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  • Spektralphotometrie  (167)
  • kinetics
  • Springer  (200)
  • Public Library of Science (PLoS)
  • 1975-1979  (200)
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  • Springer  (200)
  • Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 6 (1977), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Glucose ; kinetics ; mixed solvent ; kinetic isotope effect ; enthalpy of activation ; entropy of activation ; tetrahydrofuran ; tert-butanol ; mutarotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mutarotation rates of glucose in aqueous mixtures of tetrahydrofuran andtert-butanol in the mole fraction (xi) range 0〈xi〈0.2 have been measured at 5° intervals in the range 5–35°C. The kinetic deuterium isotope effects have been determined for the same solvent compositions at 25 and 35°C. A statistical analysis of the Arrhenius plots indicates that the experimental errors, although small, are too large for the establishment of any compensation behavior between ΔH
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  • 2
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    Journal of solution chemistry 5 (1976), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Solvent effects ; tetramethylurea ; hydrolysis ; hydrogen bonding ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tetramethylurea was hydrolyzed in aqueous hydrochloric acid at temperatures of 80, 90, and 100°C. All reactions were carried out in an excess of both tetramethylurea and water, with first-order dependence on acid concentration being observed. As the concentration of water was increased, the rate of hydrolysis decreased until equimolar amounts of water and tetramethylurea were present. Subsequent addition of water had no effect on the observed rate.
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  • 3
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Spironolactone ; acetylsalicylic acid ; fludrocortisone ; kinetics ; pharmacology ; interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of 600 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the renal excretion and clearance of canrenone, the principal unconjugated metabolite of spironolactone, was examined in a double-blind crossover study in six healthy subjects. ASA significantly reduced the urinary excretion, and the fractional excretion, of canrenone between 4 — 6 hours after administration of 50 mg spironolactone. The pharmacological activity of spironolactone, assessed simultaneously by alterations in fludrocortisone-induced urinary electrolyte changes, was slightly but not significantly reduced. The reductions in urinary canrenone excretion correlated with changes in the urinary log 10 Na/K ratio. The results suggest that canrenone may be actively secreted at the proximal renal tubule, and that secretion is blocked by ASA or its conjugates. This is a possible mechanism for the pharmacological interaction between ASA and spironolactone which has been described previously.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Theophylline ; kinetics ; apnea ; premature newborns ; developmental pharmacology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aminophylline (theophylline-ethylenediamine) was administered to 27 premature newborns to prevent apneic spells. Of the 22 patients monitored for theophylline concentration, a therapeutic blood level was reached in 19 in 1–2 days, and 3 stayed below it. ‘Toxic’ blood levels (≥20 µg/ml) were reached in 3 cases, one of whom showed signs of toxicity. Theophylline treatment was not efficient in the prevention of apnea when a serious underlying disease was present. Theophylline blood half-life (mean : 27.0 h) and clearance (mean 12.9 ml/h/kg) confirmed the slow elimination pattern of the drug in the premature infant.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: tantalum alloy ; oxygen ; dissolution ; kinetics ; oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen was added to T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf, wt.%) at 820 and 990°C at an oxygen pressure of about 3×10−4 Torr (4×10−2N/m2). The technique employed permitted predetermined and reproducible doping of T-111 up to 3.0 at% oxygen. Based on the temperature dependence of the doping reaction, it is concluded that the initial rates of oxygen pickup are probably controlled by solution of oxygen into the T-111 lattice. Although hafnium oxides are more stable than those of tantalum or tungsten, analyses of extracted residues indicate that the latter oxides predominate in the as-doped specimens, presumably because of the higher concentrations of tantalum and tungsten in the alloy. However, high-temperature annealing promotes gettering of dissolved oxygen and of other oxides to form hafnium oxides. Small amounts of tantalum and tungsten oxides were still present after high-temperature annealing. Tungsten oxide (WO3) volatilizes slightly from the surface of T-111 at 990°C. The vaporization of WO3 has no apparent affect on the doping reaction.
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  • 6
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    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Duplex oxides ; copper oxidation ; kinetics ; oxygen partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The theory for the growth of a double oxide layer proposed by Yurek, Hirth, and Rapp, has been applied to copper using experimental rate-constant data obtained by Valensi. Calculated thicknesses of the layers agree very well with experimentally measured values.
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  • 7
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    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 459-472 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; Cr2O3 grain size ; short-circuit diffusion ; surface ; preparation ; Fe-Cr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cr was oxidized in 1 aim O2 at 980, 1090, and 1200°C. ElectropolishedCr and some orientations of etched Cr oxidize rapidly and develop compressive stress in the growing Cr2O3; other orientations oxidize slowly, apparently free of stress. SEM examination of fracture sections shows that the thick oxide is polycrystalline whereas the thin oxide on etched Cr is monocrystalline. It is deduced that the monocrystalline oxide grows by lattice diffusion of cations outward, and the polycrystalline layer by the two-way transport of cation diffusion outward and anion diffusion inward along oxide grain boundaries. The consequent formation of oxide within the body of the polycrystalline layer generates compressive stress and leads to wrinkling by plastic deformation. The activation energy for oxidation of Cr by cation lattice transport is 58 kcal/mole. Polycrystalline Cr2O3 forms on Fe-26Cr alloy, whether electropolished or etched; oxidation is accordingly rapid and accompanied by compressive stress.
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  • 8
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    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: boron carbide ; oxidation ; kinetics ; chromatography method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thermogravimetry and gas-adsorption chromatography were used to study the kinetics of formation of solid and gaseous products during the hightemperature oxidation of compact boron carbide in oxygen at 740 Torr. Oxidation resistance was observed at temperatures up to 1200°C. The main oxidation products were B2O3 and CO2. Oxidation was paralinear; the carbon consumption exceeded the consumption of boron as compared to the ratio of these elements in the compound B4C. This difference resulted in carbon depletion of the carbide layer in the substrate near the scale〉.
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  • 9
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    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 361-376 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: metals ; scale structure ; epitaxy ; kinetics ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An explanation of the deviation from the parabolic law is the treatment which considers both shortcircuit and lattice diffusion in the oxide scale. In this study we examine how the oxidation kinetics are influenced by changing the structure of the scale of copper oxide in order to confirm the role of short-circuit diffusion in determining the oxidation rate. In addition we explain the oxidation kinetics of copper and nickel by using a model of the scale structure which includes recrystallization and grain growth. Results are as follows: (1) The nucleation and growth behavior of oxide have a direct effect on the structure and in turn the oxidation kinetics due to short-circuit diffusion. (2) A modified treatment is valid in the region where volume diffusion and short-circuit diffusion play an important role in which it is necessary to consider the scale structure such as the grain size distribution and the boundary width. (3) When recrystallization takes place it is necessary to consider the model of a two-layered scale structure which is different in properties and morphology. (4) In this region the rate curves are S-shaped when oxide recrystallization takes place and exhibit a transition from a parabolic to an nth-power relationship (n〉2) when grain growth takes place.
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  • 10
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    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 225-239 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: tantalum ; oxidation ; high temperature ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of tantalum in oxygen-nitrogen and oxygen-inert gas mixtures at925°C has been studied. The oxygen pressure was close to 0.5 atm in all experiments, and partial pressures of the second component of from 0 to 180 Torr were employed. Spherical specimens were used to provide quantitatively significant kinetic data. A model has been proposed which suggests that the oxygen pressure at the reaction interface close to the metal surface is lower than the external pressure because of the finite permeability of the porous outer oxide layer, and that the inert gas effectively reduces the permeability. The model gives good quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
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  • 11
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    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 365-381 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt oxidation ; kinetics ; parabolic rate constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Precise values of parabolic rate constants of cobalt oxidation have been determined over a wide range of temperature (950–1300°C) and oxygen pressure (6.58× 10−4−0.658 atm). The dependence of the calculated values of parabolic rate constants k″p on oxygen pressure and temperature can be described by the following empirical equation: $$k''_p = const. \cdot {\text{p}}_{O_2 }^{{\text{1/n}}} \cdot exp ( - {\text{E}}_{\text{k}} /RT)$$ The exponent 1/n decreases with an increase in temperature from 1/3.40 at 950°C to 1/3.96 at 1300°C, whereas the activation energy Ek decreases with an increase in the oxygen pressure from 41.7 to 38.1 kcal/mole.
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  • 12
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: BaTiO3 ; kinetics ; solid state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The solid-state reaction between barium carbonate and rutile powders to form barium metatitanate BaTiO3 was studied by thermogravimetric analysis, X rays, and microscopy. Phase-stability domains were drawn in a temperature— $${\text{p}}_{CO_2 } $$ , diagram. The dependence of the reaction kinetics on $${\text{p}}_{CO_2 } $$ , $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ or $${\text{p}}_{N_2 } $$ is discussed. In particular, the rate continuously decreases when $${\text{p}}_{CO_2 } $$ , or $${\text{p}}_{N_2 } $$ increases, but it reaches a maximum as a function of $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ .
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Cu-Si alloys ; oxidation ; kinetics ; silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Cu-Si alloys (containing up to 4.75 wt. % Si) in $${\text{p}}_{O_2 } $$ =0.01 atm from 800 to 1000°C has been investigated using thermogravimetry and other techniques. A 0.04% Si alloy followed a parabolic oxidation law with a rate similar to that of pure Cu. As the Si concentration increased the rate decreased and became irregular owing to SiO2 particles or flakes at the alloy-scale interface. It is considered that sintering of SiO2 particles and rupture of the sinter because of contraction during sintering are responsible for the irregular kinetics. A SiO2 layer forms directly on the 4.75% Si alloy which oxidizes uniformly. The SiO2 was always amorphous. In pure CO2 a similar pattern of amorphous SiO2 particles, flakes, and layers occurs.
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  • 14
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 283-298 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; surface alloys ; Fe-Cr alloys ; iron ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of several surface and bulk Fe-Cr alloys and iron at 300°C and 4×10−6 Torr oxygen was studied. The surface alloys were fabricated by implantation of 25 keV Cr ions into the outermost 300Å of polycrystalline iron samples. The oxide thickness as a function of oxygen exposure was obtained using proton-excited X-ray analysis, and composition profiles of oxide films were obtained using Auger electron spectroscopy and ion sputtering. The addition of Cr to Fe by surface and bulk alloying caused the oxidation rate to decrease and changed the oxidation kinetics from parabolic (for Fe) to logarithmic (for Cr concentrations ≥4.7at.%). Interpretation of the data in terms of simple oxidation theories indicates that the Cr additions may reduce the oxidation rate by altering the electronic properties of the metal-oxide interface.
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  • 15
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 255-272 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; graphite deposition ; nonadherent oxide ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Fe-C alloys containing 0.5 and 1.0% C was studied in 1 atm O2 at 700° C. The oxidation rate is considerably slower than for pure Fe. The oxide scale formed is detached, multilayered, and overoxidized, containing little or no FeO. A thin film of graphite was identified at the metal-oxide interface by electron diffraction. It is proposed that the slow oxidation and abnormal scale are caused by a residue of graphite left at the metal surface from the oxidation of Fe3C. This inhibition of the oxidation of Fe by carbon at 700°C is in contrast to the stimulation observed at 500°C.
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  • 16
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: NiO ; Electrical conductivity ; gas-solid equilibria ; kinetics ; equivalent circuit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In a previous work it has been stated that the NiO electrical conductivity changes connected to the oxygen pressure changes may be considered as a transitory phenomenon. A mixed kinetics case controlled by the formation of surface cation vacancies and their diffusion in the bulk is proposed to explain the reaction process. By means of an equivalent electrical circuit in good agreement with the kinetics model it was possible to reproduce the experimental phenomenon.
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  • 17
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 481-504 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; sulfidation ; Fe-Cr-Al alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of aluminium on the kinetics and mechanism of high-temperature sulfidation of Fe-Cr alloys containing 20 at.% chromium has been investigated. It has been found that the addition of aluminum greatly improves the scaling resistance of Fe-Cr alloys against attack by sulfur vapors at high temperatures.
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  • 18
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    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 357-365 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; zirconia ; defect structure ; ionic conductivity ; yttria dopant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A Zr-0.5 Y alloy was found to oxidize about 6 times faster than pure zirconium over the temperature range of 400 to 565°C. The activation energies were nearly identical (∼32 kcal/mole). The activation energies correspond to grain boundary diffusion of oxygen through the scale. The higher oxidation rate of the alloy was attributed to a higher anion vacancy concentration and the assumption that diffusion sites in the lattice and boundaries were in local equilibrium. Measurements on yttria-doped zirconia showed that ionic conductivity was increased markedly by yttrium and extended over a wide range of oxygen pressure. The defect structure of the doped oxide was changed to one of oxygen vacancies, even at the high end of the oxygen pressure range, 10−8 to 0.2 atm, over which pure ziconia contains oxygen interstitials. The doped oxide was found to be extrinsic over the entire range of oxygen pressure and, although ionic conductivity predominated, electronic conductivity was still appreciable. The electronic conductivity, however, was still sufficiently high so that electron transport was not rate-controlling in the predominantly ionic-conducting scale.
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  • 19
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    Oxidation of metals 10 (1976), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; oxidation ; molecular oxygen ; glow-discharge oxygen plasma ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics and structure of the oxide scales formed on high-density SiC were studied in molecular oxygen at 740 Torr and in a glow-discharge oxygen plasma at 0.1 Torr at temperatures of 1000, 1100, and 1200°C. The monatomic oxygen formed by the glow discharge markedly increased the reaction rate and the vaporization of some of the oxidation products. The marked differences in kinetics suggest that the rate-controlling step during oxidation in molecular oxygen is the dissociation of adsorbed diatomic oxygen to the monatomic species. Films formed in molecular oxygen were mostly amorphous SiO2 with small inclusions of SiC and graphite, whereas films formed in dissociated oxygen were primarily amorphous SiO2 containing SiO, S2O3, and the coesite form of SiO2.
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  • 20
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-Ni alloys ; kinetics ; scale morphology ; EPMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of an Fe—19.34 wt. % Ni alloy in dry CO2 has been studied at 700—1000°C using thermogravimetry, metallography, and EPMA. Weight gains for oxygen consumption followed a linear-parabolic-linear sequence at all temperatures. During the initial linear stage the scale consisted mainly of magnetite and the activation energy of 133±25 kJ · mole−1 is considered to be due to dissociation of CO2 into CO and adsorbed oxygen on the outer magnetite surface. During the parabolic oxidation stage a continuous Ni-rich layer containing ∼ 70% Ni forms a barrier to the diffusion which has an activation energy of 192±79 kJ · mole−1. The breakdown of the barrier layer causes a return to linear kinetics with an activation energy of 138±42 kJ · mole−1 for dissociation of CO2 on the outer surface. During the final linear stage there is pronounced general and intergranular subscale formation. Detailed information is presented of the Ni redistribution and concentrations during oxidation and its correlation with the kinetics and morphology.
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  • 21
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    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 99-116 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; kinetics ; ilmenite ; rutile ; pseudobrookite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of ilmenite (FeTiO3) in air and dry oxygen was investigated over the temperature interval 600 to 970°C. Dense platelets of ilmenite crystals as well as powder samples of ilmenite were oxidized. The weight data were recorded employing a thermobalance. The oxidation kinetics of ilmenite platelets were parabolic except for the initial stages during which logarithmic kinetics were observed. For powder samples the logarithmic rate law was followed primarily. The logarithmic rate law was attributed to free penetration of oxygen through cracks and short-circuit paths. The activation energies associated with the logarithmic rate law were nearly one-half of those obtained from parabolic oxidation. The growth morphology of the products of oxidation of ilmenite was observed with a scanning electron microscope. The effect of growth morphology on the kinetics is discussed, and a probable reaction mechanism is suggested for the oxidation of ilmenite.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; cobalt and nickel oxidation ; parabolic rate constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new fast method is proposed for the determination of parabolic rate constants of metal oxidation as a function of pressure and temperature. The method consists of determining rate constants by oxidation of a single metal sample in a continuous manner, periodically changing the oxidant pressure or temperature. This method eliminates a number of errors inherent in the classical method which involves the use of a new metal specimen in each experiment and it further shortens the time of evaluating the functions k p '' = f (p, T). The method is particularly suitable for the determination of rate constants of slow processes. To verify the proposed method measurements of the kinetics of oxidation of cobalt and nickel at different oxygen pressures over the temperature range 1000–1300° C were carried out.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: kinetics ; oxidation ; microcalorimetry ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the kinetic theories of Bodenstein or Semenov the expression for the rate of a chemical reaction with several elementary stages can be expressed by different physical parameters. If two experimental methods are used, one method of necessity being microcalorimetry to measure the thermal flux produced by the reaction, it is possible to distinguish a pure kinetics case from a mixed one. The two-method technique has been verified by a study of the oxidation of niobium.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: titanium ; nitridation ; kinetics ; diffusion ; scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The nitridation behavior of titanium has been examined in an atmosphere of nitrogen over the temperature range 900–1000° C. In addition to determining the reaction kinetics, microhardness and metallographic studies have been carried out on the nitrided substrates and nitride scales. Overall parabolic kinetics were exhibited, while a linear scaling reaction (associated principally with Ti2N formation) was observed. Extensive dissolution of nitrogen in the substrate was evident from the microhardness studies, and at 950 and 1000° C the growth of the nitrogen-stabilized αTi phase layer followed a parabolic law. Consideration of all the observed processes and derived data suggested that diffusion of nitrogen in the metal substrate was probably the rate-controlling mechanism.
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  • 25
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    Oxidation of metals 11 (1977), S. 263-276 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel ; sulfidation ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between pure nickel and H2S-H2 mixtures containing 1–65% H2S has been studied over the temperature range 450–600°C. The sulfidation of nickel in the temperature range 560–600°C has been found to follow a linear rate law at low concentrations of H2S and a parabolic rate law at higher concentrations (10% and 65% H2S); X-ray examination of the scale formed on the metal showed it to be almost entirely β-Ni3S2. On the basis of the kinetics and marker studies it can be concluded that the sulfide scale on nickel is formed by the outward transport of the metal and the inward transport of sulfur. In the temperature range 450–500°C the sulfidation of nickel follows a parabolic rate law. In mixtures containing 10% H2S the scale formed contains voids, the occurrence of which is connected with formation of Ni7S6. It has also been shown that the rate of transport through the Ni3S2 layer has an essential influence on the formation of a continuous layer of Ni7S6. Marker studies have shown that both nickel and sulfur appear to be mobile in β′-Ni3S2.
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  • 26
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    Oxidation of metals 12 (1978), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Fe-C ; kinetics ; oxide grain size ; grain-boundary diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-C alloys containing 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% C were oxidized in 1 atm O2 at 500°C. Two specimen preparations were used: annealed followed by slow cooling to form coarse pearlite plus proeutectoid ferrite or cementite; and cold-worked by abrading after annealing. The cold-worked alloys oxidize more rapidly. Annealed pearlite oxidizes faster than annealed ferrite. The differences in oxidation rate are caused by differences in the Fe3O4 grain size, that is, by the number of oxide grain boundaries available to act as easy diffusion paths for the outward diffusion of Fe through the Fe3O4. The oxidation rate constant is 10 times larger for fine-grained poly crystalline oxide than for oxide in which the Fe3O4 is monocrystalline.
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  • 27
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 437-456 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; oxide morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ferritic polycrystalline Fe-24 wt.% Cr was oxidized in pure oxygen at 190 ≤ T≤490° C and pressures in the range 5.3×10−2–13.3 Pa for periods of up to 5 hr. The reaction proceeded in three stages. An initial period of accelerating rate was accompanied by oxide island nucleation and growth. Following island coalescence the rate was approximately logarithmic at low temperatures and somewhat slower than parabolic at high temperatures. Rate control during this period was thought to be due to mass transport through the oxide grain boundaries left by the island impingement process. During these first two stages the oxide formed was γ-M2O3 with possibly some spinel. The final stage of reaction involved the appearance of α-M2O3 on the outer oxide surface and a substantial slowing of the oxidation rate due to the low diffusivity in this phase.
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  • 28
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 89-104 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: BaTiO3 ; kinetics ; solid state ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The authors propose a mechanism for the solid-solid reaction BaCO3+ TiO2→BaTiO3+CO2. This mechanism is based on the real structure of the present semiconductors. The reactions at different interfaces and the diffusing species are identified. The reaction rates are calculated and the dependence of the reaction rate upon O2, N2, and CO2 gas pressure is interpreted and discussed.
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    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 119-158 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: nickel-chromium alloys ; oxidation ; high temperature ; kinetics ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of binary Ni-Cr alloys containing 44 and 50 wt. % Cr has been studied over a range of oxygen partial pressures at temperatures between 800 and 1100°C. The effects of cold work, surface preparation, and distribution of the Cr-rich second phase have been studied. The oxidation behavior is complex and cannot be described by a single model. The oxide grows by short-circuit diffusion as well as bulk transport through Cr 2 O 3 scales. The scale-growth mechanism includes extensive metal-oxide separation requiring Cr vapor transport to the scale, compressive stresses within the oxide which result in scale bulging and cracking, and the formation of a second oxide layer which results in voids being incorporated into the scale. Any factor which reduces the oxide grain size, such as cold work, finer distribution of the Cr-rich α phase or reduced oxygen pressure, results in an increased oxidation rate of binary alloys because of an increased number of grain-boundary short-circuit diffusion paths.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium mit 2-Chlorphenothiazin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 364-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Titan(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion als Thiocyanat mit Mesityloxid
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit 6-Nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dithiol ; Spektralphotometrie ; Spuren
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 285-286 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer mit 4-(2-Pyridylazo)-resorcin ; Spektralphotometrie ; Untersuchung der Komplexe
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 367-372 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lanthaniden, Europium, Dysprosium, Erbium, Samarium in Uran ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Studies were conducted on the assay of Sm, Eu, Dy and Er separated from uranium using aqueous standards by electrothermal AAS with Massmann type graphite furnace. The working curves were found to be linear in the ranges Sm (1–10 μg/ml), Eu (0.05–0.6 μg/ml), Dy (0.1–0.8 μg/ml) and Er (0.1–1.0 μg/ml). The values obtained for synthetic samples agreed favourably with those obtained by emission spectrographic method. Experiments using pyrolytic carbon coated tubes with and without pretreatment by La, Ta and Y have shown an enhancement with treatment upto a maximum of 15% and improve the memory effect marginally. The effect of Ta treatment was found to be singularly useful in improving the general behaviour of Sm. The interference effects of lanthanides, other than the analyte, were found to be negligible. However, the presence of uranium was found to affect the absorbance. The absorbance of Eu was found to be nearly independent of uranium after an initial increase. On the other hand, the absorbance of other elements studied was found to drastically decrease after an initial enhancement. Detailed investigations of temperature dependence of absorbance were carried out using Eu, Dy and Er. The differences in the behaviour of these elements is attributed to probable differences in the modes of their atomization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Hilfe des Graphitrohrofens nach Maßmann durchgeführt. In folgenden Bereichen ergaben sich lineare Eichkurven: Sm 1–10 μg/ml, Eu 0,05–0,6 μg/ml, Dy 0,1–0,8 μg/ml, Er 0,1μ-1,0 μg/ml. Die aus synthetischen Proben erhaltenen Ergebnisse stimmten gut mit den durch Emissionsspektrographie erhaltenen überein. Versuche wurden mit Röhren mit pyrolytischen Kohlenstoffüberzug mit und ohne Vorbehandlung durch La, Ta und Y durchgeführt und ergaben eine bis 15%ige Steigerung durch die Behandlung sowie eine mäßige Besserung des Memoryeffektes. Eine Behandlung mit Ta war besonders für Sm vorteilhaft. Störungen durch andere Lanthanide waren vernachlässigbar. Uran beeinflußte jedoch die Absorption. Im Falle von Eu zeigte sich nach anfänglicher Zunahme fast eine Unabhängigkeit, während bei den anderen untersuchten Elementen nach anfänglicher Zunahme eine beträchtliche Abnahme auftrat. Mit Eu, Dy und Er wurde ebenfalls die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Absorption untersucht. Festgestellte Unterschiede im Verhalten werden auf unterschiedliche Atomisierung zurückgeführt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best von Vitamin D2 ; Spektralphotometrie ; HCl, Tetrachloräthan
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Pikrinsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; Zink und Ammoniumchlorid
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 284-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) mit Chlorphosphonazo III ; Spektralphotometrie ; Trioctylamin-Extraktion
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 285-285 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphat in Ferrosilicium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Cer/Xylenolorange, indirekt
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 413-413 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Pyridin und Azid ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aussalzungsmittel, Mischkomplex
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 43-44 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(VI) mit Arsenazo III ; Spektralphotometrie ; starksaure Lösung
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 46-47 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thallium(I), Dimethylthalliumverbindungen ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 270-270 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cer(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; indirekt, Fe(III)-Resacetophenonoximat-Komplex
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 264-266 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenhydraten in Huminsäuren ; Spektralphotometrie ; Anthronmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine modifizierte Anthronmethode zur Bestimmung des Kohlenhydratgehaltes in Fraktionen von Huminsäure-Blei(II)-Chelatverbindungen, die mit chemischen und gelchromatographischen Methoden getrennt wurden, wird beschrieben. Um die Störung der Methode durch die Absorption der Huminsäuren, die mit abnehmender Wellenlänge ansteigt, gering zu halten, wird die Extinktion des Anthron-Kohlenhydrat-Reaktionsproduktes bei 620 nm gemessen. Die Huminsäurekonzentration darf 0,1 g/dl nicht überschreiten. Da die molare Extinktion des Anthron-Reaktionsproduktes von der Art des Kohlenhydrates abhängt, wird der Kohlenhydratgehalt auf das Hauptkohlenhydrat des Huminsäurehydrolysats berechnet (d.h. Glucose).
    Notes: Summary A modified anthrone method is described for the determination of carbohydrates in fractions of lead(II)-chelate compounds of humic acids separated with chemical as well as gel-chromatographic methods. To reduce the disturbance of the method by the absorption of humic acids increasing with the decrease of wavelength, the absorbance of the anthronecarbohydrate reaction products is measured at 620 nm and the humic acid concentration is not allowed to exceed 0.1 g/dl. Because the molar absorptivity of the anthrone reaction-products depends on the type of carbohydrate investigated, the content is calculated for the main carbohydrate of the humic-acid hydrolysate (i.e. glucose).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 366-370 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber mit Formazanen ; Spektralphotometrie ; chelatbildende Ionenaustauscher
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Darstellung substituierter Formazane und ihre chemische Fixierung an Cellulose, amino- und chlormethyliertem Polystyrol wird beschrieben. Die Kapazitäten der Austauscher liegen zwischen 0,05 mÄq/g (Cellulose) und 0,6 mÄq/g (Polystyrol). In neutralem Medium zeigen sie eine besondere Affinität zu Hg(II), Pd(II) und Ag(I), aber keine Affinität zu Cu(II). Weiterhin wurde eine spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Hg(II) und Ag(I) mit dem wasserlöslichen Formazan (FII)-NO2 ausgearbeitet [Hg(II): ɛ546=23 000 l Mol−1 cm−1, Ag(I): ɛ546 =38 000 l Mol−1 cm−1].
    Notes: Summary The preparation of substituted formazans and their fixation on cellulose, amino- and chloromethylated polystyrene is described. The capacities of the exchangers vary from 0.05 meq/g (cellulose) to 0.6 meq/g (polystyrene). They show in neutral medium greater affinity to Hg(II), Pd(II) and Ag(I), but no affinity to Cu(II). Further, a spectrophotometric determination of Hg(II) and Ag(I) with the watersoluble formazan (FII)-NO2 has been worked out. [Hg(II): ɛ546=23 000 l Mol−1 cm−1, Ag(I): ɛ546=38 000 l Mol−1 cm−1].
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 233-235 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Ableitungen höherer Ordnung, Analogdifferenzierer, Derivativverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine neu entwickelte Analog-Recheneinheit berichtet, mit der man Ableitungen von Spektren und anderen Meßsignalen erstmalig bis zur 7. Ordnung on-line verwirklichen kann. Wie die Prüfungen ergaben, ist die optimale Auflösung in den meisten Fällen mit der 4. Ableitung erreicht. Dann sind nämlich alle Schultern und Wendepunkte der Kurven in bipolare Signale übergeführt. Eine Aufstellung der wichtigsten bisherigen Anwendungsgebiete wird gegeben.
    Notes: Summary This report deals with a newly developed analogue computing accessory by which derivations of spectra and other electric signals up to the seventh order were realized on-line. A thorough study of this apparatus showed that in most cases fine-resolving is reached by the fourth derivation. In this case, all shoulders and points of inflections are resolved to bipolar signals. A number of examples for applying derivative spectrophotometry of higher order (DSHO-method) is also given.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 400-402 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Bestimmung von Meclozin, Pyridoxin in pharmazeutischen Produkten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Orthogonalfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A rapid spectrophotometric method for the analysis of tablets containing the title compounds without preliminary separation is developed. Thus, pyridoxine is determined by measurement at λ max while the six-points quadratic orthogonal polynomial has been used to determine meclozine. The mean percentage recoveries (8 determinations) were found to be 101.71±0.64 and 99.77±0.62% (P=0.05) for meclozine and pyridoxine hydrochlorides, respectively. Neither the Vierordt's nor the absorbance ratio methods gave accurate results as the proposed method. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of market preparations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Verfahren zur schnellen Bestimmung der beiden Verbindungen ohne Vortrennung ausgearbeitet. Pyridoxin wird durch Messung beim Absorptionsmaximum von 292 nm bestimmt, Meclozin wird mit Hilfe eines quadratischen Sechspunkte-Orthogonalpolynoms berechnet. Die Wiederfindungsrate (8 Bestimmungen) lag bei 101,71±0,64 bzw. 99,77±0,62% (P=0,05). Vergleichsbestimmungen nach der Methode von Vierordt und dem Verfahren der Extinktionsverhältnisse gaben weniger genaue Resultate. Die vorgeschlagene Methode wurde mit gutem Erfolg auf handelsübliche Präparate angewendet.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 364-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel mit Äthylxanthat ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 220-221 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Trimethin-Reagentien aus Aminochalkogenuracilen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich werden Trimethinfarbstoffe, als Reagentien für die photometrische Magnesiumbestimmung, durch die Kondensation von Malonaldehyd und Barbitursäure bzw. ihren Derivaten hergestellt. Auf ähnliche Weise erhält man mit 4(6)-Amino(2)-chalkogeno-uracilen und Malonaldehyd die Ammoniumsalze der Trimethinfarbstoffe, die sich ohne weitere Aufarbeitung als Reagentien für die photometrische Bestimmung einsetzen lassen. Die Herstellung der Verbindungen wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary It is known that trimethine dyes used for the photometrie determination of magnesium ions can be prepared by the condensation of malonicaldehyde with barbituric acid or its derivatives; In a similar way it is possible to use 4(6)-amino-2-chalcogeno-uracils giving with malonicaldehyde ammonium salts of the trimethine dyes, which are suited for the photometric determination without further manipulations. The preparation is described.
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel, Kobalt mit 2-Carboxy-2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-dimethylazobenzol-4-sulfonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 356-360 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; Mechanisierung, Prinzip, Optimierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Prinzip der Automatisierung der photometrischen Analyse mit kontinuierlichem Reagentienfluß und die speziellen Vorteile der Verwendung von Bausteinen der Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie werden ausführlich diskutiert. Die Optimierung folgender Parameter wird besprochen: Verweilzeit (Reaktionszeit), Einspritzmenge, Pumpgeschwindigkeit, Säulenabmessungen, Partikeldurchmesser.
    Notes: Summary The principle of automation of photometric analysis by the continuous flow method and the particular advantages of the use of component parts of liquid chromatography are discussed in detail. The optimization of the following parameters is pointed out: residence (reaction) time, injection volume, pumping rate, column dimensions and particle diameter.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 47-47 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Hydroxyphenyl-p-tolylbenzamidin
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Tensiden in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Aniontenside, Reinigungsstufen
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aniontenside werden an Feststoffen der Gewässer wie auch der Kläranlagen adsorbiert und teilweise angereichert. Ihre analytische Bestimmung erfordert eine mehrstufige Vorarbeit. Sie führt über die Extraktion des Probengutes, die Abtrennung der Tenside von Störstoffen durch Ausblasen (grobe Vorreinigung) und die chromatographische Reinigung der Rohfraktion auf Kieselgelschichten. Die Konzentration der reinen Tensidfraktion kann colorimetrisch oder IR-spektrometrisch bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary Anion tensides are adsorbed on solids in surface waters and sewage treatment plants and enriched to some extent. Their analytical determination requires multi-stage preparations, including sampling, separation of the tensides from disturbing material by air stripping (rough preliminary cleaning), and chromatographic cleaning of the raw fraction on silica gel. The concentration of the pure tenside fraction can be determined colorimetrically or by way of IR spectrometry.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium(V) mit p-Hydroxybenzaldehyd und Hydroxyamidin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 302-303 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aldehyden, aromat. mit Barbitursäure ; Spektralphotometrie. Best. von Barbitursäure mit p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 359-361 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Arsenazo, Fällg. mit Al-Phosphat
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur schnellen und genauen Bestimmung von Uranspuren in natürlichen, auch salzhaltigen Wässern, wird Uran durch Spurenfällung mit Aluminiumphosphat abgetrennt. Durch Auflösen des mit Zinkpulver vermengten Niederschlages erfolgt Reduktion zu U(IV), das mit Arsenazo III bestimmt wird. Der Extinktionskoeffizient beträgt 97000 cm2/Mol.
    Notes: Summary For the precise and accurate determination of uranium in natural, even saline, waters, it is separated by coprecipitation with Al-phosphate. The precipitate is mixed with zinc powder, dissolved and thus reduced to U(IV), which is determined with Arsenazo III. The molar absorptivity is 97000 cm2/mol.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphat neben Silicium, Arsen, Germanium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion mit Benzophenon, Molybdatmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new type of separation of phosphate ion, along with its spectrophotometric determination, was established by liquid-liquid extraction, where the yellow heteropoly acid formed by the reaction with ammonium molybdate in acid solution is quantitatively extracted into molten benzophenone at a temperature of about 60° C. When cooled down to room temperature, the benzophenone extract converts from the liquid state to the solid state. The resulting solidified extract is dissolved in methyl propionate, and the phosphate ion in the solvent is determined spectrophotometrically by the blue heteropoly acid method. Possible interference by Si, As and Ge is eliminated by the separation procedure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei dem beschriebenen Verfahren wird die mit Ammoniummolybdat in saurer Lösung gebildete gelbe Heteropolysäure bei 60° C in geschmolzenes Benzophenon extrahiert. Dieses wird durch Abkühlen verfestigt, in Methylpropionat gelöst und in dieser Lösung das Phosphat spektralphotometrisch als blaue Heteropolysäure bestimmt. Si, As und Ge, die ebenfalls mit Molybdat reagieren, werden durch die Extraktion abgetrennt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 158-158 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium, Ruthenium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Isonitrosodibenzoylmethan
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ruthenium(III) mit 3-Hydroxy-3-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-1-phenyltriazen ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arylidenmalonnitrilen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Dinitrobenzol als Reagens
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit Tiron ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer neben Nickel und Kobalt ; Spektralphotometrie ; Girard-T-deriv. von Hydroxynaphthaldehyd
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 128-128 
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    Keywords: Best. von Tellur in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Se-haltiger Automatenstahl
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 206-206 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zirkonium ; Spektralphotometrie ; Reagentienvergleich
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 45-45 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von o-Dichlorbenzol ; Spektralphotometrie ; UV
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 46-46 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von p-Methylaminophenolsulfat, Metol ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 406-407 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ligninsulfonsäure, Huminsäure in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; UV
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 383-385 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bor in Silicaten ; Spektralphotometrie ; Pyrohydrolyse, Carminsäure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This simple method for the determination of boron takes a total time of 20 min. Samples are mixed with CaF2 suprapur in the ratio 3∶1 and pyrohydrolized in a Leco induction furnace for 15 min under steam of H2O. The BF3 liberated is collected in a NaOH-Na2CO3 solution (10 g NaOH +1 g Na2CO3 per liter). This solution is filled up to 200 ml with twice distilled water; 2 ml of this solution is mixed with conc. sulphuric acid and carminic acid solution and filled up to 50 ml. The absorption is measured by a Zeiss Elko II photometer with filter S 59. Analyses of four internations reference samples show excellent precision with a relative standard deviation of less than 5% (e.g. for a boron content of 2.1 ppm in granite G-2).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Borbestimmung mit dieser schnellen und einfachen Methode benötigt ca. 20 min. Die Proben werden mit CaF2 Suprapur im Verhältnis 3∶1 vermischt und in einem Leco-Induktionsofen 15 min unter Einleitung von Wasserdampf pyrohydrolysiert. Das entstandene BF3 wird in einer NaOH-Na2CO3-Lösung(10 g NaOH+1 gNa2CO3pro Liter) aufgefangen. Diese Lösung wird mit zweifach destilliertem Wasser auf 200 ml aufgefüllt; 2 ml dieser Lösung werden mit konz. Schwefelsäure und Carminsäure-Lösung versetzt und auf 50 ml aufgefüllt, bevor ihre Absorption mit einem Zeiss — Elko II — Photometer mit Filter S 59 gemessen wird. Analysen von 4 internationalen Referenzproben zeigen eine hohe Präzision mit einer relativen Standardabweichung von weniger als 5% (z. B. für einen Gehalt von 2,1 ppm Bor im Granit G-2 des USGS).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 407-408 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von N-p-Tolylbenzohydroxamsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 414-415 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber(II) mit 3-Methyl-5-pyrazolon-4-dithiocarbonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 355-358 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie ; Atomabsorption ; flammenlos
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Bleianalyse in biologischen Materialien mit Hilfe der flammenlosen Atomabsorption wurde eine Methode entwickelt. Die Proben wurden mit Salpetersäure gelöst. Die überschüssige Säure, durch die das Blei-Absorptionssignal beeinflußt wird, wurde durch Zugabe von Ameisensäure entfernt. Es wurden sowohl die Höhen als auch die Flächen der Absorptionspeaks ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen. Bei der Bestimmung des Bleigehalts eines biologischen Standardmaterials konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Methode ausreichende Reproduzierbarkeit und Genauigkeit besitzt.
    Notes: Abstract The samples were dissolved in nitric acid. The excess acid, which influences the lead absorption signal, was removed by the addition of formic acid. Both the heights and the areas of the absorption peaks were evaluated and the results compared. The precision and the accuracy of the method, which was tested by determining the lead content of a biological standard reference material, proved to be satisfactory.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 3 (1975), S. 277-290 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: sulfobromophthalein (BSP) ; kinetics ; BSP disposition ; mathematical model ; flow-limited
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A linear, flow-limited mathematical model of drug kinetics was used to simulate total sulfobromophthalein (BSP) kinetics in normal anesthetized rats during intravenous infusions and following rapid intravenous injections. Four parameters were used to characterize the distribution and biliary and urinary excretion of BSP: liver- to- plasma concentration ratio, extrahepatic tissue- to- plasma concentration ratio, liver clearance rate constant, and renal plasma clearance rate constant. The same parameters appear to characterize the kinetics of BSP in man through the successful application of “scale- up” techniques utilizing data from experiments in rats. Plasma levels of BSP corresponding to intravenous infusions and rapid intravenous injections in man are approximated by computer simulation.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 5 (1977), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: propranolol ; kinetics ; volunteers ; bioavailability ; threshold dose
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of propranolol in blood was studied in healthy volunteers, following intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/kg and increasing oral doses of 10,20, and 40 mg, using a specific and sensitive gas Chromatographie method. The systemic availability of orally administered propranolol varied from 9% to 38% between subjects, but it was constant within each subject. A linear relationship was found between the area under the blood concentration-time curve and the oral dose. At variance with literature data, we could not observe a threshold dose.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 6 (1978), S. 389-397 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: probenecid ; methotrexate ; cerebrospinal fluid ; kinetics ; interaction ; dogs ; choroid plexus ; intrathecal
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Probenecid is known to inhibit the renal excretion of methotrexate (MTX) and the transport of organic anions by the choroid plexus of the brain. The effect of probenecid on the CSF clearance of MTX given by the intrathecal route was examined in anesthetized dogs. Plasma and CSF MTX levels were measured following intrathecal injection of 0.4 mg/kg MTX, with and without pretreatment with probenecid. In the absence of probenecid, the peak plasma MTX concentration of 3.18×10−7±1.09×10−7 M (mean±SD) was reached 5 hr after intrathecal injection. With probenecid pretreatment, the mean peak plasma MTX concentration was lower (2.09×10−7+-0.98×10−7 M) and plasma disappearance was prolonged. A biexponential decay of CSF MTX levels was observed over the duration of sampling. The half-life of the second exponential phase was 21 hr without probenecid pretreatment and was longer after probenecid pretreatment. These results provide strong evidence that probenecid inhibits transfer of MTX from CSF to plasma following intrathecal injection.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 7 (1979), S. 557-578 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: kinetics ; enzyme induction ; drug interaction
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Equations were derived to describe the time course of drug levels during auto- and heteroinduction under a variety of input conditions. These equations were based on a pharmacokinetic theory of induction which assumes that metabolic clearance increases exponentially to a maximum value and that the rate of this increase is governed by the degradation rate constant of the induced enzyme (k′). Closed form solutions could be obtained only for intravenous single-dose (case I) and multiple-dose (case IV) administration. For each of the other cases, constant-rate intravenous infusion (case III), oral single-dose administration (case II), and multiple-dose administration (case V), an exact solution (not closed form) and an approximation (closed form) were derived. Two sets of equations were derived for each of the five cases to take into consideration the possibility of a latency term (λ).Plots of drug amount X(or concentration C) vs. time (t) were constructed. In case I, a log Xvs. tplot was convex, the slope increasing with time. In case II, Xincreased,reached a peak, and decayed as in case I. In case III (λ 〉 5In 2V/Q) Creached a preinduction steady state before decreasing to a lower (induced) steady state. When λ=0, Creached a maximum before decreasing to the same induced steady state. The behavior of Cvs. tfor cases IV and V was similar to that for case III. Determination of parameters was attempted in case III. Nonlinear least-square fitting of generated data with 3–9% error yielded reasonable estimates of k′.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 7-9 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Coffein, Phenacetin ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Spektralphotometrie ; Kopplung mit Tischrechner
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Bestimmung von Phenacetin und Coffein im pharmazeutisch verwendeten Mengenverhältnis wird die quantitative in situ-Auswertung eines Zweikomponentensystems im on line-Betrieb: Densitometer—Integrator—Tischrechner beschrieben. Die Eichgerade wird für beide Substanzen auf jeder Platte gesondert bestimmt. Durch eine Einschränkung des Konzentrationsbereichs auf obere und untere Toleranzgrenze ergeben sich Vereinfachungen der Ausgleichsrechnungen. Die erzielten Genauigkeiten liegen bei 2 Analysen pro Platte bei 1,51% (Phenacetin) und 2,56% (Coffein) bzw. bei 4 Analysen pro Platte bei 1,50% (Phenacetin) und 2,64% (Coffein) (rel. gen. Standardabweichung, n=18 bzw. n=36).
    Notes: Abstract A TLC method for the determination of phenacetin and caffeine in pharmaceutical preparations using a densitometer in line with an integrator and electronic desk calculator is described. The calibration curves of each compound were prepared where the higher and lower tolerance concentration levels were defined. The accuracy of the method is 1.51% (phenacetin) and 2.56% (caffeine) for two experiments carried out on each plate; 1.50% (phenacetin) and 2.64% (caffeine) for four experiments for each plate (relative standard deviation, n=18 and n=36, respectively).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 29-30 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Tellur(IV) ; Spektralphotometrie ; Salzsäure/Essigsäurelösungs
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium mit Chlorpromazinhydrochlorid ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 101-102 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kationen, Kupfer ; Spektralphotometrie ; Gelatinefolien
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache und schnelle Methode zur photometrischen Kationenbestimmung mittels Gelatinefolien wurde ausgearbeitet. Eine reine Filmfolie als Träger der Farbreaktion wird in die Kationenlösung und danach in die Reagenslösung eingetaucht, wobei sich in der Gelatineschicht ein gefärbter Niederschlag bildet, dessen Farbintensität proportional der Metallkonzentration ist. Die Folie wird photometriert und mittels einer Eichkurve die Metallkonzentration bestimmt. Das Verfahren wurde an Hand der Cu-Bestimmung mit Diäthyldithiocarbamidat erprobt. Die Färbung befolgt in diesem Fall das Beersche Gesetz. Eine Bestimmung erfordert etwa 20 min. Der relative Fehler beträgt ±5 % bei einer Konzentration von 3–30 μg Cu2+/ml.
    Notes: Abstract A simple and rapid method for the photometric determination of cations using a strip of gelatin film has been developed. The strip is immersed in the sample solution and afterwards in a reagent solution. The intensity of a the coloured precipitate formed in the strip is proportional to the metal ion concentration, which is determined photometrically using a calibration curve. The determination of Cu with diethyldithiocarbamidate has been selected for testing the technique. The colour intensity in this case follows Beer's law. The determination can be performed within 20 min. The relative error amounts to ±5 % for a concentration range of 3–30 μg of Cu2+/ml.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kobalt mit β-Dithionaphtholsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 273 (1975), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Mehrkomponentenanalyse ; Spektralphotometrie ; Orthogonalfunktionen ; Best. von Benzoesäure ; p-Hydroxybenzoesäure ; Sorbinsäure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theoretical principles of orthogonal functions in spectrophotometric analysis is fully explained and extended to multicomponent analysis. The method is illustrated by the determination of benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and sorbic acid using the least square method. The results obtained suggest that the method can be widely applied to mixtures of three or more absorbing compounds whenever irrelevant absorption is expected to be present. The latter will certainly lead to erroneous results when extinctions are directly used for the determination of the individual components.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die theoretischen Grundlagen von Orthogonalfunktionen werden vollständig erklärt und auf Mehrkomponentenanalysen übertragen. Die Methode wird anhand der Bestimmung von Benzoesäure, p-Hydroxybenzoesäure und Sorbinsäure illustriert; die Auswertung erfolgt über die Methode der minimalen Summe der Fehlerquadrate. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen erkennen, daß die Methode auch dann auf Gemische von drei oder mehr absorbierenden Verbindungen anwendbar ist, wenn irrelevante Absorption zu erwarten ist. Letztere führt dann zu fehlerhaften Ergebnissen, wenn bei der Bestimmung von einzelnen Verbindungen die Extinktionen direkt zur Anwendung gelangen.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 23-25 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wasser in Dichloressigsäure ; Spektralphotometrie ; direktes Verfahren
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wasser in Dichloressigsäure läßt sich im Konzentrationsbereich 0〈C〈1% (C = Konzentration in Gewichtsprozent) photometrisch bei λ=1425 nm direkt bestimmen. Die Extinktion E im Absorptionsmaximum ist bei einer Schichtdicke von d=5 cm durch die Funktion E=1,267 · C 0.93 mit einem Bestimmtheitsmaß von B=99,4% zu beschreiben. Der Variationskoeffizient für Wasserkonzentrationen um C ≈0,06% liegt bei V=6,5%.
    Notes: Abstract Water concentrations in dichloroacetic acid in the range of 0〈C 〈1 % (C = percent by weight) can be determined directly by photometry at 1425 nm. The absorbance A at this maximum is described by the function A=1.267×C0.93 (cell path d=5 cm, correlation coefficient r=0.997). The variation coefficient for water concentrations of ≈0.06% was found to be V=6.5%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 29-29 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Olefinen ; Spektralphotometrie ; Methoxymercurierung, höhere Alpha-Olefine
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    Keywords: Best. von Gold, Palladium mit p-Dimethylaminobenzilidenrhodanin ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cer(IV) mit 4-Dimethylamino-azobenzol-4′-arsonsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verteilung von Molybdatoheteropolysäuren von Phosphor, Silicium, Arsen, Germanium ; Ionenassoziat mit Octylaminen ; Best. von Phosphor, Silicium in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie ; Mo-Heteropolysäure, Ionenassoziat mit Octylamin
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung der Molybdatoheteropolysäuren von Phosphor, Arsen, Silicium und Germanium als Ionenassoziate mit Di- und Tri-n-octylamin wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Schwefelsäure-, Salzsäure-, Salpetersäure- und Perchlorsäurekonzentration untersucht. In den Ammoniumionenassoziaten beträgt das Verhältnis Heteroatom/Molybdän 1∶12, außer für die Molybdatoarsensäuren, bei denen offenbar ein Gemisch der (1∶9)- und (1∶12)-Säure extrahiert wird. Das Verhältnis Amin/Heteropolysäure ist variabel und hängt von der Art des Amins und der Mineralsäure ab. Die analytische Anwendung zur P-, As-, Si- und Ge-Bestimmung wurde geprüft. Arbeitsvorschriften zur Bestimmung von P und Si in Stahl werden angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of molybdato heteropoly acids of phosphorus, arsenic, silicon and germanium as ion pairs with di- and tri-n-octylamine was investigated in dependance of the sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and perchloric acid concentration. In the ammonium ion pairs the heteroatom∶molybdenum ratio amounts to 1∶12, except of the molybdato arsenic acid, where apparently a mixture of the (1∶9)- and (1∶12)-acid is extracted. The amine∶heteropoly acid ratio is variable and depends upon the nature of the mineral acid and the amine. The analytical application for the determination of P, As, Si and Ge was examined. Working instructions for the determination of P and Si in steel are given.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 115-117 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Uranylnitrat ; Spektralphotometrie ; Best. des NO3/U-Verhältnisses in substöchiometrischen Lösungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A fast determination of the nitrate/uranium ratio in substoichiometric uranylnitrate solutions is proposed. As the absorption of an uranylnitrate solution at a wave length of 412 nm is strongly dependent on the NO3/U ratio (if this ratio is below 2.00), the amount of nitrate needed to reach a NO3/U ratio of 2.00 can be determined by a spectrophotometric titration. Afterwards the uranium concentration is determined by spectrophotometry at 412 nm and the NO3/U ratio can be calculated. The reproducibility of the method is 0.7%, the accuracy is 1.8%. One determination takes 10 min.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Da die Absorption einer Uranylnitratlösung bei 412 nm in starkem Maß abhängig ist von dem Verhältnis NO3/U (wenn dieses unter 2,00 liegt), kann man durch eine spektralphotometrische Titration die Menge Nitrat bestimmen, die erforderlich ist, um dieses Verhältnis auf den Wert 2,00 zu bringen. Danach kann die Urankonzentration spektralphotometrisch bei 412 nm bestimmt und das Verhältnis NO3/U berechnet werden. Die Reproduzierbarkeit des Verfahrens beträgt 0,7%, die Genauigkeit 1,8%. Eine Bestimmung erfordert einen Zeitaufwand von 10 min.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ruthenium mit Arsenazo I ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium mit Butylxanthat ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium mit Hexacyanoferrat(II) ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 367-370 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verteilungstitration der Dioctylammonium-Ionenassoziate von Dodekamolybdatokieselsäuren mit Zinn(II)-chlorid ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reduktion der Dioctylammonium-Ionenassoziate der isomerenα- undβ-Molybdatokieselsäure mit Sn(II) wird mit Hilfe einer photometrischen Verteilungstitration im zweiphasigen System Wasser/ Chloroform untersucht. Für beide Isomeren werden 2e- und 4e-Reduktionsprodukte gefunden. Die 2e-β-, 2e-α- und 4e-α-Produkte sind in der organischen Phase, das 4e-β-Produkt nur in der wäßrigen Phase löslich.
    Notes: Abstract The reduction of the dioctylammonium ion pairs of the isomers of molybdatosilicic acid with Sn(II) was investigated by a photometric distribution titration in the system water/ chloroform. 2e- and 4e-reduction products were found. The 2e-β-, 2e-α- and 4e-α-products are soluble in the organic phase, whereas the 4e-β-product dissolves only in water.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 378-380 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenolen in Abwasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Einfluß kupplungsfähiger Amine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 92
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 274 (1975), S. 382-382 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Retioninsäure in Kosmetika, Pharmazeut. Produkten ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 32-32 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie ; vorausberechnete Varianz der Mehrkomponentenanalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 115-117 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vitamin K3 mit Acetylaceton, Diäthylmalonat, Äthylcyanoacetat ; Spektralphotometrie ; Kondensationsreaktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Spectrophotometric methods have been described for the determination of vitamin K3 based upon a condensation reaction with acetylacetone, diethylmalonate or ethylcyanoacetate in presence of ammonia. These reactions are suitable for the determination of vitamin concentrations down to 5 µg/ml with an accuracy of ± 0.2%. The reaction of the vitamin with alkalies has also been evaluated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur spektralphotometrischen Bestimmung von Vitamin K3 wurden Verfahren beschrieben, die auf der Kondensationsreaktion mit Acetylaceton, Diäthylmalonat bzw. Äthylcyanoacetat in Gegenwart von Ammoniak beruhen. Das Vitamin kann in Konzentrationen bis herab zu 5 μg/ml mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 0,2% bestimmt werden. Die Reaktion mit Alkalien wurde ebenfalls untersucht und ein Vergleich der Resultate gegeben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium(II) mit Thioridazin ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 96
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Brenzcatechin ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion von Eisenkomplexen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 97
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Ruthenium mit β-Dithionaphtholsäure ; Spektralphotometrie
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Palladium mit Diacetylmonoxim ; Spektralphotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 99
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 265-268 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cyanid in Abwasser ; Spektralphotometrie ; Zerstörung des Pt-Diaminobenzoesäure-Komplexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus der starken Störung der Platinbestimmung mit 3,4-Diaminobenzoesäure durch CN− ergab sich nach einigen Modifikationen eine genaue, empfindliche und relativ einfach zu handhabende Bestimmungsmethode für CN−. Der Einfluß einer großen Anzahl Kationen und Anionen wurde getestet. Durch die erreichte hohe Selektivität eignet sich die Methode für komplizierter zusammengesetzte Analysenproben, besonders auch für die CN− -Bestimmung in Abwässern. Mit der Bestimmbarkeit von weniger als 0,02 μg CN−/ml ist die Empfindlichkeit den bis jetzt bekannten photometrischen Bestimmungsarten mindestens ebenbürtig. Bei Serienuntersuchungen lassen sich 30–40 Analysen pro Tag durchführen.
    Notes: Abstract An accurate sensitive and simple method for the determination of cyanide was developed from the fact that cyanide interferes strongly in the determination of platinum with 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid. The influence of a great number of cations and anions was tested. Due to the high selectivity the method is especially suited for the analysis of more complex samples such as waste waters. The sensitivity of 〈0.02 μg CN−/ml compares favourably with the known methods. About 30–40 samples can be analysed per day.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 275 (1975), S. 286-286 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Mangan mit Thiothenoyltrifluoraceton ; Spektralphotometrie ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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