ALBERT

Description: Since organic chemistry began, the chemistry of natural products from terrestrial organisms such as plants and fungi has been studied intensively; in contrast, marine species have received relatively little attention. However, in the last decade research in the field of marine products has increased sbstantially. The heightened interest in this area is attested by the appearance of the monumental treatise of Halstead on Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals in 1965 (108), Baslow’s review on “Marine Pharmacology” in 1969 (14) and Scheuer’s recent book “Chemistry of Marine Natural Products” (160) in 1973. In addition Premuzic’s review devoted to the Chemistry of Natural Products Derived from Marine Sources, was published in volume 29 of this series in 1971 (152).

Description: A single layer of cells secretes the hard cephalopod beaks. The beccublasts are tall columnar cells that separate the beak from the surrounding buccal muscles, and must serve to attach these muscles to the beak. Within the cell layer there are three types of cells. The first, and most frequently found contain cell-long fibrils. These fibrils may have contractile and tensile properties. Complex trabeculae extend from the beccublasts into the matrix of the beak. The fibrils are attached to these trabeculae and at the other end of the cells they are anchored near to the beccublast-muscle cell interface, closely associated with the muscles that move the beak. The second group of cells contain masses of endoplasmic reticulum the cysternae of which are arranged along the long axis of the cell. These cells also contain dense granules and are probably the major source of beak hard tissue. It is probable that each cell secretes its own column of beak hard tissue. The third group of cells contains a mixture of fibrils and secretory tissue. In the beccublast layer there are changes in the proportion of the three types of cells depending upon the region sampled. In the region where growth is most active there are mostly secretory cells, whereas near the biting and wearing tip there are mainly anchoring type cells.

Description: Laboratory data are presented on the distribution of cobalt between pyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite. Pyrite-type deposits are used to show that the results enable one to estimate the temperatures of formation for copper mineralization. Recent years have seen extensive studies on element distributions between coexisting minerals in order to define mineralogical thermometers and barometers [1-3]. Detailed studies have been made of the thermodynamic basis of such distributions, as well as of the factors that influence component levels in coexisting minerals. Here we will not consider a theoretical analysis of the distribution, but we do note that trace elements appear in pyrite and chalcopyrite only below the 1 wt. % level, while the compositions of the minerals deviate only slightly from stoichiometric, with temperature the main parameter that controls the distribution.

Description: The ommastrephid squids are large active animals occurring in most of the world's oceans. Luminous organs or bioluminescence have been observed only in members of the subfamily Sthenoteuthinae, containing the genera Ornithoteuthis, Symplectoteuthis (= Eucleoteuthis), Hyaloteuthis, Ommastrephes and Dosidicus. The light organs of Ommastrephes pteropus are small sub-spherical bodies randomly distributed over the ventral surface of the mantle, head, arms and tentacles (Roper, 1963) and are aggregated dorsally to form a large luminous patch (Clarke, 1965). Relatively little is known about the organs, capabilities and biochemistry of luminescence in cephalopods (Harvey, 1952; Herring, in Press), and the size of the light organ and availability of O. pteropus provide an unusual opportunity for such studies. Although among the molluscs the luminescent systems of the gastropod Latia and the bivalve Pholas have been partially characterized (Shimomura & Johnson, 1968; Henry, Isambert & Michelson, 1970, 1973) the only cephalopod system which has been investigated to date is that of the enoploteuthid Watasenia scintillans (Goto et al., 1974; Inoue et al., 1975). This investigation examines the anatomy and biochemistry of the dorsal light organ of O. pteropus, which differs markedly in these respects from the brachial organs of Watasenia.

Description: Squids (teuthoids) fall into two distinct groups according to their density in sea water. Squids of one group are considerably denser than sea water and must swim to stop sinking; squids in the other group are nearly neutrally buoyant. Analyses show that in almost all the neutrally buoyant squids large amounts of ammonium are present. This ammonium is not uniformly distributed throughout the body but is mostly confined to special tissues where its concentration can approach half molar. The locations of such tissues differ according to the species and developmental stage of the squid. It is clear that the ammonium-rich solution are almost isosmotic with sea water but of lower density and they are present in sufficient volume to provide the main buoyancy mechanism of these squids. A variety of evidence is given which suggests that squids in no less than 12 of the 26 families achieve near-neutral buoyancy in this way and that 14 families contain squids appreciably denser than sea water [at least one family contains both types of squid]. Some of the ammonium-rich squids are extremely abundant in the oceans.

Description: The effect of medium dissolved-oxygen tension on the molar growth yield, respiration and cytochrome content of Beneckea natriegens in chemostat culture (D 0·37 hr-1) was examined. The molar growth yield (Y), the specific rate of oxygen (qo2) and glucose consumption, and the specific rate of carbon dioxide evolution were independent of the dissolved-oxygen tension above a critical value (〈 2 mmHg). However, the potential respiration rate increased with reduction in the dissolved-oxygen tension at values of the dissolved-oxygen tension well above the critical value. Changes in the cytochrome content occurred at dissolved-oxygen tensions well above the critical value. An increase in cytochrome c relative to cytochrome b was observed as the dissolved-oxygen tension was decreased. Reduction of the dissolved-oxygen tension to less than 1 mmHg caused a switch to fermentative metabolism shown by the apparent rise in Y o2 and decrease in the molar growth yield from glucose. At this point the potential respiration rate (q o2) increased to its highest value, while the cytochrome pattern reverted to that observed at dissolved-oxygen tensions above 96 mmHg. There appeared to be no correlation between cytochrome content, potential q o2, in situ q o2, and cyanide sensitivity of the organism at various dissolved-oxygen tensions.

Description: Enrichment cultures were prepared with different media for phototrophic bacteria from four species of marine sponges, collected from oxic coastal waters near Split (Yugoslavia). We obtained pure cultures of six strains of Chromatiaceae and two strains of Rhodospirillaceae by agar shake dilution. The Rhodospirillaceae were identified as Rhodopseudomonas sulfidophila and a marine form of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. TheChromatiaceae were identified as Chromatium vinosum, Chromatium gracile, Chromatium minutissimum. Ectothiorhodospira mobilis, and a Chromatium species, which in some respects resembles Chromatium minus. The occurrence of strictly anaerobic phototrophic bacteria in aerobic sponges is discussed with respect to nutrition and possible syntrophism

Description: Processes from above and below influence the sea bottom and its sedimentary cover. The evolution of the lithosphere is being as passionately discussed today as was the evolution of the biosphere a century ago. The physical, chemical and biological interactions at the sea bottom, of "benthic boundary", call for interdisciplinary research.

Description: Projekte: a) Erosionsbeobachtung im Bereich der Veisnäs-Rinne b) Geräteerprobungen für die Reise JASIN

Description: A new bacteriochlorophyll b containing phototrophic bacterium was isolated from extremely saline and alkaline soda lakes in Egypt. Enrichment and isolation were performed using a synthetic medium with high contents of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. Photoautotrophic growth occurred with hydrogen sulfide as photosynthetic electron donor. During oxidation of sulfide to sulfate extracellular elemental sulfur globules appeared in the medium. Cells were also capable to grow under photoheterotrophic conditions with acetate, propionate, pyruvate, succinate, fumarate or malate as carbon sources and electron donors. Under these conditions sulfate was assimilated. Optimal growth under the applied experimental conditions occurred at a total salinity of 14–27%, a pH-range between 8.1 and 9.1 and a temperature between 47°C and 50°C. The cells were 0.5–0.6 μm wide and, depending on cultural conditions, 2.5–8.0 μm long; they were spiral shaped, multiplied by binary fission and were motile by means of bipolar flagella. Intercytoplasmic photosynthetic membranes were present as stacks. Bacteriochlorophyll b was the main photosynthetic pigment; small amounts of carotenoids were mainly present as glucosides of rhodopin and its methoxy derivative. The new organism is described as Ectothiorhodospira halochloris.

Description: Data presented and discussed here were collected continuously during April/May 1975 in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea. Sedimentation rates of particulate matter were recorded with 5 multisample sediment traps from different depths in the water column at 2 positions 170 km apart. Current meter data collected during the same period and depths indicated that the positions remained hydrographically distinct during the investigation. Particulate matter from the euphotic zone including diatom cells formed the bulk of the material collected by all traps. This flux of organic particles to the bottom was unimpeded by the strong density stratification present in the water column. The upper traps always collected less material than lower ones. This paradox has been ascribed to diminishing current speeds with depth, concomitant with an increase in sinking rates of phytoplankton and phytodetritus. Both factors influence the sampling efficiency of sediment traps, which are thought to have underestimated actual sedimentation rates here. A time lag of 2 to 3 weeks in bloom development seemed responsible for the characteristic differences between the two positions. The phase of major sedimentation at one position covered about 18 days, and a distinct sequence in the composition of the material collected by the 6 glasses of each trap indicated phases of a progressively deteriorating phytoplankton population in the water column contributing the particulate material. A total of 6.2 g C m-2 in 34 days was recorded at this station. Apart from a trap situated in an oxygen deficient layer which collected 0.44 g C m-2 of zooplankton corpses, zooplankton mortality was overestimated by the traps. Large-scale sedimencation of “fresh” organic matter produced by the spring bloom is probably a regular feature in areas with low over-wintering zooplankton populations and, as such, possibly has a direct stimulatory effect on growth and reproduction of the benthos.

Description: Terms, dimensions and ratios for statolith description are defined. The form of the calcareousstatoliths in the Teuthoidea, Sepiodea and Octopoda is described by reference to Loligo forbesi, Sepia officinalis and Eledone cirrosa. While statoliths change in form and size during the growth of a cephalopod, the adult form is often characteristic for a species, despite some variation. Description of statoliths is important in studies of the fossil remains of cephalopods lacking calcareous shells, and will probably become important in the taxonomy of living species, in food analysis of cephalopod predators and in the study of deep sea deposits.

Description: Deep sea sediments contain more Cu, Ni, Ba, B etc., than transport of detrital terrigenous matter (TM) can explain. Longdistance transport in dissolved from is of no importance for many of these elements. Marine biological matter (BM) is enriched in Cu, Ni, Ba, B etc. Conservative mixing models, using BM and TM as inputs show that the compositional variations in pelagic sediments can be explained by these sources. Such mixing models have been used to estimate how the influx of BM and TM have varied with time, and to what extent different elements ares upplied by BM and TM. The results show that in Cenozoic Equatorial Pacific sediments CaCO₃, opaline silica, B, Ba, and Cu are predominantly biogenous. It is probable that also P and Ni belong to this group of elements, whereas almost all Al, Ti, Zr, V and Mn are delivered by TM or some volcanic processes. The accumulation rates (AR) for the biological constituents reached maxima during the L. Oligocene and the Miocene, and minima during the U. Oligocene and the Pleistocene; some AR from the Oligocene and the Miocene being 3-6 times higher than at present. The accumulation rate patterns for opaline silica, Ba and B co-vary, whereas the AR for CaCO₃ show another time dependance pattern. These AR-patterns are probably partly due to climatic variations. Plankton in Pacific Equatorial waters incorporate much more Cu, Ni, etc., than is required for the particulate transport of these elements to the ocean floor. This suggests that transport in particulate form of BM is an important source of Cu, Ba, B, etc. for the deep sea floor.

Description: Little work on vertical distribution of cephalopods was possible before the development, in the 1960s, of sophisticated opening-closing devices usable on midwater trawls such as the 10 ft Isaacs Kidd trawl (IKMT; Foxton, 1963; Aron et al. 1964) and the series of rectangular midwater trawls developed by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (previously the National Institute of Oceanography) (Clarke, 1969 a; Baker et al. 1973). These developments have resulted in three papers on vertical distribution of cephalopods in the North Atlantic (Clarke, 1969 ft; Gibbs & Roper, 1970; Clarke & Lu, 1974) and one for the Mediterranean (Roper, 1972). The present paper describes the vertical distribution of cephalopods caught at 40° N 20° W, 53° N 20° W and 60° N 20° W in the North Atlantic based upon day and night series of horizontal hauls between the surface and 2000 m using the RMT combination net (Baker et al. 1973).

Description: The present work is part of an analysis of catches made with rectangular midwater trawls (RMTs) in the North Atlantic at about 20°W and at 60°N, 53°N, 40°N (all in Lu & Clarke, 1975), 30°N (Clarke & Lu, 1974), 18°N and 11°N (Lu & Clarke, 1975). The collections were made for the ecological programme of the National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley, England (now part of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences).

Description: This is one of a series of four papers dealing with vertical distribution of cephalopods in the North Eastern Atlantic at six stations near 20° W and at about 10° intervals from 60°N to 11° N (Clarke & Lu, 1974, 1975 a; Lu & Clarke, 1975). The present study is based upon a series of hauls made at discrete horizons between o and 2000 m with opening-closing nets during both daylight and darkness. The collections were made for the ecological programme of the National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley, Surrey, England (now part of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences).

Description: Several tissues (e.g. kidney, blood, digestive gland) in oceanic cephalopods which do not exhibit in vivo bioluminescence, luminesce when homogenized in the presence of air or when simply exposed to air in a vial (blood). The source of the luminescence appears to be a luciferin: treatment of kidney homogenates and blood with a photophore extract presumably containing luciferase resulted in a 20-fold increase in light production. Luminescence was also found in the renal fluid, which may be the source of luminescent clouds produced by squids. The variability in luminescence found in some tissues of cephalopods appeared to be related to feeding. Luminescence was also detected in the digestive glands of midwater octopods.

Description: The means of detecting downwelling light for counterillumination in several midwater animals has been examined. Eyes and extraocular photoreceptors (drosal photosensitive vesicles in the enoploteuthid squid Abraliopsis sp. B and pineal organs in the myctophid fish Myctophum spinosum) were alternately exposed to overhead light or covered by a small opaque shield above the animal and the bioluminescent response of the animal was monitored. Covering either the eyes or the extraocular photoreceptors resulted in a reduction in the intensity of counterillumination. Preliminary experiments examining the bioluminescent feedback mechanism for monitoring intensity of bioluminescence during counterillumination in the midwater squid Abralia trigonura indicated that the ventral photosensitive vesicles are responsible for bioluminescent feedback.

Description: Infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy show that the extent of the reduction of nontronite is dependent on the chemical composition of the nontronite and on the nature of the reducing agent. Hydrazine reversibly reduces about 10% of the iron in all of the nontronites studied irrespective of composition and it is suggested that the resulting ferrous iron occurs only in distorted octahedral sites. Similar conclusions are reached for the dithionite reduction of the nontronites containing little tetrahedral iron, but for those with more than one in eight silicons replaced by iron, changes brought about by dithionite treatment are irreversible due to dissolution of appreciable quantities of iron. Results from both spectroscopic techniques suggest that iron in tetrahedral sites is preferentially dissolved and that up to 80% of the structural iron can be reduced. Evidence is presented for the formation in these extensively reduced nontronites of a small amount of a mica-like phase resembling celadonite or glauconite, and, as dithionite is used for the pretreatment of soils, the implication of this observation is briefly discussed. The use of deuterated hydrazine as a reducing agent has enabled the nontronite absorption band near 850 cm-1 to be assigned to a Si-O (apical) stretching vibration, which is inactive in the infrared for perfect hexagonal symmetry, but which is activated by distortions in the tetrahedral layer

Description: The identity of substrate-inhibitor specificity with respect to several choline esters and organophosphorus compunds was demonstrated for the cholinesterases of the optical ganglion of the squid Ommastrephes bartrami, inhabiting the South Atlantic and the Great Australian Bight. Two cholinesterases with different properties were found in optical ganglia of these squid.

Description: Fünf Dinoflagellatenarten aus der Nordsee werden eingehend beschrieben und abgebildet. Eine der beschriebenen Arten ist neu für die Wissenschaft, eine andere wird vom Niveau einer Varietät zur eigenen Art erhoben, zwei weitere Arten werden als Synonym zu einer anderen Art gestellt.

Description: Die Inkorporation von (14C) - Glukose in Konzentrationen von 1µg C/l durch größenfraktioniertes natürliches Plankton wurde in Wasserproben aus der Kieler Förde bestimmt. Die Größenfraktionierung wurde durch Filtration mit Nuclepore-Filtern abgestufter Porengröße durchgeführt. Organismen, deren Durchmesser weniger als 1 µ betragen, waren in erster Linie (zu mehr als 69%) an der Aufnahme der Glukose beteiligt. Hierbei handelt es sich zweifellos um Bakterien. Von den größeren Fraktionen wurde relativ wenig Substrat heterotroph aufgenommen. Durch mikroskopische Untersuchungen und durch Kulturverfahren konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß auch in diesen Größenklassen die Glukose-Aufnahme durch Bakterien (auf Detritus) anteilmäßig beträchtlich ist. Die Beobachtungen führen zu dem Schluß, daß zumindest bei natürlichen Substratkonzentrationen die Aufnahme der gelösten organischen Verbindungen fast ausschließlich auf Bakterien zurückzuführen ist.

Description: An mehreren Makrobenthosarten der westlichen Ostsee und des Kattegat wurde der Sauerstoffverbrauch in Abhängigkeit vor der Sauerstoffspannung gemessen. Die untersuchten Bewohner sauerstoffarmer Weichböden haben eine niedrige Stoffwechselgröße und die Fähigkeit, die Atmung bis zu einem kritischen Partialdruck von unter 10% zu regulieren. Bei Arten aus besser belüfteten Biotopen nimmt die Stoffwechselgröße zu und die Fähigkeit zur Atemregulation ab. Bei zunehmender Mobilität einer Art wächst die Stoffwechselgröße; eine große Fähigkeit zur Atemregulation kann dabei bestehen bleiben. The oxygen consumption of several macrobenthic species of the western Baltic and Kattegat was measured in dependence of oxygen tension. The examined inhabitants of soft sediments, poor in oxygen demonstrate low metabolic rates and an ability, to regulate oxygen consumption down to critical partial pressures of less than 10%. In species of well aerated biotopes, metabolic rates increase and the ability of respiratory regulation is reduced. With increasing mobility animals increase their metabolic rates. The ability of respiratory regulation needs not to be affected by this.

Description: 1. Haddebyer und Selker Noor am inneren Ende der Schlei werden als Beispiele oligohaliner Lebensräume hydrographisch-physikalisch, chemisch und biologisch untersucht. 2. Auf Grund der gemessenen abiotischen Faktoren werden beide Noore als hypertrophe, homohaline und oligohaline "Stillwasserbuchten" charakterisiert. 3. Eine genauere Untersuchung der aus der Literatur zusammengestellten Artenliste beider Noore und der Vergleich mit dem benachbarten Schleigebiet sowie dem inneren Randersfjord in Dänemark ergibt eine gute Übereinstimmung mit dem von REMANE (1934) gegebenen Schema der Artenverteilung in Abhängigkeit vom Salzgehalt. Das Haddebyer Noor wird als Gebiet des Artenminimums bestimmt, von dem aus nach beiden Seiten des Salinitätsspektrums die Zahl der Arten wieder ansteigt. 4. Dies wird durch die während des Untersuchungszeitraums gefundenen Arten bestätigt. 5. Die quantitativen Ergebnisse vermitteln eine Vorstellung davon, daß die Artenarmut begleitet wird von einer Massenentwicklung der noch vorhandenen Arten. 6. Die floristischen und faunistischen Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche Veränderungen gegenüber den Ergebnissen NEUBAURs und JAECKELs (1935, 1936 u. 1937). Das Phytoplankton wird in der Hauptsache von Cyanophyceen gebildet, die Bivalvier fehlen fast vollständig, Chironomiden treten mit sehr hohen Individuenzahlen auf. 7. Diese Veränderungen werden auf die anthropogene Verschmutzung durch die in die Schlei geleiteten Abwässer zurückgeführt.

Description: Es wird eine einfache Methode beschrieben, die das Erkennen und Auszählen von Bakterienzellen mit aktivem Elektronentransportsystem in Wasser- und Sedimentproben ermöglicht. Sie beruht auf der Reduktion eines Tetrazoliumsalzes (INT) zu rotgefärbtem Formazan. Anhand von 3 Beispielen werden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Methode diskutiert. A simple method is described whereby it is possible to recognize and count bacteria cells with active electron transport system in samples of water and sediment. lt is based on the reduction of a tetrazoliurn salt (INT) to a red colored formazan. By means of 3 examples the uses of the method are discussed.

Description: The present paper describes an improved method for the semicontinuous culture of bacterial populations on Nuclepore membrane filters. The filters, placed on swimming rings, are incubated in direct contact with the water surface of the flow system, and examined by fluorescence microscopy. The growth activity of both, pure cultures and natural bacterial populations, measured in the flow system is compared to the activity measured in a conventional culture system (incubation of membrane filters on the surface of paper disc saturated with incubation medium). The flow system increases the number and the spectrum of colony forming cells. The reasons for the superiority of the flow system are discussed.

Description: Bei marinen Mollusken, die in der Gezeitenregion der gemäßigten Breiten überwintern, nimmt die Gefrierresistenz in der Reihenfolge Littorina saxatilis, L. littorea, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria und Macoma baltica ab. Die Littorina-Arten ertragen noch mehrstündige Exposition bei -15°C zu einem hohen Prozentsatz. Primärschäden durch Gefrieren bei -10° und -15°C werden im Laufe längerer Hälterung nach der Kälteexposition verstärkt. Im Sommer ist die Gefrierresistenz stark verringert. Tiergröße sowie die Außenbedingungen am Fundort (Salzgehalt etc.) modifizieren die Überlebensfähigkeit bei Frosteinwirkung. Marine mollusks overwintering in the tidal zone of the temperate latitudes show decreasing freezing resistance in the following order: Littorina saxatilis, L. littorea, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria and Macoma baltica. The Littorina species even resist some hours exposure at -15 °C with a high degree of survival. Primary injuries caused by freezing at -10° and -15°C are enhanced during longer keeping subsequent to freezing exposure. From spring to autumn freezing resistance is strongly reduced. Size of the animals and environmental factors of the habitat (salinity etc.) modify survivability during exposure to frost.

Description: In the tropical brackish water lagoon Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta the change of the bacterial population was studied during a period of dropping salinity from September to December 1973. Plate counts on ZoBell's Medium 2216 E with different salinities were made from a series of 11 sections through the lagoon, and compared with the salinity, temperature, and pH of the water. Following the decrease of salinity, a mass development of halophilic bacteria can be observed. They decrease again at a salinity about 3‰ , while the fresh water bacteria reach their maximum. This group made up only 0,1-3,7% of the bacterial flora in the salinity range above 10‰. Among he halophilic bactcria a brown pigmented organism occurs, which resembles Agrobacterium stellulatum, the most common brackish water bacterium of the Baltic Sea. Before the maximal increase of the fresh water bacteria, a pink coloured population of halotolerant aquatic bacteria temporarily appears. 41 brown and 14 pink isolations are maintained in the Institut für Meereskunde in Kiel for further investigations. As in the lagoon, the fresh water inflow influences the salinity and bacterial content in the adjacent coastal region. On a profile from the mouth of the Cienaga seaward the number of halophilic bacteria in the surface layer decreases within 11 nautical miles from 90000 cfu/ml to 60-70 cfu/ml, that of fresh water from 2100 cfu/ml to 20-50 cfu/ml. The fresh water originates mainly from the Rio Magdalena. Between the mouth of the Magdalena and Santa Marta the surface samples show a terrestrial influence. The halophilic bacteria are most numerous with the shallow stations of high nutrient content and decrease with increasing distance from the coast. With the water of the river Magdalena halotolerant fresh water bacteria are transported to the surface layer of the bight, especially the pink organism which was found to be frequent in the Cienaga. In the surface water of Santa Marta the plate counts on sea water agar range from 390 to 20500 cfu/ml, those on fresh water agar from 68 to 12000 cfu/ml. The highest numbers coincide with the inflow of fresh water. The bacterial counts of the 10 metre samples make up about 10% of the surface values.

Description: Kleine Exemplare des Seesterns Asterias rubens (5-10 mm Armradius) sind drucktoleranter als große (25-40 mm Armradius). Die Drucktoleranz nimmt bei dieser Art bei Erhöhung der Temperatur von 5 auf 15°C zu. Durch den Druck verursachte reversible Schädigungen werden bei der höheren Temperatur schneller „repariert". Irreversibel geschädigte Tiere sterben bei 15°C schneller ab als bei 5°C. Die Aktivität des Enzyms Lactat-Dehydrogenase von Asterias rubens wird mit abnehmender Temperatur und steigendem Druck zunehmend gehemmt. Small specimen of the starfish Asterias rubens (radius: 5-10 mm) tolerate higher hydrostatic pressures than larger ones (radius: 25-40 mm). Pressure tolerance of this species increases with rising temperature from 5 to 15°C. Pressure induced reversible injuries are "repaired" more quickly at higher temperatures. Irreversible damaged starfishes die more quickly at 15°C than at 5°C. With decreasing temperature and augmenting hydrostatic pressure the activity of the enzyme Lactate-dehydrogenase of Asterias rubens is increasingly inhibited.

Description: Für den Wasseraustausch in der westlichen Ostsee sind die Transportvorgänge im Fehmarnbelt von sehr großer Bedeutung. Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist ein Versuch, die Änderungen des Wassertransports durch den Fehmarnbelt in Zeitskalen von einigen Tagen als Wirkung des Windfeldes über der westlichen Ostsee zu erklären und Ansätze für eine Vorhersage zu finden. In der Zeit vom 24.7. bis 7.8.1972, in der die zugrunde liegenden Strömungsmessungen im Fehmarnbelt und bei Gedser durchgeführt werden, ist die Großwetterlage durch ein sommerliches Hochdruckgebiet über Mitteleuropa gekennzeichnet, das nur geringfügig, aber in regelmäßiger Folge durch flache, ostwärts ziehende Tiefs abgeschwächt wird. Die Schichtung von warmem Ostseewasser geringen Salzgehalts über salzreichem Nordseewasser bleibt im ganzen Meßzeitraum erhalten. Die Gezeiten, die durch Kelvin-Wellen beschrieben werden können, erfassen die gesamte Wassersäule gleichmäßig stark, während sich die beobachteten Strömungsschwankungen mit Perioden im Bereich von 50 bis 60 und 100 bis 120 Stunden auf die Oberschicht beschränken. Ein Vergleich der gemessenen mit der aus dem lokalen Windschub berechneten Strömung ergibt, daß der über dem Fehmarnbelt wehende Wind nicht als Ursache der dort auftretenden Strömung in Frage kommt. Die Differenzen zwischen den Wasserständen bei Korsör und bei Gedser und die daraus resultierende Gefälleströmung lassen sich nicht durch statische Reaktion der Oberfläche auf Unterschiede in den Luftdruckschwankungen über Nord- und Ostsee erklären. Aus den Veränderungen des großräumigen Windfeldes, dargestellt mit Hilfe des zeitlichen Verlaufs horizontaler Luftdruckdifferenzen, geht hervor, daß die Windverhältnisse über dem Kattegat sowie der Kieler und Mecklenburger Bucht als Ursache für die Strömung durch den Fehmarnbelt ausscheiden. Zwischen der Ost-West-Komponente des berechneten Windes über der westlichen Ostsee und den langperiodischen Strömungskomponenten durch den Fehmarnbelt besteht dagegen eine lineare Beziehung. Die zwei- und fünftägigen Schwankungsperioden des Windfeldes erzeugen in der Ostsee erzwungene stehende Wellen. Mit Hilfe der Differenzen zwischen den Wasserständen bei Rödby und Puttgarden und bei Korsör und Slipshavn werden effektive Strömungsquerschnitte abgeschätzt, um Transportraten zu bestimmen. Der Vergleich mit dem berechneten, windgetriebenen Transport im Arkona-Becken bestätigt, daß die langperiodischen Strömungsänderungen im Fehmanrbelt durch die Bewegungsvorgänge in der sommerlichen Deckschicht der westlichen Ostsee bestimmt werden. Die Dichtesprungschicht neigt sich im Fehmarnbelt immer aufwärts in Richtung der Strömung in der Oberschicht, so daß in der Unterschicht ein entgegengesetzter horizontaler Druckgradient entsteht, der bewirkt, daß die Oberflächenneigung keinen Einfluß auf die Bodenströmung hat. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen, auch wenn sie unter sommerlichen Verhältnissen durchgeführt worden sind, zeigen, daß für eine Vorhersage des langperiodischen Ein- oder Ausstromtransports durch den Fehmarnbelt die Luftdruckdifferenzen zwischen Kopenhagen und Helgoland und zwischen Gotland und Gelingen herangezogen werden können, während mit Hilfe der Wasserstandsdifferenz zwischen Rödby und Puttgarden der gerade herrschende Transport abgeschätzt werden kann.

Description: Die Untersuchung von Muschelbruchsand aus Gezeitentümpeln eines bei East London (Südafrika) gelegenen Riffs erbrachte 21 Harpacticoiden-Arten, unter denen sich eine mit einer Art vertretene neue Gattung, 11 neue Arten und eine neue Unterart befanden, nämlich Caligopsyllus primus n. gen., n. sp., Paradactylopodia hexarticulata n. sp., Psyllocamptus (Langpsyllocamptus) longisetosus n. subgen., n. sp., Psyllocamptus (Langpsyllocamptus) quadiospinosus n. subgen., n. sp., Ameiropsis australis n. sp., Sarsameira elegantula n. sp., Karllangia tertia n. sp., Parapseudoleptomesochra dubia n. sp., Phyllopodopsyllus langi n. sp., Phyllopodopsyllus paraborutzkyi n. sp., Mesochra bodini n. sp., Laophonte spinifer n. sp. und Typhlamphiascus lamellifer SARS capensis n. ssp. Als Untergattung von Psyllocamptus wird die neue Untergattung Langpsyllocamptus begründet. Beim Vergleich mit Untersuchungen aus anderen Gebieten ergaben sich Ähnlichkeiten mit der Besiedlung von Muschelbruchsand aus der Gezeitenzone der kalifornischen Küste.

Description: 1. An Gammarus salinus und Idotea baltica wurde der Einfluß einer mehrstündigen Beschichtung mit Rohölen auf Überlebensfähigkeit und Atmung der Tiere untersucht. 2. Bei Gammarus salinus betrug die mittlere Überlebenszeit nach Überschichtung mit einer 0,1 mm dicken Ölschicht 1-2 Tage und nahm in folgender Reihe zu: Iran-Rohöl 〈 Libyen-Rohöl 〈 Venezuela-Rohöl. Der Kontrollwert betrug 31 Tage. 3. Bei Idotea baltica lag die mittlere Überlebenszeit bei 41 Tagen für Iran-Rohöl, 48 Tagen für Venezuela-Rohöl und 51 Tagen für Libyen-Rohöl. Der Kontrollwert betrug 56 Tage. 4. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch bei 15‰ S und 15°C sank durch die Überschichtung mit Rohöl aus dem Iran bei Gammarus salinus auf etwa 40% des Normalwertes, bei Idotea baltica auf etwa 70%. The influence of crude oil from Venezuela, Libya and Iran was observed with respect to Idotea baltica and Gammarus salinus. Prior to the measurements the animalsspread out on sand were exposed to a 0,1 mm layer of crude oil for four hours. After this period they were transferred back into sea water of 15‰ S and 15°C. The mean time of survival for Gammarus salinus varied between one and two days: Iran oil 〈 Libya oil 〈 Venezuela oil (control value: 31 days). Idotea baltica showed a greater resistance. The mean time of survival was 41 days for Iran oil, 48 days for Venezuela oil and 51 days for Libya oil (control value: 56 days). At 15‰ S and 15°C the oxygen consumption of Gammarus salinus was reduced owing to the influence of Iran crude oil down to 40% of the normal value, in Idotea baltica to 70%.

Description: Prolonged in situ observations of the behaviour of the pelagic amphipod Hyperia galba MONTAGU were carried out in the Baltic Sea in August 1974. On 8 consecutive days, for a definite period of time at dusk and at the first light of dawn, the Hyperia galba which appeared in front of a searchlight were collected. The collections were made by a saturation diver from the underwater laboratory "Helgoland". Analysis of the fixed animals in the laboratory yielded the following results: 1. The females come from the surface to the bottom earlier and return later than the males. Presumably the males and females have a different threshold of stimulation with regard to light. 2. Sinking of the animals to the bottom is not exclusively connected with light, as indicated by diminished catches after development of a thermocline 4-5 m above the bottom. 3. An investigation of the Hyperia galba population in the jellyfish Aurelia aurita showed that 62,5% of the animals taken from Aurelia were females, almost all of them carrying eggs in various stages of development. The Hyperia galba which were caught in front of the searchlights showed that 58,1 % were males.

Description: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen Beitrag zur Klärung des Problems der Selbstreinigung von Gewässern unterschiedlichen Salzgehaltes zu liefern. An Hand verschiedener Parameter wurde in geeigneten Versuchsgefäßen der Abbau von häuslichem Abwasser in Süßwasser und in Ostseewasser verglichen, um festzustellen, wie sich der Salzgehalt auf die Dekomposition der Schmutzstoffe auswirkt. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß dieser im Ostseewasser anfangs nicht langsamer verläuft als im Süßwasser. Erst nach 3-4 Tagen setzt eine Verzögerung ein, die sich vor allem in einer verlangsamten Nitrifikation bemerkbar macht und möglicherweise auf den im Brackwasser stärkeren Rückgang der Abwasser- und Süßwasserbakterien zurückzuführen ist. Die bakterizide Wirkung tritt anfangs infolge der hohen Nährstoffkonzentration zurück und macht sich erst nach einigen (1-3) Tagen bei Abnahme der Nährstoffe bemerkbar. In der Anfangsphase scheint sich der Salzgehalt des Ostseewassers in vitro eher günstig auf den Abbau auszuwirken, wobei vielleicht der höhere osmotische Wert eine Rolle spielt. Die Übertragung dieser in vitro gewonnenen Ergebnisse auf die natürlichen Verhältnisse ist zwar nicht ohne weiteres möglich bei Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse von Standortuntersuchungen im Bereich der Abwassereinleitung der Stadt Kiel in die Ostsee bei Bülk ergibt sich jedoch, daß die Selbstreinigungskraft des Brackwassers so groß ist, daß es von Vorteil sein kann, Küstengewässer an Stelle von benachbarten Binnengewässern als Vorfluter zu verwenden.

Description: 1. Versuche zur Vermehrung und Einwanderung von Colibakterien ins Sediment erfolgten mit dem Teststamm E. coli K.12. Dessen Verhalten wurde in Labor- und Freilanduntersuchungen überprüft und in Abhängigkeit vom Salz-, Nährstoff- und Schwefelwasserstoffgehalt diskutiert. 2. Einwanderung und Vermehrung von E. coli K 12 im Sediment konnte im Laborversuch in speziell dafür konstruierten Säulen beobachtet werden. Im sterilisierten Schlicksediment wurde aktive Einwanderung von E. coli K 12 mit recht gleichmäßiger Geschwindigkeit festgestellt. Im unsterilisierten Sediment erfolgte die Einwanderung mit erheblich höherer Geschwindigkeit. Dieses kann auf einen passiven Transport der Bakterien durch Würmer oder andere schlickbewohnende Tiere zurückzuführen sein. 3. Eine Vermehrung von E. coli K 12 wurde im Laborversuch nur in sterilisiertem Brackwassersediment festgestellt. In allen anderen Proben starben die Keime mehr oder weniger schnell ab. 4. Freilanduntersuchungen im Watt der Nordsee zeigten, daß unter natürlichen Verhältnissen das Absterben von E. coli im Sediment erheblich langsamer erfolgt als im Seewasser gleichen Salzgehaltes.

Description: Die Untersuchung über die benthonische Ostracodenfauna im Oligohalinikum des Haddebyer und Selker Noores und der Vergleich mit der Selker Au (Süßwasser) haben folgendes ergeben: Von 13 gefundenen Arten sind 9 den Nooren (incl. der Selker Au) gemeinsam, 2 sind auf das Haddebyer, 2 auch auf das Selker Noor beschränkt. Neu für das Haddebyer Noor sind 9, für das Selker Noor 6 Arten. 3 von anderen Autoren gefundenen Arten konnten nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden. Die Selker Au zeigt - mit Ausnahme 1 Brackwasserart - die gleiche artenmäßige Besiedlung wie das Selker Noor. Die hauptsächlich für die Süßwasserarten bekannte "Anpassungsstärke" gegenüber den physiographischen Faktoren wird im Untersuchungsgebiet analysiert. Die Besiedlungsdichte schwankte im Jahresgang zwischen 800 und 418000 Ind./m2. Es wird versucht, diese Schwankungen mittels der Faktoren Salinität, Temperatur, Sauerstoff und Substrat zu erklären. Für das Haddebyer Noor (Station B) konnte das für diesen Salinitätsbereich bekannte Artenminimum festgestellt werden. Zum Selker Noor (geringere Salinität) steigt die Artenzahl an; der Höchstwert wird in der Selker Au (Süßwasser) erreicht. Erwartungsgemäß war die durchschnittliche Besiedlungsdichte in der Selker Au am geringsten. Die Besiedlungsdichte und ihre Schwankungen lassen sich mit dem prozentualen Anteil von Cyprideis torosa an der Artengemeinschaft korrelieren. Die Massenentwicklung aller Arten bei Station H wird auf die Art des Substrates zurückgeführt. Die Zusammensetzung der Artengemeinschaften wird prozentual aufgeschlüsselt. Die Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung (z.B. Monokulturen) werden hauptsächlich mit dem Salinitätsgradienten und dem Konkurrenzdruck durch Cyprideis torosa erklärt. Die marine Faunenkomponente fehlt im Untersuchungsgebiet völlig. Die Noore werden hauptsächlich durch euryöke (euryplastische) Süßwasserarten besiedelt, deren Anteil zum Selker Noor zunimmt, während der Anteil der genuinen Brackwasserarten im Haddebyer Noor stärker ausgeprägt ist. Für Cyprideis torosa konnten die Ergebnisse VESPER's (1972) bezüglich der Größenreduktion und der Buckelbildung im Brackwasser für Haddebyer und Selker Noor als oligohaline Lebensräume bestätigt werden.

Description: Es wird eine Unterwasserfernsehanlage beschrieben, die aus Fernsehkamera, Mikrophon und Video-Recorder besteht, die jeweils in entsprechende Gehäuse eingebaut sind. Damit sind Aufnahmen von 20 min Dauer bis zu Tiefen von 50 m möglich. An underwater TV-set is described which consists of TV-camera, microphone and Videorecorder in separate housings. 20 min-recordings down to 50 m are possible.

Description: In the scope of our investigations on the basic processes in a soft-bottom macrobenthos community, as a preliminary test, a series of five 1 m2 metal boxes filled with sterilized sediment from the surrounding habitat was exposed in an enclosed area in the western Kiel Bight at a depth of 20 m from September 1972 until July 1975. The establishment and succession of the soft bottom association in the boxes was followed and compared to the association on the surrounding sea floor by monthly to bimonthly sampling by the diving group of SFB 95. While the number of species increases continuously until a final level of about 20 per 0.1 m2 is reached in January 1974, the values of total biomass (the starfish excluded) fluctuate seasonally being high in autumn and early winter and low in March and April. In a late experimental stage in January 1975, before or just in the beginning period of the regression of the bivalve populations, the association in the boxes (80g wet wt./m2) has only reached 50% of the biomass of the assemblage outside where large long-lived and slowly growing bivalve species contribute 75% of macrobenthos weight. The data of total specimen number fluctuate widely due to oxygen deficiency in late 1973 followed by a high colonization activity by opportunistic spionid species immediately after. According to the dominance in specimen numbers of the major taxononomic groups, three phases can be distinguisted: crustacea (mainly Diastylis rathkei) - sedentary polychaetes (spionids, Pectinaria koreni) - bivalves (Abra alba) together with errant polychaetes (Nepthys spp.). In terms of biomass, however, there is an additional phase of echinoderm prevalence (Asterias rubens) during the last five months. The starfish obviously utilize the bivalve production to a high extent: between 94 and 75 % mortality for the three most abundant bivalve species within six months. For the last six months of the experiment, the net production of all bivalve species is calculated as 24g wet wt./m2, i.e. 0.61 g organic carbon of living tissue, most of which is produced by only three species (Abra alba, Cardium fasciatum and Mya truncata: 22g wet wt/m2.) lt is suggested that predators are of eminent importance in controlling succession and production of the new association. The effects of the experimental conditions on the findings is discussed, and a design for extended interdisciplinary in situ experiments to be carried out from 1976 on, based on the experiences of this first test, is presented.

Description: The intention was to study recruitment of benthic macrofauna to an exposed shore. Two mesh-sizes (1.0 and 0.5 mm) were used. The additional abundance and biomass in the finer sieve show both temporal and spatial variations. Maximum values were found in the autumn and at the shallowest station (5 m). The reasons for this are discussed.

Description: In 1975 and 1976 at two stations in the Arkana and the Bornholm Sea the dynamics of the plankton development were studied. The annual course of the measured biological parameters shows peaks of phytoplankton productivity in spring and summer, and of zooplankton in summer. In spring also the phytoplankton biomass reaches a maximum while in August only low chlorophyll values could be observed. In summertime the pelagic system is characterized by an equilibrium state. In autumn after a possible autumnal bloom of phytoplankton all biological parameters sink down to a winter level.

Description: Nitrogen fixation measurements carried out in 1974 and 1975 in the Baltic Sea showed that heterocyst fixed nitrogen c. 3.5 pg (2)-1. According to our preliminary calculations the amount of nitrogen fixed in 1974 in the northern and central Baltic proper was c. 100000 tons.

Description: In 1970/1971 zooplankton was collected monthly at 33 stations in Kiel Bay by means of a Bongo net equipped with 300 µm gauze. Adult copepods were separated into species and sexes. Eleven species were found of which seven were dominant. A succession between winter-spring species (Temora longicornis, Pseudocalanus sp., Acartia bifilosa) and summer-fall species (Centropages hamatus, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia longiremis, A. tonsa) took place. Total abundance varied considerably between the stations. Usually female copepods were more frequent than mal es (up to 85%), with the exceptions of Temora longicornis and Centropages hamatus, which showed a sex ratio of about 1: 1. The sex ratios of Acartia bifilosa and A. longiremis were related to the concentration of the population.

Description: Solutions of detergent or crude oil of 10 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm after 48-96 hours of exposure induce significant changes in the ionic composition of the hemolymph of the shrimp Crangon crangon and the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisi. The concentrations of sodium, calcium, and chloride ions decrease, whereas the concentration of potassium increases in both species exposed to both pollutants. - The magnesium ion concentration decreases in the hemolymph of the shrimp incubated in solutions of detergent and in the crab incubated in the water containing crude oil. - lt is suggested that changes of the ionic composition of the hemolymph of the studied shrimps and crabs under influence of both pollutants are possibly brought about by alteration of cell membrane permeability and action on some enzyme activities.

Description: The filtration, feeding and assimilation rates of the zooplankton consisting largely of copepods in a shallow eutrophic bodden south of the Darß-Zingst Peninsula (salinity: 5-7‰) were determined under field conditions with the help of 14 C-labelled phytoplankton. During the zooplankton maximum in May (biomass: 2.13 mg dry weight/l), the feeding rate was up to 53.63% of the primary production. The zooplankton production calculated from the experimentally determined assimilation rates was not more than 6.5% of the primary production. The continuously available substantial amounts of detritus resulted in an extraordinarily low grazing rate. 0.39-3.63% of the seston present were removed from the water body daily by filtration. The studies show that the zooplankton also plays an important role in the ecosystem, at least part of the time, even in severely eutrophic landlocked coastal waters.

Description: Kassari Bay is of a specific character, a relatively isolated, sheltered and shallow sea area where the sediment mainly consists of clay and sandy clay. The main communities are the association of the loose-lying red algae Furcellaria fastigiata and Phyllophora brodiaei f. angustissima and the association Zosteretum marinae and its variant which is rich in red algae. Areas with dense vegetation alternate with areas almost without vegetation, or where only single tufts of red algae or some charophytes and phanerogames are found. The floristic list contains 24 taxa, 5 of them are phanerogames. Sphacelaria radicans is a new taxon for the Estonian flora.

Description: Subject of the experimental investigations are the effects of chronic toxicity exerted by the following pollutants of industrial origin on some animals from the Bay of Gdańsk: 1. phosphogypsum; 2. some detergents, i.e. a commercial product "SOLO", a mixture of nonionic and anionic surfactants (for household purposes), and an oil-spill remover Gamlen "CW" Solvent; 3. crude Kuwait oil and one of its derivatives, the fuel oil No. III. -The experimental animals are: Crangon crangon L., Rhithropanopeus harrisi (Gould), the crucial carp (Carassius carassius L.), the pike (Esox lucius L.) and the perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). Beside these inhabitants of the Bay of Gdańsk, also carp fry is used in one of the experiments. -The pollutants mentioned above induce sublethal changes in: the enzymic system, the reproductive activity, embryonic and larval development. Additionally, degenerative changes in the ultrastructure of crustacean brain and pathological disturbances in function and structure of isolated mitochondria could be observed. The general conclusion is that chronic sublethal toxicity may severely affect or even destroy some marine ecosystems.

Description: A 30 sample unit soft-bottom monitoring station was compared to corresponding 5 sample unit stations in the Åland archipelago in the northern Baltic Sea. The samples of macrozoobenthos were taken with an Ekman-Birge bottom-sampler (0.03 m2). The dynamics of the species populations were tested by analysis of variance during a period from 1972-1975 at the five-unit stations. Most of the differences in the mean densities were not verified. Estimation of a minimum sample size was made for the species at the 30 unit station. The spatial distribution of Macoma balthica makes it a species that is easy to sample. lts estimated minimum number of samples units needed for recording a 50 % change in population desity is nine. The other species require a larger number of sample units. The results show the low level of precision when measuring gradual changes of the benthic assemblages using a sample size of five units on soft bottom macrofauna.

Description: In coastal areas or estuaries cadmium-contents of water and sediments may be distinctly increased. The acute toxicity of Cd to sensitive organisms is strongly modified by environmental factor combinations occuring in the Baltic. This could be demonstrated with hydroid polyps. In comparison with other species and developmental stages, up to the present, Laomedea loveni proved to be the most sensitive test species to Cd. Within the ecological range the sensitivity to Cd inceases with higher temperatures and lower salinities. At these conditions not only the rate of accumulation of Cd is enhanced, but the protoplasmic sensitivity is increased to internal metal concentration. In longterm experiments with Clava multicornis the modifying effect of temperature and salinity decreases during the course of some weeks. - Contrary to cnidarians, many molluscs are able to accumulate high concentrations of Cd without signs of physiological damage. In many places of the Western Baltic the levels of Cd in Mytilus edulis are higher than in comparable individuals from localities of the North Sea coast. There are also correlations of Cd-contents of mussels with depth of their locality, size and season. Of the mussel's organs especially digestive diverticula and kidney accumulate the metal. Preliminary results with ion exchange - and gel filtration chromatography of the mussel's proteins suggest the occurence of special Cd-binding proteins, e.g. in the hepatopancreas, as a main reason for the high tolerance of M. edulis to cadmium.