis of the booster plume impingement environment during the space shuttle nominal staging maneuver (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: An experimental study of the plume impingement heating on the space shuttle booster afterbody resulting from the space shuttle orbiter engine plumes was conducted. The 1/100-scale model tests consisted of one and two orbiter engine firings on a flat plate, a flat plate with a fin, and a cylinder model. The plume impingement heating rates on these surfaces were measured using thin film heat transfer gages. Results indicate the engine simulation is a reasonable approximation to the two engine configuration, but more tests are needed to verify the plume model of the main engine configuration. For impingment, results show models experienced laminar boundary layer convective heating. Therefore, tests at higher Reynolds numbers are needed to determine impingment heating.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 607-644
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  • 32
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    Determination of aerothermodynamic environment uncertainties with application to space shuttle vehicles (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: In an effort to minimize the cost of the thermal protection system (TPS) for space shuttles, an analysis is made of environmental uncertainties. The basic categories of these uncertainties include aerodynamic heating, trajectory dispersions, atmospheric variations, and vehicle attitude variations. Also discussed are TPS design sensitivity to environmental uncertainties, and uncertainty profiles. Preliminary results indicate moderate TPS cost for a high confidence level environment may be obtained.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 503-518
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  • 33
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    Aerothermodynamic measurements for space shuttle configuration in hypersonic wind tunnels (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: The effect of shuttle configuration geometry, angle of attack, and free stream flow conditions on the heat-transfer distribution as influenced by three-dimensional effects, the wing-fuselage shock-interaction, and resultant wing-impingement phenomena are examined. In addition, the data provided information regarding the flow field in the vicinity of the nose and boundary layer transition in the plane of symmetry of the fuselage. The data included measurements of the surface pressure, the heat transfer rate distributions, (using models instrumented with thermocouples and models painted with thermographic phosphor) and schlieren and shadowgraph photographs. Posttest photographs of the painted models supplemented the heat transfer data.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 469-501
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  • 34
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    Lee-side flow phenomena on space shuttle configurations at hypersonic speeds. Part 2: Studies of lee-surface heating at hypersonic Mach numbers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: Lee surface heating data, obtained at relatively low unit Reynolds numbers at Mach 6 and 19, are discussed with emphasis on the peak heating behavior. Surface pressures measured along the lee meridian of the delta-wing orbiter are presented and analyzed in conjunction with the heating. The effects of nose bluntness and lee surface geometry on the heating are discussed and general guidelines are presented for modifying the lee surface geometry of the shuttle to reduce vortex-induced heating. The application of the wind tunnel results to realistic shuttle flight conditions is discussed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 451-467
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  • 35
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    Effects of roughness on heating and boundary-layer transition. Part 2: effects of discrete roughness on heating (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: A preliminary investigation on the effects of roughness on heating in delta wing orbiters was conducted on the windward surface of the vehicle. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the feasibility of using parametric relationships obtained from discrete roughness effects on heating in flat plates and cones, to complex shuttle configurations. An attempt was also made to characterize what parameters were needed to influence roughness. Experimental results show that effective roughness Reynolds numbers are less than or equal to those of flat plates at the same edge Mach number, but, the roughness correlations for plates and cones cannot be applied to the shuttle configuration.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 395-411
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  • 36
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    Lee-side flow phenomena on space shuttle configurations at hypersonic speeds. Part 1: Flow separation and flow field viscous phenomena of a delta-wing shuttle orbiter configuration (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: Results of a pitot pressure investigation of the flow field on the lee side of a delta wing shuttle orbiter are presented. The results delineate the extent of the lee side separated flow and give a tentative cross sectional definition to the shock wave structure for angles of attack of 15 deg and 30 deg. It is shown that while, in general, the effects of Reynolds number on the flow field are not large, detailed effects are observed that may have significant bearing on the heating estimate. Two examples are cited for an angle of attack of 15 deg; these are: (1) The scope of the vertical tail exposed to the unseparated flow increases with increasing Reynolds number and (2) the depth of the separated flow adjacent ot where the bow wave crosses the wing appears to decrease with increasing Reynolds number. In addition, it is shown that at a spanwise station outboard of the wing-fuselage juncture, increasing Reynolds number decreased the pitot pressure in the unseparated flow. This defect of pitot pressure appears associated with the flow over the wing-fillet-fuselage juncture.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 413-449
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  • 37
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    Effects of roughness on heating and boundary-layer transition. Part 1: Effects of simulated panel joints on boundary-layer transition (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: The effects of distributed roughness, arising from space shuttle orbiter panel joints, on boundary layer transition are investigated. The North American Rockwell 134B delta wing shuttle configuration was used for the study. Results show: (1) Premature boundary layer transition occurred in models having simulated heat shield panels with rased joints. (2) Laminar flow was maintained with slot type panel joint models to a Reynolds number twice that at which transition occurred in raised joints. (3) Significant increases in peak surface temperature and the time during which turbulent flow occurs may result from distributed roughness of heat shield panel joints. (4) Laminar and turbulent heating levels were predicted within available theories. (5) A complex interference between the wing and fuselage flow was observed in the delta wing model.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 375-394
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  • 38
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    High Reynolds number turbulent heating to two simplified shuttle configurations (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: Turbulent heating and transition data, taken from three test facilities, for two space shuttle configurations are presented. Major efforts were on: (1) the effect of the two geometries having different amounts of cross flow and how the different cross flows affect heating and transition, (2) the experimental level of turbulent heating and the ability to predict the level of turbulent heating, and (3) a comparison of the transitional and turbulent heating in three facilities with two model scale sizes to investigate the facility effects and scale-size effect on transition and turbulent heating. The three facilities in which the configurations were tested are the Langley Mach 8 variable-density hypersonic tunnel and the Arnold Engineering Development Center tunnel B and tunnel F at Mach numbers of 8 and 10.5, respectively.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 347-373
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  • 39
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    Experimental and theoretical aerodynamic heating and flow field analysis of a space shuttle orbiter (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: The results of work on the McDonnell Douglas delta wing orbiter are summarized and compared to other data and theories where applicable. The tests were conducted in the continuous hypersonic Tunnel B at Mach 8 and in the hypervelocity hotshot Tunnel F at Mach 10.5. Photographic data are used to illustrate the regions of peak heating on the lee-side and to show the vortical nature of the flow. Windward centerline data include measurements of shock angle, surface pressure, flow field pitot pressure and total temperature, and heat transfer rate coefficient distributions. Shock angles, surface pressures, and local Mach number distributions are compared with tangent cone theory over an angle of attack range from 10 to 60 deg. The measured heat transfer rate coefficient distributions are compared to both laminar and turbulent theories and boundary layer transition data are compared to the McDonnell Douglas criteria.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 261-296
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  • 40
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    A new look at AP/composite propellant combustion (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Some theoretical studies on the time-independent and oscillatory combustion of nonmetallized ammonium perchlorate (AP)/composite propellants are presented. A coherent and unified interpretation was made of the voluminous data available from experiments related to propellant combustion. Three fundamental hypotheses are introduced: the extent of propellant degradation at the vaporization step has to be specified through a scientific criterion; the condensed-phase degradation reaction of ammonium perchlorate to a vaporizable state is the overall rate-limiting step; gas-phase combustion rate is controlled by the mixing rate of fuel and oxidizer vapors. In the treatment of oscillatory combustion, the assumption of quasi-steady fluctuations in the gas phase is used to supplement these hypotheses.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: JPL JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 45-77
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  • 41
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    Small rocket exhaust plume data (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: During recent cryodeposit tests with an 0.18-N thruster, the mass flux in the plume back field was measured for the first time for nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and a mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia at various inlet pressures. This mixture simulated gases that would be generated by a hydrazine plenum attitude propulsion system. The measurements furnish a base upon which to build a mathematical model of plume back flow that will be used in predicting the mass distribution in the boundary region of other plumes. The results are analyzed and compared with existing analytical predictions.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 2; p 90-99
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  • 42
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    A space application of a cryogenic heat pipe (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Feasibility of cryogenic heat pipe for cooling isotopic spacecraft power supply cycle
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 244-248
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  • 43
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    Microbiological and experimental-histological investigations of lunar samples returned by the Lunar 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Lunar surface material was studied for its content of viable microorganisms (aerobic and anaerobic, fungi, and viruses); the effect of the lunar surface material on the growth of microorganisms and its interaction with somatic cells of mammals was also observed. No viable microorganisms were detected; the samples exhibited neither stimulant or inhibitory action on the growth of microorganisms, and also showed no cytopathogenic action on tissue cultures. A suspension of lunar surface material particles was not toxic when parenterally administered to certain laboratory animals. The particles were subjected to intense phagocytosis by connective tissue cells in vivo and in vitro.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 597-605
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  • 44
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    Study of friction properties of lunar surface material and its analogs (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A description is given of instruments for determining the friction properties of the surficial layer of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic lunar station, as well as the friction properties of its analogs: andesite-basaltic sand and basalts. The experimental method and results are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 590-596
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  • 45
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    Results of investigating the physicomechanical properties of a sample of lunar surface material in a research chamber in nitrogen (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results are reported on an investigation of the mechanical properties of the lunar surface material sample returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The study included determination of the specific weight of the surface material, the nature of its disintegration, and the determination of its compressibility characteristics, shear resistance, and bearing capacity. Quantitative data are presented on mechanical properties for the lunar surface material, many of which are determined for the first time. The instruments and experimental techniques are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 556-569
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  • 46
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    Results of investigating thermal and electrical properties of lunar surface material and its analogs (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Thermal and electrical properties are reported of lunar surface material returned to Earth by the Luna 16 automatic station and its terrestrial analogs studied in a vacuum and in a helium atmosphere. Study of the lunar surface material and its analogs showed that their specific heat capacity and electrical properties are similar in value but the coefficients of thermal conductivity differ. The results are compared with data on thermal and electrical properties of the surficial layer of the Moon obtained by indirect radiometric methods, and with results obtained for samples of lunar surface material returned to Earth by the crew of the Apollo 11 spacecraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 549-555
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  • 47
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    Heat-physical properties of lunar surface material returned to earth by the Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Density, specific heat capacity, and coefficient of thermal conductivity were studied on a sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The study was carried out in a helium-filled chamber. The density of the surface material when freely heaped was 1.2 g/cu cm, and when shaken down -- 1.7 g/cu cm. The specific heat capacity was 0.177 + or - 0.010 cal x g/1 x deg/1. The coefficient of thermal conductivity in the material was 4.8 x 10/6 + or - 1.2 x 10/6 cal x cm/1 x sec/1 x deg/1.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F15881); p 538-548
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  • 48
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    Temperature emission spectrum of exoelectrons of lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Thermostimulated exoelectronic emission of eight fragments of regolith returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station was studied. The nature of the exoemission glove-curves was determined by particle type. Fragments of breccia, sinter, slag, anorthosite, glass plate, and leucocratic gabbro after the first heating disclosed a single exoemission maximum, whose temperature position is in the range 115 to 200 C. The data obtained indicate the complex and inhomogeneous energy structure of some regolith fragments. The presence of surface states capable of forming sorptive bonds can be assumed for most particles. The exoemission of anorthosite, olivine, and the glass spherule is due to the presence of formation defects at their surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 528-537
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  • 49
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    Exoelectronic emission of particles of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A secondary electron multiplier was used to study the thermostimulated exoelectronic emission of particles of lunar surface material returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station. The natural exoemission from fragments of slag, glass, anorthosite, and a metallic particle was recorded in the isochronic and isothermal thermostimulation regimes. The temperature of emission onset depended on the type of regolith fragment. For the first three particles the isothermal drop in emission is described by first-order kinetic equations. For the anorthosite fragment, exoemission at constant temperature is characterized by a symmetric curve with a maximum. These data indicate the presence of active surface defects, whose nature can be due to the prehistory of the particles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 521-527
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  • 50
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    Magnetic properties of lunar samples returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of measuring the specific magnetic susceptibility of regolith are presented. The data indicate that regolith samples from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Sea of Fertility are similar in order of magnitude of the specific magnetic susceptibility. Several stony meteorites of subgroup L have a similar value of this quantity. After comparison with artificial analogs, it can be concluded that the bulk content of ferromagnetic minerals in regolith samples is 3 to 4 percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 502-511
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  • 51
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    Metallographic study of metallic fragment of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A high precision investigation of a metallic fragment from the lunar material returned by the Soviet Luna 16 automatic station revealed three characteristic temperature intervals with different kinetics of solid solution decomposition. The following were found in the structure of the iron-nickel-cobalt alloy: (1) delta-phase and alpha-ferrite of diffusional, displacement origin in the grain boundary and acicular forms; and (2) martensite of isothermal and athermal nature, acicular, lamellar, massive, and dendritic. The diversity of the shapes of structural constituents is associated with the effect on their formation of elastic distortions and various mechanisms of deformation relaxation processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 512-520
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  • 52
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    Cathodoluminescence of regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Observations of local variations in the intensity and spectral composition of the cathodoluminescence of lunar regolith are described. These variations are caused by structural features, by the kind and quantity of the material, and by the admixtures. In addition, cathodoluminescent emission is also associated with a change in the temperature of the lunar surface. Periodic diurnal illumination and darkening of the moon is responsible for a temperature gradient normal to the lines of longitude. These observations made of regolith, using a scanning electron microscope with an attachment for temperature variation, simulate the indicated thermal changes of the cathodoluminescent properties of lunar material.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 496-501
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  • 53
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    Infrared transmission spectra of Sea of Fertility regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Transmission spectra in the 2-25 micrometer region were obtained for samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. A comparison of the Luna 16, Apollo 11, and Apollo 12 samples showed that the infrared transmission spectra of regolith samples from the mare regions are similar and characteristic of basic basaltic rocks. The absorption bands show up in the vibration region of the SiO4 groups. No water and OH groups were found in the samples based on the spectrum. Spectra of regolith samples calcined at 1000C showed changes that can be interpreted as changes in the spectra of irradiated crystals (especially distinctly for the Luna 16 samples).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 486-495
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  • 54
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    Photo-polarization study of lunar samples: Negative branch (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarization measurements with a telescope for the degree of polarization of light reflected by planetary surfaces, and comparative measurement of terrestrial minerals, meteorites, and returned lunar samples are reported. The polarization curve plots of the dependence of the degree of polarization on the phase angle V are plotted and compared with each other to determine the optical characteristics of the planetary surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 477-485
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  • 55
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    Photometric and polarimetric analysis of samples of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarimetric properties were determined for the L-16-19-1-116 samples, weighing 0.087 g. The measurements were made for five wavelengths between 3540 and 5850 AU. In addition, the normal albedo was determined for each of these wavelengths. The albedo for the measured sample was slightly lower than for the typical material of the dark lunar maria and in addition, there was a well developed branch of negative polarization, which resembles the branch obtained for carbonaceous chondrites crushed into powder, and the branch obtained for the powders of several terrestrial basaltic and ultrabasic rocks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 468-476
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  • 56
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    Light scattering indicatrices of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Measurements are made of the indicatrix of scattering of lunar surface material with an indicatometer that has a spread of the illuminating beam of less than 0.5 deg and of the detected beam of about 1.5 deg. The results are compared with the indicatrices for the lunar mean obtained by terrestrial telescopic measurements. It is concluded that the main features of the reflection of light by the moon) (rapid rise in brightness with approach to the full moon) are accounted for by the microrelief caused principally by grains smaller than a millimeter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 449-452
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  • 57
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    Infrared spectroscopy of lunar mare regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Spectra of reflection, emission, and transmission of regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were investigated in the 1.8-13 micrometers region. A reflection maximum was shown to be present in the region 3 to 5 micrometer, along with a corresponding minimum in the emission coefficient. The spectra were interpreted based on a comparison of the optical properties with the chemical and structural properties of the regolith. The regolith in the entire array of properties in the infrared region differs appreciably from terrestrial objects. Spectra of diffuse reflection and the spectra at angles of incidence 0 deg and angles of reflection 15 and 30 deg with samples of the regolith returned by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions revealed a similarity of the infrared reflection characteristics of the regolith from different lunar mare regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 453-467
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  • 58
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    Optical characteristics of regolith from the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A diffuse reflection spectra analysis is reported for regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station and by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 expeditions. The spectra of the specular reflection of Sea of Fertility regolith, as well as the spectra of diffuse reflection from polished sections of lunar rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms have no well-defined structures and are close to each other. The lowest reflectivity is exhibited by the Sea of Tranquillity regolith, and the highest -- by the Ocean of Storms regolith. A weak absorption band with a maximum near 1 nm is noted in the spectra, corresponding to the Fe-2(+) ion in the octahedral position in the lattice of regolith mineral constituents. When the indicatrix of scattering of the regolith was recorded, a specular component was detected.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 441-448
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  • 59
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    Rb-Sr age and content of potassium, rubidium strontium, barium, and rare earths in surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Luna 16 automatic station returned from the Sea of Fertility a 35 cm long column of lunar surface material. 1 g of the Luna 16 lunar surface material, taken at a depth of 22 cm, consists of fine material: surface material and fine fragments of rocks from 1 to 4 mm in diameter. Analyses made on 17 mg of the fine lunar surface material are presented. The results obtained for the Luna 16 surface material are plotted on the diagram of the isotopic evolution of strontium and show that this surface material is most depleted of radiogenic Sr-87 of all the known lunar surface materials and that the point characterizing Lunar 16 lies somewhat to the right of the line corresponding to an age of 4.6 billion years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 436-440
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  • 60
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    Absolute age of lunar regolith material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: By averaging the absolute age of lunar regolith materials from the Sea of Fertility for the fine regolith fraction from the core zone V, an age of 4.65 10 to the 9th power + 0.4 10 to the 9th power years was obtained, employing as the primordial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio 0.69884 (ADOR). Also close to this age value is the age estimate based on the Pb-207/Pb-206 ratio. Using the value 0.69898 (BABI) as a primordial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio reduces the calculated age of the fine regolith fraction to 4.25 X 10 to the 9th power years. The fine fraction of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility is also characterized by a minimum addition of radiogenic Sr-87, a minimum Rb/Sr ratio, and a maximum K/Rb ratio compared with analogous lunar material from other points.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 410-435
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  • 61
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    Study of radiation damage and structure of Luna 16 sample particles using high-resolution electron microscopes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using an electron scanning microscope and a high voltage microscope, a study was made of the radiation damage and structure of micron sized grains and grains separated from the 200-mesh fraction of the L-16-19 surface material sample. Then the structural features were compared with those found by studying with the same techniques grains separated from 20 different samples of lunar dust taken from the Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, and Apollo 15 collections. The L-16-19 sample is similar to the most intensely irradiated samples returned to earth by Apollo craft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 404-409
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  • 62
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    Study of sample of Sea of Fertility lunar surface material by the track method (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Tracks in crystals of feldspars, olivines, pyroxenes, and in several fragments of basalts from a sample of Luna 16 lunar surface material were studied. A high track density, exceeding 10 to the 8th power cm/2 was found. The tracks were produced mainly by iron group nuclei of cosmic galactic and solar rays.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 400-403
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  • 63
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    Radiation damage and structure recorded at high resolution in grains from fine fractions of Luna 16 surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples returned to earth by Luna 16, were studied with a high voltage electron microscope for ultramicroscopic features. The following amazing features were noted in particles of surface material returned in all the lunar trips: A very high density of tracks of nuclear particles, ultrathin amorphous shells, highly rounded forms, and amazingly good ordering of crystal lattice. These features were used along with calibration experiments in solving the following problems: (1) determining the energy spectrum and chemical abundances of the very heavy nuclei in the solar wind and in the solar cosmic rays; (2) studying the past activity of the sun; (3) obtaining data on lunar dynamic processes affecting dust particles; (4) analyzing composite effects caused by penetration of solar wind into the lunar surface material; and (5) establishing the existence of the ancient lunar atmosphere and magnetic field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 388-399
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  • 64
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    Some results of track method of investigating Luna 16 lunar material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary data from an investigation of tracks in olivine crystals, separated from the five zones of a lunar surface material core, are reported. The gradients of track densities, their lengths, and their angular distribution were measured with an optical microscope. Throughout the core depth (35 cm) crystals bearing traces of exposure to low energy solar cosmic rays were found, indicating the occurrence of mixing processes in the surficial layer of lunar surface material. The age of the occurrence of the samples investigated on the lunar surface, calculated from the track density, is in the interval 0.7 to 16 million years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 379-387
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  • 65
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    Gamma-spectrometric analysis of Luna 16 sample of lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Using a scintillation gamma spectrometer with shielding against anticoincidences, the content of the natural radioelements (K, U, and Th) and long-lived cosmogenic radioisotopes (Al-26, Na-22, and Mn-54) in a sample of Sea of Fertility regolith was determined. Based on the content data of natural radioelements, an attempt was made to classify this sample in the scale of petrochemical types of terrestrial rocks arranged in accordance with their silicic content and alkalinity. Within the frame of reference of calcium-uranium systematics of lunar samples, a comparison was made of the K/U ratio obtained for the Sea of Fertility sample with analogous data for other regions of the moon. Also discussed are problems on the depthwise distribution of cosmogenic radioisotopes along the regolith profile.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 311-319
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  • 66
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    Cosmogenic Al-26 and Na-22 in Luna-16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The activities of cosmogenic isotopes Al-26 and Na-22 in two samples taken from different depths of the lunar regolith core returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were measured by scintillation gamma spectrometer. The measured activities, when recalculated to the time of sampling of the lunar surface material, are: Al-26 - 62 + or - 8 and 54 + or - 9; Na-22 - 42 + or - 8 and 48 + or - 9. Depthwise distributions of the activities of these isotopes in lunar rocks of different types indicate the presence of a considerable depth gradient of activity near the surface caused by the fall off in the fluxes of primary and secondary cosmic radiation. The absence of this gradient in the measured samples, along with data on the tracks and content of inert gases, as well as the granulometric characteristics of the regolith indicate that the surficial layer of the regolith at the sampling site underwent mixing.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 358-369
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  • 67
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    Problem of nature of inert gases in lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The origin of isotopes of inert gases in lunar surface material was investigated from the standpoint of the isotopic two-component status of inert gases in the solar system. Helium and neon represent the solar wind component, while krypton and xenon are planetary gases. Type A gases are trapped by the material of the regolith in the early stages of the existence of the solar system and were brought to the lunar surface together with dust. The material of the regolith therefore cannot be considered as the product of the erosion of the crystalline rocks of the moon and in this sense are extralunar. The regolith material containing type A gases must be identified with the high temperature minerals of the carbonaceous chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 348-357
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  • 68
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    Inert gases in Sea of Fertility regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content and isotopic composition were studied of inert gases -- He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe -- in samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The samples were taken from depths of about 12 and 30 cm. The high concentrations of inert gases exceed by several orders their concentrations observed in ordinary stony meteorites. The gases in lunar regolith were a complex mixture of gases of different origins: Solar, cosmogenic, radiogenic, and so on. Solar wind gases predominated, distributed in the thin surficial layer of the regolith grains. The concentrations of these gases in the surficial layer is several cubic centimeters per gram. The isotopic composition of the inert gases of solar origin approaches their composition measured in gas-rich meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil From the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 334-347
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  • 69
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    Neutron activation determination of the oxygen content in the Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The O2 content in the No. 16/078 sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station was determined by activation using 14 MeV neutrons. The O2 content in the sample is 42.1 + or - 1.2 weight percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 330-333
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  • 70
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    Content of lithium, beryllium, boron, and titanium, and the isotopic composition of lithium, boron, and magnesium in Luna 16 regolith sample (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The abundance of the following elements in the L 16-19 No. 118 regolith sample, zone V was determined by isotopic dilution using a mass spectrometer equipped with a scattering ion source: Li -- 9.8, Be -- 1.2, Be -- 2.6, and Ti -- 1.92 percent. For comparison, these same elements were measured in samples of surface material returned by Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 14, and in the terrestrial reference standard diabase W-1. The content of Li, Be, and B in the Luna 16 sample is nearly the same as in the Apollo 11 surface material. The surface material returned by Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 contains two to four times more of these elements. However, the abundance ratios of Li, Be, and B are remarkably similar in the surface materials from the four different lunar regions. With respect to basaltic achondrites and especially with respect to chondrites, the lunar basalts are enriched in Li, Be, and B up to 100 times.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 320-329
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  • 71
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    Isotopic composition of lithium, potassium, rubidium, and strontium in lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The isotopic composition of alkali and alkaline earth elements in the Luna 16 regolith was investigated by the method of thermionic emission, without chemical separation. The isotopic composition of the lithium in two regolith samples did not differ (within the limits 0.5 percent) from the mean of the terrestrial reference standard. At the same time, the observed difference (1 percent) in the isotopic composition of lithium between the samples requires further investigation and confirmation. The isotopic compositions of K and Rb did not differ within the limits of experimental error from the isotopic composition of the reference standard.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 306-310
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  • 72
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    Study of isotopic composition of helium in the fine fraction of Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content of He isotopes is measured in two samples of the lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. Both samples consist of a fine fraction of lunar surface material and were samples from zone A (sample 3-2k) and from zone V (sample 9-1r). The value of He4/He3 and the concentration of the He isotopes are identical for both samples, within the limits of experimental error.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 311-319
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  • 73
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    Results of investigating gases from inclusions in lunar glasses (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Common gases from inclusions in glass fragments and spherules of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station were investigated by the adsorption volumometric method. Inclusions from eight particles were analyzed. A gas mixture from the inclusions had two- (CO2 and H2), three- (CO2, H2 and N2 + inert gases), and (H2S, SO2, and NH3), H2,N2 + inert gases, and four component (H2S, SO2, and NH3), CO2, H2, and N2 + inert gases, compositions. Hydrogen in all analyses was 10 to 95 volume percent. Diffusional exchange with the terrestrial atmosphere was absent. An unexpectedly high density of gases in the vacuoles was obtained. The initial volume of the bubbles when the vacuoles were breached even rose 2.5 times and decreased in the limits of 2.3 to 54.5 times. Various possibilities for the formation in the lunar surface material of glass fragments and spherules are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 293-305
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  • 74
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    Genesis of lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: From comparing the mineral and chemical composition of regoliths with the compositions of primary magmatic lunar rocks, it is shown that mare regolith is enriched in aluminum and depleted in iron, titanium, and chromium. This effect cannot be accounted for only by the admixture of highland anorthositic material. The entire array of geochemical data points to the considerable role of depth-wise differentiation of the magmatic material in forming the composition of the primary lunar rocks and, naturally, the composition of the regolith. During regolith formation, processes of the effervescing of magma as it outflowed at the lunar surface were of primary importance. Impacts by micrometeorites represent another important factor.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 277-292
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  • 75
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    Determination of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, and iron group elements in lunar surface materials (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Distribution regularities of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, and iron group elements were investigated in basaltoid rocks of lunar and terrestrial origin. Samples of various regolith zones taken in the area of the Sea of Fertility were analyzed, along with samples of basic and ultrabasic rocks of the East African Rift for their content of the trace admixtures listed. Data obtained on the abundance of copper, scandium, molybdenum, tin, lead, cobalt, nickel, chromium, and vanadium in Luna 16 lunar surface material were compared with the abundance of these elements in samples of lunar rocks returned by Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 14, with the exception of scandium; its content in the latter samples was considerably higher.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 260-268
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  • 76
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    Abundance of mercury in regolith of the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The direct determination of mercury by the atomic fluorescent method is described, involving the pulsed thermal atomization of powdered samples when the mercury is vaporized in argon at normal pressure. An increase in the mercury abundance in the regolith of the surficial layer with decrease in grain size and with variation in depth was noted, from 6 minus 1 million the surficial layer to 9 minus 1 million percent at a depth of about 30 cm. It is shown that in conditions simulating lunar day, at temperatures of 130-150 C up to 15 to 20 percent of the mercury is vaporized from a 2 mg regolith weighed sample, and thus the hypothesis is advanced that mercury is adsorbed by the surface layers of the lunar surface material during lunar night and desorbed during lunar day. The assumption is advanced that there exists a meridional mercury wind between subsolar region of the moon (heater) and the polar regions (cooler).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 253-259
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  • 77
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    Mossbauer analysis of Luna 16 lunar surface material (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples of Apollo 11 lunar surface material were studied by the Mossbauer effect. Owing to the small number of other resonant isotopes, all measurements were made with Fe-57 nuclei. The principal constituents of the material were as follows: Iron containing silicates (olivine, pyroxene, and so on), ilmenite (FeTiO3), and metallic iron.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 250-252
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  • 78
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    Mossbauer spectroscopic study of Luna 16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Samples of bulk fractions of lunar regolith from the surface layer A and the deep layer V were measured by Mossbauer spectroscopy with the FE57 nucleus. Metallic iron, ilmenite, olivine, pyroxene (mainly augite), and glasses were found. The iron distribution by mineral phases indicates that Luna 16 regolith differs from Apollo 11 regolith by a lower ilmenite content and a greater amount of olivine, and differs from Apollo 12 regolith by somewhat more olivine. No appreciable amount of iron was found in the trivalent state.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 238-249
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  • 79
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    Electron paramagnetic resonance of several lunar rock samples (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The results are presented of investigating lunar rock samples returned by the Luna 16 automatic station, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The EPR technique makes it possible to detect paramagnetic centers and investigate their nature, with high sensitivity. Regolith (finely dispersed material) and five particles from it, 0.3 mm in size, consisting mostly of olivine, were investigated with EPR.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 232-237
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  • 80
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    Rock-forming and rare elements in lunar surface material from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Methodological and analytical capabilities associated with spark mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy are presented for the determination of the elemental composition of samples of lunar regolith returned to the earth by Apollo 11 and Apollo 12. Using X-ray spectroscopy, the main constituents of samples of lunar surface material were determined, and using mass spectrometry -- the main admixtures. The principal difference of Apollo 11 samples from Apollo 12 samples was found for elements contained in microconcentrations. This is especially true of rare earth elements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 220-223
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  • 81
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    X-ray electron study of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility and the Sea of Tranquillity (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: X-ray electron spectra were obtained of the 2p-levels of Fe, Ti, Si, Al, and Mg, and of the 1s-level in lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility and the Sea of Tranquillity. The spectra of the same elements were recorded for approximately 30 rock forming minerals, oceanic gabbro, meteoritic eucrite, and several iron meteorites. Analysis of the results based on line positions showed that all the elements studied have the usual degrees of oxidation, and that oxygen atoms are their nearest neighbors. The predominant coordination number of Al is 4. Analysis and comparison of the Fe2p spectra in regolith, various iron meteorites, and stainless steel leads to these conclusions: Metallic iron in lunar regolith is in a highly dispersed state and is unusually stable with respect to oxidation by the oxygen of the earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 224-231
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  • 82
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    Determination of rare-earth elements in Luna 16 regolith sample by chemical spectral method (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An analysis was made of regolith from layer A of the Luna 16 sample for rare earth elements, by a chemical spectral method. Chemical and ion exchange concentrations were used to determine the content of 12 elements and Y at the level 0.001 to 0.0001 percent with 10 to 15 percent reproducibility of the emission determination. Results within the limits of reproducibility agree with data obtained by mass spectra, activation, and X-ray fluorescent methods.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 214-219
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  • 83
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    Nondestructive activation analysis of sample of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The composition of a sample of lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station from the Sea of Fertility was studied, using nondestructive activation analysis. The structure of the returned surface material is inhomogeneous; the surficial material is thin, quite homogeneous, and the granularity increases with depth. Based on grain size, the sample was separated into five zones. The activation analysis was conducted on a sample taken from the friable surficial layer, zone A. The content of Al, Mn, Na, Cr, Co, Fe, and Sc was determined by nondestructive activation analysis of the sample. In determining Cr, Co, Fe, and Sc, the sample was irradiated for 24 hours and cooled for 10 days. Gamma spectra of the samples were recorded with a semiconductor Ge(Li)-detector and a multichannel analyzer, and measurement data were processed with an electronic computer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 209-213
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  • 84
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    Neutron activation study of the composition of lunar surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The elemental composition of samples of lunar regolith returned by Luna 16 from the Sea of Fertility was determined by a radio activation method using generator and reactor neutrons, and also by gamma spectrometry with scintillation and Ge(Li) detectors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 202-208
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  • 85
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    Chemical composition of Luna 16 lunar regolith (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Data on the chemical composition of regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station and two fragments of basalts from the lower layer of the core are presented. Spark mass spectrometric, primary X-ray spectral, emission spectral, and atomic absorption methods were used in the analysis. The regolith of mare provinces were shown to be a mixture of material of various origins. The source of the material of the mare regolith was principally basalts of the corresponding lunar lava maria. The regolith is genetically related to it. This follows from a comparison of the chemical composition, mineralogical, and petrochemical features of the basesalts and the regolith from the Sea of Fertility, Sea of Tranquillity, and Ocean of Storms, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 179-201
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  • 86
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    X-ray structural study of chrome-aluminum lunar spinel from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An X-ray structural study was made of a lunar spinel sample from the Sea of Fertility. The chemical composition and distribution of cations in the structure were characterized. Interpretation of the experimental data by the least squares method yielded the oxygen parameter u = 0.261 and the isotropic temperature factor 1.09 AU squared.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 174-178
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  • 87
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    Silicate spherules in sample of regolith returned by Lunar 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The content of spherical fused particles in Sea of Fertility regolith increases with decrease in particle size and varies from 1 to 2 percent in the relatively coarse fractions to 3 to 4 percent in the fine fractions. Among the spherical formations was noted a wide diversity of shapes, and the most common are particles that are similar in shape to a regular sphere, which indicates the acquisition of shape in the liquid phase under the action of surface tension. As to color, the most common are the black and dark colored particles. No regularities of any kind were noted in the distribution of spherical particles by core zones. The considerable difference of the granulometric characteristics of the spherical particles and the regolith as a whole indicates that the formation of regolith particles and the spherules included in its composition occurred as the result of different, even though possibly simultaneous, processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertilty (NAASA-TT-F-15881); p 166-173
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  • 88
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    Scanning electron microscopy of lunar regolith from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Scanning electron microscopy was used in studying the morphology and cathodoluminescence of lunar regolith particles. Surface and structure of two groups of particles are differentiated: (1) Crystalline with well defined facets and spalling surfaces, which are grains of minerals and rock fragments: and (2) amorphous, fused, and partially or entirely glazed particles. Local melting of particles and the round openings on their surfaces are attributed to secondary influence on the regolith of factors of lunar weathering and above all micrometeoric impacts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 155-165
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  • 89
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    X-ray spectral microanalysis of composition of individual lunar regolith particles (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Determinations were made of the chemical compositions of selected olivine crystals, spherical particles ranging in size from 170 to 350 micrometer, spinels, and magnetic particles. The olivines contain 30 to 50 mole percent fayalite. The spherical particles of various colors are aluminosilicate glasses, significantly enriched in CaO compared with the mean composition of the regolith. The degree of coloration depends on the FeO content and also the admixtures TiO2, MnO, and Cr2O3. Compositionally, the spinel was interpreted to be chromopicotites. Magnetic particles were shown to be complex intergrowths of nickelous iron and aluminosilicates. The composition of the metallic phase of one particle (in percent) was: Fe - 86, Ni - 13.6, and Co - 0.16 in combination with plagioclase and microinclusions of ilmenite in silicate. Kamacite was determined in another intergrowth of Fe, Ni, and Co.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 145-154
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  • 90
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    X-ray diffraction identification of minerals in lunar regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The methods of powder and monocrystal X-ray diffraction served in identifying the mineral composition of gross samples of regolith from different levels of the drill core and about 80 individual regolith particles returned by the Luna 16 station. It was established that the Sea of Fertility regolith includes pyroxenes of the augite-pigeonite series, anorthites, ilmenite, olivines, spinels, alpha cristobalite, iron particles, glass, and several as yet unidentified particles. Crystallographic and roentgenometric data are given for all the lunar minerals found.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 121-144
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  • 91
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    Preliminary report of mineralogical and petrographic study of the Luna 16 lunar surface material sample (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Unsorted powder and grains larger than 0.5 mm from the L-16-19-118 lunar sample consisted of eight basaltic fragments, four fragments of breccias (of which one was quite light), one white grain (maskelynite), one chondrule, and slagged dark partially glassy chunks. The mineralogical composition of all rounded particles led to the assumption that they are all of lunar origin; but their presence in the regolith indicates formation of chondrulic meteorites. The existence of several grains of pyroxene coated with a thin glassy film merits attention.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 86-93
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  • 92
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    Petrographic-mineralogical investigation of magmatic rocks from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Petrographic and mineralogical features of fragments of magmatic rock of regolith from the Sea of Fertility are examined. The textures and mineral composition vary in relation to the type of rock. More than 50 X-ray spectral analyses of minerals (olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclases, and ores) were made; their chemical composition varies even within the limits of individual rock fragments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 94-120
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  • 93
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    Petrology of lunar rocks from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Based on a comparative analysis of the petrochemistry of an integrated sample of gabbro basalts and a fine fraction from regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station from the Sea of Fertility, with the mean compositions of various types of mare basalts, anorthosites, and regolith from the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms, with reference to several data on rare elements, the nature of the fine fractions is discussed. It is shown that the integrated sample of gabbro basalt from the coarse fraction in the lower part of the core can be represented as a mixture of mare basalts of the Sea of Tranquillity and nonmare basalts of the krip type in the ratio of about 3 to 2. It is confirmed that the compositions of the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 regolith are complementary with the compositions of basalts and anorthosites of the Sea of Tranquillity and the Ocean of Storms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil From the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 74-85
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    Measurement of density and porosity of lunar rocks based on samples of Luna 16 automatic lunar station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Three fragments of holocrystalline igneous rocks of the gabbro type, weighing 30 to 50 mg each, were investigated. The density of the fragments was established with a mercury pycnometer and was found to be 3.05 to 3.12 g/cu cm, with a relative error not more than 2 percent. The porosity was found for the difference between the volumes determined with the mercury and with the gas techniques; for all three samples together it was 13 percent, and the error of determination was 70 percent owing to the small volumes. It can be anticipated that the porosity of the rock in bulk will be higher than the value obtained based on small fragments. The porosity of lunar rocks can markedly affect the isostatic distribution of rocks and must be taken into account when developing models of lunar structure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 69-73
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  • 95
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    Granulometric characteristics of lunar surface material from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The particle size distributions in the 1-1000 micrometer range along the length of the core of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 were recorded by electrical impulse as well as sieve methods. The measurements are represented in the form of cumulative functions of the logarithm of size versus the logarithm of particle number, and also as the logarithm of size versus particle mass on a probability scale. The former functions at all depths consist of the super-positioning of two straight lines with slopes from 2.10 to 4.05. The second functions are near linear, which together with the closeness of the calculated asymmetries of the distribution to zero and the nearness of the calculated excess of the distributions to unity indicate the closeness of the recorded distributions to the logarithmically normal law. This agrees with the assumption that regolith particles were formed in a process of intensive mechanical grinding.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 51-60
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  • 96
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    Morphometric characteristics of particles of regolith returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A study was made of the shape of regolith particles in the 0.5 to 1.0 mm fraction; two parameters were calculated for this fraction: (1) Sphericity -- the ratio of the projection area of a particle to the area of the minimum circumscribed circle; and (2) the ratio of the perimeter of the projection of the particle to the perimeter of a circle having the same width. For comparison, this technique was used in studying geometrical figures and terrestrial formations: sands, slags of present day volcanoes, and crushed basalt. It was established that regolith particles are shaped from the following groups: spherules; breccias and fragments; slags and sinters. Regolith differs sharply from ordinary homogeneous terrestrial formations in the diversity of particle shapes, associated with their polygenicity. Fragments of crushed basalt are less regular than fragments of basalt from regolith.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 61-68
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  • 97
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    Box for working with lunar samples in nitrogen atmosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The design and equipment of a box specially built for working with lunar surface material is described. The box is intended for preliminary investigations, packing of samples, and carrying out a large number of operations necessary for this stage in the study of samples.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 34-39
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  • 98
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    Morphology and types of particles of regolith sample from the Sea of Fertility (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A brief description of the morphology of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic lunar station is given. Adhesiveness of the surface material and its ability to be electrified is noted. Two main genetic groups of regolith particles are differentiated: primary, represented mainly by fragments of magmatic rocks of the basalt and gabbro types, as well as mineralized grains of their constituent minerals, and secondary, particles subjected to appreciable exogenic transformation on the surface of the Moon. The second group, representing more than 70 percent of the material in coarse fractions, includes particles of breccias, sintered aggregates of complex dendritic form, and glass and vitrified particles of varied composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 40-50
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  • 99
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    Reception and study of lunar surface material in inert gas medium (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The reception and study of lunar material returned by the Luna 16 space station is described. The layout of a vacuum receiving chamber for working with material in a helium atmosphere is examined along with the main operations involved in extracting the material from the ampule and drill.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 27-33
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  • 100
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    Preliminary data on lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of preliminary investigations of a sample of lunar surface material returned by Luna 16 automatic station are reported. Information on the granulometric characteristics of regolith, its optical properties, types of its constituent rocks, and its mineral composition is given. The chemical composition of major and trace elements for different sections of the core and for the lunar basalt was determined. Isotopic composition of inert gases and of several elements was studied. The Rb/Sr age was determined at 4.85 to 4.25 billion years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Soil from the Sea of Fertility (NASA-TT-F-15881); p 1-18
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