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  • Articles  (88)
  • 42.80  (88)
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (88)
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  • Articles  (88)
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  • Springer  (88)
  • Annual Reviews
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (88)
  • Physics  (249)
  • 1
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    Applied physics 9 (1976), S. 343-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that propagation in an unstable resonator can be expressed in a form similar to that applicable to a plane-mirror resonator, but with the magnification appearing as a scaling parameter.
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  • 2
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 211-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Both low attenuation silica optical fibers with peak transmission in the wavelength regions of 0.85 μm, and 1.05 μm, and improved lasers at both wavelengths are now available. In this review paper, the principal components for emission, modulation and detection are described. The characteristics of both semiconductor lasers, made of GaAs and related compounds, emitting at 0.85 μm or 1.05 μm and high neodymium-content lasers are discussed. For modulation, current modulation of GaAs lasers and external electro-optic modulation are considered. Concerning detection, the realisation of Si photodetectors suitable at 0.85 μm and the new photodetectors at 1.05 μm from Ga1−x In x As are reviewed.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The travelling-wave parametric process allows the generation of intense picosecond pulses tunable between 2700 and 17,000 cm−1. Angle- and temperature tuning was investigated using LiNbO3 crystals of different cuts. Various factors determining the bandwidth of the new pulses are evaluated and experimental spectra are presented. Frequency doubling readily leads to light pulses up to 32,000 cm−1. The jitter of two parametric systems operating in parallel is less than 1 ps for pump pulses of 7 ps.
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  • 4
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 85.70 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The wave-packet of a magnetic wave on reflection at an interface between a ferrimagnetic medium and free space is shown to undergo no lateral shift but only a time delay. The time delay introduced on reflection is included to obtain a quasi-optical description for the group delay of a magnetic wave guided by a planar slab of ferrimagnet in free space for the case of the magnetizations (a) normal to the surfaces of the slab, and, (b) parallel to the surfaces of the slab and to the direction of propagation. The group delay of the guided magnetic wave is caused partly by the group delay produced in the bulk of the ferrimagnet and partly by the group delay produced on reflections. The characteristics of these two contributions to the resultant group delay of the guided magnetic wave are examined.
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The possibility of building free-electron lasers and masers with quasi-circular undulators is considered. The two-mirror cavity is replaced by a suitable waveguide. The magnetic field along the orbit has a continuous component superimposed on the alternating one. Besides allowing large freedom for electron guiding and focusing, the structure allows effective negative mass conditions, which may enhance the electron beam modulation when space charge effect are important. Furthermore the radiation frequency can be higher than that in a linear undulator with the same electron energy, and long interaction times are possible in a compact structure.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 33
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract As an outcome of a systematic study of excitation kinetics and fluorescence spectra concerning theD′(3π2u )→A′(3π2g ) transitions in homonuclear diatomic halogens and corresponding transitions in interhalogen molecules [1], this paper describes, for the first time, TEA laser action in the three halogen monofluorides ClF, BrF, and IF. Output energies in the mJ range were demonstrated in a fast TEA discharge arrangement at the wavelengths of 284.4, 354.5, and 490.8 nm for ClF, BrF, and IF, respectively. The results suggest parameter scalability and wavelength tunability.
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  • 7
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 303-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 61.70 ; 61.80 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A significant contribution to the degradation of GaAs-based lasers and light-emitting diodes arises from the formation of so-called dark line defects. It is shown that these defects are accumulations of non-radiative recombination centres around dislocations. The centres are identified as As vacancies, which are emitted by climbing dislocations, concomitantly with the absorption of Ga interstitials. From scanning deep-level transient spectroscopy observations it is concluded that the so-called DX centres are Ga interstitials. The driving force for dislocation climb and thus for dark-line-defect formation is a supersaturation of Ga interstitials originating from the growth of the GaAs crystals under Ga-rich conditions as a consequence of the high volatility of As. Phenomena in other III–V compound semiconductors related to the formation of dark line defects in GaAs are also discussed.
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  • 8
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 42.80 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fundamental absorption edge of evaporated WO3 films is investigated. The optical gap of the virgin film is estimated to be 3.41 eV at room temperature and it decreases with increase of annealing temperature up to 200°C. Annealing at 300°C leads to change in the spectral shape, which is caused by crystallization. For the films annealed at 200°C, temperature coefficient of the optical gap is estimated to be −2×10−4 eV/K and the slope of Urbach's tail is found to be independent of measuring temperature up to 200°C. With electrolytic coloration, shift of the optical gap toward higher energy is observed. Magnitude of this shift is estimated to be 0.05 eV at the color center concentration of 7.5×1021 cm−3 when H+ electrolyte is used. If Li+ electrolyte is used, the magnitude of this shift is about three times larger than in the case of H+ electrolyte. This fact is interpreted by a small change in the host matrix structure owing to the injection of proton or Li+ during coloration.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 265-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 84.60 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A focusing collector for air heater, the concentrator being Fresnel lenses, is here examined. The sunlight is focalized on black-body metallic sheets, contained in an insulated box, through which the energy is transferred to the fluid (dry air). The sheets, having the same height, are arranged at a distance one from another increasing from the center to the edges in order to trap all the incident energy. The energy reflected by the sheets is also trapped. A thermotechnical analysis of the system in order to determine the optimal conditions for the heat transfer is reported.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 42.80 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analytical treatment of the thermal phenomena during free-running ruby laser annealing of boron implanted silicon is presented. The heat equation was solved for a simplified shape of the pulse train consisting of a uniform succession of triangular spikes, identical in energy. During one spike the optical and thermal parameters of the sample were taken constant, but for each new spike, new values of these parameters were calculated taking into account their temperature dependence. Such a model predicts the melting of the top surface before the laser pulse has ended, for energy densities higher than 9×104 J/m2. RHEED confirms the presence of recristallization at about the same value of the laser-pulse energy densities.
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 181-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Time delays of typically 15–17μ have been measured directly for PbS1−xSex, Pb1−xSnxSe and Pb1−xSnxTe diode lasers at injection levels just above threshold in each case. The corresponding minority carrier lifetimes, as determined using the one-carrier injection model, were typically 2–4μ.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 77 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dielectric constant of a PbTe epitaxial layer has been measured by surface wave spectroscopy using an optically pumped far-infrared laser and the technique of attenuated total reflection.
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  • 13
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.70 ; 42.80 ; 61.40 ; 78.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Insensitive bulk samples of poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) may be sensitized by in-diffusion of monomers and photoinitiators. Different methods for the fabrication of refractive index profiles in the PMMA surface for lightguiding are demonstrated. The photolocking procedures are suitable for recording 2 dimensional patterns as well.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM), the case, where the probe is represented by a small metallic sphere, is studied using a microscopic description of the interaction between the probe tip and the surface. A newly established integral expression for the polarizability of a mesoscopic metallic sphere is employed to investigate the conditions for obtaining configurational resonances and to calculate the resolution of the system near the resonance. Both the frequency of light and the probe size are found to be critical for observing the configurational resonances. The width of the resonance peak and the smallest object for which the resonance condition still can be fulfilled (aspects that are relevant to the resolution) are considered for various probe sizes. The influence of the fine structure in the polarizability of the metallic sphere on the resonance distance between two identical spheres is finally discussed.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 68.55 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A silicon chip is covered by a monomolecular film of a fluorescence dye with silicon dioxide used as a spacer. The fluorescence depends on the distance of the dye from the silicon. The modulation of the intensity is described quantitatively by an optical theory which accounts for interference of the exciting light and of the emitted light. The effect is used to obtain a microscopic picture of the surface profile with a precision of a few Angströms. The perspectives for an application in wet systems such as neuron-silicon junctions and lipid membranes on silicon are pointed out.
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The diffraction theory of image construction has been used, in the case of a differential interferometer employing a Wollaston prism, to derive the position of the interference fringes in dependence upon the phase object and the prism position. This procedure is not only more correct, but proves also to be simpler than the corresponding geometric-optical treatment. An example is presented in which the fringe shift resulting from a symmetrical gas flow has been used to evaluate the gradient of the optical path perpendicular to the rotational axis of symmetry.
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  • 17
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    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.82 ; 42.80 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An improved method for the reconstruction of diffused waveguide index profiles from experimental mode spectra is proposed. The method uses a parabolic approximation between successive points. It is tested on the example of an exponential profile, and applied to the reconstruction of index profiles in Ag+ ion-exchanged waveguides from measured mode spectra. This method appears to work well also in the cases of very few mode wave-guides.
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  • 18
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spectral excess attenuation caused by coupling between the guided HE11 mode and radiation modes is calculated with the aid of the formula derived by Marcuse for the radiation loss of a monomode optical fiber with step-index profile and sinusoidally perturbed core radius. The pronounced minima and maxima of the spectral excess attenuation curve converge as the spatial frequency of the perturbation of the core radius increases. Even perturbation amplitudes as small as 0.01 μm may lead to excess attenuations of the order of 10 dB/km if the radiation wavelength does not coincide with an attenuation minimum. The spectral behavior of the excess attenuation can be utilized to design fibers which act as optical filters.
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  • 19
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 383-385 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An optically pumped FIR laser was operated with a copper mesh Fabr-Perot output coupler. With this device a Gaussian output beam was obtained andthe degree of coupling could be varied continuously, thus allowing optimum coupling. From the measured properties of the wire mesches grains of two FIR laser lines are calculated and the saturation intensities estimated.
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  • 20
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new device for magnetically displacing the output mirror of a laser resonator and synchronously tilting an etalon in order to obtain single-mode tuning of a dye laser over a tuning range of at least 10 GHz is described. Comparatively large displacements with good linearity of a coil mounted on a membrane and placed inside the strong magnetic field of a ring magnet are obtained for currents in the order of several hundred milliamperes. Together with etalon flats of appropriate thickness and reflection mounted in the resonator of the laser a versatile instrument for application in intra and extra cavity spectroscopy has been developed.
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 307-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.60 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Faraday rotation associated with the Zeeman effect in gases is used to rotate the plane or polarization of plane polarized light with low loss of intensity. Advantage is taken of the rapid decrease of absorption relative to Faraday rotation between the split Zeeman components. Calculations of this Faraday rotation are applied to obtain design parameters for an isolator for 5.26 μm which show a significant improvement over conventional designs.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 255-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.55 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract GaAs double heterostructure semiconductor injection lasers which now exhibit more than 25000 h cw room temperature lifetime are of great interest for future use as directly modulated transmitters for high bit-rate fiber optical communications. The effects limiting this application are modulation distortions, spectral width and additional spectral broadening in the case of modulation and spontaneous fluctuations of the output power. The dynamic and spectral behavior of injection lasers, the methods of high bit-rate modulation and the improvement of the high bit-rate modulation capability by coupling two lasers are discussed.
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  • 23
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    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 309-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 77.80 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Birefringent properties of PLZT ceramics (Pb83La17)(Zr30Ti70)O3 were investigated by measuring the transverse electrooptic effect in a 0.2 mm-thick wafer at various speeds of external voltage changes. At least two types of internal polarized microregions of different physical nature in charge of the electrooptical properties are observed.
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  • 24
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80 ; 42.82
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Waveguide holograms are recorded in a storage material layer covering a planar dielectric waveguide with a guided mode as reference wave. They are also read-out with a guided mode. In the storage material, assumed to have a lower refractive index than the waveguiding film, the fields of the reference and of the read-out wave are evanescent waves. We describe the preparation of the epoxy resin (Araldit) waveguides on glass substrates, their coating with a dichromated gelatin (DCG) layer as storage material, the processing of the DCG, and the recording and reconstruction techniques. Waveguide holograms of good quality with a size of several square centimeters have been realized for the first time. The holograms were recorded and read-out with wavelength λ=488 nm. They have a length of about 25 mm and a width of 17 mm. To obtain holograms that wide a special prism coupler had to be used which allowed to couple in a laser beam of elliptical cross section, and thus to excite a guided reference or read-out mode with a width of 17 mm.
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 39-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a rigorous formulation for the problem of the diffraction by a finitely-conducting, bi-periodic surface. The formationon is based on a coordinate transformation which maps the grating surface onto a plane. The transformed Maxwell equations are resolved using an iterative technique. The numerical implementation is tested against a number of criteria, including a comparison with two recently developed formalisms. As well, it is shown to give results in agreement with the Reciprocity Theorem, which is derived for efficiencies of crossed gratings in unpolarized light. The method has been shown to work throughout the whole range of values of surface conductivity. We investigate the effect of a surface-corrugation on the solar absorptance of a metallic mirror. We discuss a useful equivalence property linking the behaviour of crossed gratings with that of classical gratings. We exhibit for the first time a grating in a highly-reflecting metal capable of totally absorbing unpolarized incident light.
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  • 26
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    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80 ; 32
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Wiener functional expansion method for the analysis of nonlinear systems is applied to identify and analyze both nonlinear and linear molecular systems by spectroscopic methods. As the sampling filter (monochromator) of any spectroscopic apparatus may be defined by a Weber-Hermite polynomial, an analysis of the refracted or scattered light by orthogonal polynomials is easily achieved. Time averaging obtains the Weber-Hermite coefficients which permit the characterization of the molecular system with respect to the polarization of the incident and scattered light. In the case of two series of measurements made with incident and emerging light polarized in different directions: the identification of the JonesM matrices for the molecular system irradiated is possible. In the case of three series of measurements made, for example, with incident and emerging light (a) circularly polarized corotating, (b) circularly polarized contrarotating, and (c) plane polarized perpendicular: the identification of the molecular system's McClain invariants related to the vibrational symmetry group for Raman inelastic light scattering is possible. The analysis presents a unified picture of elastic and inelastic light scattering and one-photon and two-photon processes. The apparatus described would detect those instances in molecular systems for which Beer's law does not apply.
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  • 27
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 307-309 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical shape of the heater's surface of solar energy concentrating collectors is here examined. Multi reflection effect, through a macrocavity analysis is introduced. The optical design of the cavity is accomplished and the cavity effect determined. Thermotechnical analysis of the system, in order to determine the optimal conditions for the heat transfer and for the maximization of the energy radiative balance, is introduced.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The noise characteristic of available laser sources limits the sensitivity of many types of nonlinear spectroscopy. We show how to maximize the sensitivity by optimizing the strength of a local oscillator wave in a heterodyne detection scheme without altering the amplitude of the wave being detected. The intensity profile of the optimum local oscillator closely matches that of the incident probe wave, but the optimum intensity is much less than that of the probe under realistic conditions. A general signal-to-noise analysis applicable to all nonlinear spectroscopy techniques is presented along with specific applications to coherent Raman spectroscopy, two-photon absorption, saturation spectroscopy, and optical coherent transient techniques. A simple optimization procedure employing polarization selection rules is described. Detailed calculations are performed for the case of TEM00 waves interacting via a third-order nonlinear susceptibility and for the case where the sample is simultaneously probed at many different frequency combinations.
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  • 29
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 339-343 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments for growing epitaxial PLZT thin films has been made with rf sputtering. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses confirm that the fabricated films grow epitaxially on SrTiO3 and MgO crystals. A good transparency in the region above 0.4 μm to infrared with good ferroelectric properties is obtained. Propagation loss of He−Ne laser light is less than 6 dB/cm, and the PLZT thin film is a promising candidate for the optical modulator and other functional elements for integrated optics.
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  • 30
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 05.40 ; 02.50 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract After a brief survey of number fluctuations, a topic of current interest in light scattering research, the theory is developed for a particular case of this type. A laser beam of Gaussian cross section illuminates a volume in which there is a fluctuating number of identical particles. For incoherent detection the scattered intensities are additive. The interest centers on the statistics of the total scattered intensity. Starting from the moment generating function, the distribution function of scattered intensity is computed using two different methods. In an experiment designed to test the computed distributions, agreement between theory and measurement is found if the mean particle number within the scattering volume exceeds 3. The experimental procedure is described and some difficulties are explained which so far did not permit application of the theory for particle numbers much below 3.
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  • 31
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 161-170 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80 ; 42.82
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with “waveguide holograms” recorded in a layer of storage material covering a planar dielectric waveguide. Reference and read-out waves are guided modes of the waveguide. Their field in the storage medium is evanescent. A theory of the diffraction efficiencies of these waveguide holograms is presented fors-polarized wavefields. To calculate the hologram structure the attenuation of the reference wave caused by absorption in the light-sensitive storage material is taken into account. Analytical expressions for the local and the overall diffraction efficiencies and for the intensity profiles of the diffracted fields are derived. The dependence of these quantities on experimental parameters (the waveguide thickness, the mode numbers of the reference and read-out waves, and the angle of incidence of the plane object wave) is presented graphically, i.e., by computer plots. Grating couplers for integrated optics can be made by waveguide holography. We consider this application to be interesting because incoupling efficiencies for Gaussian beams of up to 96% can be achieved theoretically.
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  • 32
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    Notes: Abstract The application of the high-pressure chamber with a pressure transmitting medium (liquid at room temperature) to diode-laser tuning was found to be a useful method for high-resolution spectroscopy. Ammonia absorbtion spectra in the 10 μm region were recorded with a resolution approaching the Doppler limit.
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  • 33
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    Notes: Abstract The noise characteristic of available laser sources limits the sensitivity of saturated absorption spectroscopy. Time averaging is one method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. A computer controlled dye-laser spectrometer is described which has the capability to scan several times any selected frequency range with an absolute accuracy of ±200 kHz. The sensitivity of this system is demonstrated by measuring the isotope shift of the low abundant38Ar and by detecting a weak83Kr-hyperfine component.
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  • 34
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 331-340 
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    Notes: Abstract A full-automatic wavelength controled pulsed dye laser has been developed. With the control system, dye laser oscillations of nanosecond pulses are tuned to any wavelength in the visible or scanned in any sweep mode keeping the nearly transform-limited bandwidth of 0.45 GHz. A mechanical tuning of the wavelength is employed, such that the motion of three wavelength selectors is synchronized to give a smooth and precise wavelength control. The basic principle underlying the tuning scheme, various requirements to be met in system construction, and the practical performance of automatic wavelength control are described in this paper.
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  • 35
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 353-359 
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    Notes: Abstract Some aspects of the transient behaviour of pulsed dye lasers are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Relaxation oscillations induced in the output from a dye cell by an external reflector have been observed and explained, using a rate equation approximation to the physical situation in the dye cell. These oscillations are shown to play an important part in the generation of short laser pulses from long cavity dye lasers. Finally, it is proposed that 10 ps pulses can be obtained from conventional dye lasers pumped by 100 ps pulses from a high-pressure nitrogen laser.
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  • 36
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 113-114 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.60 ; 07
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    Notes: Abstract The advantages and disadvantages of the clipped correlator for photoelectric correlation measurements are analysed. A scheme is suggested by which the problem of inversion (an inherent disadvantage of clipping) is obviated. With the availability of surface acustic wave (SAW) delay lines, we would like to point out that one can make an almost ideal photon correlator.
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  • 37
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 119-128 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80 ; 72.40
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    Notes: Abstract This review paper is concerned with the imaging properties and major uses of scanning optical microscopes. It is shown that the confocal scanning microscope exhibits a form of super-resolution and that the instrument in general has great application in nonlinear microscopy and the inspection of electronic devices.
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  • 38
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 311-316 
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    Keywords: 07.40 ; 07.60 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A high precision wavelength meter in the visible is described, which is based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer with several etalons of different resolution. The interference fringe pattern projected on a photo-diode array detector is computationally processed to give a stepwise refinement of the wavelength value to any adjusted accuracy. The present model intends to provide digital and real-time values of high precision wavelength for dye-laser spectroscopy, and to serve as a monitor or as a pilot for wavelength control of a dye-laser source of nanosecond pulses. The model is, therefore, designed with particular emphasis on its short-pulse capability and on-line mode of operation as well as on its high sensitivity and resolution. Some arrangements of essential necessity are involved therein, such as to avoid an errorneous wavelength readout for a noisy incidence of pulsed field. The ultimate accuracy of wavelength measurement is prescribed by the resolving power of the thickest etalon employed. As applied to the pulsed source, the model determines the wavelength to the accuracy of ±one part in 107 for even a single shot nanosecond incidence of a fraction of μJ energy. The design and performance are described in connection to pulsed dye-laser incidence.
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  • 39
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    Applied physics 52 (1991), S. 7-9 
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    Keywords: 78.55 ; 78.60 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The matching between the spectral distribution of the light emitted from a light source and the spectral distribution of the sensitivity of a light detector is characterized by the “matching factor”. In the paper we present a table of 500 matching factors for the combination of various phosphors with the most common photodetectors.
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  • 40
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.10 ; 81.60
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    Notes: Abstract Reflectivity, transmission and scattering measurments in ArF (193 nm) excimer-laser irradiated polyimide are reported. The time dependence of transient changes in all three quantities were measured together for the first time, confirming a transient refractive-index change in the first 150 ns after irradiation. The relaxation time of the effect was measured and found to consist of both a fast and slow component similar to that previously reported in acoustic wave measurements. The fast decay in about 60 ns and the slow decay is 115 ns. Several potential mechanisms are examined which may explain the result.
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  • 41
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    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 203-217 
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    Notes: Abstract The use of laser light to perform linear and nonlinear computational operations is reviewed. On linear operations, we discuss schemes involving gratings, computer holograms and optical feedback for addition, subtraction, differentiation, generalized orthogonal transformations and feedback operations. The important methods for implementing the spatial filters and for real-time processing are then briefly described. On nonlinear operations, we discuss technique involving ϕ-modulation, half-tone-screen processes, and nonlinear optical elements with and without coherent feedback for logarithm and thresholding operations. The state-of-the-art of optical processing research and its application areas are then considered at the end.
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  • 42
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 87-95 
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    Notes: Abstract For several years the Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics has performed experiments with artificial barium clouds in space by means of research rockets and satellites in order to investigate electric fields and currents in the ionosphere and in the magnetosphere. The processes which lead to the formation of these artificial clouds were simulated in laboratory in order to optimize the barium vapor yield and to obtain a better insight into the initial phase of the clouds. In these experiments the combustion of excess barium with copper oxide, the two-phase flow of the combustion products through a nozzle and their expansion into a 20 m3 vacuum chamber were investigated in detail. Purpose of this work is to measure through detection techniques of scattered laser light and thermal radiation: 1) the density of small metall particles on the particle jet axis, 2) the particle velocity, 3) the thermal radiation of larger particles, and 4) the position of the Mach disk which limits the free nozzle jet downstream.
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  • 43
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 229-230 
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    Keywords: 42.82 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Taking advantage of the different cut-off thickness of the two fundamental modes in an optical waveguide, a polarizing structure has been realized. It consists of a narrow stripe (∼100 μm) of reduced diffusion depth in an ion-exchanged waveguide. The TE0-mode passes the polarizer with negligible losses, whereas the TM0-mode is forced to couple out into the substrate. The extinction ratio is better than −16 dB.
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  • 44
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 1-20 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 41
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    Notes: Abstract A brief description is given of the rigorous formulism of Chen, which describes the diffraction by perfectly-conducting inductive grids. The formulism is used to prove several general properties of grids, including the relevant form of the Reciprocity Theorem. The theory is used to investigate the equivalent circuit model proposed by other authors for thin grids, and also to derive a monomodal model of the type first proposed by Chen. The latter model is shown to be useful even in the region where more than one spectral order propagates. The accuracy of the formulism is established by the comparison of calculated results with a number of far-infrared measurements on grids. The use of grids as solar-selective elements is investigated. They are shown to be capable of providinga/e ratios of the order of 30–40, provided that they are always pointed towards the sun, and that the diffuse content of the illumination is low.
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  • 45
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    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 113-114 
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    Keywords: 78.20 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The electroluminescence spectrum of Zn-doped GaN is independent of uniaxial pressure up to kbars and of temperature in the range 100–300 K.
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  • 46
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    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 371-375 
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    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A single-mode dye laser is described in which a “double Michelson” mode selector is used instead of intracavity Fabry-Perot systems. This simple device gives a lower threshold, a high single-mode power (≳250 mW), and a good geometrical quality of the laser beam. Synchronous pressure scanning of the cavity and the mode selector frequencies makes it possible to continuously sweep the optical frequency over 40 GHz without any difficulty. Another version, in which one mirror of the “double Michelson” has been replaced by a retroreflecting optical grating, is also reported. In this case, no selective element (Lyot filter, wedge, ...) has to be inserted in the laser cavity.
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  • 47
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    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 279-287 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract Optical projection of masks is a very troublesome task if dimensions are in the submicron range. It is difficult to get an undistorted image in the resist. This problem can be overcome by introducing corrections in the penultimate mask. Till now this has been done by a trial and error method in which an acceptable pattern is made only after a time consuming iterative process. In this paper a description will be given of the image forming process in which diffraction at the penultimate mask and at the aperture of the lens are the critical features. Based upon this theory correction formulas are derived for the direct design of penultimate masks. Rules for maximum edge sharpness are given, so that the tolerance demands on the production process can be relaxed. Extensive experimental measurements are in good agreement with theory. It will be shown theoretically as well as practically that by asymmetrical arrangement of the optical system images of gratings with 0.2–0.3 μm linewidth can be obtained.
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  • 48
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    Notes: Abstract A new interferometric method is proposed, using white light fringes of equal chromatic order to determine simultaneously the following paramcters: a) The refractive index of a thin dielectric film, and hence its dispersion. b) The film thickness. c) The correct value of the order of interference. d) The phase shift occuring due to reflection at the dielectric/metal interface. In the present work, doubly silvered zinc sulphide (ZnS) thin dielectric film was used as an example in applying the proposed method.
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  • 49
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 59-61 
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    Notes: Abstract Piezoelectrically generated acoustic transients in longitudinal KDP modulator crystals were investigated, using a photographic method developed for visualizing the acoustic waves. The method gives the possiblity of following the processes of acoustic wave propagation, the reflections of waves at the side faces of the crystal and the wave diffusion caused by crystal imperfections.
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  • 50
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 53-62 
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    Keywords: 42.82 ; 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 85.60
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    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of slab waveguide tapers with finite-thickness cladding are investigated by approximating the tapered section as a series of uniform five-layer waveguides with successive changes in the core and cladding thickness. The behaviour of multimode coupling and transmission characteristics for typical tapers are studied in detail by computer simulation, employing parameter values appropriate for practical systems. Strong coupling and efficient conversion between core and cladding modes are demonstrated. In addition, it is shown that for tapers of moderate slopes, the nearest-neighbour coupling approximation is quite adequate for the calculation of the individual mode amplitudes. For steeper tapers, however, additional neighbouring modes have to be taken into account, and the modal energy tends to spread further towards the higher-order modes. It is also demonstrated that relatively large step-size can be used in the iterative numerical calculations. This, in conjunction with the choice of an appropriate coupling scheme (e.g., the nearest-neighbour approximation for mild tapers), makes it possible to reduce the cost of computer simulation. The relevance of the present analysis to fiber tapers is also discussed.
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 335-353 
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    Notes: Abstract In this review, a surgey of the evidence for the appearance in volume holography of certain anomalous effects (akin to the Borrmann effect in x-ray crystallography) is conducted, with reference to both experimental observations and theoretical models. The main part of the paper is devoted to the application of a recently-developed two-dimensional coupled-wave theory (an extension of Kogelnik's one-dimensional theory) to the modelling of such anomalous phenomena. Extensive calculations based upon this theory, for the case of Gaussian wave incidence on a uniform mixed grating for various boundary conditions, are presented in a unified two-dimensional description of Borrmann-like effects in volume holography. In particular, certain qualitative predictions of the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction are expressed quantitatively in the two-dimensional theory.
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 319-326 
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    Keywords: 06 ; 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract We report a new design for an acoustically resonant spectrophone well suited for intracavity operation with widely tunable lasers. Operation with Brewster angle windows or in a windowless mode is possible, and high quality factors (560 and 509, respectively) are achieved. Windowless operation permits continuous monitoring of ambient air. We discuss factors limiting the sensitivity, ∼10−7 cm−1, and present a double chopping scheme capable of significantly reducing the acoustical background encountered in windowless operation. The sensitivity of the spectrophone's performance to misalignment is also examined.
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  • 53
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 143-149 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82
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    Notes: Abstract The exposure-development process for the fabrication of holographic diffraction gratings for integrated optics in the positive photoresist Shipley AZ-1350 is theoretically and experimentally investigated. An analysis of the light intensity distribution is carried out, taking into account the reflectivity at the photoresist-substrate interface and the attenuation in the photoresist for two holographic exposure arrangements. The influence of the exposure energy, the development time for a fixed concentration of the developer and the initial photoresist thickness are described. Various grating profiles are calculated for photoresist films, coated on matched and reflective substrates. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrate very good agreement between the actual and calculated gratings profiles.
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 63-67 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 78.65
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    Notes: Abstract We have measured the changes in the polarization state of a monochromatic (λ=514.5 nm) light beam on reflection at normal incidence by a multilayer dielectric mirror placed in a time-modulated magnetic field. The dominant effect is a Faraday rotationΦ≃3.7×10−10 rad/G. The sensitivity (around 40Hz) obtained is $$ \simeq 6 \times 10^{ - 9} {\text{ rad/}}\sqrt {{\text{Hz}}} $$ which is dominated by the shot-noise limit (100 mW of light power).
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 125-127 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 66.30 ; 85.60
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    Notes: Abstract Eight LiNbO3: Ti waveguides have been fabricated under differing conditions. The effective refractive indices of guided modes have been measured and successfully fitted to Gaussian index profiles. The change of refractive index and titanium concentration are related by a power law, the exponents being different for the extraordinary and the ordinary beam.
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 35-38 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract Undoped tellurium single crystals show at low temperatures (2.2 K) strong photoeffect under submillimeter irradiation. Therefore, tellurium was used as a FIR-detector. For a comparison with other detectors signal-to-noise ratio, response time, and noise equivalent power were determined. Tests were carried out with HCN-laser radiation (λ = 337 μm,≈ν = 30 cm- t). The sensitivity of the Tc-photoconductor is comparable to that of a TGS-bolometer but lower than that of a Ge-bolometer. The Te-detector is much faster than the bolometers.
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    Applied physics 38 (1985), S. 227-233 
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    Keywords: 33 ; 73 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract We have measured the Pt deposition yields on various substrate materials from Pt(PF3)4 in the case where a KrF laser irradiates the solid surface. The data imply that an ample amount of electrons is produced by the laser surface interaction and dissociative electron capture initiates the metal deposition. The metal atom release is completed by a concerted surface reaction at a reduced energy demand. This is evidenced by thermochemical considerations. A simple criterion is derived to estimate the attainable spatial resolution. Sudden melting and evaporation beyond a certain layer thickness interferes with the deposition process. This is in accord to a model given, based on a poor thermal contact at the platinum substrate interface. The results may help to optimize uv laser induced metal deposition with respect to purity, adherence and structure.
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    Applied physics 51 (1990), S. 350-353 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that optically excited surface plasmons can be used for measurements of the surface temperature of a metal with nanosecond time resolution. This method is closely related to transient thermoreflectance, but its sensitivity is considerably higher. We give a survey on the mechanisms involved, briefly discussing the dependence on the sample properties. Experimental confirmation of the proposed sensitivity enhancement as well as the time resolution is presented.
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 243-247 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the Helmholtz equation the far-field distribution is derived for double heterostructure lasers. The results show that the far-field distribution in the direction normal to the junction plane approaches a Lorentzian function, but parallel to the junction it may be approximated by a Gaussian function. The far-field intensity patterns have “analogous elliptic” form. It is also shown, for the first time, that the separability condition is not strictly valid for the far-field of a laser diode. Only in the vicinity of the optical axis the field can be expressed as a product of two separate functions, each of which depends only on one of the two transverse coordinates parallel and perpendicular to the diode junction.
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  • 60
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    Notes: Abstract Pb1−x−y Sn x Ge y Te:In epitaxial films are examined in a wide temperature interval and at various background fluxes. These films have high sensitivity to infrared radiation in the spectral range λ〈20μm. The lifetime depends exponentially on temperature and varies from several seconds at T=10 K to 10−2 s at T=20 K. The two-electron model of Jahn-Teller centers is proposed to explain the results. Multielement photoresistors based on these films are fabricated and D*=1.7×1013 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at T=25 K is achieved. Noise of the photoresistors is independent of background flux when it varies from 1012 cm−2 s−1 to 1018 cm−2 s−1. As compared with Si:Ga and Ge:Hg photoresistors, the responsitivity is several orders larger at the operating temperature 25–30 K.
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 317-326 
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    Notes: Abstract A new computer design program based on the modified-complex method has been developed for constrained optimization and refinement of optical thin-film multilayer devices. This program is having a provision to include both limiting constraints as well as constraint equations. Constraints are suitably accommodated to generate designs which are practicable and withstand high laser power. Various rapid convergent processes like dynamic contraction and expansion of feasible vertices are incorporated for efficient scanning of the constraint parametric space. A broad band IR antireflection coating has been designed to test its relative efficiency with respect to other available methods. A wide varieties of highly useful multilayer devices have been successfully developed using this method.
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 25-28 
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    Notes: Abstract A lead-zirconate-titanate ceramic is used in an electrically controllable diffraction (ECD) grating for reflection of parallel polarized light. The ECD grating used consists of a PZT ceramic with ten pairs of interdigital electrodes having 400 μm period on its surface. The characteristics of the grating and its application to an optical modulator are demonstrated experimentllly with a He−Ne 0.63 μm laser, obtaining a modulation of 60% with the applied peak voltage of 60 V at 24 kHz signal for the incident angle of 60°.
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  • 63
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    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 313-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Commercially available plastic films have been examined, in the spectral range up to 1200 cm−1, for use as a beam splitter in far-infrared Michelson interferometers. The materials reported include polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, cellulose and polyethylene.
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  • 64
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Basic properties are given of the prism anamorphic expander of a Gaussian beam composed of a couple of prisms in tandem. Its shorter overall length for a given expansion, relative ease of optical adjustment, a sharp selection of polarization component, and rather small inclusive dispersion make it an excellent beam expander in a specific laser cavity. The design principle is presented of the prism system with a grating for an anastigmatic optical resonator for a dye laser of narrow linewidth and of short pulse duration.
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  • 65
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 423-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An optical arrangement for studying two-photon absorption in liquids is presented. The main feature of this new arrangement is fuller utilization of fluorescence light. This makes possible application of very low power cw laser in such experiments.
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  • 66
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method of image enhancement and real-time input of 3-D, microscopic phase objects into a coherent optical pattern recognition system is described. The method consists of directing a low-power laser beam into a microscope objective to produce a real, magnified, coherent image of the specimen under test. The image plane is followed by two successive Fourier transform (FT) planes. In the first FT plane, low and high frequency spatial filters, one of which is photographically produced, are used as pre-processing filters to enhance the image quality. The enhanced signal is imaged from the first FT plane to the second FT plane which contains a matched spatial filter used for specimen identification. The system does not require an expensive incoherent-to-coherent light transducer and in addition, is capable of utilizing both phase and amplitude information from 3-D objects. Examples of results are given.
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  • 67
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 343-347 
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    Keywords: 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a piezoelectrically tuned and electronically stabilized Michelson Interferometer. The use of a compensation method together with an appropriate modulation technique enables us to measure optical phase modulation Δϕ in light beams interferometrically with a resolution of Δϕ≈3·10−9 rad, where Δϕ stands for the rms value. The sensitivity of the instrument is limited only by shot noise
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  • 68
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 82.65 ; 42.80 ; 07
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ellipsometric spectroscopy has been performed on nonpolar ZnO $$(1\bar 100)$$ surfaces in the spectral range 1.5 eV〈ħω〈4.0 eV. Absolute measurements with two different crystal orientations in air allow the determination of the optical constantsn ∥,k ∥ andn ⊥,k ⊥ for light polarized parallel and perpendicular to thec-axis. The ellipsometric angles Δ and ψ are changed remarkably on ultrahigh vacuum cleaved surfaces near the band gap energy of ∼3.4eV when oxygen or atomic hydrogen is adsorbed or when the crystal is annealed. This observation is interpreted in terms of a field effect on the optical constants in the space charge layer.
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  • 69
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The use of feedback techniques in optical information processing systems is growing rapidly. This review describes methods by which feedback has been produced, and discusses their applications to processing problems. The methods are classified according to the coherence length of the light source used, ranging from long (single axial mode lasers) through medium (multimode lasers) to short (incoherent light sources). Particular attention is paid to their potential for complex feedback, and for nonlinear and space-variant processing. The temporal characteristics of the systems and the means by which gain can be introduced into the feedback loop are considered. A current bibliography is given.
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  • 70
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 363-373 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80 ; 85
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    Notes: Abstract The capabilities of a one-dimensional filtering method for the detection of defects in periodic structures are derived by a detailed theoretical analysis. The signal-to-noise ratio is evaluated as a function of system parameters and a way is described to overcome the disturbing effect of phase defects. Finally, an extremely simple system is described which demonstrated the detection of defects below 2 μm. This demonstrated detection capability was limited by the available test mask and not by the detection system.
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  • 71
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 211-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Physical principles, new ways and means of creation, schemes, characteristics and features of efficient high-power tunable pulse Raman lasers, operating in the near and middle ir are reviewed. The paper includes: tunable dye and Nd lasers as pump sources; promising active media and their optimal excitation methods; optical systems for producing spatially homogeneous pumping; the physics of Raman oscillators and their practical schemes, efficient high pulse energy liquid N2 and compressed H2 Raman oscillators, covering several bands in the range between 1.4 and 9.2 μm; the physics and construction of efficient tunable Raman amplifiers-convertors, amplifying in the saturation regime of spontaneously scattered or beforehand produced and collimated external Stokes signals, obtained in the spectral range between 0.83 μm and 18 μm. Raman laser using a, so-called, broadband pump where the linewidth of pumping light is broader than the spontaneous scattering linewidth, are also discussed. Features of both amplification and oscillation regimes of such broadband pumped Raman lasers are reported, and conditions for the efficient frequency conversion are determined.
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  • 72
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    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 51-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 62
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The amplitude response of acoustic surface wave (SAW) devices up to the highest frequencies can be determined in an optical way without electric shielding. This makes it possible to use the method for fast nondestructive testing and control in SAW-device production as well.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A new angle of incidence of significance, when considering the reflection of electromagnetic waves at interfaces between transparent media, is defined. At this angle, denoted by φe, the reflection coefficient of parallel-polarized radiation is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the reflection coefficient at normal incidence. No similar angle exists for the perpendicular polarization. If ε is the relative dielectric constant, i.e., the ratio of the dielectric constant of the medium of refraction to that of the medium of incidence, we find that tan φe=(ε2+ε)1/2. Measurement of φe, by equalization of the absolute (intensity) reflectances at normal and oblique incidence, allows ε to be determined using the inverse relation ε=(tan2φe+1/4)1/2−1/2.
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  • 74
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    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 319-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The suitability of a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator pumped by a one-mode field and oscillating simultaneously in several signal and idler modes, for intracavity absorption spectroscopic measurements is studied theoretically. For steadystate operation, the enhancement factor ξ indicating the increased detection sensitivity, is shown to be mainly determined by the ratio of the intensity in one of the signal modes to the intensity (per mode) due to parametric fluorescence. Hence, rather high values of ξ, say of order 108 or more, might be attainable, at least in principle. For pulsed operation, on the other hand, a numerical analysis leads to the result that for realistic pulse durations only moderate values of ξ (smaller than some 103) will be found.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: 35 ; 42.55 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A saturated absorption technique, using an actively stabilized cw dye laser has been developed to measure the saturation intensities of hyperfine transitions in a gaseous medium. Hyperfine lines belonging to theB-X system of molecular iodine have been investigated. The experimental method proposed, provides a means for measurement of the absolute value of the saturation parameter of the transition with an accuracy better than 10%. The behavior of the saturation intensity of some transitions with iodine pressure has been investigated in the range 30 m Torr→90mTorr.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: 33 ; 61.40 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that the separation between the absorption and the emission bands of a fluorescent dye is smaller in a rigid polymer matrix than in the liquid monomer. Low temperature measurements have been carried out in order to understand this phenomena. It has been found, that the molecular mobility of the matrix, in which the dye is dissolved, plays an important role. By doping the rigid matrix with molecules of high mobility, the separation between the absorption and emission bands can be increased. A nearly complete separation can be achieved by this doping method if the difference of the dipole moments in the ground and excited states of the dye molecules is very large. This allows, for example, to increase the brightness of the fluorescence-activated liquid-crystal display (FLAD) and the efficiency of solar collectors based on fluorescent dyes.
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  • 77
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 42.50
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A laser signal propagating in an optical fiber is amplified by the evanescent field interacting with the excited Rhodamine 6 G solution surrounding the fiber. A small signal gain of 430 at 600 nm has been measured in a long fiber with a 2 cm long fiber optic amplifier.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: 07.60 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract An optical characterization of thin semiconducting multilayers in the infrared range, using a combination ofm-lines and reflection spectroscopy techniques is exposed. Such a method, non-destructive, allows to determine the thickness and the refractive index of each component of a multilayer multimodal planar waveguide.
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  • 79
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 59-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 L ; 42.80 ; 75.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented to measure the Magnetooptic Kerr Effect (MOKE) by diffraction. This is accomplished by giving the magnetized surface a magnetization distribution which functions like a linear diffraction grating. It is shown that the first and higher orders of the light diffracted by such a grating are produced by MOKE whereas the zero order approximately represents the reflectivity of the surface (given by the Fresnel formulae assuming zero magnetization). The procedure used here to form a grating is restricted to thin soft magnetic films, and has been demonstrated on evaporated Fe-Ni films. It uses the magnetic field of a pulse-driven meandered stripe-conductor placed in close contact with the film in the presence of a homogeneous external magnetic field. Experimentally determined Kerr intensities were compared with those measured by ellipsometric methods. Good agreement was found in the case of films with uniaxial anisotropy. For films with no anisotropy, the relative dependence of Kerr intensity vs wavelength, polarisation and angle of incidence could be derived.
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  • 80
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 95-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 62
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    Notes: Abstract The coupling constant of common or thin-layered-piezoelectric interdigital transducers for surface acoustic waves up to the highest frequencies can be determined in an optical way with reproducibility better than 3%. Being a nondestructive and noncontact method one can apply it in the technological process for fabricating uniform piezoelectric layered transducers.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: 78.20 ; 81 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The changes in reflectivity of a silicon surface, irradiated by a green picosecond pulse, are probed during and following that pulse with a spatial resolution of 10 μm. The data indicate the development of a liquid phase, and a resolidification either into a single crystal or an amorphous phase. The latter has a characteristic ring-type pattern, and occurs only at locations where the incident picosecond laser fluence lies between 0.2 and 0.26 J/cm2. The reflectivity data appear to be in good quantitative agreement with a “simple heating” model, in which the electrons and phonons maintain a local thermodynamic equilibrium on a picosecond time scale.
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  • 82
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    Applied physics 39 (1986), S. 91-94 
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    Keywords: 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Recently reported value of minority carrier lifetimes and time delays in lead salt diode lasers appear anomalous [A. Qadeer et al.: Appl. Phys. A33, 181–182 (1984)]. Two laser diodes, fabricated by the same technique (Hot Wall Epoxy) and of identical chemical constituents (PbSnTe and PbSnSe) failed to provide experimental evidence supporting these recently reported values, even when operated close to, but above the respective values of laser threshold current.
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 45-51 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radiation induced losses and the recovery behavior of several optical fibers have been determined by in situ steady state and by pulse measurements in a nuclear reactor. Agreement with the literature was found for Suprasil and Fibropsil core fibers in ionizing radiation, but our results on Suprasil-W core fibers show an appreciably higher radiation hardness of this material than reported elsewhere. Additionally, increased long term losses were observed, when the mixed radiation flux contained a noticeable content of neutrons.
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 73-78 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.60.Jw ; 81.40.-z ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Removal of rhodamine 6G doped polyurethane insulation coated onto 50 μm diameter wire is shown to proceed efficiently and cleanly by irradiation with 532 nm Q-switched pulses from a Nd:YAG laser. The stripping action produced by this method is similar in quality to excimer laser wirestripping. Several experimental parameters were explored including fluence, pulse duration, dye concentration, and the number of incident pulses. Acceptable stripping conditions were obtained for a 3–5 s exposure at 10 Hz, using a dye concentration of 10% by weight, and 12 n pulses at 650 mJ/cm2. Nearly 0.5 μm/pulse is removed at this fluence, which exceeds the threshold fluence of ≈600 mJ/cm2 by only 50 mJ/cm2. The measured 532 nm absorption coefficient of the 10% dye-doped polyurethane was ≈4×104 cm−1. Lower fluences and/or dye concentrations produced inadequate stripping, while shorter duration pulses caused unacceptable melting of the thin gold layer which covered the copper core of the wire. Pulse-by-pulse photographs of the stripping action clearly show melting of the dye/polymer insulation, and thermal “rollback” of the insulation near the stripped end. Regardless, excellent edge definition is obtained by this method.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 68.55
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    Notes: Abstract Ti diffusion into LiNbO3 single crystal was studied as a result of Ruby laser irradiation of a metallic Ti thin film covering the crystal surface and subsequent thermal processing in a furnace. Different regimes of irradiation and heating were used. SIMS analysis was employed for investigation of the treatment. The combined method used proved to be able to form waveguides of 3–4 μm thickness.
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    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 329-341 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.60 ; 42.70 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract We report on the development of antenna-coupled thin-film nanometer Ni-NiO-Ni diodes which are used to detect 10.6 μm CO2-laser radiation. The Ni-NiO-Ni diodes have a minimum contact area of 0.056 μm2. This is smaller than those of any previously fabricated thin-film Metal-metalOxide-Metal (MOM) diodes. By measuring the second derivative of the dc current-voltage characteristics I(V), we demonstrate that the nonlinearity of the dc I(V) characteristics of our Ni-NiO-Ni diodes is larger than that of the dc I(V) characteristics of thin-film MOM diodes fabricated before by other authors. It is comparable to the nonlinearity of the dc I(V) characteristics of point-contact MOM diodes. Furthermore, we show that the polarisation-dependent infrared response of the Ni-NiO-Ni diodes is due to antenna coupling and that the polarisation-independent response is mainly of thermal origin. Consequently, the heating of the Ni-NiO-Ni diodes is due to the absorption of the incident CO2-laser radiation in the SiO2, and dissipation of the laser-induced ac antenna currents in the antenna.
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  • 87
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 72.15 ; 78.65
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    Notes: Abstract A Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope (PSTM) with probe-sample distance control by electron tunneling is used to probe the localized surface-plasmon fields of individual nanometric silver particles. As samples, conventional island films produced by thermal evaporation and regular particle arrays produced by an electron-beam-lithography-based technique, respectively, are used. In either case the strength and spatial localization of the surface-plasmon fields strongly depend on the excitation wavelength. The results are interpreted as different resonance frequencies of individual particles or of different sample areas. On regular arrays consisting of particles with a smallest diameter of 40 nm, the PSTM maps represent the plasmon field strength spatially resolved for individual particles.
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  • 88
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    Notes: Abstract The X-ray luminescence efficiency of laboratory-prepared YVO4: Eu screens and their spectral compatibility to common optical detectors were studied under medical fluoroscopy conditions. YVO4: Eu screens were prepared by sedimentation and with different coating thickness. Luminescence efficiency of the YVO4: Eu screens was measured at various X-ray tube voltages (50–250 kVp) and for screens of different coating thicknesses (20–180 mg/cm2). Spectral response was also measured and spectral matching factors between the YVO4: Eu screens and some common optical detectors (photocathodes, photodiodes, photographic emulsion) were calculated. Experimental results on efficiency were fitted by formulas of the theoretical model developed by Hamaker and Ludwig in order to determine phosphor intrinsic X-ray-to-light conversion efficiency and intrinsic optical characteristics, such as coefficients related to light scattering and absorption. Although the luminescence efficiency of YVO4: Eu screens was found to be relatively low (3–11 μM s/mR m2), the matching factor of YVO4 : Eu screens with some red sensitive optical detectors was excellent, of the order of 0.96. High spectral compatibility may indicate that YVO4: Eu scintillators could be used in medical image detectors.
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