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  • Articles  (2,533)
  • Chemistry  (1,910)
  • Mice  (485)
  • Cells, Cultured  (205)
  • 1980-1984  (2,533)
  • Biology  (2,533)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (641)
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  • Articles  (2,533)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interstellar molecules (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01732663
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pre- and post-irradiation glucan treatment on pluripotent stem cells, granulocyte, macrophage and erythroid progenitor cells, and hemopoietic stromal cells (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1240-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mice ; glucan treatment ; Co60-irradiation ; stem cells, pluripotent ; granulocytes ; macrophages ; erythroid progenitor cells ; hemopoietic stomal cells ; hemopoiesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucan, a beta-1, 3 polyglucose, was administered to mice either 1 h before or 1 h after a 650 rad exposure to cobalt-60 radiation. Compared to radiation controls, glucan-treated mice consistantly exhibited a more rapid recovery of pluripotent stem cells and committed granulocyte, macrophage, and erythroid progenitor cells. This may partially explain the mechanism by which glucan also enhances survival in otherwise lethally irradiated mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946654
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial purification and characterization of the bone resorption factor fromActinomyces viscosus (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411208
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolites of vitamin D in normal and X-linked hypophosphatemic mice (1984)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 662-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Hyp ; X-linked hypophosphatemia ; Metabolic bone disease ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Hyp mice are a model for human X-linked hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets.) To determine whether an abnormality of vitamin D metabolism exists in this disease, the profiles of the metabolites of vitamin D were determined in normal andHyp mouse plasma.Hyp and normal mice were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet and received 1,23H-vitamin D3 at 16 Ci/mmol by stomach tube at 5 ng/g body weight (0.21 µCi/g b.w.) on alternate days for 14 days. The dose of vitamin D given maintained near normal plasma 25-OH-vitamin D. Thus the mice were in a vitamin D-replete state with all metabolite pools labeled with3H. Plasma was collected from 4 normal and 4Hyp mice. The plasma was extracted, and the extracts were chromatographed separately for each mouse on an LH-20 column. Each major peak of radioactivity was rechromatographed using high performance liquid chromatography on a Zorbax-Sil column using solvent systems known to resolve several vitamin D metabolites. Twenty-one radioactive peaks were identified. The disintegrations per minute of3H in each peak were quantified and converted to plasma concentration using the known specific activity of the administered vitamin D. The 25-OH-vitamin D accounted for 55% of the circulating radioactivity, and 24,25-(OH)2-vitamin D accounted for 22%. The plasma levels of 24,25-(OH)2-vitamin D were similar to levels previously reported by us using protein binding assays. No peaks of radioactivity were missing in the plasma extracts of theHyp mice. Also there was no evidence that plasma 24,25-(OH)2-vitamin D was elevated in theHyp mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02405387
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A biometrical genetic analysis of ethanol response in selectively bred Long-Sleep and Short-Sleep mice (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Mice ; alcohol ; selective breeding ; pharmacogenetics ; biometrical genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A classical Mendelian cross was derived from Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) mice, lines selectively bred for differences in response to hypnotic doses of ethanol (ETOH). Biometrical genetic procedures applied to the selection phenotype, namely, duration of the ETOH-induced loss of the righting reflex, suggest that a simple additive genetic system controls this depressant response. Sex differences were present in the Mendelian cross generations that had the longest duration responses. An estimate of the number of loci differentiated by the selection was nine. Blood ethanol levels at the time of regaining the righting reflex in the seven genotypes of the Mendelian cross showed that the selection operated solely by changing tissue sensitivity to ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066065
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hydrocortisone on the phenotypic expression and inheritance of the Fused gene in mice (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 275-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Fused gene ; Mice ; Hydrocortisone ; Gene inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study was undertaken to examine the effects of hydrocortisone injected into male mice on the phenotypic expression and inheritance of the Fused (Fu) gene in their offspring. Data were obtained indicating that there is a hydrocortisone-susceptible period during spermatogenesis. Hydrocortisone injections of males during this period resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of phenotypically Fu offspring. Genetic analysis with the use of the closely linked recessive marker tufted (tf) demonstrated that the deficit of phenotypically Fu individuals among offspring is not caused by the differential death of gametes, zygotes or embryos. According to genetic data, this deficit is due to a decrease in the penetrance of the Fu gene and partly to its inherited inactivation. The possible mechanisms of the observed phenomenon are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274161
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct and correlated responses to selection for weaning weight, post-weaning weight gain and six-week weight in mice (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection ; Growth ; Genetic correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four lines of mice were formed from a common base population and selected for 37 generations for either increased 3-week weight (weaning weight), 6-week weight, 3–6 week gain, or maintained as a randomly bred control line. Realised heritability estimates for short-term (long-term) responses were 0.33±0.20 (0.07±0.10), 0.46±0.14 (0.26±0.09), 0.36±0.14 (0.24±0.11) for 3-week weight, 6-week weight and 3–6 week gain, respectively. Realised genetic correlations estimated from short-term (long-term) responses were 0.23±0.08 (0.35±0.10) between 3-week weight and 3–6 week gain; 0.82±0.04 (0.58±0.08) between 3-week weight and 6-week weight; and 0.81±0.04 (0.97±0.04) between 3–6 week gain and 6-week weight. The genetic correlation between 3-week weight and 6-week weight was asymmetric with a greater correlated response for 3-week weight when selecting for 6-week weight (1.06) than vice versa (0.63).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317015
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male and female contributions to heterosis in lifetime performance of mice (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 479-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Lifetime performance ; Mice ; Male and female ; Mate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Six straightbred lines of mice, some of their F1 crosses and a synthetic line were used to evaluate male and female contributions to heterosis in lifetime performance measured on females. Females from each straightbred line or F1 crosses were pair-mated randomly at day 42 with either a male of the corresponding genetic group or from a synthetic line, and pairs were maintained for 155 days (lifetime). Each mother was allowed to rear all young born alive until day 18 when the young were discarded. Data were analyzed using a model in which the group mean of lifetime performance was expressed as the sum of (additive direct) genetic and environmental effects for each of the male and female genetic groups used for mating. Comparison of group means for lifetime performance revealed that estimates of F1 heterosis due to male and female averaged 10 and 9% for number of parturitions during lifetime, 7 and 28% for total number of young born alive, 6 and 31% for total body weight of young born alive, 8 and 33% for total number of young raised to day 18, 9 and 43% for total body weight of young raised to weaning, and 8 and 8% for days from first mating to last parturition. The male's contribution to heterosis in lifetime performance was smaller than female's contribution for productive traits (total number of young born alive and at day 18, and total body weight of young born alive and at day 18), and was nearly equal in reproductive traits (number of parturitions during lifetime and days from first mating to last parturition).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264889
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic interpretation and analysis of diallel crosses with animals (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diallel cross ; Maternal effects ; Heterosis ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genetic framework was developed for the interpretation of statistical parameters estimated from a diallel experiment among a fixed set of lines. These included average direct genetic, average maternal genetic, general combining ability, reciprocal, and line and specific direct and maternal heterotic effects. The genetic model is based on direct and maternal additive and dominance genetic effects as would be expected in animal species. The model assumes that dominance is the underlying basis of heterosis. As an example, litter size at birth was analyzed from a 5 × 5 diallel cross with mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276256
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of early pregnancy on reproductive rate in lines of mice selected for litter size (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Early puberty ; Litter size ; Selection ; Reproductive rate ; Pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of male-induced early puberty on female reproductive rate was determined in three lines of mice differing in litter size and body weight. The lines originated from a single base population and had undergone 20 generations of selection for the following criteria: large litter size at birth (L+), large litter size and small 6-week body weight (L+W−), or small litter size and large 6-week body weight (L−W+). Females were paired with a mature intact male of the same line at 3, 5 or 7 weeks of age. Mean mating age, averaged over lines, was 26.5 ± .3, 38.3 ± .3 and 52.7 ± .3 days. Exposure to a mature male accelerated female sexual maturation in each line. When contrasted with their sibs mated at a later age, early-pregnant females from each line exhibited a decline in one or more component of reproductive performance, suggesting that the physiological state of the very young female was not optimum for normal pregnancy. In comparisons of early and later mating ages, all three lines showed a decreased littering rate at first mating, number born alive, and individual birth weight of progeny adjusted for litter size; L+ and L+W− mice showed an increased perinatal mortality rate; L+ and L−W+ had a reduction in litter size at birth. When the L+, L+W− and L−W+ lines were compared with an unselected strain and a line selected for high postweaning gain in similar experiments, a genotype by environment interaction was apparent since all lines did not respond in a similar manner to early mating. The line ranking for litter size at birth for each age at male-exposure was L+〉L+W−〉L−W+, despite the significant line by age interaction. When litter size was adjusted by covariance for body weight at mating, the significant effects of age at male-exposure and line by age interaction were eliminated. All fertile females were remated after they had weaned their first litter to obtain information on litter size in parity two. Line differences in litter size at birth and number born alive were uniform across parities. An age by parity interaction was evident since the decreased fecundity at younger ages of male exposure in the L+ and L−W+ litters of parity one was not evident in parity two. Litter feed efficiency during first parity gestation was defined as litter birth weight divided by either cumulative feed intake of the dam from mating to parturition (GEI) or cumulative feed intake from weaning to parturition (GEII). The ranking of lines for GEI and GEH was L+〉 L+W−〉L−W+, but when feed efficiency was adjusted for littering rate, L+W− and L−W+ were not significantly different. With regard to age at mating, the ranking for GEI (7 wk 〉 5 wk 〉 3 wk) was reversed from GEII (3 wk 〉5 wk 〉 7 wk) and these significant differences were maintained after adjustment for littering rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264673
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection for efficiency of feed utilization in growing mice (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection ; Mice ; Feeding Efficiency ; Correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Selection was practised for improved feed efficiency (gain/feed intake) of mice on two alternative feeding regimes. In one set of lines animals were fed ad libitum, in the other set they were individually fed a fixed amount of feed (about 10% below the control ad libitum intake) which was not changed over generations. For each treatment, a pair of replicate lines (E) were selected on efficiency from 3–5 weeks of age for 8 generations and another pair (L) from 5–7 weeks for 7 generations. A control line was maintained for both E and L lines. In terminal generations mice from each line were tested on each feeding regime, and carcasses of ad libitum fed mice were analysed. The realized heritability (within families) for efficiency averaged 13%, without much variation over treatments. In the E lines efficiency increased by about 18% of the control mean and in the L lines by about 60%, although absolute changes were small, and responses were similar on the two feeding regimes. Weights at the start of test decreased in the E lines and increased in the L lines; weights at the end of test increased in both. When tested on the alternative regimes, no interactions were detected for live weights, weight gains or efficiency; selection under fixed intake led to the same increase in appetite as did that under ad libitum. There were no interactions for carcass composition. Selection for efficiency led to an increase in fatness on both selection regimes and both weight ranges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264964
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlated responses of growth traits to selection for high and low plasma alkaline phosphatase in mice (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Growth ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Selection ; Correlated responses ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness of two way selection for plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was investigated in order to determine its influences on growth traits through thirteen generations. The responses of the two lines selected for high (HP) and low (LP) ALP at 45 days of age were compared to that of the mice selected for large (L) and small (SM) body size. The selection responses of plasma ALP were very effective for both HP and LP lines, with average responses per generation calculated from linear regressions of 0.227±0.037 and −0.088±0.022 respectively. The final levels of ALP in HP and LP were 5.54±0.71 and 1.27±0.20 in the thirtheenth generation, while the SM, L and base population had levels of 3.49±0.08, 0.86±0.55 and 2.77±0.56 respectively. The body weight at 45 days of age in LP (31.4±1.4 g) as a correlated response was significantly higher than HP (23.4±1.8 g) at generation 10. The correlated response of milk yield, measured by weight gain up to 12 days of age, was significantly greater in the LP line than in HP, but the correlated response of gains after weaning was not so different as the response of milk yield. The response of litter size and weight in LP showed significant higher levels than that of HP, but pups' birth weight did not differ between LP and HP. It is suggested that the correlated response of milk yield contributed more to the divergence of body size between HP and LP than the gain after weaning. Realized heritabilities of ALP were 0.335±0.059 (HP) and 0.279±0.051 (LP). Realized genetic correlations between ALP and 45 days' body weight were −0.27±0.13 (HP with SM) and −0.52±0.19 (LP with L). Realized genetic correlations between ALP and milk yield were −0.95±0.03 (HP) and −0.37±0.29 (LP). Correlations between ALP and postweaning gains were fairly low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276252
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct and correlated responses to selection for post-weaning weight gain on ad libitum or restricted feeding in mice (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mice ; Selection ; Growth rate ; ad libitum feeding ; Restricted feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Selection for post-weaning weight gain in mice from 21 to 42 days, on either a full or restricted feeding level during this period was carried out for seven generations. Control lines were maintained for each feeding level. The rate of selection response was higher on full feeding due to a higher heritability and a larger phenotypic variance. Realised heritabilities of 0.29±0.05 and 0.19±0.04 for selection on full and restricted feeding respectively, were in close agreement with base population estimates. Selection on full feeding led to positive correlated responses in 21 day weight, 42 day weight, food intake and efficiency between 21 and 42 days, and 42 day tail length, but with little change in reproductive performance. Correlated responses to selection on restricted feeding were reduced 21 day weight, but an increase in 42 day weight and increased efficiency from 21 to 42 days. However, overall reproductive performance fell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303697
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow cytometric analysis of mouse hepatocyte ploidy (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 643-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Binucleate cells ; Flow cytometry ; Hepatocytes ; Polyploidy pattern ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preparative and mathematical procedures are presented for the investigation of the ploidy pattern of liver cells. The DNA content of enzymatically-isolated liver cells and of nuclei was measured by flow cytometry. The true DNA content could not be measured directly due to superposition of statistical coincidences (demanding “first mode correction”) and incomplete separation of the nuclei in binucleate hepatocytes (demanding “second mode correction”). The statistical coincidences (caused by simultaneous measurement of two or more particles or subsequent reaggregation of particles) were corrected by splitting the “unnatural” i.e., aneuploid DNA content, and classifying it with the normal ploidy classes. In addition, the higher normal ploidy classes were reduced by the proportion of the measured coincidences in favour of the lower ones. The second mode correction applied to nuclear distributions only. It is a probability calculation based on counting nuclear pairs on microscope slides, and resulted in a 10% increase of diploid nuclei and a larger standard deviation between the age groups. 8c and 16c values were reduced. The tetraploid values were unchanged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219883
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unimpaired delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in mice infected withTrypanosoma cruzi strain Y (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 61 (1980), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi ; Delayed hypersensitivity ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (DTH) to DNFB in C3H (susceptible) and (CBA×C57B1/10)F1 (resistant) mice were not impaired inTrypanosoma cruzi strain Y infections. Mice were infected IP with 100 parasites and sensitized or challenged 11 days after infection at the peak of parasitaemia. DTH reactions were found to be enhanced in C3H infected mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925463
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    The growth ofHymenolepis microstoma in intact and gonadectomized mice (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 61 (1980), S. 243-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Hymenolepis microstoma ; Mice ; Orchiectomy ; Ovariectomy ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gonadectomy or sex of the host had no effect on the mean dry weight ofHymenolepis microstoma examined on day 12 postinfection (p.i.). However, on day 20 p.i. worms from intact or sham-operated male mice were significantly heavier than those recovered from the corresponding groups of female hosts. Orchiectomy of hosts lowered the average weight of these older worms, but ovariectomy had no effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925515
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Humoral suppression inTrypanosoma cruzi infection in relation to the timing of antigen presentation (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 64 (1980), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi ; Immunosuppression ; Immunenhancement ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract (CBA×C57 B1/10)F1 mice infected intraperitoneally with 100 parasites ofTrypanosoma cruzi strain Y developed an infection with acute and chronic phases. Humoral suppression to sheep red blood cells was evident in both phases but enhancement of the response was achieved only at the beginning of the infection. A mitogen secreted by the parasite could explain both phenomenons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927059
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large-scale preparation of a lectin from sunn hemp seeds (Crotalaria juncea) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for large-scale preparation of a lectin from Crotalaria juncea seeds is described. The method involve fractionation by pH- and ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by biospecific affinity chromatography. The adsorbent used for the affinity chromatography was prepared by coupling galactose to Sepharose 6B activated with divinylsulfone. A comparison of different apparatus and techniques involved in the preparation is discussed. The yield and quality of the lectin prepared at a large scale were comparable with laboratory-scale preparation. From 50 kg Crotalaria juncea beans, 14.4 g Crotalaria lectin were obtained.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220107
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model of growth and ergot alkaloid production by Claviceps purpurea (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 255-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A growth model for Claviceps purpurea in submerged batch culture is presented. In developing the model, the basic principles of the growth and the morphological properties of C. purpurea are considered. The growth of C. purpurea is assumed to occur in a three-step manner; the first step involves the assimilation and the growth of cells; the second one involves cell division, and the third one involves transformation of the mature cells to a state where they have no ability to divide but do have the ability to produce ergot alkaloids and then they gradually die. Inorganic phosphate is assumed to be the limiting substrate for the first and the second steps in conditions of carbon source being in excess. The model constants are determined by model simulation and graphical searching techniques to find the minimum value of the absolute difference between the experimental and the simulated curves for biomass, alkaloids, and sucrose.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220202
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  • 20
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    Immobilization of β-galactosidase and other enzymes onto p-amino-carbanilated cellulose derivatives (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase and other enzymes were immobilized on p-amino-carbanilated derivatives of cellulose and methylol cellulose using the diazo method and through glutaraldehyde. The optimum conditions for coupling cellulose tri-(p-amino-carbanilate) (CTAC) to β-galactosidase were established. The diazo coupling method with CTAC gave greater activity than with glutaraldehyde when coupled to β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). The stability of the CTAC-β-galactosidase system was examined. The disubstituted p-amino-carbanilate derivative (CDAC) gave a lower activity, whereas the methylol analog (MCTAC) gave slightly greater activity. The CTAC was also used to immobilize glucose oxidase, trypsin, pepsin, and papain.
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    Hydrophobic chromatography of β-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 377-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrophobic interaction of β-galactosidase with Sepharose 4B substituted with 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine was studied in both batch and column experiments. The equilibrium and the binding rate constants were determined for different phosphate buffer concentrations. The equilibrium constants exhibit a hysteresis effect, i.e., desorption constants are less than adsorption constants, and the higher the ionic strength to start the desorption, the larger the effect. The rate data are not satisfactorily described by a simple reversible first-order model. The column chromatographic data are semiquantitatively described by a local equilibrium theory without axial dispersion or intraparticle diffusion.
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    Enzyme formation during solid-substrate fermentation in rotating vessels (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 411-420 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 was cultured on the solid substrate, wheat bran, in a modified Rollacell apparatus to produce α-galactosidase and invertase. The swivel cap on the elongated bottle permits the introduction of air while the bottle rotates. Parameters of air flow rate (0.05-0.2 liter/kg/min), rpm (0.15-15 rpm), and weight of solids (150 and 300 g) were varied. At low air flow rates (0.05 liter/kg solid/min), α-galactosidase production was minimal independent of the rotation rate. At 0.15 rpm and 0.2 liter/kg solids/min air flow rate, invertase production ceased after five days; whereas α-galactosidase production continued. The modified Rollacell can be a useful apparatus for studying solid-substrate cultures.
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    Temperature and pH dependence of mold α-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 505-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of temperature and pH on kinetic behavior of α-galactosidase of Mortierella vinacea was investigated on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG). A very unusual kinetic behavior was observed for the soluble α-galactosidase i.e., substrate inhibition diminished gradually with increasing temperature or near the neutral pH range, and the kinetics approached the ordinary Michaelis-Menten (MM) type. On the other hand, with decreasing temperature or in acidic pH range, substrate inhibition was accelerated. Therefore, Arrhenius plots based on the initial reaction rate did not give straight lines. Furthermore, the slope in the Arrhenius plot changed with substrate concentration, which would make the determination of a characteristic value using conventional methods meaningless. However, the Arrhenius plots of individual kinetic parameters in the rate equation resulted in straight lines in the temperature range 15 to 50°C. From this, the drastic change in kinetic behavior could be explained in connection with the temperature and pH dependence of kinetic parameters in the model. For mold pellets (whole-cell enzyme), however, the influence of temperature and pH was less apparent than that of soluble enzyme because of the limitation in intraparticle diffusion. By using the rate equation that was determined for soluble enzyme and the theoretically derived effectiveness factor, the overall reaction rate for mold pellets at various temperature and pH could be predicted to some extent.
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    Optimization of the production of progesterone 11α-hydroxylase by Rhizopus nigricans (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 555-570 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The progesterone 11α-hydroxylase of Rhizopus nigricans ATCC 6227b is an inducible enzyme system that is primarily induced by its substrate progesterone. Maximum induction was found at a progesterone concentration of 0.5 g/liter or above. Oxygen is the other substrate for the hydroxylation and this was found to have a major effect on the amounts of hydroxylase synthesized. Optimum induction of the hydroxylase in a fermentation with a 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed was found to occur at a dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) of 10% of air saturation. The agitation rate also effects the amount of hydroxylase synthesized with an apparent maximum at 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed. The DOT for a maximum hydroxylation rate was much higher than for enzyme synthesis so that it was preferable to increase the DOT after induction was completed.
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    Growth of yeast on n-alkanes. II. Batch experiments (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 615-637 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper the results of the Monte Carlo simulations as described in an earlier paper are compared with those of batch experiments. A number of batch experiments were carried out at a low inoculation rate so that only a fraction of the oil drops were inoculated. Under these conditions the effect of the segregation of the oil phase is more clearly demonstrated. Special attention is paid to the preparation of actively growing yeast cells with which the cultures is inoculated. Also a method is developed to estimate the amount of actively growing cells with which the culture is inoculated. The other parameters necessary for the Monte Carlo simulation are measured in separate experiments: the maximum growth rate of the cells, oil drop size, and the drop parameters. Finally the growth curves (measured in the batch experiments) are compared with those calculated with the Monte Carlo procedure. A good agreement is found.
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    Mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Effects of major structural features of cellulose on enzymatic hydrolysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 177-199 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis is affected by the structural features of cellulosic materials. It has been suggested that the crystallinity and surface area of cellulose fibers are the most important structural features in this regard. This study investigated in depth the relative effects of these two structural features upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the change of the structural parameters of cellulose during the course of hydrolysis. It was found that the hydrolysis rate is mainly dependent upon the fine structural order of cellulose which can best be represented by the crystallinity rather than the simple surface area. Monitoring the changes in the structural parameters during the course of reaction showed that surface area is not a major limiting factor that slows hydrolysis in its late stages as has been suggested. This information concerning structural features is used to elucidate the mode of action of cellulase.
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    Simple device for the spectrophotometric assay of immobilized enzymesThis work was presented at the September 30, 1977 meeting of the New Mexico Academy of Science at Silver City, New Mexico. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 227-229 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Reactivation of “irreversibly” denaturated enzymes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Growth energetics in the production of bacterial single cell protein from Methanol (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 353-362 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacteria grown on methanol exhibit a poor efficiency of energy conservation, which is mainly due to the low P/O ratio of 1 associated with methanol oxidation. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that a P/O ratio of at least 2 is possible for this step in substrate oxidation. This low efficiency of energy conservation is reflected in the yield values on methanol, which are very important in the consideration of biomass production from methanol. Unfortunately in continuous culture there is no obvious way to select for organisms with a greater efficiency of energy conservation.
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    Growth and anthocyanin production by carrot suspension cultures grown under chemostat conditions with phosphate as the limiting nutrient (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 337-352 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemostat cultures of carrot suspension cultures, where growth was limited by the concentration of phosphate in the input medium, were achieved by replacing a fixed proportion of the culture with fresh medium at daily intervals. In the range 0.05-0.30mM phosphate in the input medium and at a specific growth rate of 0.357 days-1, steady-state culture density but not anthocyanin in the cells was strictly proportional to the input phosphate concentration with no intercept. At a phosphate concentration of 0.10mM and growth rates from 0.105 to 0.430 days-1, the steady-state culture density could not be described by Monod's model of chemostat cultures, but could be described by Nyholm's model. The steady-state levels of anthocyanin were not strictly proportional to the steady-state biomass under all conditions, showing that anthocyanin production is not completely growth associated.
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    Growth kinetics under adenine-limiting conditions of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 401-410 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth kinetics of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain, was investigated under adenine-limiting conditions. The concentration of adenine (the limiting substrate for cell growth) in the culture filtrate remained constant during the stationary phase. In this phase, DNA turnover was active and the DNA content per cell was constant throughout the cultivation period. When cells were transferred to medium without adenine, the cell concentration began to decrease immediately and then reached a constant level due to the supply of adenine from lysing to growing cells. The rates of degradation of cells and DNA were both found to be 0.2 hr-1. An equation for cell growth in this pseudostationary phase was obtained by combining Contois' equation, in which the apparent saturation constant was a function of the cell concentration, with a term for cell degradation. This equation satisfactorily expressed the feature of cell growth and adenine consumption by B. subtilis KYA 741 under adenine-limiting conditions.
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    Enzymatic biosynthesis of cephalexin (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1237-1247 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic of cephalexin from 7-aminodea-cetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester was studied using the synthesizing enzyme obtained from Xanthomonas citri. The activation energy, Km value for 7-aminodeacetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester, and Ki value for phenylglycine methylester were determined as 8.63 kcal/mol, 3.7mM, 14.5mM, and 70mM, respectively. The enzyme was found to be constitutive and susceptible to deactivation.
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    Introduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1295-1296 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Estimation of diffusion coefficients of proteins (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 947-955 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation for estimating the diffusion coefficients of protein molecules is presented. The correlation is based upon literature values of the protein diffusion coefficients and molal volumes for 143 proteins. The correlation can be used for the estimation of diffusion coefficients using only molecular weight. Accuracy is such that a linear regression on 301 proteins showed 75% of the diffusion coefficients estimated fell within 20% of the experimental values. The relationship between this correlation, the Stokes-Einstein equation, and the Wilke-Chang correlation is discussed.
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    Surface aeration in a small, agitated, and sparged vessel (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 981-993 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a recent publication, a technique was outlined for measuring surface aeration rates in an agitated vessels while sparging, and it was shown that surface aeration rates fall rapidly with increasing sparge rates. That work was conducted in a 0.61 m diam vessels. The work reported here was done in a small vessel (0.22 m diam) where surface aeration has been reported to be of particular significance. In general, the results obtained in the small vessel confirmed those in the large one and in addition were generally in good agreement with those recently published elsewhere for an almost identical geometry. For typical practical power inputs and sparge rates, the rate of surface aeration was never more than 20% of the sparge rate and generally less than 5%. These results indicate that surface aeration is of considerably less importance than has generally been believed following the findings of workers who estimated its effect by comparing KLa values under unsparged conditions with those when sparging.
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    Enhancement of cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis by simultaneous wet milling (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1025-1036 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown that the rate of enzymatic saccharification of cellulosic materials including “pure” cellulose (Whatman CF-11 cellulose), newsprint, lignocellulose (prehydrolyzed to remove hemicelluloses), and wood can be substantially increased by simultaneous wet milling. An enhanced hydrolysis rate was sustained above that observed for ball milling: providing a more extensive saccharification. The cellulosic substrates were wet milled with a variety of grinding elements, such as sand, glass beads, and stainless-steel beads, agitated in a shaker bath. Simultaneous hydrolysis was achieved with a 2% substrate slurry in a 0.1M acetate buffer at 45°C and pH 5. The effectiveness of this process was dependent upon the lignified matrix of the cellulose microfibrils, the grinding elements, and the oscillation frequency of the shaker bath. Wet milling “pure” cellulose for 48 hr, with 3.5 mm glass beads and 200 oscillations/min (opm), yielded 1031 mg reducing sugar/g substrates (93% saccharification) as compared to 483 mg (44%) for the ball-milled sample and 253 mg (23%) for the unmilled material. With the lignified substrates stainless-steel beads (3.5 mm) were more effective than glass. For lignocellulose 529 mg sugar/g substrate (93% saccharification) could be obtained by wet milling with cellulase for 24 hr. This was about three times greater than that of the ball milled (169 mg, 30%) and 10 times greater than that of the unmilled (52 mg, 9%) substrates. The method was also effective for wood particles (60 mesh) giving 143 mg sugar/g wood (approximately 38% saccharification) in 48 hr, whereas the ball-milled sample gave only 79 mg (21%) and the unmlilled substrate 38 mg (10%). These observations can be explained on the basis of the current crystalline theory for the morphology of the cellulosic microfibrils. The advantage of wet milling and simultaneous hydrolysis apparently depends on a continuous generation of accessible sites and sustained rapid hydrolysis rate as the saccharification proceeds, where in the pretreated substrates the hydrolysis rate slow down as the active sites are reduced.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220601
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    Purification and immobilization of Aspergillus niger β-xylosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1127-1142 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Xylosidase from a commercial Aspergillus niger preparation was purified by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and either gel permeation or cation exchange chromatography, giving 16-fold purification in 32% yield for the first technique or 27-fold purification in 19% yield for the second. The second method in addition almost completely removed interfering β-glucosidase activity. Enzymes prepared by this method was immobilized to 10 different carriers, but only when it was bound to alumina with TiCl4 and to alkylamine porous silica with glutaraldehyde were substantial efficiencies and stabilities achieved. With alumina, the variation of activation procedure, amount of β-xylosidase offered, and activation solution composition yielded maximum activities of over 40 U/g with approximately 70% immobilization efficiency. Variation of binding pH and incubation time led to a maximum immobilized activity of 1.3 U/g with 78% immobilization efficiency on silica.
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    Immobilized yeast cells with methanol oxidase activity: Preparation and enzymatic properties (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1155-1173 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells form the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (ATCC 26012) were successfully immobilized by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel. The resulting gel showed high methanol oxidase activity especially after treatment with a detergent (CTAB). The enzymatic properties of the gel-entrapped cell were not very different from that of the soluble enzyme except that no inhibition was observed at high methanol concentration. In continuous reactors, the gel-entrapped cells showed a much higher stability than other enzyme preparations. The inactivation mechanism was investigated and proved to be the oxidation of essential SH group(s) of the methanol oxidase molecule by hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with β-mercaptoethanol prevented inactivation or regenerated activity.
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    Polymethylglutamate as a new matrix for covalently immobilized enzymes: Preparation and properties of urease and uricase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1225-1235 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polymethylglutamate (PMG), a synthetic polypeptide, was used as a new carrier to immobilize urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) by the azide method. The enzymes could be immobilized onto PMG in various forms, such as film, fiber, coating on various beads, and a silicon tube. The retained activities of the immobilized enzymes were excellent (more than 95%), therefore it was possible to immobilized almost all activities of the enzymes added in the coupling mixtures. Heat stabilities of the resulting immobilized enzymes were markedly improved, while the optimal pH and Km values remained almost unchanged. The urease immobilized on the PMG-coated glass beads packed in a column, was found to retain its activity more than 80% of the initial value, even after the occasional use for a year. In view of the improved retained activities and stabilities of the immobilized enzymes, PMG may therefore be a very versatile matrix for the immobilized enzymes.
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    Microcalorimetry of microorganism metabolism of monosaccharides and simple aromatic compounds (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1249-1269 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat conduction solution enable rapid determination of the heats of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of substrate by microorganisms. Aliquots of 1.0 ml cell suspension, 5 × 109 cell/ml, were mixed with a few dozen nmol substrate contained in 0.5 ml, under a controlled atmosphere of air, O2, or N2. At these substrate concentration, with adapted microorganisms, metabolism and its heat generation are usually complete within 300 to 600 sec. The raw data yield ΔHapp values. The ΔHapp were determined in the range 0.001 to 0.010% substrate, and extrapolated (limit substrate concentration →0), to yield Δ0H̄, the limiting differential molar heat of metabolism. The Δ0H̄ values express the heat generated when there is rapid metabolism but little new growth, minimal contribution by H+ transfer from metabolites, and maintenance of aerobicity or anaerobicity as specified. Escherichiacoli B/5 was used for aerobic and anaerobic combustion of eight sugars. Pseudomonas multivorans, and an Acinetobacter, strain B-1, were used for aerobic metabolism of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and a methylnaphthalene. The larger heats of combustion of the hydrocarbons enable the use of aqueous solutions of hydrocarbons well below their solubility limits. The quotient Δ0H̄/n (n = atoms carbon/molecule substrate) varies from (-)36 to (-)67 kcal/mol carbon for the sugars. The most reduced sugar yields the largest exothermic heats. The quotient varies from (-)27 to (-)81 kcal/mol carbon for the aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparison of the calorimetric heats of metabolism of those from total aerobic combustion in aquo (where available) give measure of the efficiencies with which the heat contents of the aqueous substrate are used by the bacteria.
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    Bacillus sphaericus for the control of mosquitoes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1335-1355 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From 1972 to 1977 a large laboratory effort was devoted to determining data on efficacy, safety, environmental impact (on nontarget organisms), and some preliminary field work using several isolates of Bacillus sphaericus. The B. sphaericus strains were found to be specific in their mosquito larvicidal activity, not causing mammalian toxicity nor apparent perturbation of the environment. During this period several fermentation and industrialization problems were investigated so that by 1978, using new strains and cultures, it was possible to have prepared kilogram amounts of an active dry stable powder, of strain 1593, for field evaluation. These field evolution. These field evaluations are presently still in progress. Control has been seen particularly against Culex, Anopheles, and Psorophora species, with some what less control aganst Aedes species. Unlike the agriculturally oriented Bacillus thuringiensis candidates, B. sphaericus bacterial cell, which is digested in the larval midgut (within a peritrophic membrane), releasing a toxin as early as 15 min after ingestion. Subsequent death of the larva ensues. Recent evidence suggests that applied B. sphaericus powder will survive in aquatic situations (ditches, ponds, and tree holes) for at least nine month. Comparisons of the B. sphaeicus strains with recently isolated strains of B. thuringiensis (var. israelensis), the latter being particularly active against Aedes species, indicates that they may be useful complements of each other in overall mosquito control strategies. The recent isolation of several new strains of B. thuringiensis, from WHO-CCBC accessions from Roumania, indicate that although the B. thuringiensis isolate is a rare event when compared to the occurrence of B. sphaericus isolates (they usually occur together in accessions from which B. thuringiensis is isolated), several new useful strains of B. thuringiensis should be anticipated. The longevity of the B. thuringiensis strains in the wild has not yet been investigated.
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    Partial acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials as a pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1449-1463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partial acid hydrolysis was studied as a per treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis, such a pretreatment was carried out in a continuous flow reactor on oak corn Stover, newsprint, and Solka Floc at temperatures ranging from 160 to 220°C, acid concentration ranging from 0 to 1.2%, and a fixed treatment time of 0.22 min. The resulting slurries and solids were than hydrolyzed with Trichoderma ressei QM 9414 cellulase at 50°C for 48 hr. For all substrates except Solka Floc, increased glucose yields were achieved during enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated materials as compared to hydrolysis of the original substrate. In several cases, after pretreatment, 100° of the potential glucose content of the substrate was converted to glucose after 24hr of enzymatic hydrolysis. It is felt that the increased glucose yields achieved after this pretreatment are due to acid's removal of hemicellulose, reduced degree of polymerization, and possibly due to a change in the crystal structure of the cellulose.
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    Enzymatic modification of vegetable protein: Mechanism, kinetics, and production of soluble and partially soluble protein in a batch reactor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1543-1565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble soybean protein by a protease enzyme produced by Penicillium duponti K 1104, was investigated in a batch reactor. The reaction conditions were 30-55°C and pH 3.4-3.7. The mechanism of solubilization of the insoluble protein by the Penicillium duponti enzyme was deduced from a series of experiments. Kinetic models were developed that involved adsorption followed by peptic digestion of protein, inhibition of low-molecular-weight peptides, and enzyme deactivation. The uncoupled kinetic parameters were estimated using the Marquardt nonlinear parameter estimation algorithm. A bang-bang production of soluble and partially soluble protein is suggested for higher productivity. The essential amino acids pattern of the enzyme-Hydrolyzed soy protein was comparable with the unhydrolyzed protein isolate. Aggregation of the soluble protein for an extended time was observable. The low-molecular-weight soluble protein was incorporated into noncarbonated beverages. The amount of protein that could be incorporated into a can of 355 ml noncarbonated beverage, without observable changes in the optical density and also aggregation of the protein, was 2.5 g soluble protein. Beverages with caramel color showed excessive decrease in optical density and precipitation. The kinetics and diffusion in a multipore immobilized-enzyme recycle reactor will be considered in part II of this series.
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    Energy requirements for the vacuferm processPrepared for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1749-1751 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Criteria for multiple steady states in immobilized-enzyme systemsNCL communication No. 2512. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1759-1765 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Recent advances in enzymatic synthesis of amino acids (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 243-243 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230119
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    Temperature effects on ethanol and isopropanol utilization by Candida krusei (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 267-275 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida Krusei has a optimum growth temperature of 37°C on SASOL ethanol-isopropanol mixture. The organism was unable to grow on isopropanol, but oxidized it partially to acetone in the presence and absence of ethanol. Growth at 40°C in the alcohol mixture was slightly faster than at 30°C over an ethanol concentration range of 0.43 to 3.6% (v/v), although at both temperatures the growth rate declined continuously with increasing concentration. At an ethanol concentration greater than 3.6% (v/v), the mixture was much more inhibitory to growth at 40 and 30°C. The inhibitory effect was due to the ethanol rather than the isopropanol. Metabolites such as acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate accumulated in the medium, but the degree of accumulation depended upon the temperature and alcohol mixture concentration. At 40°C, acetaldehyde and acetate accumulated to a greater extent than 30°C on a 4.0% (v/v) synthetic alcohol mixture and this may also cause the greater inhibition at this temperature. The alcohol mixture is unsuitable for single cell protein (SCP) production in batch culture because of the low cell densities observed at all alcohol concentrations.
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    The role of interphase nitrogen transport in the dynamic measurement of the overall volumetric mass transfer cefficient in air-sparged systems (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 301-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown both theoretically and experimentally that interphase nitrogen transport may have a significant influence on the rate of interphase oxygen transport, and thereby also on the value of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen, kla, determined in mechanically agitated bubble fermentors using the variants of dynamic method presented in the literature. The experiments were carried out in 1M KCI solution at five stirrer frequencies and two gas inlet levels. The gas interchanges were performed either without interrupting the aeration and agitation of the charge (A) or with the aeration and agitation of the charge turned on at the same time (B). The applied variants of the interchange were N2→ O2→, O2→ N2, N2→ air, air→ N2, O→ O2, and O→ air. In the two last variants the oxygen dissolved in the charge was removed by reacting with sulfite ions. The kla values calculated by allowing for the nitrogen transport for procedure A were approximately equal to the values obtained by disregarding the nitrogen transport, whereas those for procedure B were higher (up to 40%), than the values obtained disregarding the nitrogen transport.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230201
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    Production of ethanol from raw cassava starch by a nonconventional fermentation method (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Raw cassava root starch was transformed into ethanol in a one-step process of fermentation, in which are combined the conventional processes of liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation to alcohol. Aspergillus awamori NRRL 3112 and Aspergillus niger were cultivated on wheat bran and used as Koji enzymes. Commercial A. niger amyloglucosidase was also used in this experiment. A raw cassava root homogenate-enzymes-yeast mixture fermented optimally at pH 3.5 and 30°C, for five days and produced ethanol. Alcohol yields from raw cassava roots were between 82.3 and 99.6%. Fungal Koji enzymes effectively decreased the viscosity of cassava root fermentation mashes during incubation. Commercial A. niger amyloglucosidase decreased the viscosity slightly. Reduction of viscosity of fermentation mashes was 40, 84, and 93% by commercial amyloglucosidase, A. awamori, and A. niger enzymes, respectively. The reduction of viscosity of fermentation mashes is probably due to the hydrolysis of pentosans by Koji enzymes.
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    Use of immobilized cells of Rhizopus nigricans for the 11α-hydroxylation of progesterone (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 345-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The filamentous fungus, Rhizopus nigricans, was immobilized in polyacrylamide, alginate, and agar gels and its ability to 11α-hydroxylate progesterone was examined. No activity was detected using polyacrylamide gel but both agar and alginate gels have proved capable of hydroxylation. Agar gels displayed faster rates and higher yields. It was possible to induce hydroxylase synthesis within agar and alginate gels, and microscopical examination provided evidence for hyphal growth within these gels. The concept of increased biomass was used to explain the observed increase in the rates of hydroxylase activity of the immobilized cells. Conversely, hyphal overcrowding was postulated for the rapid inactivation observed under some operating conditions.
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    Automated fermentation equipment I. program-controlled fermentor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 391-404 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fermentation system with a plug scheme unit has been developed, offering a variety of solutions to measurement, control, and operational problems. By means of the program unit, e.g., automatic pH control assigned to the dynamic of batch cultures and the feed of different ingredients controlled by a time program or a given variable have been solved. The continuous culture volume was controlled by a level controlled by a level controller equipped with a photosensor. A method was developed for variable control that provide information on the activity of the culture, and allows direct measurement of the different rate values, e.g., generation time or specific product formation rate. Applicability of the direct measurement of generation time is presented in the qualification of molasses and in a static off-line optimization process.
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    Stabilization of chloroplast by radiation-induced immobilization with various glass-forming monomers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 833-841 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of immobilization with various glass-forming monomers on the stability of PS II activity of spinach chloroplast was investigated. PS II activity (O2 evolution due to the Hill reaction) was reduced very slightly by the addition of monomers including polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Immobilization of chloroplast was done with hydrophobic monomer as well as hydrophilic monomer and activity of immobilized chloroplast increased with decreasing monomer concentration as far as the polymerization was possible. The activity of immobilized chloroplast was very high and it decayed far more gradually with the storage time in comparison with the decay of unimmobilized chloroplast and was retained more than 30 days. The optimum monomer concentration for immobilization was about 10%. Thermostability of chloroplast also increased greatly by immobilization with these monomers, especially hydrophilic monomers.
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    Raw materials evaluation and process development studies for conversion of biomass to sugars and ethanolThis paper was prepared for presentation at the Second Annual Symposium on Fuels from Biomass, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 20-22 June 1978. This work was done with support from the Department of Energy. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in this report represent solely those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory nor of the Department of Energy. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 163-183 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A range of cellulosic raw materials in the form of agricultural crop residue was analyzed for chemical composition and assessed for potential yields of sugars through chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of these materials. Corn stover was used as a representative raw material for a preliminary process design and economic assessment of the production of sugars and ethanol. With the process as presently developed, 24 gal ethanol can be obtained per ton of corn stover at a processing cost of about $1.80/gal exclusive of by-product credits. The analysis shows the cost of ethanol to be highly dependent upon: (1) the cost of the biomass, (2) the extent of conversion to glucose, (3) enzyme recovery and production cost, and (4) potential utilization of xylose. Significant cost reduction appears possible through further research in these directions.
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    An outdoor biophotolytic system using the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 213-220 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 was suspended in small glass beds and incubated in a gas-tight glass vessel outdoors under a gas atmosphere comprising carbon monoxide (0.2%), acetylene (5%), oxygen (6.5%), and nitrogen. The solution phase initially contained sodium bicarbonate (10mM) at pH 7. Under these conditions the organism continuously produced hydrogen gas for over three weeks. The temperature of the culture was maintained below 30°C and minimum night temperatures were recorded. The vessel was covered by a shadecloth, which reduced the natural illumination by approximately 70%. The system is an alternative to those requiring the strict absence of oxygen and little nitrogen, and requires virtually no attention during the incubation period.
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    Bacterial utilization of pure and mixed C1 compounds for single cell protein production (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 235-242 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Cephalexin synthesis by partially purified and immobilized enzymes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 361-371 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of cephalexin fromD-α phenylglycinemethylester (PGM) and 7-amino-3-desacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) was prepared from Xanthomonas citri (IFO 3835) and partially purified 30-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, and Sepharose-4B column chromatography. The Km values for 7-ADCA, PGM, and cephalexin were determined as 11.1, 2.1, and 1.61 mM, respectively. The enzymatic cephalexin synthesis follows the reversible bi-uni reaction kinetics. The equilibrium constant is influenced by the initial mole ratios of 7-ADCA and PGM. The cephalexin hydrolysis is catalyzed by the same cephalexin synthesizing enzyme, but methanol does not participate in the hydrolytic reaction. The amount of enzyme in the reaction mixture affects the initial rate but does not influence the equilibrium product concentration. This cephalexin-synthesizing enzyme was immobilized onto several adsorbents. Among these, Kaolin and bentonite showed a higher retention of enzyme activity and stability for reuse. The immobilized-enzyme reaction kinetics were investigated and compared with those of the soluble enzyme. A rate expression for the enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin was derived. The results of computer simulation showed good agreement with the experimental results.
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    Hen egg white: A novel support for the immobilization of enzymes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 431-436 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230217
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    Studies of the effect of shear on globular proteins: Extension to high shear fields and to pumps (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 425-429 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Steady-state behavior of ideal liquids within vessels which are shaken circularly (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 451-454 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230221
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    Estimation of intrinsic kinetic constants for pore diffusion-limited immobilized enzyme reactions (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 487-497 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple method is presented that establishes intrinsic rate parameters when slow pore diffusion of substrate limits immobilized enzyme reactions that obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Aris-Bischoff modulus is employed. Data at high substrate concentrations, where the enzyme would be saturated in the absence of diffusion limitation, and at low substrate concentrations, where effectiveness factors are inversely proportional to reaction modulus, are used to determine maximum rate and Michaelis constant, respectively. Because Michaelis-Menten and Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics are formally identical, this method may be used to estimate intrinsic rate parameters of many heterogeneous catalysts. The technique is demonstrated using experimental data from the hydrolysis of maize dextrin with diffusion-limited immobilized glucoamylase. This system yields a Michaelis constant of 0.14%, compared to 0.11% for soluble glucoamylase and 0.24% for immobilized glucoamylase free of diffusional effects.
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    The scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of a unit process system based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the production of four strains of FMDV from BHK monolayer cells (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 551-565 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of the unit process based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the growth of BHK monolayer cells. The production of four strains of FMD virus at the 0.1-, 10-, and 100-liter scales was examined. Cell growth was estimated from measurements of the concentration of glucose in the growth medium, while the release of virus was inferred from measuring the concentration of LDH in the culture supernatant fluid. The yields of virus at 0.1-, 1-, and 10-liter scales were similar but that from the 100-liter version was somewhat lower. The reason for this lower yield and the method used to overcome it over outlined.
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    Photometabolic production of hydrogen from organic substrates by free and immobilized mixed cultures of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Klebsiella pneumoniae*We would like to dedicate this article to Professor George Manecke on his 65th birthday in honor of his outstanding contributions to the field of biotechnology. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 605-614 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A culture of R. rubrum cells apparently contaminated with K. pneumoniae were immobilized by entrapment in agar. This system was used as model for hydrogen production by photometabolic means. Observed results indicated that the contaminant exerted a major influence on the observed results. This preparation, when immobilized and used in a specifically designed reactor with glucose substrate, showed operational half-lives of approximately 1000 hr. The feasibility of using this “mixed” culture for producing hydrogen from acid hydrolyzed cellulose and wood sawdust was also examined.
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    Immobilization of enzymes on metal-chelate regenerable carriers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 663-668 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstract.
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    Casein hydrolysis in stirred tank reactors using chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetic supports (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 677-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nickel-NiO-BSA-chymotrypsin has been used to hydrolyze casein in both batch and continuous stirred tank reactors. The kinetics of hydrolysis in both types of reactor were considered. Some operational problems encountered using fine powder catalysts in batch stirred tank reactors are discussed. High gradient magnetic separation was found to be a powerful catalysts retention method for magnetic support particles, particularly when using a ferromagnetic collection matrix. Nickel particles of diameter 3-7 μm were easily separated from water at a processing velocity of 39 mm/sec. Nickel powder and precipitated Fe3O4 were also separated satisfactorily using a rotating drum magnetic separator.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230403
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    Evaluation of feeding strategies in carbon-regulated secondary metabolite production through mathematical modeling (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 717-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is now growing evidence that the production of many secondary metabolic by microorganisms is subjected to carbon-catabolite regulation. Even though the exact mode of this regulation is not yet clear, an engineering analysis of the production process is still possible based upon a suitable hypothesis. By way of simulation of penicillin fermentation data obtained from the literature, a mechanistic model involving a substrate inhibition kinetics of product formation has been verified in this paper. Such a model has been found successful not only in predicting simple sugar-feeding strategy, but also a complicated computer guided strategy based upon controlling biomass growth rates in the tropo and idiophases. Using this model, for strategies for sugar feeding into penicillin fermentation have been investigated. These results show that similar penicillin productivities can be obtained using any of these strategies provided fermentations are carried out under optimal conditions corresponding to the strategy chosen. Effect of maximum oxygen transfer capacity of the fermentor under the conditions of fungal growth has been incorporated using an upper limit of biomass concentration on achievement of which the fermentations must be stopped due to serious oxygen limitations. Results of model simulations with such limits throw light upon the way in which different fermentors may behave with respect to product formation.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230406
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  • 68
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    Energetic yields associated with hydrocarbon fermentations (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 793-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Energetic yields associated with microbial growth on hydrocarbons are investigated and compared with values for other organic substrates. Both cell growth and extracellular product formation are investigated. Both carbon and energy limitations are considered in estimating theoretical yields. Carbon, available electron, and ATP balances are used in the theoretical analysis. The results indicate that the availability of carbon may limit growth and product formation.
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  • 69
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    Self-cleaning membranes for ultrafiltration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 843-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to reduce the severe flux losses encountered during ultrafiltration of protein solutions, proteases were immobilized on Ultrafiltration membranes to hydrolyze the deposited solute molecules. Over a standard 22 hr run 25 to 78% improvement in cumulative permeate yield was obtained when processing 0.5% albumin or hemoglobin. It was also demonstrated that the flux enhancements were due to the biochemical action of the absorbed protease and not to its physical effect as a prefilter coat. with the aid of a model retardation of gel formation mechanism was demonstrated. Economics of the system were shown to be favorable, improving the rate of return on capital investment up to 50% by reduction of the total membrane area of the plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230414
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  • 70
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    Multilevel control of multistage continuous culture using a microprocessor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 887-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the implementation of multilevel techniques using a microprocessor to control multistage continuous culture systems. A system which produces gramicidin S is taken as an example. The single level technique using the conjugate gradient method is applied to solve the two-stage and the three-stage continuous culture and is compared with the multilevel one. The results show that the application of multilevel techniques is more advantageous and suitable for this system than any other method which has been utilized so far. The advantages of using a microprocessor will be stated.
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  • 71
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    Characteristics of immobilized invertase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 917-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230420
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  • 72
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    Growth of E. Coli W to high cell concentration by oxygen level linked control of carbon source concentration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1015-1021 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of E. coli W in a bench scale fermentor to high cell concentration is described. The method involves growth-linked introduction of ammonia to the culture, sparging the culture with oxygen, and maintenance of aerobic conditions during the final growth phase by gradually and automatically decreasing the concentration of the carbon source, sucrose, in the culture. Thus, the oxygen demand is kept within the limits of the supply capacity, and a linear growth rate during the final phase of growth is obtained. A concentration of 42 g dry cell per liter was obtained. The yield constants for nitrogen and phosphorous were determined and were compared with those obtained using the temperature variation method.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Enhancement of oxygen absorption by magnetite-containing beads of immobilized glucose oxidase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1037-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of oxygen absorption into glucose solutions were measured using an immobilized-enzyme reactor, in which magnetite-containing beads of immobilized glucose oxidase were moved by a revolving magnetic field to reduce the mass transfer resistances at the gas-liquid interface and around the bead. Data were also obtained for oxygen absorption into glucose solutions containing soluble or immobilized glucose oxidase (without magnetite), as well as for physical absorption of oxygen. The rates of physical absorption for the runs with the magnetite-containing beads increased because of mechanical stirring caused by spinning of the beads at the gas-liquid interface. In this case the experimental enhancement factors were found to be larger than those predicted on the basis of the film theory for gas absorption with a pseudo-first order reaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230511
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    The isomerization of D-glucose into D-fructose catalyzed by whole-cell immobilized glucose isomerase. The dependence of the intrinsic rate of reaction on substrate concentration, pH, and temperature (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1087-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The relation between the intrinsic rate of the glucose-fructose isomerization catalyzed by whole-cell immobilized glucose isomerase and the substrate concentration can be described with the kinetic model The numerical values of k1, k-1, k2, and k-2 have been determined from low-conversion experiments starting from pure glucose or fructose solutions, and are presented as a function of pH and temperature. The difference between the overall chemical reaction rate determined in high-conversion experiments and that calculated from the individual k1, k-1, k2, and k-2 values is less than 10%.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230516
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  • 75
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    Simple model for the energetics of growth on substrates with different degrees of reduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 33-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple model is developed for the energy transformation in growing microbial systems. The model is based on a linear equation for ATP consumption in the processes of growth and maintenance. A combination of this equation with macroscopic balances for the various components, the systems exchanges with the environment, and application of the concepts of the elementary balance allow the derivation of linear equations for the exchange of substrate, oxygen, and carbon dioxide with the environment. For growth on one sole carbon and energy source the model allows the definition of a critical substrate yield are expected and below which is decreasing substrate yield and energy supply growth limitation are expected. This restriction can be interpreted in a variety of other ways. It supplies a rationale for non-energy-production-coupled transfer of hydrogen to oxygen or wasteful expenditure of ATP in growth on highly reduced substrates. It also allows the formulation of a limit to the maximum yield on oxygen that can never be exceeded in growth on highly reduced substrates.
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    Dynamic aspects of radiorespirometry during the cell cycle of Candida utilis: Some observations in phased culture under carbon-, nitrogen-, and phosphorus-limited growthNRCC NO. 17791. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many changes that occur in a cell during the cell cycle can be demonstrated in synchronous cultures and can reveal dimensions of cell metabolism not attainable by the study of balanced growth of asynchronous populations in batch cultures or the steady state in chemostat cultures. The release of 14CO2 from specifically labeled glucose by phased (continuously synchronized) cultures follows a characteristic pattern (profile) that depends upon the stage in the cell cycle and the period of labeling used. Successive profiles throughout a cycle showed differences that were altered under different nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Profiles obtained with glucose-1-14C, glucose-2-14C, glucose-3,4-14C, and glucose-6-14C and phased cells of Candida utilis under N-, P-, and C-limited growth demonstrated the variable character of the metabolic activity that occurred in the cells while contour changes within the profiles across the cycle indicated possible correlations with activities of the hexose monophosphate, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways during the cell cycle. The basis of these changes and their use as elementary parameters for study of problems of physiological changes in vivo are considered.
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    Experimental technique for multilayer enzyme immobilization (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 215-219 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220115
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    Response of a continuous culture of saccharomyces cerevisiae to variation of temperature (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220118
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220201
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  • 80
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    Enzyme electrode for phenol (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 299-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzyme electrode is described for quantitative determination of phenol at micromolar concentrations. Immobilized phenol hydroxylase is attached to the surface of a Clark oxygen electrode. The Maximum rate of oxygen consumption is linearly dependent on phenol concentration over the 0.5-50μM range. The electrode can be used for at least 150 assays without an activity loss. Readout is very rapid - within 30 sec of sample addition. The electrode response is independent of pH between pH 6.5 and 9.5. The response increases linearly with temperature in the interval 10-40°C. It is necessary to incubate the enzyme electrode in a buffer containing NADPH for a few minutes before the addition of sample. This is to make the electrode response independent of the diffusion rate of this cosubstrate. This and other diffusional effects on the performance of the phenol electrode are discussed.
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    Stability of the Cellulase of Trichoderma reesei under use conditions (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 323-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzyme stability studies have been reinvestigated under the conditions used for cellulose hydrolysis (pH 4.8, 50°C, 24 hr). The cellobiohydrolase (CBH) component as measured on Avicel is less stable than other enzymes of the cellulase complex, and is 60% inactivated by merthiolate (and other Hg compounds) under the above conditions. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase is much more stable, and more resistant to merthiolate and other compounds. Under unshaken conditions the Avicelase of the Rutgers strain C 30 shows greater stability to heat than that of other available strains. Biocides must be selected not only for their ability to prevent contamination, but also for their compatibility with cellulases. Tetracycline and chlortetracycline are inexpensive, effective in very low concentrations, have no harmful effect on the enzymes, and are compatible with the yeasts that subsequently grow on the sugar solutions to produce alcohol. Attempts have been made to stabilize the enzymes by chemical modification in such a way as to maintain their solubility. Glutaraldehyde treatment greatly increased the enzyme size, lowered the pI values, and gave a slight shift in the pH activity curve. There was, unfortunately, no increase in enzyme stability, and the activity of enzymes on solid celluloses was adversely affected. Shaking greatly reduced the hydrolysis of Avicel by Trichoderma reesei C 30 enzyme. The adverse effect was accompanied by a decrease in recoverable enzyme and protein.
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    Studies of growth conditions in wood for three white-rot fungi and their cellulaseless mutants (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: White-rot fungi, which have the ability to degrade all the wood components including lignin, are of great interest in biotechnological processes based on wood and other lignocellulosic materials. It was demonstrated earlier that enough lignin can be degraded to cause a decrease in the energy demand for production of thermomechanical pulp if wood chips are pretreated by cellulaseless mutants of white-rot fungi. This paper concerns the growth conditions in wood for three white-rot fungi and their cellulaseless mutants in order to determine optimal conditions for such pretreatment processes. The pH and temperature optima have been determined as well as the growth rate in wood. The results show that the growth rate in wood. at least for Cel 44 (a cellulaseless mutant of Sporotrichum pulverulentum), is not the rate-limiting step in delignification. From different mixtures of urea and NH4H2PO4 the optimal nitrogen source was determined for the mutants. The optimal C/N ratio was found to vary between 160/1 and 400/1. It is suggested that the lower the C/N ratio, the faster the growth. It was also demonstrated that both water- and acetone-extractable substances in wood supported the growth of cellulaseless mutants. When some glucose was added to the wood, the weight loss caused by Cel 44 increased. All these observations support earlier findings that lignin in wood cannot be degraded by white-rot fungi unless a more easily metabolizable carbon source is used simultaneously.
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    Energetic efficiency of a microbial process with an external power input: Thermodynamic approach (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NO Abstract.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220217
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    Characteristics of hexadecane partition by the growth medium of Acinetobacter sp. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 495-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The partition of n-hexadecane in the spent growth medium of Acinetobacter sp. HOI-N was determined by measuring the increase in the relative aqueous solubility of 3H-hexadecane as compared to controls. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was proportional to the protein concentration. The specific solubility of hexadecane (nmol/mg protein) was analyzed by least-squares fitting yielding an average slope of 0.6 with a standard deviation of 0.3, indicating either nonequilibrium of hexadecane or physical aggregation of protein. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was concentration dependent yielding optically clear microemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of less than 1.4mM and macroemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of 1.4mM or greater. Preliminary results indicated that hexadecane and partitioned by a lipoprotein complex.
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    New device for continuously monitoring the optical density of concentrated microbial cultures (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 639-642 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Selective isolation of depressed mutants of an α-amylase yeast by the use of 2-deoxyglucose (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 651-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Biomass ethanol as a chemical feedstock in the United States (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 677-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220318
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220401
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  • 89
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    Lactic acid fermentation of crude sorghum extract (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 757-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crude extract from sweet sorghum supplemented with vetch juice was utilized as the carbohydrate source for fermentative production of lactic acid. Fermentation of media containing 7%(w/v) total sugar was complex completed in 60-80 hr by Lactobacillus plantarum, product yield averaging 85%. Maximum acid production rates were dependent on pH, initial substrate distribution, and concentration, the rates varying from 2 to 5 g(liter·hr.) The lactic acid yield was lowered to 67% under limited medium supplementation. The fermented ammoniated product contained over eight times as much equivalent crude protein (N × 6.25) as the original medium. Unstructured kinetic models were developed for cell growth, lactic acid formation, and substrate consumption in batch fermentation. With the provision of experimentally determined kinetic parameters, the proposed models accurately the fermentation process.
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    Use of the upflow sludge blanket (USB) reactor concept for biological wastewater treatment, especially for anaerobic treatment (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 699-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In recent years considerable effort has been made in the Netherlands toward the development of a more sophisticated anaerobic treatment process, suitable for treating low a strength wastes and for applications at liquid detention times of 3-4 hr. The efforts have resulted in new type of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process, which in recent 6 m3 pilot-plant experiments has shown to be capable of handling organic space loads of 15-40 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)·m-3/day at 3-8 hr liquid detention times. In the first 200 m3 full-scale plant of the UASB concept, organic space loadings of up to 16 kg COD·m-3/day could be treated satisfactorily at a detention times of 4 hr, using sugar beet waste as feed. The main results obtained with the process in the laboratory as well as in 6 m3 pilot plant and 200 m3 full-scale experiments are presented and evaluated in this paper. Special attention is given to the main operating characteristics of the UASB reactor concept. Moreover, some preliminary results are presented of laboratory experiments concerning the use of the USB reactor concept for denitrification as well as for the acid formation step in anaerobic treatment. For both purposes the process looks feasible because very satisfactory results with respect to denitrification and acid formation can be achieved at very high hydraulic loads (12 day-1) and high organic loading rates, i.e., 20 kg COD·m-3/day in the denitrification and 60-80 kg COD·m-3/day in the acid formation experiments.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220501
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  • 92
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    Staining method for determination of the penetration of immobilized enzyme into a porous support (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 957-967 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The penetration of bovine serum albumin and penicillin acylase into Amberlite XAD7 beads was determined by staining split beads. The rates of penetration were measured and correlated with a theoretically derived equation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220505
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  • 93
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    Problems concerning the operation of high productivity biomass fermentations using volatile liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 995-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The possibilities of using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) heavy ends, predominantly volatile liquid n-alkanes (a location-specific hydrocarbon feedstock) for single-cell protein (SCP) production are examined against criteria established to define potentially attractive SCP production processes. The factors discussed include the use of the heat of vaporization for fermentor cooling, the efficiency of conversion of nalkane vapors, problems of maintaining constant composition substrates when feeding volatile liquid n-alkane vapors to laboratory fermentors, the possible solvent effect of liquid n-alkanes, and the possibilities of competitive inhibition. The study confirms that mixed volatile n-alkane feedstocks will introduce major physical and biological problems for both product and process research and development. Even when the technical problems are solved, the economic question of whether a direct production route using the feedstock as the fermentation substrate or an indirect route involving the conversion of the feedstock, by chemical means, into methanol, which can then be used as the fermentation substrate, needs careful examination.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220508
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  • 94
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    Immobilization and properties of Leuconostoc mesenteroids dextransucrase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1055-1069 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (NRRL B-512F) was purified by ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography in 54% yield. The specific activity of a heart cut was 58.6 U/mg; cumulative purification of that preparation was 247-fold. Of 13 carriers surveyed, only alkylamine porous silica gave immobilization efficiencies consistently above 15 %. Immobilization to silica changed the properties of dextransucrase relatively little, the optimum pH for activity remaining at 5.2, while that for stability decreased from pH 5.5-6 to pH 5.2. In short assays, highest activities of both soluble and immobilized dextransucrase occurred at 30°C. Activation energies below that temperature were 8.6 kcal/mol for the former form and 1.7 kcal/mol for the latter. Maximum stabilization of soluble dextransucrase was attained by 5mM Ca2+.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220513
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  • 95
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    Is the heat of combustion of microbial cells predictable solely from organic chemical bonding? (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1095-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220516
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  • 96
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    Cellobiose hydrolysis by endoglucanase (glucan glucanhydrolase) from Trichoderma reesie: Kinetics and mechanism (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1107-1126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucanohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei, having a molecular weight of 52,000, was evaluated for kinetic properties with respect to cellobiose. Results from this work include: (1) initial rate studies that show that glucanohydrolase hydrolyzes cellobiose by a competitive mechanism and that the product, glucose, inhibits the enzyme; (2) low-pressure aqueous liquid chromatography that shows that formation of a reversion product, cellobiose, is minor and occurs in detectable amounts only a very high (90mM) cellobiose concentrations; (3) development of an equation based on the mechanism of glucanohydrolase action as determined by initial rate kinetics, which accurately predicts the time course of cellobiose hydrolysis; (4) derivation of an initial rate expression for the combined activity of cellobiase and glucanohydrolase on cellobiose. Based on data in this paper it is shown that the difference in inhibition pattern of the two enzymes could be used for determining the contamination of one enzyme by small quantities of the other.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220602
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  • 97
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    Continuous production ofL-isoleucine using immobilized growing Serratia marcescens cells (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1175-1188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An immobilized growing cell system was applied to the continuous L-isoleucine production by Serratia marcescens. In the new immobilized-cell systems using the carrageenan gel method. S. marcescens cells in the gel required nutrients and oxygen for growth, and the numbers of living cells per milliliter of gel increased to the levels of that of free cells in the liquid medium. This immobilized growing cell system exhibited high and stable activity for isoleucine production under steady-state conditions. Continuous isoleucine production was carried out by feeding the nutrient medium under aeration into a fluidized bed reactor containing the immobilized cells. In the continuous operation, an efficient production was maintained by automatically controlling the pH of the reaction mixture at 7.5. The productivity of isoleucine increased using multibed reactors. In a two-bed reactor system, the effluent L-isoleucine concentration reached 4.5 mg/ml at a retention time of 10 hr, and a steady state was maintained for longer than 30 days.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220606
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  • 98
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    Calculation of wort composition according to desired productivity and elementary compositions (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1271-1272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220612
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  • 99
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    Adsorption isotherms of azotobacter vinelandii on cellex E® (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1283-1286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220615
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220701
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